Automotive technology and trades Books

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This textbook will help you learn all the skills you need to pass all Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Systems courses and qualifications.As electrical and electronic systems become increasingly more complex and fundamental to the workings of modern vehicles, understanding these systems is essential for automotive technicians. For students new to the subject, this book will help to develop this knowledge, but will also assist experienced technicians in keeping up with recent technological advances. This new edition includes information on developments in pass-through technology, multiplexing, and engine control systems. In full colour and covering the latest course specifications, this is the guide that no student enrolled on an automotive maintenance and repair course should be without.Designed to make learning easier, this book contains: Photographs, flow charts, quick reference tables, overview descriptions and step-by-step instructions. <

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Book Synopsis'A fascinating hybrid. Part freewheeling history of the rise of the modern autonomous vehicle, part intimate memoir from an insider who was on the front lines for much of that history, Autonomy will more than bring readers up to speed on one of today's most closely watched technologies' Brian Merchant, author of The One DeviceFrom the ultimate insider a former General Motors executive and current advisor to the Google Self-Driving Car project comes the definitive story of the race between Google, Tesla and Uber to create the driverless car.We stand on the brink of a technological revolution. In the near future, most of us will not own automobiles, but will travel instead in driverless electric vehicles summoned at the touch of an app. We will be liberated from driving, so that the time we spend in cars can be put to more productive use. We will prevent more than 90 percent of car crashes, provide freedom of mobility to the elderly and disabled and decrease our dependence on fossil fuTrade Review‘If you want a glimpse of how the future is being engineered today, there is no better book’ Jeffrey Sachs, author of The End of Poverty ‘An entertaining and accessible account of the biggest disruption in the history of the auto industry, and indeed the entire transportation industry’ Rick Wagoner, Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, General Motors ‘An insider’s view into the thrilling who-will-win-it race to invent and control driverless cars – and the radically altered future that will follow in their wake’ Robin Chase, Cofounder, Zipcar, and author of Peers Inc ‘A rich and entertaining insider’s account . . . required reading for anyone interested in the future of mobility’ Roger Martin, coauthor of Playing to Win ‘Tells the remarkable story of innovators who are changing transportation as we know it’ Clayton M. Christensen, author of The Innovator’s Dilemma ‘Takes us inside the auto industry as it is today – and what may be a very different industry tomorrow’ Daniel Yergin, author of The Prize and The Quest ‘Essential reading’ The Times

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction2. Crashes in Safety Analysis3. Traffic Conflicts as Crash Surrogates4. Techniques and Technologies of Observing Traffic Conflicts5. Studies on the Conflict-Crash Relationship6. Probabilistic Connection of Traffic Conflicts with Crashes7. Estimating Crash Frequency from Traffic Conflicts8. Challenges and Treatments in Estimating Crash Frequency9. Road Departures - Driving Simulator Study10. Right Angle Collisions - A Lesson Learned11. Rear-End Collisions - Naturalistic Driving Study12. Traffic Conflicts of Autonomous Vehicles13. Summary and Future Research Directions

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Book SynopsisGovernment Cryocooler Development and Test Programs.- Space Stirling Cryocooler Developments.- Long-Life Tactical and Commercial Stirling Coolers.- Long-Life Commercial Pulse Tube Coolers.- Space Pulse Tube Cryocooler Developments.- GM-Type Pulse Tube Coolers for Low Temperatures.- Hybrid Cryocoolers Using Pulse Tubes.- Pulse Tube Analysis and Experimental Measurements.- GM Refrigerator Developments.- Regenerator Analysis and Materials Developments.- Turbo-Brayton Cryocooler Developments.- J-T and Throttle-Cycle Cryocooler Developments.- Sorption Cryocooler Developments.- Sub-Kelvin Refrigerator Developments.- Optical Refrigeration Developments.- Cryocooler Reliability Investigations and Analyses.- Cryocooler Integration Technologies and Materials.- Space Cryocooler Applications.- Commercial Cryocooler Applications.Table of ContentsGovernment Cryocooler Development and Test Programs. Space Stirling Cryocooler Developments. Long Life Tactical, and Commercial Stirling Coolers. Long Life Commercial Pulse Tube Coolers. Space Pulse Tube Cryocooler Developments. GM-Type Pulse Tube Coolers for Low Temperatures. Hybrid Cryocoolers Using Pulse Tubes. Pulse Tube Analysis and Experimental Measurements. GM Refrigerator Developments. Regenerator Analysis and Materials Developments. Turbo-Brayton Cryocooler Developments. J-T and Throttle-Cycle Cryocooler Developments. Sorption Cryocooler Developments. Sub-Kelvin Refrigerator Developments. Optical Refrigeration Developments. Cryocooler Reliability Investigations and Analyses. Cryocooler Integration Technologies and Materials. Space Cryocooler Applications. Commercial Cryocooler Applications. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership is a collaborative effort among the Department of Energy, the US Council for Automotive Research, and five major energy companies to manage a research. This report presents an evaluation of the Partnership's research efforts on hydrogen-fueled transportation systems.Table of Contents1 Front Matter; 2 Executive Summary; 3 1 Introduction; 4 2 Major Crosscutting Issues; 5 3 Vehicle Subsystems; 6 4 Hydrogen Production, Delivery, and Dispensing; 7 5 Overall Assessment; 8 Appendix A U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) Consortia; 9 Appendix B Organization Chart for the U.S. Department of Energya (TM)s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (as of August 2004); 10 Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members; 11 Appendix D Presentations and Committee Meetings; 12 Appendix E Participants in Hydrogen Storage Projects for FY04 and FY05; 13 Appendix F Acronyms and Abbreviations

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Book SynopsisThis famous and practical handbook for Space Mission Engineering draws on leading aerospace experts to carry readers through mission design, from orbit selection to ground ops. SMAD III updates the technology, provides greater emphasis on small spacecraft design and the cost-reduction process, and includes more detail on multi-satellite manufacturing, space computers, payload design and autonomous systems.Table of ContentsList of Authors. preface. 1. The Space Mission Analysis and Design Process. 2. Mission Characterization. 3. Mission Evaluation. 4. Requirements Definition. 5. Space Mission Geometry. 6. Introduction to Astrodynamics. 7. Orbit and Constellation Design. 8. The Space Environment and Survivability. 9. Space Payload Design and Sizing. 10. Spacecraft Design and Sizing. 11. Spacecraft Subsystems. 12. Space Manufacture and Test. 13. Communications Architecture. 14. Mission Operations. 15. Ground System Design and Sizing. 16. Spacecraft Computer Systems. 17. Space Propulsion Systems. 18. Launch Systems. 19. Space Manufacturing and Reliability. 20. Cost Modeling. 21. Limits on Mission Design. 22. Design of Low-Cost Spacecraft. 23. Applying the Space Mission Analysis and Design. Appendices: A: Mass Distribution for Selected Satellites. B: Astronautical and Astrophysical Data. C: Elliptical Orbit Equations. D: Spherical Geometry Formulas. E: Universal Time and Julian Dates. F: Units and Conversion Factors. Index.

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Book SynopsisAutomated vehicles are poised to revolutionise transportation, yet Advanced Driver Assistance Systems represent the cutting-edge technology of today. Written in accessible language, Automated Driving and Driver Assistance Systems breaks down complex concepts to highlight the integration of existing systems in modern vehicles. Written in line with the UK's Autonomous Vehicles Act (2024) this heavily revised new edition offers practical insights and case studies for an international audience.This book is essential for automotive students at both further education and undergraduate levels, as well as for practising technicians and professionals in the automotive industry.

