Biology, life sciences Books

Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One describes the oxidative stress in disease and health, as well as the action of classic and new antioxidants. Chapter Two examines an investigation by big data analysis of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect on human health problems. Chapter Three provides a literature review of the associations between sedentary behaviour and health-related outcomes in Japan. Chapter Four assesses non-specific chronic low back pain and reviews management strategies. Chapter Five studies scleroderma and its mythological background. Chapter Six reviews the possible mechanisms of 5-HT and their metabolites as common protectors against oxidative stress produced by animal venoms. Chapter Seven focuses on the effect of broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV) and salicylic acid (SA) treatments on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, total phenolics content, protein contents and the yield of susceptible and tolerance broad bean cultivars. Chapter Eight reviews the photochemical (photooxidative) activity of xanthone itself and the preventive effect of xanthone derivatives on photosensitised DNA damage.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One reviews the epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as methods for its diagnosis and treatments with a special emphasis on the latest advances. Chapter Two examines in vitro anti-cancer actions of progesterone on human melanoma cells based on recovery cell growth, adhesion and migration functions. Chapter Three reviews the medical uses, potential complications and advances in spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Chapter Four evaluates the effects of low dose spinal anesthesia on vital signs of patients for Cesarean Section (CS) and fracture repair. Chapter Five discusses Horner''s syndrome after spinal and epidural anesthesia. Chapter Six studies the chronobiology and electrophysiology of the rat heart under pentobarbital anesthesia. Chapter Seven provides literature orientation and personal experiences to discuss patient-specific instrumentation of total knee arthroplasty. Chapter Eight reviews the involvement of the endocrine system in the pathogenesis and clinical course of Ménières disease. Chapter Nine summarises recent research reporting several different effects of non-gluten members of the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors and other nutritional food ingredients on the onset and severity of innate and/or adaptive immune responses.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One studies Kleine-Levin syndrome. Chapter Two reviews stress, hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal dysfunction, inflammation, and psychomotor disability in preterm birth infants. Chapter Three discusses the cellular and molecular basis of fibrogenesis. Chapter Four examines the role of ocular melanin, melanosomes and melanocytes in eye functionality. Chapter Five focuses on hypopituitarism especially on the clinical feature, pathogenesis, and treatment of these novel conditions of hypophysitis. Chapter Six discusses benign and malignant anorectal pathology. Chapter Seven analyses the medical and surgical management of haemorrhoids. Chapter Eight introduces and reviews computer aided drug designing. Chapter Nine discusses the occurrence and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in seafood. Chapter Ten gathers and describes information about trans fats and their regulation in Mexico in over the last ten years. Chapter Eleven analyses the legislation, consumption and potential replacement solutions of trans fat in Argentina.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One discusses the utility of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of chronic resistant venous ulceration by reviewing the current available literature on this topic. Chapter Two reviews telemedicine in chronic respiratory diseases. Chapter Three focuses on the role of GABA/glycine in respiratory network formulation using knock-out mice with respiratory failure. Chapter Four investigates in vitro and in vivo studies of prolonged dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) treatment. Chapter Five analyses superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) based magnetic hypothermia as a promising therapy in cancer treatment. Finally, Chapters Six and Seven discuss the prevalence, risk factors, potential complications, and psychological impacts of miscarriage and perinatal mortality.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One researches recent topics in retinal ganglion cells. Chapter Two provides a review of acetylsalicylic acid resistance. Chapter Three analyses the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on myocardial diseases. Chapter Four focuses on the role of diet in the composition and activity of gut microbiota. Chapter Five examines data on the Maillard reaction as a cause of stochastic damage in E. coli, and subsequently, of E. coli aging. Chapter Six studies haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. Chapter Seven discusses animal models of respiratory distress in neonates. Chapter Eight presents professional training in the work-up of bleeding disorders in women. Chapter Nine investigates microbial dynamics characterisation during the composting process of organic wastes.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One describes the prevalence, anticipated risk factors and potential complications related to ectopic pregnancies. Chapter Two reviews the mechanism participating in altered glucocorticoid sensitivity that in turn affects their effect on immune response. Chapter Three analyzes the usefulness of an initial intravenous immunoglobulin therapy with a delayed use of anti-inflammatory drugs for Kawasaki disease. Chapter Four focuses on the formation, metabolism and role in diabetic vascular complications that glycation end products have. Chapter Five highlights the applications of analytical methods in the determination of fluoroquinolones in pharmaceutical or biological material and in the degraded solutions. Chapter Six describes the in silico characterization of carvacrol and its derivatives in order to determine the physicochemical, topological and quantum mechanical properties that promote their antibacterial activity. Chapter Seven studies the CTHRC1 as a pituitary hormone. Chapter Eight discusses nitric oxide and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Chapter Nine provides an overview of cloud point extraction of parabens from water samples. Chapter Ten reviews past and current state of Pacific sleeper shark abundance in the North Pacific, discusses its deterrence aspects for fisheries and proposes some ways of commercial exploitation of the stocks of this shark.

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Book SynopsisThe chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One begins with a review of the clinical aspects, side effects and potential complications of intrauterine devices (IUD). Chapter Two analyzes new strategies to reduce the burst release effect of copper-based IUDs. Chapter Three discusses ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Chapter Four provides some advanced research and treatment methods in the enhancement of innate immune response to prevent infections or infections leading to diseases. Chapter Five focuses on Basiliximab. Chapter Six studies bismuth ions, gastrins, and their biological activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Chapter Seven analyzes the risks and benefits of the barium enema. Chapter Eight investigates the complications caused by ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chapter Nine includes a critical discussion on the management of a quadricep hematoma from acute injury to the end stage of rehabilitation. The final chapter provides an updated review on the mechanisms linking obesity with inflammation, and analyzes the importance of inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, C-reactive protein and Ceruloplasmin as connecting links between inflammation, obesity and associated complications.

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Book SynopsisChapter One examines what has been learned about the Nipah Virus, a highly lethal paramyxovirus, throughout the nearly two decades since its discovery. The authors review includes progress in the understanding of its molecular characteristics, its pathogenesis in humans and animal models, transmission and prevention of infection, the development of experimental vaccines and therapeutics, and the relationship with its pteropid bat hosts. Chapter Two covers Bursitis, a characteristic feature of polymyalgia rheumatic (PMR), which is a common inflammatory rheumatic disease of people aged 50 and above, with pain and stiffness in the shoulder girdle and often pelvic girdle and neck. Although local musculoskeletal signs and symptoms are the hallmark of the disease, PMR is a systemic inflammation. The authors discuss how weekly bilateral shoulder corticosteroid injections have been studied, and their efficacy and safety have been proved, but oral cortiocosteroids still remain the cornerstone of therapy. Chapter Three reviews fetal sinus bradycardia, a condition defined by a heart rate less than 100 bpm. The author give an overview of the current diagnostic techniques, prognosis and treatment strategies. Mechanical stress on heart, caused by volume overload alone, is considered to be the condition that regulates the synthesis and release of natriuretic peptides. Thirty years later the measurements of the peptides, especially NT-proBNP, has not met all of the expectations of a simple and useful tool in cardiology; the mechanical stress on the heart does not explain all of the findings made in clinical studies. In Chapter Four, a hypothesis is presented in which the oxygen metabolism is in the focus. Chapter Five discusses how red light stimulated the phosphorylation of two small proteins, transit peptide NDPK2 and pre-sequence NDPK3 in etiolated pea seedling stems. In human NDPKs, Nm23H1 and Nm23H2 may function to reduce the influx of singlet oxygen and suppress tumor metastasis. Chapter Six offers several easy exercises that can be used as postoperative therapy for carpal tunel sydnrome, or as preventative measures for people with a heightened risk of developing the syndrome. The theory behind the load cell is presented both for conventional-socket transtibial amputees and osseo-integrated transfemoral amputees in Chapter Seven. Examples of equipment used on osseo-integrated transfemoral amputees is also shown. Studies and outcomes for a transtibial and a transfemoral osseo-integrated prosthesis are given, including force-moment analysis. In Chapter Eight, the relationship of catalase activity, Cdk5 regulation of topographic neuronal architecture, and cross-talk are discussed.

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Book SynopsisChapter One deals with the structural and developmental aspects of bacterial biofilms; the problems associated with biofilm formation and current control strategies utilised in clinical and industrial sectors; and the advances regarding the use of compounds derived from plants to control the formation of biofilms at the different stages of development. Chapter Two discusses how the current antibiotic crisis has made understanding bacterial cellular metabolism essential for improving existing therapies and identifying novel therapeutic approaches. Bactericidal agents have been reported targeting the cytoplasmic membrane, DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. In Chapter Three, a revision of the studies concerning the effect of bariatric surgery procedures in overall oral food perception is made, discussing how this may influence choices and dietary behaviour. Chapter Four provides a review of studies of taxeme-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (TIPN) and discusses challenge for TIPN areas. Chapter Five identifies surrogate markers for predicting the long-term prognosis and biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Chapter Six broadly covers IgG4- related disease (IgG4 RD), a constellation of disorders united by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Classically, IgG4 RD has been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially the pancreas and often patients present with repeated bouts of pancreatitis. Chapter Seven discusses the use of Retinol, a monoaromatic compound of vitamin A, for the treatment of wrinkles, fine lines, changes in microrelief and anti-aging effects. Chapter Eight identifies factors that protect an individual from developing a whiplash injury after a road traffic incident and looks at demographic variations rendering a person more likely to suffer a whiplash.

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Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to current ideas and developments in the biological sciences which stretch into fields such as engineering, medicine, quantum physics, computer modeling and genetics. In the past couple of years, biology and medicine have significantly evolved. The picture of the solitary biologist taking samples from the field and working in a lab with test tubes and chemical apparatus is a thing of the past. Today, bio-labs are filled with scientists across various disciplines like physics, mathematics and engineering. Most equipment are completely automated and robotic. They are often controlled by powerful computers acquiring and processing vast amounts of data for rigorous analysis. These advances have sped up the rate at which research is done in those fields. The topics presented in this book are simplified versions of these advances. Focusing on the how it works explanation, the notions presented here are made easy and simple to follow. Besides current research, the book elaborates on novel innovations in bio-related research (eg: ecosystem simulators, robotic surgery, natural experimentation and state-of-the-art instrumentation). Social and economic aspects of modern biology and medicine are also explored throughout this book; touching on issues related to disease spread, medical efforts and best scientific practices. The final part of this book walks through the mechanisms involved in the evolution of life on our planet. Along these lines, the evolution of Homo sapiens is briefly visited. In essence, this book involves taking a closer look at the mechanics of life.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 126 opens with a discussion on fungal infections of the central nervous system and the way they have been known to parallel the incidence of systemic fungal infections in at risk populations. The reported percentages of central nervous system involvement associated with invasive fungal infections range from 3% - 100% depending on the species isolated. Next, the authors discuss the effect of agouti-related peptide on the increase of food intake and body weight in animal models of cachexia, proposing agouti-related peptide as a possible anti-anorexigenic drug. This compilation includes the first complete overview of human leukocyte antigen variation across Austronesian populations and includes the effects of admixture along the migration path during their 5,000 year diaspora. The authors conclude that intermarriage has shifted allele frequencies in migrant peoples from those found in their original pure Austronesian stock (Taiwanese natives) towards those populations with which they have since become blended. Following this, a review of the factors affecting the photodegradation reaction and mechanism of riboflavin and related compounds is provided. Riboflavin belongs to the family of vitamin B complex and is present in a number of food products. Additionally, this book addresses the determination that the existence of the majority of microorganisms in the form of three-dimensional associates on the phase interface proves the significant survivable advantages as compare with selective ones. Afterwards, the authors present their designed dimeric dipeptide called GK-2 (bis(N-succinyl-Lglutamyl-L-lysine)hexametylendiamide) on the base of a beta-turn sequence of NGF loop4, which is most exposed to solvent and hence has a significant role in the interaction of NGF with the receptor. Later, the authors analyzed the pharmacological properties of the GlyR in the immature retina and compare those with the adult. Membranes from adult and immature rat retinas were incubated under different conditions in the presence of radioactive glycine or strychnine. Radioactive binding was considered as the specific binding to the GlyR. The closing chapter discusses Professor Werner Kalow (1917-2008), a pioneer in the field of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics, foreseeing future emerging subspecialties such as pharmacoepigenetics/pharmacoepigenomics and pharmacoanthropology. All these disciplines study human individuality and variability, paving the way for a translational personalized medicine. However, they cannot be legitimate if not properly founded by a broader, coherently unified science which deals with method and principles.

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Book SynopsisIn Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 127, the authors discuss Parkinson''s disease (PD), a neurological disorder characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and reduced dopamine levels in the striatum. Currently, there are few pharmacological treatments for PD and although Levodopa has frequently been used, it is not a viable treatment option for all patients. Thus, this book presents experimental evidence supporting the claim that endocannabinoid signaling may represent a promising therapeutic target for PD, inducing a reduction in neurodegeneration with minimal psychotropic effects. Subsequently, it presents findings that free-hydroxyproline observed in a physiological system must be resulted from a degradation of protein molecules. Variations in free-hydroxyproline concentrations in the plasma and white muscle of fishes, with genetic differences in growth rates and with different feedings, could indicate differences in protein degradation rates for tissue remodeling and growth. Since the synthesis of the connective tissue framework of muscle is a rate-limiting step in muscle growth, the concentrations of white muscle free-hydroxyproline could be reliable for growth studies, as its levels are correlated with fish specific growth rates (SGR) and feed efficiency. Next, the authors analyze the results of umbilical hernia repair using Ventralex Hernia Patch, a bilayer prosthesis. Preoperative characteristics, surgical procedure details, postoperative complications and recurrence rate were studied. An overview of the most up-to-date findings on the association of NGF with development of schizophrenia is presented, based on literature data as well as the authors own findings. The contributions of other research groups are provided and discussed in the context of prominent existing hypothesis of psychiatric disorder development. Afterwards, hernias are discussed as one of the most common reasons a primary care patient may need referral for surgical intervention. The emergence of next-generation prosthesis seeks to achieve the best possible integration into the tissues, improving their performance on all interfaces and avoiding complications. The authors exhibit a retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of 6-hour versus 4-hour HD sessions in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with three times per week, daytime, in-center HD. Using data from a cohort of forty-three, stable chronic ESRD patients, the authors compared twenty-one patients undergoing 6-hour HD sessions with twenty-two patients on conventional 4-hour HD sessions. The following chapter begins with an introduction to collagen and the function of Hyp in the collagen molecule, followed by a description of sources of various Hyp fractions in tissues and body fluids. The effects of different toxins on various Hyp fractions in the serum and tissues are also discussed. Then, soy isoflavones or soy derivatives (supplements containing S-equol) are recommended for relieving vasomotor symptoms. The evidences for standardized cohosh preparations are effective and are also be recommended. This book also discusses DNA damage repair, a very important biological process commonly associated with human health and diseases, because a detailed elucidation of DNA repair mechanism is essential for a better understanding of health and disease. Afterwards, the current information on collagen PTMs and their alteration under different pathological conditions are examined. It has been reported that collagen undergoes polyubiquitination in response to S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The polyubiquitination inhibits Collagen processing leading to decreased collagen secretion in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In closing, a critical review about the impact of changes in lifestyle and diet supplementation with natural phytochemicals on cancer statistics is given. This review highlights the new advances in understanding the anticancer activity of flavonoids based on its ability to damage DNA in cancer cells.

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Book SynopsisIn Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 128, the authors provide evidence that several families of GPCRs dynamically modulate microglial phenotypes and provide evidence that aberrations in G-protein coupled receptors-mediated signaling are prime contributors to a loss of homeostatic microglia states. A comprehensive landscape on the physiological conditions already known to be important for dendritic cell (DC) differentiation is included. Specifically: presenting stages of development of bone marrow stem cells; comparing the ontogeny of DCs in mice and humans; debating the differences between conventional DCs versus plasmacytoid DCs; highlighting that Langerhans cells (LCs) have different origins; discussing factors that may modulate the development of DC subsets; and emphasizing ontogenetic properties of DCs that make them different from monocytes and macrophages. Next, the authors review ex vivo and in vitro studies about the effects of human soluble fibrinogen molecule on blood components behavior and its effects at physiological and pathophysiological conditions, as well as in vitro studies conducted in experimental animal models. The tacrolimus (TAC) metabolism is reviewed in a separate study which proposes the TAC metabolism rate (C/D ratio) as a novel tool to assist physicians in risk stratification to individualize therapy in patients after (renal) transplantation. Continuing, the book postulates that modulation of nitric oxide (NO) concentrations at the maternal-fetal interface is relevant for maintaining early gestation due to failures in vascular adaptations. NO regulates vascular tone, angiogenesis, and cellular aggregation and adhesion, which are important functions in establishing and maintaining normal pregnancy. This book also presents the research and development of a collaborative, social-networked approach to train elementary and middle-school students so that the students can be aware of their bad sitting posture and timely improve it. Results show that the proposed approach and the developed posture training tools were very effective in improving teens posture.