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Book SynopsisDerek Seward is Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Lancaster University, UK, where he was formerly Head of Engineering and the University Director for Regional Outreach. His experience includes a period as a design structural engineer for consultants and a local authority. He has authored over 50 research papers as well as the textbook Understanding Structures which is now in its fifth edition. In recent years, he has been involved in the design and build of a single-seat racing car.Trade Review"The book is extremely useful and will benefit students across all levels. Examples and calculations are very clear and show all the relevant stages, and the book is written in a very user-friendly way." - Steve Hill, Programme Leader for Motorsport Engineering, University of Derby, UK "This book will be of value to engineering students studying motorsport, undertaking a motorsport design project or participating in Formula Student or Formula SAE. The style of writing is accessible and the book offers a balance between the practical and theoretical aspects of the discipline." - Clive Temple, Programme Director of MSc Advanced Motorsport Engineering, Cranfield University, UK "This is a first rate book covering all the basics of a race car design, even the tires. I highly recommend it as the first book you read if you are in engineer with no background in auto design. It would serve well as a textbook for an undergraduate engineering course in race car design." - Amazon reviewer - 5 stars "As a retired member of the SAE and a motor sports engineer I loved this book ...at 73 there's always more to learn from others. I wish this text was used by all physics professors." Amazon reviewer - 5 starsTable of Contents1. Racing Car Basics 2. Chassis Structure 3. Suspension Links 4. Springs, Dampers and Anti-roll 5. Tyres and Balance 6. Front Wheel Assembly and Steering 7. Rear Wheel Assembly and Power Transmission 8. Brakes 9. Aerodynamics 10. Engine Systems 11. Set-up and Testing Appendix. 1 Deriving Pacejka Tyre Coefficients Appendix. 2 Tube Properties.

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent VehiclesSubject Guide: Ergonomics & Human Factors Automobile crashes are the seventh leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in over 1.25 million deaths yearly. Automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles have the potential to reduce crashes significantly, while also reducing congestion, carbon emissions, and increasing accessibility. However, the transition could take decades. This new handbook serves a diverse community of stakeholders, including human factors researchers, transportation engineers, regulatory agencies, automobile manufacturers, fleet operators, driving instructors, vulnerable road users, and special populations. It provides information about the human driver, other road users, and humanâautomation interaction in a single, integrated compendium in order to ensure that automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles reach their full potential.Features Addresses four major transportation challengesâcrashes, congestion, carbon emissions, and accessibilityâfrom a human factors perspective Discusses the role of the human operator relevant to the design, regulation, and evaluation of automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles Offers a broad treatment of the critical issues and technological advances for the designing of transportation systems with the driver in mind Presents an understanding of the human factors issues that are central to the public acceptance of these automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles Leverages lessons from other domains in understanding human interactions with automation Sets the stage for future research by defining the space of unexplored questions Table of ContentsPreface. Editors. Contributors. 1. Introduction. 2. Automated Driving: Decades of Research and Development Leading to Today’s Commercial Systems. 3. Driver’s Mental Model of Vehicle Automation. 4. Driver Trust in Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles. 5. Public Opinion About Automated and Self-Driving Vehicles: An International Review. 6. Workload, Distraction, and Automation. 7. Situation Awareness in Driving. 8. Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control. 9. Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control. 10. Driver Capabilities in the Resumption of Control. 11. Driver State Monitoring for Decreased Fitness to Drive. 12. Behavioral Adaptation. 13. Distributed Situation Awareness and Vehicle Automation: Case Study Analysis and Design Implications. 14. Human Factors Considerations in Preparing Policy and Regulation for Automated Vehicles. 15. HMI Design for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles. 16. Human–Machine Interface Design for Fitness-Impaired Populations. 17. Automated Vehicle Design for People with Disabilities. 18. Importance of Training for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicle Systems. 19. Connected Vehicles in a Connected World: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective. 20. Congestion and Carbon Emissions. 21. Automation Lessons from Other Domains. 22. HF Considerations When Testing and Evaluation ACIVs. 23. Techniques for Making Sense of Behavior in Complex Datasets. 24. Future Research Needs and Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis title was first published in 2001. The emergence and development of automobile production in Australia was a long, drawn out and costly business for car buyers and taxpayers. Wheels and Deals, is the story of some of the causes and effects of Australian Government policies on the local development of one of the most significant industries of the 20th century.Trade Review'... a fascinating and lively account of the development of the automobile manufacturing industry in Australia... an important contribution to Australian economic history... Conlon and Perkins have provided a valuable industry-level study...' Business HistoryTable of ContentsContents: Introduction: The Automobile Industry in Australia: A century of auto industry policy; False Start: The Early Years of Motoring and Automotive Manufacturing: The supply side; The demand side; The model T Ford in Australia; The tariff and the ’spoke-shave and hammer brigade’; Acceleration: The Accretion Model of Automotive Industry Development in Australia, 1919-1939: Tariffs as a source of revenue; The lobby; The role of the bureaucracy; Industry structure and performance; Tariffs and the ’motorization’ of society; The outcome of interwar ’policy’; Stalled: Politics and Government Policies of the Later 1930s: Trade diversion and the motor vehicle engine bounty proposal; National interest or self interest? Conflict and cooperation among the leading firms; Political conflict and the bounty scheme; War and the Motor Vehicles Agreement Act; A patriotic duty: Australian Consolidated Industries and the so-called monopoly; The end of the affair; Evaluation; The Canadian Connection: Early development of the industry in Canada; Market conditions; Trade barriers and foreign ownership; Trade barriers, automobile production and exports; Evaluation; Britain and Empire: Regaining the Australian market; Australian trade policy in the 1930s; British producers and Australian production; Post-Second World War: From proposal to manufacture: the establishment of an industry; The development of the industry in the 1950s; The local content plans, 1964-1983; The ’Button’ Car Plan and the Post-1992 Environment: A selective look at the post-Button Plan industry; A Summing-up: The 1990s and beyond; How protection shaped the Australian automotive industry in the 20th century; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisWhat Could Possibly Go Wrong... is the eighth book in Jeremy Clarkson''s bestselling Clarkson on Cars series.There''s nothing quite like messing about on four wheels. In fact, there''s no better way to contemplate the madness of the world than from the driver''s seat of something which is zooming by very fast indeed. Or so Jeremy Clarkson believes. For he''s been pondering some really rather important matters, such as why:- God has a streak of German perfectionism- Crab spread beats Heston Blumenthal''s rhubarb mousse- Monaco''s billionaires are ruining the Grand Prix- The back of a dog tastes nicer than marzipanSomeone''s got to. And while a full tank and the open road might not quite reveal the meaning of life, there''s certainly some fun to be had along the way . . . ''Brilliant . . . laugh-out-loud'' Daily Telegraph''Very funny . . . I cracked up laughing on the tube'' EveniTrade ReviewBrilliant . . . laugh-out-loud funny * Daily Telegraph *Outrageously funny . . . will have you in stitches * Time Out *Very funny . . . I cracked up laughing on the tube * Evening Standard *

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Book SynopsisCars are one of the most significant human creations. They changed our cities. They changed our lives. They changed everything. But in the next thirty years, this technology will itself change enormously. If Google get their way, are we all going to be ferried around in tiny electric bubble-cars? Or will we watch robots race a bionic Lewis Hamilton? And what about the future of classic cars?In Autopia, presenter of The Gadget Show and former executive producer of Top Gear Jon Bentley celebrates motoring's rich heritage and meets the engineers (and coders) who are transforming cars forever. From mobile hotel rooms to electric battery technology; from hydrogen-powered cars to jetpacks, Autopia is the essential guide to the future of our greatest invention. Fully designed with illustrations and photographs, this will be the perfect Christmas gift for car and technology enthusiasts everywhere.Trade ReviewAn interesting read... thorough enough to delight even those who consider themselves to be on the ball with industry developments. * Auto Express *Jon is a passionate, articulate and characteristic car man who has a canny knack of capturing the very essence of the sector I love so much! Exactly what he has done with Autopia. Brilliant. * Ant Anstead, presenter of Channel 4's For the Love of Cars *Jon Bentley is a true petrolhead. In Autopia, Jon makes even complex automotive innovations easy to understand. I couldn't put it down. * Mike Brewer, presenter of Wheeler Dealers *An enjoyable, fact-filled conversation with uncle Jon, taking us on a road trip through the speed bumps and detours on our journey towards an Autopian future. * Edd China, TV presenter and author of Grease Junkie *Intelligent, honest, and extremely interesting. Just like Jon. * Richard Porter, founder of Sniff Petrol, and script editor of The Grand Tour *Fascinating and entertaining. No one is better placed than Jon Bentley to open up the past, present and future of the motor car. * Tiff Needell, former presenter of Top Gear and Fifth Gear *Table of Contents0: Introduction: Why the Car Matters 1: Connected and Autonomous: the Rise of the Robot Cars 2: Sparking Innovation: Alternative Power and the Future of the Internal Combustion Engine 3: Designing the Future: How the Shape of Cars will Change 4: Speeding Ahead: the Future of Performance Cars and Motorsport 5: Hackers and Crash-Test Dummies: Safety and the Age of Automation 6: The Future of the Past: Classic Cars and Enthusiast Drivers 7: Conclusion: Is the Car Dead?

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Book SynopsisThe book covers a wide range of applied research compactly presented in one volume, and shows innovative engineering solutions for automotive, marine and aviation industries, as well as power generation. While targeting primarily the audience of professional scientists and engineers, the book can also be useful for graduate students, and also for all those who are relatively new to the area and are looking for a single source with a good overview of the state-of-the-art as well as an up-to-date information on theories, numerical methods, and their application in design, simulation, testing, and manufacturing. The readers will find here a rich mixture of approaches, software tools and case studies used to investigate and optimize diverse powertrains, their functional units and separate machine parts based on different physical phenomena, their mathematical representation, solution algorithms, and experimental validation.Table of ContentsDynamics and Vibrations / Tribology and Lubrication.- Combustion / CFD / Emissions / Fuels.- Hybrid and Electrified Powertrains.- Testing / Calibration / Monitoring / Diagnostics.- Manufacturing.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a comprehensive treatment of vehicle dynamics using an innovative, compelling approach, suitable for engineering students and professionals alike. Written by an authoritative contributor in the fields of applied mathematics and mechanics, it focuses on the development of vehicle models paying special attention to all the relevant assumptions, and providing explanations for each step. Some classical concepts of vehicle dynamics are revisited and reformulated, making this book also interesting for experienced readers. Using clear definitions, sound mathematics, and worked-out exercises, the book helps readers to truly understand the essence of vehicle dynamics for solving practical problems. With respect to the previous edition, which was the recipient of a 2019 TAA Textbook Excellence Award, this thoroughly revised third edition presents a more extensive and in-depth analysis of braking and handling of race cars.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Mechanics of the Wheel with Tire.- Vehicle Model for Handling and Performance.- Braking Performance.

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Book SynopsisFoundation.- How EVs change the story.- Loadcases / performance areas.

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Book SynopsisElisabeth Schmidt investigates the effect of thermal stimulation during passive driver fatigue in a series of driving simulator experiments. Thermal stimulation of the upper body resulted in significantly decreased subjective fatigue ratings as well as an increase in pupil diameter and skin conductance. The effects of different stimulus temperatures, durations, lower leg cooling and repetitive cooling were also examined. The studies show that thermal stimulation of the upper body causes physiological and subjective effects, which can be associated with a short-term sympathetic activation, whereas lower leg cooling does not cause physiological activation.Table of ContentsFatigue Induction in Simulated Driving.- Effect of Thermal Stimuli on Passive Fatigue.- Detection of Fatigue based on Physiological Measurements.- Driver Vitalization through Fatigue-Based Climate Control.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress are selected from nearly 2,000 papers submitted to the 34th FISITA World Automotive Congress, which is held by Society of Automotive Engineers of China (SAE-China ) and the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA). This proceedings focus on solutions for sustainable mobility in all areas of passenger car, truck and bus transportation. Volume 13: Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) focuses on: •Chassis Vibration and Noise Control •Transmission Vibration and Noise Control •Engine Vibration and Noise Control •Body Vibration and Noise Control •Vehicle Vibration and Noise Control •Analysis and Evaluation of In-Car Vibration & Noise •Wind Noise Control Technology •Vibration and Noise Testing Technology Above all researchers, professional engineers and graduates in fields of automotive engineering, mechanical engineering and electronic engineering will benefit from this book. SAE-China is a national academic organization composed of enterprises and professionals who focus on research, design and education in the fields of automotive and related industries. FISITA is the umbrella organization for the national automotive societies in 37 countries around the world. It was founded in Paris in 1948 with the purpose of bringing engineers from around the world together in a spirit of cooperation to share ideas and advance the technological development of the automobile. Table of ContentsChassis Vibration and Noise Control.- Transmission Vibration and Noise Control.- Engine Vibration and Noise Control.- Body Vibration and Noise Control.- Vehicle Vibration and Noise Control.- Analysis and Evaluation of In-Car Vibration & Noise.- Wind Noise Control Technology.- Vibration and Noise Testing Technology.- Other.

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Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive | BookCurl

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Book SynopsisKnowledge is not merely everything we have come to know, but also ideas we have pondered long enough to know in which way they are related, and 1 how these ideas can be put to practical use. Modern aviation has been made possible as a result of much scienti c - search. However, the very rst useful results of this research became ava- able a considerable length of time after the aviation pioneers had made their rst ights. Apparently, researchers were not able to nd an adequate exp- nation for the occurrence of lift until the beginning of the 21st century. Also, for the fundamentals of stability and control, there was no theory available that the pioneers could rely on. Only after the rst motorized ights had been successfully made did researchers become more interested in the science of aviation, which from then on began to take shape. In modern day life, many millions of passengers are transported every year by air. People in the western societies take to the skies, on average, several times a year. Especially in areas surrounding busy airports, travel by plane has been on the rise since the end of the Second World War. Despite becoming familiar with the sight of a jumbo jet commencing its ight once or twice a day, many nd it astonishing that such a colossus with a mass of several hundred thousands of kilograms can actually lift off from the ground.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “This book was translated from the Dutch textbook Aeronautiek (2002) and then edited by the translators, one of whom is the senior author of the current work. It is an expansion of lecture material used by both Torenbeek and Wittenberg to instruct freshmen aerospace engineers at the Technical University of Delft from 1970 to 2000. … The work is useful to aeronautical engineering students as a good reference and as an adjunct to their course textbooks. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and graduate students.” (A. M. Strauss, Choice, Vol. 47 (5), January, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface; 1 History of Aviation; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Early history and the invention of ballooning; 1.3 The period between 1799 and 1870; 1.4 The decades between 1870 and 1890; 1.5 From 1890 until the Wright Flyer III; 1.6 European aviation between 1906 and 1918; 1.7 Aviation between the world wars; 1.8 Development after 1940; Bibliography; 2 Introduction to Atmospheric Flight; 2.1 Flying – How is that possible?; 2.2 Static and dynamic aviation; 2.3 Forces on the aeroplane; 2.4 Lift, drag and thrust; 2.5 Properties of air; 2.6 The earth’s atmosphere; 2.7 The standard atmosphere; 2.8 Atmospheric flight; Bibliography ; 3 Low-Speed Aerodynamics ; 3.1 Speed domains and compressibility; 3.2 Basic concepts; 3.3 Equations for steady flow; 3.4 Viscous flows; 3.5 The boundary layer; 3.6 Flow separation and drag; 3.7 Shape and scale effects on drag ; Bibliography; 4 Lift and Drag at Low Speeds; 4.1 Function and shape of aeroplane wings; 4.2 Aerofoil sections; 4.3 Circulation and lift; 4.4 Aerofoil section properties; 4.5 Wing geometry; 4.6 High-aspect ratio straight wings; 4.7 Low-aspect ratio wings ; 4.8 The whole aircraft; Bibliography; 5 Aircraft Engines and Propulsion; 5.1 History of engine development; 5.2 Fundamentals of reaction propulsion; 5.3 Engine efficiency and fuel consumption; 5.4 Piston engines in aviation; 5.5 Gas turbine engine components ; 5.6 Non-reheated turbojet and turbofan engines ; 5.7 Turboprop and turboshaft engines; 5.8 Gas turbine engine operation ; 5.9 Propeller performance; Bibliography; 6 Aeroplane Performance; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Airspeed and altitude; 6.3 Equations of motion for symmetric flight; 6.4 Steady straight and level flight; 6.5 Climb and descent ; 6.6 Gliding flight; 6.7 Cruising flight; 6.8 Take-off and landing; 6.9 Horizontal steady turn; 6.10 Manoeuvre and gust loads; Bibliography; 7 Stability and Control; 7.1 Flying qualities; 7.2 Elementary concepts and definitions; 7.3 Tail surfaces and flight control; 7.4 Pitchingmoment of aerofoils; 7.5 Static longitudinal stability; 7.6 Dynamic longitudinal stability; 7.7 Longitudinal control; 7.8 Static lateral stability; 7.9 Dynamic lateral stability; 7.10 Lateral control; 7.11 Stalling and spinning ; Bibliography ; 8 Helicopter Flight Mechanics; 8.1 Helicopter general arrangements; 8.2 Hovering flight ; 8.3 The rotor in level flight; 8.4 Flight performance; 8.5 Stability and control; Bibliography; 9 High-Speed Flight; 9.1 Complications due to the compressibility of air; 9.2 Compressible flow relationships; 9.3 Speed of sound and Mach number; 9.4 Flow in a channel; 9.5 Shock waves and expansion flows; 9.6 High-subsonic speed; 9.7 Transonic speed; 9.8 Supersonic speed; 9.9 Supersonic propulsion; 9.10 Performance and operation; Bibliography; A Units and Dimensions; B Principles of Aerostatics; Index