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Book Synopsismen. Topics include: the epidemiology and temporal trends of low bone mass, osteoporosis and related fractures; the morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures; low bone mass risk factors and etiology; and osteoporotic risk assessment. The book includes a study with the goal of understanding workers social representation of occupational risks and preventive measures. A qualitative approach was utilised based on social representation theory processual approach. The sample was comprised of male workers from a municipal service responsible for cleaning and conservation of the public area with no permanent contract in a large city in the South-eastern region of Brazil. The authors describe working conditions and health conditions of men from small enterprises in Campinas Fruit and Vegetables Warehouse Wholesale. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 200 male workers was developed. Data collection was performed using the following instruments: questionnaire with socio-demographic data, lifestyle, health and work aspects, QSETES elaborated on by author Monteiro and a stress scale adapted by Monteiro based on Elo et al. The authors study the status of women in India, arguing that many poor health outcomes of girls and women can be attributed to their low rank in society. Specifically, the focus is on female economic devaluation, specifically dowry, an issue with historical antecedents that has failed to be addressed or even exacerbated by the entry of the country into the global economy. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is examined as one of the worlds leading causes of maternal mortality. Various conservative surgical procedures have been developed in recent years to reduce the need for hysterectomy, including external compression sutures, selective de-vascularization by surgical ligation or radiological embolization of the uterine and pelvic arteries and intrauterine balloon tamponade. The authors also examine the correlation between the development of congenital malformations and teratogenesis brought on by adverse conditions within the millieur interieur of the developing embryo, suggesting that the pharmacokinetic processes must be seen in the perspective of maternal and fetal lethal dose parameters. A study on perceived motives for contraceptive interference (CI) is included, hypothesizing that common barriers to male condom use might also be perceived as motives for CI enacted by a man toward his female partner.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 130 begins by discussing proton pump inhibitors (patented in 1979) that selectively target the H,K- ATPase of gastric parietal cells as a reliable therapeutic regimen for management of acid reflux disease and gastric bleeding. Around the same time, H. pylori was recognized as the main cause of peptic ulcer. The following chapter explores how common bile duct stones can be predicted and investigated. In addition, the management of proven ductal calculi is discussed in the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative stages. The investigation of ductal stones is partly dependent upon patient presentation and liver function tests, but also on availability of imaging modality and surgical experience. Afterwards, the authors summarize the current knowledge regarding the toxic effects of STZ on mammalian DNA and chromosomes, putting emphasis on the most recent findings on this subject. At the chromosome level, STZ induces chromosomal aberrations (including those ones involving telomeric sequences), micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges. A review of current state of knowledge of atmospheric parameters pathophysiological mechanisms and its cardiovascular risk effects is included. Additionally, some medical prevention strategies that can provide effective protection against the negative health effects of global climate change are presented. The authors go on to summarize the morphogenesis, 3D structure, and rearrangement of the IHBDs, as well as the cellular changes of cholangiocytes during development and regeneration. Recent advances based on gene targeting, lineage tracing, and threedimensional (3D) analysis of the liver tissue have improved our understanding of the IHBDs morphogenesis and regeneration. The goal of the concluding chapter is to describe the current educational preparation and scope of practice of pediatric advance practice providers (APPs) and provide guidelines with a new practice model as to how to successfully integrate APPs into the pediatric emergency department. The pediatric health care and role of an acute care APP has evolved significantly in the last few years, with APPs seeing patients ranging from non-urgent to all kinds of pediatric emergencies.

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Book SynopsisBiofilms are complex and dynamic communities of surface-attached microorganisms held together by a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix, forming a highly hydrated structure. It is known that there is considerable heterogeneity within biofilms with respect to local environments, which may result in spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression. Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 132 begins by discussing the use of GFP to explore these microbial communities, presenting the most recent developments associated with GFP variants and novel applications of this molecule in biofilm research. Next, the authors discuss the fibrinolytic and its important role in reproduction. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is one of the primary regulators of the fibrinolytic system and is expressed in various cells including ovarian granulosa and theca cells, endometrial cells and trophoblasts. This overview provides the current knowledge on the role of PAI-1 and PAI-1 gene mutations in reproduction. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a bio-luminous fluorescent phosphoprotein which was originally isolated from the luminous organ of the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. At the molecular level, it is composed of 238 amino acids with an approximate molecular weight of about 27 kDa. The authors discuss the role of GFP in animal diagnostic technologies, molecular tracking techniques using GFP as fusion tags in studying proteinprotein interactions and real time monitoring of host pathogen interactions. In the authors Immunoallergology Department, a recent study of 64 CSU patients treated with omalizumab provided pertinent information. Overall, the patients had a reduction of the UAS7 score of 5.82% per omalizumab administration (pOa) and of the DLQI score of 6.69% pOa (data not published). However, when patients were divided according to their baseline serum total IgE levels (STIgE), patients with higher STIgE had a much faster response to omalizumab. The results of this study are discussed in detail. The subsequent chapter aims to explore the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) that arise from the small bowel in both metastatic and non-metastatic disease. GISTs account for two per cent of all neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. They represent the most common GI mesenchymal tumour with a worldwide incidence of 11-15 per million and a median age of presentation of 55-60 years. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is examined as one of the major clinical syndromes characterized by the excretion of copious volumes of diluted urine (polyuria) together with persistent intake of abnormally large volumes of fluid (polydipsia). Investigation of the chronological changes of hyper intensity (HI) distribution over the pituitary stalk and the posterior lobe after transsphenoidal surgery on MR images might enable to predict how frequently postoperative diabetes insipidus occurs and how long it persists, and to elucidate an underlying mechanism for the appearance of the HI in the pituitary stalk. In the following chapter, the authors discuss salient aspects of central nervous system effects of methionine and methionine metabolites in relation to behavioural, neurochemical and possible structural alterations. The possibility of the evolution of conventionally-approved clinical applications of oral methionine, and the potential limitations to its utilisation in such capacity are also considered. Later, this collection considers the functions of Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pharmacology and diseases. The authors aim to address what GABA is, how GABA reacts, and what GABA-related diseases and agents exist. GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system, acting at inhibitory synapses in the brain. In the concluding chapter, the authors address how gabapentin, a synthetic analog of GABA, may be an effective analgesic used to treat different types of neuropathic pain syndromes, including diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, painful neuropathy resulting from HIV infection, cancer pain, fibromyalgia, pain after burn injury, and complex regional pain syndrome.

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Book SynopsisThe management of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is complex and early intervention is needed to prevent or delay the progression of the disease. The severity of PsA and response to medication should guide the proper treatment modality, as per the recent EULAR and GRAPPA recommendations. In this collection, the authors begin by examining conventional treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Next, the authors examine parasitic nematodes which cause substantial production losses in grazing animals and suffering in humans. Farmers treat animals with anthelmintics, often in an unplanned way. Frequent whole flock and herd treatments have encouraged the development of resistance as all worms in the animals are exposed to anthelmintic. The single largest problem with anthelmintic resistance is persuading farmers to adopt strategies that slow the development and spread of resistance. The authors go on to discuss the role of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in animal diagnostic technologies, molecular tracking techniques using GFP as fusion tags in studying proteinprotein interactions and real time monitoring of host pathogen interactions, as reporter tags in animal viral studies, in in-vitro and in-vivo imaging of transgenic animals for genetic screening and in animal marker vaccines and cancer studies. Following this, the authors provide their understanding of pathogenesis in spinal cord injury (SCI), the current therapeutic efforts and their limitations, and the emerging roles of retinoids in neuroprotection and functional recovery in SCI. Retinoids use retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) in the cells for modulation of expression of genes that eventually provide neuroprotection in SC. Pap smears detect cytologic abnormalities that indicate the possible presence of a pre-malignant lesion. The cytologic suspicion of a high grade lesion presents the risk of hiding a more severe dysplasia, which has a high risk of progression to invasive neoplastic lesion. Thus, the authors propose that adequate treatment and follow-up should be offered, such as cytology repeat, HPV testing, colposcopy, colposcopy-directed biopsy, or excision of the transformation zone. The subsequent chapter deals with the criteria that can be leant upon to prescribe retinoids for the off-label treatment of dermatological diseases. Exemplary clinical cases are illustrated. The author hopes to inspire creative physicians, and revamp classical, time-honored therapeutic methodologies as well. This book also discusses methods to study bacterial heterogeneity and its influence on phenotypic drug resistance include flow cytometry based approaches, RNA sequencing techniques, microfluidic technology time-lapse microscopy and mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches. These technological advances are powerful tools that enable us to explore and interrogate mechanisms of bacterial heterogeneity in pathogen populations. Lastly, the authors review the effects of how reproductive toxic exposures induce apoptosis of male germ cells by affecting the spermatogenic cells of the developing testis and investigate several possible mechanisms underlying alkylating agent-induced reproductive toxicity. Furthermore, an understanding of how cells cope with DNA damage caused by alkylating agents is valuable in clinical medicine.