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Book SynopsisThis Proceedings volume gathers outstanding papers submitted to the 19th Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference & 2017 SAE-China Congress, the majority of which are from China – the largest car-maker as well as most dynamic car market in the world. The book covers a wide range of automotive topics, presenting the latest technical advances and approaches to help technicians solve the practical problems that most affect their daily work.Table of ContentsA Study on a Carmakers Brake Pedal Feel DNA.- Road Noise Prediction Based on FRF-Based Substructuring Method.- A Simple Theory of Fuel Escape from Combustion Room.- Development of a Water Cooled Condenser.- End to End Adaptive Cruise Control Based on Timing Network.- Intelligent Laser Solutions for Automotive Manufacturing.

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Book SynopsisThis book lays a new foundation toward achieving artificial self-intelligence by future machines such as intelligent vehicles. Its chapters provide a broad coverage to the three key modules behind the design and development of intelligent vehicles for the ultimate purpose of actively ensuring driving safety as well as preventing accidents from all possible causes. Self-contained and unified in presentation, the book explains in details the fundamental solutions of vehicle's perception, vehicle's decision-making, and vehicle's action-taking in a pedagogic order.Besides the fundamental knowledge and concepts of intelligent vehicle's perception, decision and action, this book includes a comprehensive set of real-life application scenarios in which intelligent vehicles will play a major role or contribution. These case studies of real-life applications will help motivate students to learn this exciting subject. With concise and simple explanations, and boasting a rich set of graphical illustrations, the book is an invaluable source for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses, on artificial intelligence, intelligent vehicle, and robotics, which are offered in automotive engineering, computer engineering, electronic engineering, and mechanical engineering. In addition, the book will help strengthen the knowledge and skills of young researchers who want to venture into the research and development of artificial self-intelligence for intelligent vehicles of the future.Related Link(s)Table of ContentsIn-Vehicle Sensors; Visual Sensing and Perception; Sensor Fusion; Perception of Road; Perception of Environment; Perception of Occupant; Perception of Location; Vehicle Kinematics; Vehicle Motion Description; Global Route Planning; Local Maneuver Planning; Vehicle Dynamics; Basic Vehicle Motion Control; X-by-Wire Technologies; Advanced Vehicle Motion Control; Vehicle Interaction; Vehicle Cooperation.

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Book SynopsisThe inspiration for the major motion picture Ferrari directed by Michael Mann and starring Adam Driver, Penelope Cruz and Shailene Woodley, hailed by Variety as “Grand Prix fused with The Godfather” The sweeping biography of the enigmatic racer and sports car mogul who built the Ferrari brand, now featuring a new foreword, epilogue, and photo insertGenius? Tyrant? Power broker? Enzo Ferrari is the impressively researched, fully detailed biography of one of the most powerful men of the twentieth century. Brock Yates penetrated Ferrari’s inner circle and reveals everything, from his early days in the town of Modena to his bizarre relationship with his illegitimate son; from his fanatic passion for speed to his brilliant marketing of the famous Ferrari image; from his manipulative but enormously effective management tactics to his own frustrated dreams. Fast, fun, and scandalous, Enzo Ferrari mo

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of 'The Shock Absorber Handbook' was published by the SAE and has sold over 2500 copies to date. It is the only English language book devoted to the subject of automotive dampers. It provides comprehensive coverage of the design, installation and use of the shock absorber.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Types of Friction 15 1.3 Damper Configurations 17 1.4 Ride-Levelling Dampers 33 1.5 Position-Dependent Dampers 35 1.6 General Form of the Telescopic Damper 37 1.7 Mountings 42 1.8 Operating Speeds and Strokes 47 1.9 Manufacture 53 1.10 Literature Review 54 2 Vibration Theory 61 2.1 Introduction 61 2.2 Free Vibration Undamped (1-dof) 61 2.3 Free Vibration Damped (1-dof) 63 2.4 Forced Vibration Undamped (1-dof) 68 2.5 Forced Vibration Damped (1-dof) 71 2.6 Coulomb Damping 74 2.7 Quadratic Damping 77 2.8 Series Stiffness 79 2.9 Free Vibration Undamped (2-dof) 85 2.10 Free Vibration Damped (2-dof) 85 2.11 The Resonant Absorber 86 2.12 Damper Models in Ride and Handling 87 2.13 End Frequencies 88 2.14 Heave and Pitch Undamped 1-dof 90 2.15 Heave and Pitch Damped 1-dof 91 2.16 Roll Vibration Undamped 93 2.17 Roll Vibration Damped 94 2.18 Heave-and-Pitch Undamped 2-dof 95 2.19 Heave-and-Pitch Damped 2-dof Simplified 100 2.20 Heave-and-Pitch Damped 2-dof Full Analysis 102 3 Ride and Handling 105 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 Modelling the Road 105 3.3 Ride 111 3.4 Time-Domain Ride Analysis 113 3.5 Frequency-Domain Ride Analysis 117 3.6 Passenger on Seat 118 3.7 Wheel Hop 119 3.8 Handling 120 3.9 Axle Vibrations 122 3.10 Steering Vibrations 124 3.11 The Ride–Handling Compromise 124 3.12 Damper Optimisation 129 3.13 Damper Asymmetry 131 4 Installation 135 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Motion Ratio 135 4.3 Displacement Method 137 4.4 Velocity Diagrams 138 4.5 Computer Evaluation 138 4.6 Mechanical Displacement 138 4.7 Effect of Motion Ratio 139 4.8 Evaluation of Motion Ratio 142 4.9 The Rocker 142 4.10 The Rigid Arm 148 4.11 Double Wishbones 150 4.12 Struts 153 4.13 Pushrods and Pullrods 155 4.14 Motorcycle Front Suspensions 156 4.15 Motorcycle Rear Suspensions 160 4.16 Solid Axles 165 4.17 Dry Scissor Dampers 168 5 Fluid Mechanics 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Properties of Fluids 170 5.3 Chemical Properties 171 5.4 Density 171 5.5 Thermal Expansion 172 5.6 Compressibility 172 5.7 Viscosity 173 5.8 Thermal Capacity 175 5.9 Thermal Conductivity 176 5.10 Vapour Pressure 176 5.11 Gas Density 176 5.12 Gas Viscosity 177 5.13 Gas Compressibility 177 5.14 Gas Absorbability 177 5.15 Emulsification 179 5.16 Continuity 188 5.17 Bernoulli’s Equation 188 5.18 Fluid Momentum 189 5.19 Pipe Flow 191 5.20 Velocity Profiles 196 5.21 Other Losses 199 5.22 The Orifice 203 5.23 Combined Orifices 207 5.24 Vortices 209 5.25 Bingham Flow 212 5.26 Liquid–Solid Suspensions 212 5.27 ER and MR Fluids 214 6 Valve Design 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Valve Types 219 6.3 Disc Valves 220 6.4 Rod Valves 221 6.5 Spool Valves 222 6.6 Shim Valves 223 6.7 Valve Characteristics 225 6.8 Basic Valve Models 227 6.9 Complete Valve Models 230 6.10 Solution of Valve Flow 235 6.11 Temperature Compensation 237 6.12 Position-Sensitive Valves 240 6.13 Acceleration-Sensitive Valves 240 6.14 Pressure-Rate Valves 243 6.15 Frequency-Sensitive Valves 245 6.16 Stroke-Sensitive Valves 245 6.17 Piezoelectric Valves 249 6.18 Double-Acting Shim Valves 249 6.19 Rotary Adjustables 250 6.20 Bellows Valves 252 6.21 Simple Tube Valves 252 6.22 Head Valves 257 6.23 Multi-Stage Valves 257 7 Damper Characteristics 259 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 Basic Damper Parameters 263 7.3 Mechanical Friction 265 7.4 Static Forces 268 7.5 Piston Free Body Diagram 269 7.6 Valve Flow Rates 271 7.7 Pressures and Forces 272 7.8 Linear Valve Analysis 273 7.9 Cavitation 274 7.10 Temperature 276 7.11 Compressibility 276 7.12 Cyclical Characteristics, F(X) 278 7.13 Extreme Cyclic Operation 282 7.14 Stresses and Strains 283 7.15 Damper Jacking 286 7.16 Noise 287 8 Adjustables 289 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 The Adjustable Valve 290 8.3 Parallel Hole 294 8.4 Series Hole 294 8.5 Maximum Area 294 8.6 Opening Pressure 294 8.7 Area Coefficient (Stiffness) 295 8.8 Automatic Systems 295 8.9 Fast Adaptive Systems 299 8.10 Motion Ratio 301 9 ER and MR Dampers 303 9.1 Introduction 303 9.2 ER–MR History 303 9.3 ER Materials 309 9.4 ER Dampers 314 9.5 ER Controlled Valve 319 9.6 MR Materials 321 9.7 MR Dampers 324 10 Specifying a Damper 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 End Fittings 334 10.3 Length Range 334 10.4 F(V) Curve 334 10.5 Configuration 334 10.6 Diameter 335 10.7 Oil Properties 335 10.8 Life 335 10.9 Cost 335 11 Testing 337 11.1 Introduction 337 11.2 Transient Testing 338 11.3 Electromechanical Testers 342 11.4 Hydraulic Testers 344 11.5 Instrumentation 345 11.6 Data Processing 346 11.7 Sinusoidal Test Theory 348 11.8 Test Procedure 352 11.9 Triangular Test 354 11.10 Other Laboratory Tests 356 11.11 On-Road Testing 357 Appendix A: Nomenclature 361 Appendix B: Properties of Air 375 Appendix C: Properties of Water 379 Appendix D: Test Sheets 381 Appendix E: Solution of Algebraic Equations 385 Appendix F: Units 393 Appendix G: Bingham Flow 397 References 401 Index 409

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Book SynopsisDavid Lowe has been actively involved in the road transport industry for many years and is an experienced consultant and freelance writer. Well respected in the industry, particularly for his involvement with training for the CPC exam, he is the author of many transport books including The Transport Manager's and Operator's Handbook.Table of Contents Chapter - 00: Introduction; Chapter - 01: Civil law; Chapter - 02: Commercial law; Chapter - 03: Social law; Chapter - 04: Fiscal law; Chapter - 05: Business and financial management; Chapter - 06: Access to the market; Chapter - 07: Technical standards and aspects of operation; Chapter - 08: Road safety