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Book SynopsisThe eyes are highly diversified photosensitive structures. In all vertebrates, eyes resemble in molecular composition and are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix (ECM). Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 134 explores the dual role of ECM in ocular homeostasis and diseases and discusses how this duality can be used to treat such diseases. The view on ECM biology offered by this work is translational and adress concepts of basic science and clinical-surgical issues.Following this, the authors aim to provide information about the mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, to provide updates for previous studies update and some of the current paradigms discussed and to provide a basis for future studies. This review highlights the elementary value of apoptosis, including its effect on tissue homeostasis and cellular stress.The aim of the subsequent study was to investigate microcirculation peculiarities of the covering tissues of the limbs and body in patients with orthopedic pathology and in track-and-field athletes having reached high sport mastership.Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a clinical entity in which CSF rhinorrhea occurs in the absence of any inciting event. Spontaneous CSF leaks are associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) or underlying idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The authors report on a cohort of patients who have undergone nasal endoscopic repair for spontaneous CSF leaks.Wound healing is a widespread feature of multicellular organisms. Evidence illustrates that apoptosis has very important roles in the various phases of the wound healing process. As such, the authors maintain the importance of keeping up-to-date with studies on apoptosis and its associated mechanisms highlighted in the wound healing process, providing a systematic analysis of recent molecular research in wound healing applications.Despite enormous improvements in supportive and standard care, septic shock and liver failure remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Plasma separation via centrifugation is a common method for therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with liver failure and septic shock. The authors suggest that the use of a centrifugal approach rather than regular plasma filtration enables the transfer of larger particles into the resulting plasma fraction. The possible advantages of using centrifugation in comparison to hemofiltration in blood cleaning techniques are currently hypothetical.The most commonly used staging classification of the classical form of Kaposis sarcoma was presented by Brambilla et al. in 2003. The authors distinguished four stages of the disease based on the morphology of the cutaneous lesions, location of the skin changes, presence of complications and internal organ involvement. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of classical Kaposis sarcoma will be discussed in the closing chapter.

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Book SynopsisIn the opening chapter of Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 135, the authors propose that to correctly interpret the results of procalcitonin accuracy studies for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, we must analyze the methods we use to measure procalcitonin performance. Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated protozoan that causes Chagas disease, also known as America Trypanosomiasis. The authors discuss techniques for diagnosis, including parasitological methods based on microscopy, xenodiagnoses and microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood or buffy coat. The collection goes on to discuss rhabdomyolysis, a clinical syndrome caused by injury to skeletal muscle fibres with the release of their breakdown products, especially myoglobin, into the circulation. The condition is associated with traumatic injury, crush syndrome, extreme exercise, drugs, toxins and malignant hyperthermia among other things. In the next review, the authors intend to aid our understanding of lipid metabolism and provide a rational basis for future research in drug development by analysing current data related to the role of mutual regulation between hormone-sensitive lipase and insulin, discussing unanswered questions in different lines of studies. Following this, one study aims increase the activity of high-molecular-weight heparin through the development of a new high active heparin complex with glutamate. The thermodynamic simulation of chemical equilibria based on pH data and the molecular dynamics simulation were used. Later, the structure of two human blood groups with both AB active glycoproteins (HOC 89 and Cyst 19) isolated from human ovarian cyst fluids are introduced. Their properties are characterized by interactions with mAbs against the human blood group (ABH), Lewis system, sialyl glycotopes and various applied lectins. This collection also reviews differential diagnostic considerations to consider when making a diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the breast. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors account for approximately 5% of all soft tissue sarcomas and are associated with neurofibromatosis type I and a prior history of radiation. They are aggressive tumors with a propensity to recur and to develop distant metastases. An analysis is provided concerning the literature regarding the clinicopathologic features of epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Particular attention is paid to how this variant may be differentiated from other diagnostic considerations and on the utility of molecular testing in the evaluation of these lesions. Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome, also known as type 1 nephrotic syndrome (NPHS1), OMIM 256300, is caused by mutations in the nephrin gene. These mutations cause a congenital glomerulonephritis, which is particularly frequent in Finland (incidence of 1:8200 newborns). Since immunosuppressive therapy does not induce clinical remission, the authors propose that the best method of treatment is a bilateral nephrectomy and kidney transplantation. In the subsequent chapter, the effect of advanced glycation end products on renal cell in diabetic nephropathy is discussed in respect to downstream alterations such as reactive oxygen species production, activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, nuclear factor-kappa B activation, synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and fibronectin leading to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In the concluding chapter, the potential problem of quinoline yellow as food additive is introduced, followed by detailed description of the electrochemical methods of detection. Quinoline yellow is commonly applied as a food colorant, however it may cause allergy symptoms in those allergic to aspirin and lead to severer hyperactivity in children.

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Book SynopsisThis edited book, composed of chapters written by scholars of the geomatics-based, environmental and biological sciences, examines selected topics from the intersecting fields of geomatics (including remote sensing, geographical information science (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), mapping and field survey methods) and conservation biology (including ecology and conservation policy), with case studies from West Africa, Canada, India and Malaysia. The focus is on some of the more important issues that dominate current intersections between developments in geomatics technology and those of conservation biology. Chapter One examines the history and themes of geomatics and applications to conservation biology research. Chapter Two presents a case study of geomatics-based research on the vital issue of vulture ecology, extinction and conservation in Central India. Chapter Three examines the relationship between people and elephants in the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary and its surroundings in India, and it creates habitat suitability models from geomatics techniques to assess and predict elephant presence and potential human-elephant conflicts. Chapter Four examines the history and status of remote sensing as an aspect of geomatics, focusing mainly on satellite imagery. Chapter Five looks at development in GIS and takes an example of multidirectional landcover change from the West African savanna. Chapter Six looks at developments in GPS technology, especially concerning applications to the micro-habitats of bird presence and applications to mammal behavior. Chapter Seven looks at the subfield of animal geography, which looks at the subjective behavior of individual animals and the technology used to measure these detailed phenomena. Chapter Eight takes a case study of bird migration and habitat utilization in the swamps of coastal Malaysia. Chapter Nine looks at the utility of dated aerial photographs and supporting field methods in the evaluation of historical landcover change, covering periods before the development of modern imaging techniques and using an example from the West African savanna. This book makes an important contribution to the intersections of geomatics and conservation biology.

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Book SynopsisDiscovered in 1961, amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic molecule which belongs to class III antiarrhythmic drugs and therefore, it is used in the treatment of a wide range of cardiac arrhythmias. Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 136 begins by discussing state of the art formulations of amiodarone and outlooks for future dosage forms. Though amiodarone hydrochloride has often been prescribed for patients with refractory or life-threatening arrhythmias, its clinical use is frequently limited because of a number of side effects such as corneal microdeposits, photosensitivity, pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid and liver dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy. As such, the authors conduct a study wherein amiodarone hydrochloride dose-dependently induced cell death, lysosomal storage of phospholipids and neutral lipids, and oxidative stress in immortalized Schwann cells. The following review presents scientific results and popular uses for plants from the Euphorbia genus. With nearly 2,000 species, Euphorbia is the third largest genus of blossoming plants, promptly discernable by their milky latex and particular inflorescences, called cyathia. The laryngeal mask airway was introduced by Dr. Archie Brain in 1981 with the intent to develop a safe and effective alternative to orotracheal intubation. Since its first use in the early 90s, the laryngeal mask airway went through many structural changes and has greatly evolved. This compilation addresses this evolution and suggests that the laryngeal mask airway is a safe and easy to use device that can be considered an effective alternative to more invasive tools. Also studied in this collection is the recent development and modern trends in the use of mesenchymal stem cells for the regeneration of damaged myocardium. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide and there is no promising treatment available for cardiomyopathies except some pharmacological and surgical interventions including heart transplantation. Obesity is associated with the chronic inflammatory condition, and a consequence of obesity is the development of cardiovascular diseases due to the presence of risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. The authors present a study is presented which analyzes recent literature data related to the link between obesity and development of cardiovascular diseases. Following this, the authors discuss echinococcosis, a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the larval stages of four species of genus Echinococcosis, including, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli. Imaging methods for detecting space occupying lesions are the primary approaches for diagnosing of human Echinococcosis. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of classical Kaposis sarcoma is also discussed. Classical Kaposis sarcoma predominantly develops in immunocompetent older males of Mediterranean or Jewish origin and is considered the most indolent of the four variants of the disease. Human herpes virus 8 is believed to be the etiological factor. In the penultimate chapter, the authors suggest presenting experimental data in the form of hybridization energy isotherms. Theory has demonstrated a relationship between the free energy of oligo-target duplex interaction and the hybridization signal. Moreover, it has been found that target concentration changes are causing vertical shifts of hybridization energy isotherms. Lastly, a short introduction to microphysiometry (the monitoring of energy metabolism of living cells) is given. An experiment with the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 is described, employing the intelligent mobile lab for in vitro diagnostics. The experimental conditions are described with a focus on the medium exchange and rest intervals which result in a metabolism frequency of the living cells.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 137 begins by presenting a systematic view on the electromagnetic properties of blood and its components. Detailed data on electric impedance, conductivity and dielectric permittivity of native blood in healthy persons and patients with different diseases before and after treatment are also presented.The authors go on to discuss the concept of hydrogels, microgels and nanogels; smart/intelligent colloidal gels; classification of nanogels; synthesis of nanogels; and applications in patient compliant drug delivery.Following this, two components involved in triacylglycerol breakdown are discussed: lipolysis and antilipolysis. Fat cells exhibit insulin receptors mediating the well-known antilipolytic properties of the pancreatic hormone. However, various receptors negatively coupled to the adenylyl-cyclase also limit lipolytic activity.The development of oral vaccines by two molecular display systems (using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus casei as hosts) is explored, as well as the oral administration of enolase using a mouse model.A study is included on zebrafish, which have been used disease models for pathogenesis and drug screening due to the availability of in vivo genetic and molecular tools. Issues from the perspective of morpholino usage in the field of aquatic toxicology are also debated.The closing chapter examines moonlighting metabolic enzymes, such as enolases, and the role they play in transporting tRNAs and presenting cell surface antigens within and outside of cells.