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisControl systems have come to play an important role in the performance of modern vehicles with regards to meeting goals on low emissions and low fuel consumption. To achieve these goals, modeling, simulation, and analysis have become standard tools for the development of control systems in the automotive industry.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Series Preface xix Part I VEHICLE – PROPULSION FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Trends 4 1.1.1 Energy and Environment 4 1.1.2 Downsizing 4 1.1.3 Hybridization 6 1.1.4 Driver Support Systems and Optimal Driving 6 1.1.5 Engineering Challenges 8 1.2 Vehicle Propulsion 8 1.2.1 Control Enabling Optimal Operation of Powertrains 9 1.2.2 Importance of Powertrain Modeling and Models 10 1.2.3 Sustainability of Model Knowledge 11 1.3 Organization of the Book 11 2 Vehicle 15 2.1 Vehicle Propulsion Dynamics 15 2.2 Driving Resistance 16 2.2.1 Aerodynamic Drag 17 2.2.2 Cooling Drag and Active Air-Shutters 18 2.2.3 Air Drag When Platooning 19 2.2.4 Rolling Resistance – Physical Background 20 2.2.5 Rolling Resistance–Modeling 21 2.2.6 Wheel Slip (Skid) 24 2.2.7 Rolling Resistance – Including Thermal Modeling 25 2.2.8 Gravitation 27 2.2.9 Relative Size of Components 28 2.3 Driving Resistance Models 28 2.3.1 Models for Driveline Control 29 2.3.2 Standard Driving Resistance Model 30 2.3.3 Modeling for Mission Analysis 31 2.4 Driver Behavior and Road Modeling 32 2.4.1 Simple Driver Model 32 2.4.2 Road Modeling 33 2.5 Mission Simulation 34 2.5.1 Methodology 34 2.6 Vehicle Characterization/Characteristics 34 2.6.1 Performance Measures 35 2.7 Fuel Consumption 36 2.7.1 Energy Density Weight 36 2.7.2 From Tank to Wheel – Sankey Diagram 37 2.7.3 Well-to-Wheel Comparisons 38 2.8 Emission Regulations 39 2.8.1 US and EU Driving Cycles and Regulations 39 3 Powertrain 45 3.1 Powertrain Architectures 45 3.1.1 Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery 47 3.1.2 Hybrid Powertrains 47 3.1.3 Electrification 48 3.2 Vehicle Propulsion Control 50 3.2.1 Objectives of Vehicle Propulsion Control 50 3.2.2 Implementation Framework 51 3.2.3 Need for a Control Structure 52 3.3 Torque-Based Powertrain Control 52 3.3.1 Propagation of Torque Demands and Torque Commands 52 3.3.2 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driver Interpretation 54 3.3.3 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Vehicle Demands 55 3.3.4 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline management 55 3.3.5 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline–Engine Integration 55 3.3.6 Handling of Torque Requests – Torque Reserve and Interventions 56 3.4 Hybrid Powertrains 58 3.4.1 ICE Handling 58 3.4.2 Motor Handling 59 3.4.3 Battery Management 59 3.5 Outlook and Simulation 60 3.5.1 Simulation Structures 60 3.5.2 Drive/Driving Cycle 60 3.5.3 Forward Simulation 61 3.5.4 Quasi-Static Inverse Simulation 61 3.5.5 Tracking 61 3.5.6 Inverse Dynamic Simulation 62 3.5.7 Usage and Requirements 64 3.5.8 Same Model Blocks Regardless of Method 65 Part II ENGINE – FUNDAMENTALS 4 Engine – Introduction 69 4.1 Air, Fuel, and Air/Fuel Ratio 69 4.1.1 Air 69 4.1.2 Fuels 70 4.1.3 Stoichiometry and (A/F) Ratio 71 4.2 Engine Geometry 73 4.3 Engine Performance 74 4.3.1 Power, Torque, and Mean Effective Pressure 74 4.3.2 Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption 75 4.3.3 Volumetric Efficiency 76 4.4 Downsizing and Turbocharging 77 4.4.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging 78 5 Thermodynamics and Working Cycles 81 5.1 The Four-Stroke Cycle 81 5.1.1 Important Engine Events in the Cycle 84 5.2 Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis 85 5.2.1 Ideal Models of Engine Processes 86 5.2.2 Derivation of Cycle Efficiencies 89 5.2.3 Gas Exchange and Pumping Work 91 5.2.4 Residual Gases and Volumetric Efficiency for Ideal Cycles 93 5.3 Efficiency of Ideal Cycles 98 5.3.1 Load, Pumping Work, and Efficiency 99 5.3.2 (A/F) Ratio and Efficiency 100 5.3.3 Differences between Ideal and Real Cycles 103 5.4 Models for In-Cylinder Processes 105 5.4.1 Single-Zone Models 105 5.4.2 Heat Release and Mass Fraction Burned Analysis 107 5.4.3 Characterization of Mass Fraction Burned 109 5.4.4 More Single-Zone Model Components 111 5.4.5 A Single-zone Cylinder Pressure Model 113 5.4.6 Multi-zone Models 114 5.4.7 Applications for Zero-dimensional Models 117 6 Combustion and Emissions 119 6.1 Mixture Preparation and Combustion 119 6.1.1 Fuel Injection 119 6.1.2 Comparing the SI and CI Combustion Process 120 6.2 SI Engine Combustion 121 6.2.1 SI Engine Cycle-to-Cycle Variations 121 6.2.2 Knock and Autoignition 122 6.2.3 Autoignition and Octane Number 124 6.3 CI Engine Combustion 126 6.3.1 Autoignition and Cetane Number 126 6.4 Engine Emissions 128 6.4.1 General Trends for Emission Formation 128 6.4.2 Pollutant Formation in SI Engines 130 6.4.3 Pollutant Formation in CI Engines 134 6.5 Exhaust Gas Treatment 137 6.5.1 Catalyst Efficiency, Temperature, and Light-Off 137 6.5.2 SI Engine Aftertreatment, TWC 139 6.5.3 CI Engine Exhaust Gas Treatment 140 6.5.4 Emission Reduction and Controls 142 Part III ENGINE – MODELING AND CONTROL 7 Mean Value Engine Modeling 145 7.1 Engine Sensors and Actuators 146 7.1.1 Sensor, System, and Actuator Responses 146 7.1.2 Engine Component Modeling 149 7.2 Flow Restriction Models 149 7.2.1 Incompressible Flow 151 7.2.2 Compressible Flow 154 7.3 Throttle Flow Modeling 156 7.3.1 Throttle Area and Discharge Coefficient 157 7.4 Mass Flow Into the Cylinders 159 7.4.1 Models for Volumetric Efficiency 159 7.5 Volumes 162 7.6 Example – Intake Manifold 166 7.7 Fuel Path and (A/F) Ratio 168 7.7.1 Fuel Pumps, Fuel Rail, Injector Feed 168 7.7.2 Fuel Injector 169 7.7.3 Fuel Preparation Dynamics 171 7.7.4 Gas Transport and Mixing 174 7.7.5 A/F Sensors 174 7.7.6 Fuel Path Validation 178 7.7.7 Catalyst and Post-Catalyst Sensor 178 7.8 In-Cylinder Pressure and Instantaneous Torque 180 7.8.1 Compression Asymptote 180 7.8.2 Expansion Asymptote 182 7.8.3 Combustion 183 7.8.4 Gas Exhange and Model Compilation 184 7.8.5 Engine Torque Generation 184 7.9 Mean Value Model for Engine Torque 186 7.9.1 Gross Indicated Work 187 7.9.2 Pumping Work 190 7.9.3 Engine Friction 190 7.9.4 Time Delays in Torque Production 192 7.9.5 Crankshaft Dynamics 193 7.10 Engine-Out Temperature 193 7.11 Heat Transfer and Exhaust Temperatures 196 7.11.1 Temperature Change in a Pipe 196 7.11.2 Heat Transfer Modes in Exhaust Systems 197 7.11.3 Exhaust System Temperature Models 197 7.12 Heat Exchangers and Intercoolers 203 7.12.1 Heat Exchanger Modeling 204 7.13 Throttle Plate Motion 206 7.13.1 Model for Throttle with Throttle Servo 210 8 Turbocharging Basics and Models 211 8.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging Basics 211 8.2 Turbocharging Basic Principles and Performance 214 8.2.1 Turbochargers in Mean Value Engine Models 214 8.2.2 First Law Analysis of Compressor Performance 216 8.2.3 First Law Analysis of Turbine Performance 218 8.2.4 Connecting the Turbine and Compressor 219 8.2.5 Intake Air Density Increase 219 8.3 Dimensional Analysis 220 8.3.1 Compressible Fluid Analysis 221 8.3.2 Model Structure with Corrected Quantities 223 8.4 Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps 223 8.4.1 The Basic Compressor Map 223 8.4.2 The Basic Turbine Map 225 8.4.3 Measurement Procedures for determining Turbo Maps 226 8.4.4 Turbo Performance Calculation Details 227 8.4.5 Heat Transfer and Turbine Efficiency 230 8.5 Turbocharger Models and Parametrizations 232 8.5.1 Map Interpolation Models 232 8.6 Compressor Operation and Modeling 232 8.6.1 Physical Modeling of a Compressor 233 8.6.2 Compressor Efficiency Models 237 8.6.3 Compressor Flow Models 239 8.6.4 Compressor Choke 241 8.6.5 Compressor Surge 244 8.7 Turbine Operation and Modeling 249 8.7.1 Turbine Mass Flow 249 8.7.2 Turbine Efficiency 252 8.7.3 Variable Geometry Turbine 253 8.8 Transient Response and Turbo Lag 254 8.9 Example – Turbocharged SI Engine 255 8.10 Example – Turbocharged Diesel Engine 257 9 Engine Management Systems – An Introduction 263 9.1 Engine Management System (EMS) 263 9.1.1 EMS Building Blocks 264 9.1.2 System for Crank and Time-Based Events 265 9.2 Basic Functionality and Software Structure 266 9.2.1 Torque Based Structure 266 9.2.2 Special Modes and Events 267 9.2.3 Automatic Code Generation and Information Exchange 267 9.3 Calibration and Parameter Representation 267 9.3.1 Engine Maps 268 9.3.2 Model-Based Development 270 10 Basic Control of SI Engines 271 10.1 Three Basic SI Engine Controllers 272 10.1.1 Production System Example 273 10.1.2 Basic Control Using Maps 274 10.1.3 Torque, Air Charge, and Pressure Control 275 10.1.4 Pressure Set Point from Simple Torque Model 275 10.1.5 Set Points from Full Torque Model 276 10.1.6 Pressure Control 277 10.2 Throttle Servo 279 10.2.1 Throttle Control Based on Exact Linearization 280 10.3 Fuel Management and Control 282 10.3.1 Feedforward and Feedback Control Structure 283 10.3.2 Feedforward Control with Basic Fuel Metering 283 10.3.3 Feedback Control 284 10.3.4 Fuel Dynamics and Injector Compensation 289 10.3.5 Observer Based Control and Adaption 290 10.3.6 Dual and Triple Sensor Control 293 10.4 Other Factors that Influence Control 294 10.4.1 Full Load Enrichment 295 10.4.2 Engine Overspeed and Overrun 296 10.4.3 Support Systems that Influence Air and Fuel Calculation 296 10.4.4 Cold Start Enrichment 298 10.4.5 Individual Cylinder -control 298 10.5 Ignition Control 299 10.5.1 Knock Control – Feedback Control 301 10.5.2 Ignition Energy – Dwell Time Control 304 10.5.3 Long-term Torque, Short-term Torque, and Torque Reserve 305 10.6 Idle Speed Control 306 10.7 Torque Management and Idle Speed Control 307 10.8 Turbo Control 308 10.8.1 Compressor Anti-surge Control 308 10.8.2 Boost Pressure Control 309 10.8.3 Boost Pressure Control with Gain Scheduling 312 10.8.4 Turbo and Knock Control 314 10.9 Dependability and Graceful Degradation 315 11 Basic Control of Diesel Engines 317 11.1 Overview of Diesel Engine Operation and Control 317 11.1.1 Diesel Engine Emission Trade-Off 318 11.1.2 Diesel Engine Configuration and Basics 319 11.2 Basic Torque Control 320 11.2.1 Feedforward Fuel Control 322 11.3 Additional Torque Controllers 322 11.4 Fuel Control 323 11.4.1 Control signal – Multiple Fuel Injections 324 11.4.2 Control Strategies for Fuel Injection 326 11.5 Control of Gas Flows 327 11.5.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 328 11.5.2 EGR and Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) 329 11.6 Case Study: EGR and VGT Control and Tuning 332 11.6.1 Control Objectives 333 11.6.2 System Properties that Guide the Control Design 334 11.6.3 Control Structure 336 11.6.4 PID Parameterization, Implementation, and Tuning 340 11.6.5 Evaluation on European Transient Cycle 343 11.6.6 Summing up the EGR VGT Case Study 346 11.7 Diesel After Treatment Control 346 12 Engine–Some Advanced Concepts 349 12.1 Variable Valve Actuation 349 12.1.1 Valve Profiles 351 12.1.2 Effects of Variable Valve Actuation 352 12.1.3 Other Valve Enabled Functions 354 12.1.4 VVA and Its Implications for Model Based Control 355 12.1.5 A Remark on Air and Fuel Control Strategies 355 12.2 Variable Compression 356 12.2.1 Example – The SAAB Variable Compression Engine 357 12.2.2 Additional Controls 358 12.3 Signal Interpretation and Feedback Control 361 12.3.1 Ion-sense 361 12.3.2 Example – Ion-sense Ignition Feedback Control 365 12.3.3 Concluding Remarks and Examples of Signal Processing 369 Part IV DRIVELINE – MODELING AND CONTROL 13 Driveline Introduction 373 13.1 Driveline 373 13.2 Motivations for Driveline Modeling and Control 373 13.2.1 Principal Objectives and Variables 374 13.2.2 Driveline Control vs. Longitudinal Vehicle Propulsion Control 375 13.2.3 Physical Background 375 13.2.4 Application-driven Background 375 13.3 Behavior without Appropriate Control 376 13.3.1 Vehicle Shuffle, Vehicle Surge 376 13.3.2 Traversing Backlash–shunt and Shuffle 377 13.3.3 Oscillations After Gear Disengagement 377 13.4 Approach 380 13.4.1 Timescales 380 13.4.2 Modeling and Control 380 14 Driveline Modeling 381 14.1 General Modeling Methodology 381 14.1.1 Graphical Scheme of a Driveline 382 14.1.2 General Driveline Equations 382 14.2 A Basic Complete Model – A Rigid Driveline 384 14.2.1 Combining the Equations 385 14.2.2 Reflected Mass and Inertias 386 14.3 Driveline Surge 386 14.3.1 Experiments for Driveline Modeling 386 14.3.2 Model with Driveshaft Flexibility 387 14.4 Additional Driveline Dynamics 391 14.4.1 Influence on Parameter Estimation 391 14.4.2 Character of Deviation in Validation Data 392 14.4.3 Influence from Propeller-shaft Flexibility 393 14.4.4 Parameter Estimation with Springs in Series 394 14.4.5 Sensor Dynamics 395 14.5 Clutch Influence and Backlash in General 396 14.5.1 Model with Flexible Clutch and Driveshaft 396 14.5.2 Nonlinear Clutch and Driveshaft Flexibility 400 14.5.3 Backlash in General 403 14.6 Modeling of Neutral Gear and Open Clutch 404 14.6.1 Experiments 404 14.6.2 A Decoupled Model 405 14.7 Clutch Modeling 406 14.7.1 Clutch Modes 409 14.8 Torque Converter 409 14.9 Concluding Remarks on Modeling 411 14.9.1 A Set of Models 411 14.9.2 Model Support 411 14.9.3 Control Design and Validating Simulations 412 15 Driveline Control 413 15.1 Characteristics of Driveline Control 414 15.1.1 Inclusion in Torque-Based Powertrain Control 414 15.1.2 Consequence of Sensor Locations 415 15.1.3 Torque Actuation 415 15.1.4 Transmissions 416 15.1.5 Engine as Torque Actuator 417 15.1.6 Control Approaches 418 15.2 Basics of Driveline Control 419 15.2.1 State-Space Formulation of the Driveshaft Model 419 15.2.2 Disturbance Description 420 15.2.3 Measurement Description 420 15.2.4 Performance Output 420 15.2.5 Control Objective 421 15.2.6 Controller Structures 421 15.2.7 Notation for Transfer Functions 422 15.2.8 Some Characteristic Feedback Properties 422 15.2.9 Insight from Simplified Transfer Functions 425 15.3 Driveline Speed Control 427 15.3.1 RQV control 427 15.3.2 Formulating the Objective of Anti-Surge Control 429 15.3.3 Speed Control with Active Damping and RQV Behavior 430 15.3.4 Influence from Sensor Location 435 15.3.5 Load Estimation 436 15.3.6 Evaluation of the Anti-Surge Controller 438 15.3.7 Demonstrating Rejection of Load Disturbance 439 15.3.8 Experimental Verification of Anti-Surge Control 440 15.3.9 Experiment Eliminating a Misconception 443 15.4 Control of Driveline Torques 443 15.4.1 Purpose of Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 444 15.4.2 Demonstration of Potential Problems in Torque Control 444 15.4.3 Approaches to Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 447 15.5 Transmission Torque Control 448 15.5.1 Modeling of Transmission Torque 448 15.5.2 Transmission-Torque Control Criterion 452 15.5.3 Gear-shift Condition 452 15.5.4 Final Control Criterion 454 15.5.5 Resulting Behavior–Feasible Active Damping 454 15.5.6 Validating Simulations and Sensor Location Influence 456 15.6 Driveshaft Torsion Control 459 15.6.1 Recalling Damping Control with PID 460 15.6.2 Controller Structure 460 15.6.3 Observer for Driveshaft Torsion 461 15.6.4 Field Trials for Controller Validation 464 15.6.5 Validation of Gear Shift Quality 464 15.6.6 Handling of Initial Driveline Oscillations 466 15.7 Recapitulation and Concluding Remarks 467 15.7.1 General Methodology 467 15.7.2 Valuable Insights 468 15.7.3 Formulation of Control Criterion 468 15.7.4 Validation of Functionality 468 15.7.5 Experimental Verification of Torque Limit Handling 469 15.7.6 Benefits 469 Part V DIAGNOSIS AND DEPENDABILITY 16 Diagnosis and Dependability 473 16.1 Dependability 474 16.1.1 Functional Safety–Unintended Torque 474 16.1.2 Functional Safety Standards 476 16.1.3 Controller Qualification/Conditions/Prerequisites 477 16.1.4 Accommodation of Fault Situations 478 16.1.5 Outlook 478 16.1.6 Connections 479 16.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts 479 16.2.1 Fault and Failure 480 16.2.2 Detection, Isolation, Identification, and Diagnosis 481 16.2.3 False Alarm and Missed Detection 481 16.2.4 Passive or Active (Intrusive) 482 16.2.5 Off-Line or On-Line (On-Board) 482 16.3 Introducing Methodology 482 16.3.1 A Simple Sensor Fault 482 16.3.2 A Simple Actuator Fault 483 16.3.3 Triple Sensor Redundancy 483 16.3.4 Triple Redundancy Using Virtual Sensors 485 16.3.5 Redundancy and Model-Based Diagnosis 486 16.3.6 Forming a Decision–Residual Evaluation 488 16.3.7 Leakage in a Turbo Engine 491 16.4 Engineering of Diagnosis Systems 494 16.5 Selected Automotive Applications 494 16.5.1 Catalyst and Lambda Sensors 495 16.5.2 Throttle Supervision 496 16.5.3 Evaporative System Monitoring 497 16.5.4 Misfire 501 16.5.5 Air Intake 507 16.5.6 Diesel Engine Model 517 16.6 History, Legislation, and OBD 520 16.6.1 Diagnosis of Automotive Engines 520 16.7 Legislation 521 16.7.1 OBDII 521 16.7.2 Examples of OBDII Legislation Texts 523 A Thermodynamic Data and Heat Transfer Formulas 527 A.1 Thermodynamic Data and Some Constants 527 A.2 Fuel Data 528 A.3 Dimensionless Numbers 528 A.4 Heat Transfer Basics 529 A.4.1 Conduction 535 A.4.2 Convection 536 A.4.3 Radiation 537 A.4.4 Resistor Analogy 537 A.4.5 Solution to Fourth-order Equations 539 References 541 Index 555