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Book SynopsisIn Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 138, the authors reflect on the development of ethically reliable procedures that keep in line with cultural traits while guaranteeing proper implementation of the fundamental principles of bioethics, within the framework of ethically binding biomedical research. As such, this write-up gives an overview on the ethical implications and regulatory issues governing African traditional medicine research practices in Cameroon.This collection goes on to present the relationship between riboflavins chemical properties and its exploitable applications in both living organisms and analytical assays. Riboflavin, popularly known as Vitamin B2 or Vitamin G, was historically the second identified vitamin and presents itself as a yellow solid substance, and its higher stabilization is observed at pH 5.In the following study, technological discrimination of lactic acid bacteria species isolated from fermented cereal foods available in Abidjan are presented as of interest, because these species are used as starter cultures to optimize fermented product quality. The sugar fermentation pattern and identity of twenty-three lactic acid bacteria isolates were carried out by using a ApiwebTM/Api50 CHL test kit. Protease, amylase, and bacteriocins production as well as growth parameters after 18h culture are performed.Topical naltrexone therapy has been reported to reverse diabetes complications in type 1 and type 2 animal models in an effective and non-toxic manner. Because of this, the authors discuss the mechanism of action of naltrexone, as well as data documenting its efficacy in therapy for diabetic complications, supporting the repurposing of naltrexone for clinical use.Additionally, general opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone that block classical opioid receptors mu, delta, and kappa are still widely used to reverse drug and alcohol overdose/use. With the discovery of the opioid growth factor receptor axis as a novel biological pathway involved in homeostasis of replicating cells and tissues, the role of opioid receptor antagonists is expanded.Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans expressed in a variety of cells, and their heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chains bind to several proteins (such as chemokine and growth factors) taking on various biological roles. Several types of proteoglycans, including syndecans in the lung as components of extracellular matrices, were previously recognized only as molecular glue that supports the structure of tissues. However, growing evidence suggests that proteoglycans have a variety of biological activities such as control of inflammation, wound healing, development and homeostasis, which the authors examine.M-type phospholipase A2 receptor is a type I transmembrane receptor and belongs to the mannose receptor family. In 2009, M-type phospholipase A2 receptor was identified as a target intrinsic antigen in most cases of primary membranous nephropathy. The authors propose that in addition, the detection of circulating anti-M-type phospholipase A2 antibodies is useful not only for the differential diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy but also for monitoring treatment, including after renal transplantation.The most frequent familial amyloidosis presentation is due to transthyretin, a protein analyzed in the concluding chapter and originally referred to as pre-albumin. There are more than eighty transthyretin mutations, the majority being amyloidogenic. The carriers of the mutation on this protein genes show a clinical heterogeneous amyloidosis according to the nature of aminoacid substitution.

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Book SynopsisMyocardial fibers from diseased human atria have elevated resting membrane potential, depressed maximal amplitude of the action potential, and decreased upstroke velocity. Sinus node dysfunction may be due to an alteration in the generation of impulses within the sinus node and/or a disturbance of the conduction of impulses from the sinus node to the atrial myocardium. In this chapter, investigations based on the recording of abnormally prolonged and fractionated atrial local electrograms during sinus rhythm atrial catheter mapping in patients with sinus node dysfunction have provided important knowledge about the electrophysiological properties of the pathological atrium. In chapter two, the effects of caffeic acid and its related compounds on 7-carboxyheptyl radical formation were examined in the reaction mixtures of (z)-9-octadecenoic acid. Carboxyheptyl radical formation was inhibited by caffeic acid, catechol, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, noradrenalin, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. However, quinic acid, benzoic acid and p-anisic acid had no effect on radical formation. These results suggested that the phenol moiety is essential for tradical inhibition. The authors discuss how, in general, biomolecules [DNA, proteins (Aβ-amyloid, α-synuclein, Tau protein, etc)], antioxidant molecules [beta-carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, sulforafane etc] and molecules bearing regions of high electron densities, [conjugated double bonds, polyene chains, lone pairs of electrons in O, N, S atoms of various molecules etc.] can accommodate them in the empty π* orbital of singlet oxygen, provided that their geometry and energy suits the π* orbitals geometry and energy. This collection explores high intensity exercise between 10 to 240 seconds duration results in an excess of hydrogen ions and acute, transient reductions in blood and muscle pH. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion is a strategy employed by many athletes to increase the buffering capacity for such hydrogen ions in an attempt to offset acidosis and improve or maintain performance. This commentary will overview conventional ingestion strategies, and consider a complimentary approach to ingestion dosage in relation to a range of body masses. The next study examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion upon sprint performance using a novel repeated sprint protocol. More specifically, this protocol assessed sprint performance to a given level of induced fatigue. The purpose of the following chapter is to review the history of the PSQI and evaluate its uses. Additionally, research findings through its use will also be discussed. Within one study, the most recent theoretical techniques that determine the one-dimensional coordinate-dependent D(Q) are reviewed and new results of D(Q) calculations applied in proteins are presented. It is shown that a proper characterization of D(Q) is sufficient to construct the free-energy landscape and folding rates. The diffusive approach can be augmented to other relevant biological systems in order to characterize the underlying kinetic and thermodynamic processes. The closing chapter discusses firing rate asymmetry of the left and right crayfish caudal photoreceptors (CPR-L and CPR-R, respectively) caused by light pulses. The CPR is a single bilateral non-visual neuron that responds directly to light.

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Book SynopsisVolume 140 opens by discussing vascular endothelial growth factor, an attractive target for antiangiogenic therapy for glioblastoma. Although bevacizumab, a humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, improves the progression-free survival of patients with glioblastoma, prolonged overall survival has been attained only in few patients with a proneural type of glioblastoma. As such, bevacizumab is increasingly used to treat newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. Bevacizumab selectively inhibits glioblastoma growth by targeting membrane-bound vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibiting angiogenesis and thus halting tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor plays a major role in wound healing, with upregulation starting on day three and levels remaining high up to 24 weeks after wound creation. The authors discuss how, to avoid postoperative wound complications following neurosurgical procedures, perioperative management is indispensable. As perioperative preparation, shaving or minimal hair removal should be avoided to prevent minor trauma to the scalp and surgical-site infection. Excess electrocautery coagulation and metal skin clips are efficacious during skin incision for preventing blood loss, but might cause skin edge necrosis and alopecia. Next, the authors briefly summarize the actions of melatonin in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the protection processes against Fe overload effects. Melatonin is a ubiquitous compound present in bacteria and eukaryotes, which in vertebrates, is released at night from the pineal gland to induce sleep. Quantitative foundations of continuous non-invasive prenatal screening are explored in the following chapter. The mosaicism interval and the interval-based estimate of the degree ofmosaicism are introduced, and the uncertainty of the estimation of the degree of mosaicismcan be quantified by the width of the mosaicism interval. Continuing, the authors emphasize the implication of SRY-related box factors in male sex determination and differentiation, leading to fertility. The production of spermatozoa in adulthood requires a coordination in the regulation of gene expression by a multitude of SRY-related box transcription factors within the testis. The authors perform an overview of the mechanisms of action of SRY-related box transcription factors throughout male development contributing to fertility. The objective of the penultimate study is to evaluate, in vitro, the coagulating, cytotoxic, oxidizing and antioxidant effects caused by the Bothrops jararacussu and B. moojeni crude venoms. The crude venoms protein profiles are characterized, and the biological effects are evaluated and compared between the species. Among the activities triggered by Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, coagulation is both intriguing and contradictory since the venom contains in its composition both coagulant and anticoagulant precursor proteins. The concluding work describes the in vitro effects of crude venom and purified proteins from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom as they affect coagulation factors of the extrinsic, intrinsic, and common clotting pathways in citrated human plasma.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of the opening chapter of provide recommendations and tips to assist medical oncologists, hematologists and clinicians in investigating and managing early catheter malfunction. The aim of the following chapter is to ease prompt recognition and management of central venous catheter-related infectious outbreaks, as they may severely jeopardise the outcome of infected patients Next, the placement and maintenance of central venous access devices in the neonatal patient population, with particular regard to umbilical catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters is examined. The authors go on to investigate whether low trabecular bone score during adolescence is predictive of increased fracture risk during adulthood, as well as whether recovery may result in correction of compromised microarchitecture. A summary of the involvement of miRNAs in different beta-thalassemia variants, their association in expression of various globin types, (especially gamma-globin) and their implications as prognostic and therapeutic markers in beta-thalassemia are presented. Additionally, an account is provided on various commonly used monoclonal antibodies targeting the transferrin receptor. The authors also discuss the mechanisms through which monoclonal antibodies targeting the transferrin receptor have been employed to deliver drugs, enzymes, toxins and cytokines to treat various neurological cancers, Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease, lysosomal storage diseases and cerebral ischemia. This compilation assesses the use of clarithromycin in the long-term treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps after endoscopic sinus surgery, showing that a low-dose clarithromycin use for a period of one month can improve patient complaints. The role of aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis is subsequently described Numerous surgical procedures have been reported in patients with situs inversus. The penultimate chapter provides insight regarding laparoscopic surgeries for various indications in patients with situs inversus, along methods to address them. The final chapter improves upon the current knowledge of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which is a gram-negative rod and typical soil inhabitant bacteria.

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Book SynopsisIn the opening chapter the authors describe the importance of the response of photon counting detectors, as well as taking into consideration the detectors response when analyzing objects using a multi-pixel-type photon counting detector for medical X-ray imaging. Following this, the authors discuss how the image quality of radionuclide tomography strongly depends on the method of reconstruction, which can be broadly classified into two types: filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction. Vitamin E function, metabolism, nutritional recommendation and the role of biofortification is also addressed. The authors discuss poly(methyl methacrylate), an artificial polymer resin that can be produced through distinct processes, including solution, suspension and emulsion polymerizations. Particularly, poly(methyl methacrylate) is completely amorphous, but presents high tensile strength and excellent dimensional stability due to its rigid polymer chains. Next, the authors highlight the taxonomy, description and characterization tests of carbapenem resistant bacteria in the environment, as well as epidemiology updates and clinical aspects of infections caused by these microorganisms. Nutrient conditions affect the reproductive potential and life span of many organisms through the insulin signaling pathway. Although this is well characterised in female oogenesis, it has been shown that male reproductive organ also acts as a nutrient sensor to optimize fecundity. The closing chapter discusses the Drosophila male accessory gland, as it has functions similar to those of the mammalian prostate gland and the seminal vesicle, and secretes accessory gland proteins into the seminal fluid.

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Book SynopsisVolume 143 discusses the main indications of prophylactic oophorectomy, as well as its risks, benefits and impacts on women''s quality of life. Additionally, the authors examine PEGylation, a chemical reaction that allows for the conjugation of a polyethylene-glycol group to another compound. Since the commercial release of adagen, the first approved PEGylated drug, PEGylation has proven to be a successful strategy for the generation of efficient drugs. Following this, this compilation analyses the morphological and functional disorders that may be induced by oxaliplatin. The authors present the possible side effects of this drug upon several organs, as well as the mechanisms that are activated by the nominated drug. The authors also summarise the processes that might be occurring in Werner syndrome cells during DNA replication that then lead to the genomic instability and replication stress and, ultimately, a p38a-induced premature senescence. The results of the authors'' studies combining the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and enteral sorption therapy are presented in the closing chapter to ameliorate common side effects of such potent and toxic anti-cancer alkylating agents, such as melphalan.

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Book SynopsisThe opening chapter summarises the generation of amniotic fluid, role and its clinical significance of protecting the fetus from external trauma. Next, the role of in silico and in vitro methods are used for the prediction of cytotoxicity which is measured in terms of Selectivity Index or Therapeutic Index, which is defined as the ratio of CC50 and EC50. Additionally the authors discuss the principles of aptamer selection and in vitro applications for bench scientists in molecular imaging, including aptahistochemistry, tissue imaging, enzyme-linked aptamer assay, aptablot, aptamer-mediated flow cytometry and mass cytometry, and super-resolution microscopy. In order for natural rubber latex nanoparticles to be employed in tissue engineering, they need to have designed biological interaction with cells as well as favorable mechanical properties. Cells can delicately sense and respond to external nanoscale features in intricate living systems. With this in mind, chapter four demonstrates an in-depth understanding of how cell differentiation may bring a new perspective to tissue engineering including new bone regeneration and cartilage therapy. In the penultimate chapter, a study of the relationship between the adipokine signaling dysregulation and the androgen status is proposed as necessary to develop new adipokines-based approaches to restore the steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in male in the metabolic and endocrine diseases. In recent stress research, coping flexibility, which is defined as an individual''s ability to modify their coping strategies effectively according to the demands of different stressful situations, has received considerable attention. The author of the closing chapter presents two cross-sectional studies in order to examine the relationship between insomnia and coping flexibility for daily stress.

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Book SynopsisThe opening chapter examines the role of different reported oviduct factors in modulating gamete function, fertilisation and early embryo development. The guidelines of occupational post-exposure prophylaxis are reviewed in order to help guide clinicians in managing occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. Next, the authors discuss how the detection of bacterial genes in the genome of eukaryotic cells has provided evidence for gene exchange between bacteria and eukaryotic cells, mainly from bacteria to fungi. The important structural information for potent and selective HDAC3, a zinc-dependent histone deacetylases isoform, inhibitors along with the structure-activity relationships of a handful of molecules may enrich the knowledge of academics and industry personnel. As such, this compilation provides a deep insight into HDAC3 and related inhibitors. In the penultimate chapter, the authors assess the algorithm of cell dead mechanism in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and how the impact of intraperitoneal celecoxib treatment can increase the survival of neural stem cells. The concluding chapter focuses on how foreign protein accumulation in vacuoles proves to be a fruitful production strategy for for biological and industrial enzymes.

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Book SynopsisIn Volume 146, the authors begin by exploring the mammalian eye lens, a unique transparent organ, with a distinctive cellular architecture and polarity. For more than a century, it has been used as a model to study mechanisms of induction, morphogenesis, differentiation and disease. Following this, the authors discuss guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP-1), an interferon-inducible large GTPase involved in the epithelial barrier and cell proliferation. Induction of GBP-1 by proinflammatory cytokines is regulated via various signaling pathways and is a reliable marker of interferon-ƴ-activated cells in various diseases. This compilation also examines remifentanil, a synthetic fentanyl derivative and ultra-short acting, selective -opioid receptor agonist. Its chemical structure includes a methyl-ester ring that allows its hydrolysis by non-specific plasma and tissue esterases. The authors suggest that the role of sevoflurane in preventing oxidative damage and inflammatory response to ventilator injury-induced lung injury requires further investigation. Sevoflurane is a halogenated anaesthetic developed in the early 1970s which preserves the hypoxic vasoconstriction reflex, doesn''t irritate the airways, and maintains self-regulation of the district circles. Additionally, the current knowledge on immune-checkpoint inhibitors, immune mediated hepatitis and pancreatitis is summarised. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors continue to revolutionise cancer therapy and are expected to be utilized in an increasing number of malignancies in the coming years. The closing chapter discusses vitamin E, a collective term including compounds which are either naturally occurring or synthetic analogues exhibiting the biological activity of vitamin E. Vitamin E is a micronutrient and fat-soluble vitamin which has an important role in human beings, particularly children.

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Book SynopsisThe first chapter reviews actions on bone longitudinal growth, muscle, kidney, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, body composition, carbohydrate metabolism, insulin, lipids, protein actions, coagulation and fibrinolysis, adipokines, cardiovascular effects, and retina. Next, the authors discuss the values and boundaries of various surgical approaches to achieve interbody fusion, and introduce a novel fusion technique named extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Each indirect decompression procedure for the intervertebral foramen is introduced in detail, and their influence on intervertebral foramen parameters is discussed, including foraminal height and foraminal area. This provides detailed information on the quantitative decompression index, thus proving helpful for surgeons. Following this, prodrugs are examined, having been extensively studied in the field of drug development. Continuous research in developing prodrugs/drug conjugates has resulted in an improvement of the lipophilicy, aqueous solubility, oral bioavailability, chemical stability, prolongation of action, reduced toxicity and site specific drug delivery of parent drugs. The susceptibility of germline stem cells to genetic damage induced by oxaliplatin and its mechanism of action is also discussed. Germ cells are responsible for the transmission of genetic information from males to their progeny. The authors evaluate parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and how it encompasses a variety of diseases ranging from steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. A systematic review of the literature is executed to pool data from all individually documented patients to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined liver and inferior vena cava resection in patients with colorrectal liver metastases involving inferior vena cava. Research in subsequent chapter examines how the development of purkinje cells in the postnatal period in rats is accompanied by significant structural and metabolic changes, this being the basis for their growth, maturation, differentiation and functions. The authors evaluate the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the Vanillosmopsis arborea essential oil and its major compoundð"-bisabolol against Leishmania amazonensis in an effort to evaluate its role to treat diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, such as leishmaniasis. Since there are still only few data available for the understanding of cellular and molecular functions of Neurensin genes in spite of the expected critical roles in human brain function, the authors present studies which will contribute to elucidating the mechanism of brain disorders at the molecular level. The concluding chapter focuses on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of emtricitabine, dosing recommendations, and monitoring in the oral antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis population.

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Book SynopsisVolume 148 begins by summarizing recent findings in exosome research, highlighting the importance of exosomes as novel biomarkers and regulatory elements in the process of angiogenesis. Specifically, the authors address the potential of exosomes as future diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Additionally, the authors discuss the latest findings on myometrial cells embryogenesis, their later phenotypic changes, and structure and its relation to contractility, particularly focusing on the least understood aspects of the myometrium function. Next, overview of new developments in breast cancer targeted therapies is provided, and future prospects for directed therapeutic strategies are discussed. Recent advances in targeted therapy have decreased the morbidity and enhanced the quality of life of cancer patients. Several strategies to combat H1N1 through in silico approach along with the discovered drug candidates are reviewed, such as neuraminidase inhibitors, M2 proton channel blocker, and RNA polymerase-complex inhibitor to interfere with H1N1 virus replication. H1N1, also recognized as Swine Flu, is a subtype of influenza A virus which belongs to the orthomyxovirus category. This compilation also explores acute kidney injury, a life-threatening situation which has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Histone deacetylase inhibitors were first used for treating different types of cancers, but recently their immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic effects in renal cells in vitro have been noticed. Thus, the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibitors in preventing acute kidney injury are reviewed. The closing paper reviews the literature regarding how to obtain an optimal anatomical reduction in femoral neck fractures in patients under 65 years old, and functional results are discussed in relation to specific fixation implants, fracture patterns and patient-related factors.

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Book SynopsisThis collection begins by discussing bendamustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative that consists of a meclorethamine group, butyric acid and a benzimidazole ring. Bendamustine has been synthesized in 1963, but in recent years it has been shown to be effective in treating lymphoproliferative diseases and solid tumors. Additionally, the authors present the efficacy of structure variation of bendamustine for the enhancement of the lipid membrane partitioning and tissue penetration, as well as drug-likeness. A total of 10 novel compounds are presented, wherein seven have higher Log P values and three have lower Log P values than that of bendamustine. Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 149 also discusses metabolic syndrome, a growing major clinical challenge for global health resultant from over-consumption of energy and obesity. Following this, the authors address the importance of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine, focusing on antimicrobial peptides such as nisin as therapeutic alternatives. A study is presented wherein it is concluded that oligodendrocyte dysfunction in multiple system atrophy significantly affects subcortical anatomical pathways. Moreover, the spatial patterns of the glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy contrast with those reported for filamentous neuronal inclusions in other neurodegenerative diseases. Next, the authors summarize the recent discoveries expounding how β-cell identity and heterogeneity evolve in diabetes mellitus, discussing a new perspective of β-cell function salvage in diabetes mellitus development. Yeast cell cycle arrest and its consequences are analyzed in the subsequent chapter. Cell cycle arrest results in programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, wherein cells are made to commit suicide. The penultimate study evaluates the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive and neurophysiological functions in patients with moderate cognitive impairment. Lastly, to investigate the role of CD44 in the development of allergic respiratory inflammation, a mouse model of airway allergic inflammation induced by transnasal administration of helminthic and mite allergens is used to analyze bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway hyper responsiveness.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 150 first discusses how the emergence of multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria, along with the lack of development of new antibiotics, led the medical community to look to polymyxins for therapeutical uses in critically ill patients. Next, the authors go on to discuss lenalidomide, a chemical analog of thalidomide and a member of the group of immunomodulatory or cereblon-binding drugs. Lenalidomide has antineoplastic, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, pro-erythropoieic, and immunomodulatory properties. Lenalidomide binds to a specific hydrophobic pocket in the protein cereblon. This pocket is coded by the exons 10 and 11 on the C-end of cereblon gene. Cereblon interacts with the DNA damage-binding protein-1, cullin 4, and regulator of cullins 1 to form the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Lenalidomide also enhances the antitumor effect of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells in murine models of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lenalidomide has also been studied in the treatment of cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and neurodegenerative disorders connected with neuroinflammation, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, the authors to discuss the current evidence on the use of troponin as a prognostication biomarker in neonatal encephalopathy, as well as the importance of monitoring cardiac function after hypoxic ischaemic brain damage. The basic science and clinical significance of CD180-negative plasmablasts in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases is reviewed. In systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases, CD180-negative plasmablasts play crucial roles and are useful as a disease marker. Because CD180 has a complex function, the mechanism of the increase of CD180 negative B cells may be different in each disease. In closing, the concept of intensive care rehabilitation was developed with the Federal Rehabilitation Council BAR. Both early rehabilitation for neurological and neurosurgical patients and intensive care rehabilitation for patients with other critical illnesses are detailed.

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Book SynopsisVolume 151 begins with a focus on one of the rapidly growing mycobacteria groups, Mycobacterium smegmatis, used to understand the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis because of the disadvantages in the direct study of tubercle bacilli. The authors propose that a perspective group in the current research and development of novel chemotherapeutic agents with a broad spectrum of activities may be functionalised phenolic derivatives and their metal complexes. The authors also discuss Aeromonadaceae, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria which are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, but they have been also isolated from different types of both fresh and processed foods. Aeromonas species are considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial animals. Following this, the role of mannans within Candida biofilms is examined, and the role of Candida biofilms in fungal structure, pathogenesis, and resistance is also addressed. To optimise the application of ß-mannanase in practical animal nutrition, factors affecting its effectiveness have to be carefully considered. As such, the authors explore the impact of these factors on efficacy of ß-mannanase in the penultimate chapter. The concluding chapter focuses on postoperative nausea and vomiting, common and distressing side effects following surgery and anaesthesia. Despite modern antiemetic agents, short-acting anesthetics and minimally invasive surgery, postoperative nausea and vomiting still affects around 30% of surgical patients, with certain high-risk patients experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting up to 80%.

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Book SynopsisThe worldwide market of medicinal mushrooms is constantly increasing considering the improvement of the level of life of population and the concerns for a healthy quality of life. The consumption of Macromycetes fungi as delicatessen food or nutraceuticals is increasing due to their gourmet features, nutritional characteristics and medicinal properties. The fruiting bodies of several fungal species contain different types of compounds that are valuable in the medical and cosmetic industry and have applications in other industrial sectors. However, the cultivation of Macromycetes is not fully disseminated at world level and just a few species are grown on a commercial scale (about 10 species). In particular, the demand of the Macromycetes Grifola frondosa (Maitake) and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in their different trade presentations is increasing because of their medicinal features and their applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, research and development regarding the improvement of the cultivation parameters for these two fungal species have a paramount importance in order to reach a higher coverage in their industrialization. G. frondosa is a less-known and newer species in the mushroom industry. Its cultivation presents different levels of complexity and there are a few commercial facilities for its production. Likewise, G. lucidum, although more known than Maitake, exhibits significant complexity levels during its cultivation as well. In the present book, a comprehensive compilation of the developments achieved for improving the cultivation parameters of these two species in tropical weathers aimed at implementing them at industrial scale is provided. The book presents extensive research outcomes obtained by the authors not only at small scale, but also at pilot and industrial scales. The main markets for these two species are presented as well as the most promising residual feedstocks to be used for production of Reishi and Maitake fruiting bodies in the context of countries with tropical weather. The conventional procedures for solid-state cultivation at different production scales is analyzed and specific conditions for such production in tropical weathers are also discussed. In addition, a description of the potential biologically active compounds that could be extracted from these two fungal species is provided as well as main lignocellulylitic enzymes obtained from these mushrooms. This book is intended to researchers, graduate students, technologists, and entrepreneurs as well as private firms working in the medicinal mushroom industry.

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Book SynopsisSterols: Types, Classification and Structure describes the methodology used to determine sterol content in coral reef food webs, and how sterol data is used in trophic ecology studies. The authors briefly explain the basics of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as necessary tools to confidently separate, identify, and quantify sterols. Sterols from different sponge families have been described, however, few studies have been conducted involving the sterols of the freshwater sponge compared to those of the marine environment. The number of sterols present varies with the species, and this characteristic make it possible to use this data as a chemosystematic marker. In olive oil, sterols constitute the majority of the unsaponifiable fraction. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the sterols of olive oil due to their health benefits and their importance to virgin olive oil quality. Thus, the authors discuss recent findings concerning the effect of cultivars on the sterolic profile of extra virgin olive oil. The subsequent study aims to contribute to the optimisation and valorisation of virgin olive oil quality in the world olive-producing areas. This work was carried out on the study of virgin olive oil from two new olive varieties obtained through uncontrolled crossings. The sterolic fraction of argan oil is also compared to that of olive oil. The total phytosterol content ranged from 1700.80 mg/kg in chemlali oil to 150.40mg/kg in argan oil. In contrast to chemlali oil in which β-sitosterol is predominant, the major sterols detected in argan oil is schottenol and spinasterol. In closing, the authors examine the analysis of phytosterols, a multistage procedure that includes extraction, isolation/purification as a group of related compounds and a chromatographic technique for separation, identification, and quantification.Table of ContentsPrefaceIdentification and Quantification of Sterols in Coral Reef Food WebsFreshwater Sponge SterolsCultivar Effect on Sterol Composition of Virgin Olive OilInvestigation of Sterol Compounds of Virgin Olive Oil from New Cultivars Obtained through Uncontrolled CrossingsSterols of Virgin Argan Oil: Comparison with Olive OilUse of Phytosterols as a Tool for the Authenticity Assessment of Virgin Olive Oil: Protection of the Olive Oil MarketAnalysis of Phytosterols: A Survey of the Analytical Protocols in UseIndex.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 164 begins by proposing that first-line chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer consensus molecular subtypes appears to be a prognostic factor that is able to provide information about growth rate. The authors go on to review the current and future applications of bioartificial grafts and conduits in the bridging of peripheral nerve defects. Ginsenoside Rb1 and phosphoramidon are studied in the zebrafish model of diabetic retinopathy, a progressive proliferative and non-proliferative disorder of retina with alterations of the blood-retinal barrier. Basic knowledge on the events from follicle development to implantation crucial to achieve successful conception as well as contraception is presented, describing the mechanism of contraceptive action of Chhaya. Hydroxydaunorubicin, also known as doxorubicin, a metabolite of Streptomyces peucetius and a prominent family member of anthracycline antibiotics is studied. The authors also review the possible mechanisms by which doxorubicin provokes concomitant side effects and clinical disorders, as well as the damage-assaying biochemical markers and the metabolites in these conditions. Updated data with a systematic search through the largest medical information databases is used to assess the therapeutic and preventive role in urinary incontinence of pelvic floor rehabilitation in pregnancy and postpartum. In closing, recent studies on the host and lactic acid bacteria as well as probiotic interactions in terms of molecular and cellular mechanisms of action via signaling pathways, apoptosis, and heat shock proteins are reviewed.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors review the available evidence of the benefits of benfotiamine administration, paying particular attention to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, cardiac autonomic neuropathy and gastrointestinal neuropathy. An overview of cyclic AMP response element binding protein's structure and functions is provided, in addition to a review of its molecular mechanisms and role in disease processes, including neural diseases, diabetes and cancer. Based on bibliographic references and studies carried out by the authors, this work also assesses the problem of modular total hip prostheses, regarded as a closed loop biotribosystem. The best available evidence in the field of dental rehabilitation is discussed, with the goal of constructing a reliable base for the approach of new investigations. In closing, the authors present the synthesis methods and pharmacological properties of triazole-derived heterocyclic systems. Triazoles are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that are five-membered aromatic azole ring with three nitrogen and two carbon atoms.Table of ContentsPreface; Recent Advances in the Treatment of Neuropathies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Focus on Benfotiamine (Review and Own Data); CREB: Structure, Functions, and Role in Disease; A Suggestive Qualitative Review of the Tribological Implications of Total Hip Prostheses Modularization; Variations of Masticatory Efficiency in Dentate Patients and Those Wearing Implant Overdentures, Fixed-Detachable Hybrid Prostheses, and Complete Dentures With and Without Denture Adhesive; Thiazolidinone-Related Heterocyclic Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Agents; Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Triazole Derivatives; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph includes seven chapters that describe recent advances in medicine and biology. Chapter One discusses glutathione transferases (GSTs) from helminth parasites in the host-parasite interaction and candidates for vaccine development targeting parasitic GSTs. Chapter Two reviews the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of onion and its constituents in allergic and immunologic disorders. Chapter Three discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism to demonstrate its wide biological properties and its effects on how medical conditions can be managed. Chapter Four introduces the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of macrolides and the associated mechanisms in the human airway and lung cells. Chapter Five evaluates the role of several genes that are likely to be involved in diabetic neuropathy by employing transcriptome analysis. Chapter Six details diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment of nephrotic syndrome, the frequent cause of chronic kidney diseases observed in children and adults. Finally, Chapter Seven describes the characteristics of the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line and its significant role in the anticancer research paradigm.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph contains six chapters, each of which provides details about recent advancements in the field of medicine and biology. Chapter One describes the discovery of AZQ, a drug specifically designed to shut off genes that cause brain cancer. Chapter Two analyses the structure, stability, adaptation to extreme environments and the catalytic mechanism of α-helical membrane proteins. Chapter Three provides an up-to-date overview of artificial intelligence (AI) in assisted reproductive treatment (ART) clinics and explores how AI learns and develops a dataset to provide clinical guidance. Chapter Four consists of a study focused on the etiopathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma using laboratory mice. Chapter Five presents and comments on the current evidence regarding diagnostics in patients with metastatic breast cancer based on circulating tumour cells (CTCs). Lastly, Chapter Six reviews the pathogenetic and clinical features of inner ear involvement in congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), the most frequent non-genetic cause of permanent sensorineural hearing loss in childhood.Table of ContentsPreface; The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Genomic Medicine and the Discovery of AZQ (US Patent 4,146,622) Specifically Designed to Shut Off Genes that Cause Brain Cancer; CU(I)-Transport ATPases. Molecular Architecture, Catalysis and Adaptation to Extreme Environments; The AI Doctor Will See You Now: Are Doctors and Embryologists No Longer Indispensable in Assisted Reproductive Treatment (ART)?; Search for New Theories of Etiopathogenesis of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: Features of Level of Intraocular Pressure and Number of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Conditions of Genetic Defect of Different Subtypes of A1-Adrenoreceptors; Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Ready for Clinical Practice?; Inner Ear Involvement in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection; Index.

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Book SynopsisBook & CD. Computer molecular simulations of complex multi-particle systems play a fascinating role in fundamental physics, biochemical and life sciences. Having an increasingly significant impact on many applied industries, especially in modern biophysical and nanotechnological areas, molecular simulation provides a set of tools for predicting many functional properties of molecular systems. The chemical, pharmaceutical, materials and related industries -- all share the computer molecular simulation methods. The molecular simulation studies cover different fields of either biological processes -- protein folding and electron densities of DNA and proteins, or thin film formations and surface-cluster phenomena in nanoelectronics, synthetic copolymers and biopolymer design in biochemistry, so on. Practically all of the world''s present supercomputers and many specially developed high performance computing clusters over the world are performing molecular simulations or are aimed on these needs. This book presents leading international research in this dynamic field.

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