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Book SynopsisVehicle Dynamics comprehensively covers the fundamentals of vehicle dynamics with application to automotive mechatronics.Table of ContentsForeword xi Series Preface xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations and Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introductory Remarks 3 1.2 Motion of the Vehicle 4 1.3 Questions and Exercises 8 2 The Wheel 11 2.1 Equations of Motion of the Wheel 11 2.2 Wheel Resistances 14 2.2.1 Rolling Resistance 14 2.2.2 Aquaplaning 18 2.2.3 Bearing Resistance 19 2.2.4 Toe-In/Toe-Out Resistance 19 2.3 Tyre Longitudinal Force Coefficient, Slip 20 2.4 Questions and Exercises 24 3 Driving Resistances, Power Requirement 27 3.1 Aerodynamic Drag 27 3.2 Gradient Resistance 29 3.3 Acceleration Resistance 29 3.4 Equation of Motion for the Entire Vehicle 32 3.5 Performance 34 3.6 Questions and Exercises 39 4 Converters 43 4.1 Clutch, Rotational Speed Converter 45 4.2 Transmission, Torque Converter 48 4.3 Questions and Exercises 54 5 Driving Performance Diagrams, Fuel Consumption 57 5.1 Maximum Speed without Gradient 60 5.2 Gradeability 61 5.3 Acceleration Capability 61 5.4 Fuel Consumption 63 5.5 Fuel Consumption Test Procedures 68 5.6 Questions and Exercises 70 6 Driving Limits 73 6.1 Equations of Motion 74 6.2 Braking Process 79 6.3 Braking Rate 84 6.4 Questions and Exercises 91 7 Hybrid Powertrains 93 7.1 Principal Functionalities 93 7.2 Topologies of Hybrid Powertrains 99 7.3 Regenerative Braking and Charging 101 7.4 Questions and Exercises 106 8 Adaptive Cruise Control 107 8.1 Components and Control Algorithm 107 8.2 Measurement of Distances and Relative Velocities 112 8.3 Approach Ability 117 8.4 Questions and Exercises 118 9 Ride Dynamics 121 9.1 Vibration Caused by Uneven Roads 124 9.1.1 Damped Harmonic Oscillator 124 9.1.2 Assessment Criteria 128 9.1.3 Stochastic Irregularities 130 9.1.4 Conflict between Safety and Comfort 132 9.2 Oscillations of Powertrains 144 9.2.1 Torsional Oscillators 144 9.2.2 Centrifugal Pendulum Vibration Absorbers 147 9.3 Examples 151 9.4 Questions and Exercises 152 10 Vehicle Substitute Models 155 10.1 Two-mass Substitute System 155 10.2 Two-axle Vehicle, Single-track Excitation 158 10.3 Non-linear Characteristic Curves 165 10.4 Questions and Exercises 167 11 Single-track Model, Tyre Slip Angle, Steering 169 11.1 Equations of Motion of the Single-track Model 169 11.2 Slip Angle 177 11.3 Steering 181 11.4 Linearized Equations of Motion of the Single-track Model 185 11.5 Relationship between Longitudinal Forces and Lateral Forces in the Contact Patch 188 11.6 Effect of Differentials when Cornering 189 11.7 Questions and Exercises 191 12 Circular Driving at a Constant Speed 193 12.1 Equations 193 12.2 Solution of the Equations 195 12.3 Geometric Aspects 197 12.4 Oversteering and Understeering 201 12.5 Questions and Exercises 205 13 Dynamic Behaviour 207 13.1 Stability of Steady-state Driving Conditions 207 13.2 Steering Behaviour 210 13.3 Crosswind Behaviour 213 13.4 Questions and Exercises 216 14 Influence of Wheel Load Transfer 217 14.1 Wheel Load Transfer without Considering Vehicle Roll 217 14.2 Wheel Load Transfer Considering Vehicle Roll 221 14.3 Questions and Exercises 228 15 Toe-in/Toe-out, Camber and Self-steering Coefficient 229 15.1 Toe-in/Toe-out, Camber 229 15.2 Questions and Exercises 233 16 Suspension Systems 235 16.1 Questions and Exercises 245 17 Torque and Speed Converters 247 17.1 Speed Converters, Clutches 247 17.2 Transmission 252 17.3 Questions and Exercises 258 18 Shock Absorbers, Springs and Brakes 259 18.1 Shock Absorbers 259 18.2 Ideal Active Suspension and Skyhook Damping 264 18.2.1 Ideal Active Suspension 264 18.2.2 Skyhook Dampers 267 18.3 Suspension Springs 269 18.4 Brake Systems 277 18.5 Questions and Exercises 281 19 Active Longitudinal and Lateral Systems 283 19.1 Main Components of ABS 283 19.2 ABS Operations 287 19.3 Build-up Delay of Yaw Moment 290 19.4 Traction Control System 293 19.5 Lateral Stability Systems 294 19.6 Hydraulic Units for ABS and ESP 296 19.7 Active Steering System 297 19.8 Questions and Exercises 298 20 Multi-body Systems 301 20.1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies 302 20.2 Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body 305 20.3 Components of Multi-body Systems 309 20.4 Orientation of Rigid Bodies 312 20.5 Derivation and Solution of the Equations 315 20.5.1 Derivation of the Equations 315 20.5.2 Solution of Equations 316 20.6 Applications of MBS 317 20.7 Questions and Exercises 322 Glossary 323 References 329 Index 331

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Book SynopsisThis new edition includes approximately 30% new materials covering the following information that has been added to this important work: extends the contents on Li-ion batteries detailing the positive and negative electrodes and characteristics and other components including binder, electrolyte, separator and foils, and the structure of Li-ion battery cell. Nickel-cadmium batteries are deleted. adds a new section presenting the modelling of multi-mode electrically variable transmission, which gradually became the main structure of the hybrid power-train during the last 5 years. newly added chapter on noise and vibration of hybrid vehicles introduces the basics of vibration and noise issues associated with power-train, driveline and vehicle vibrations, and addresses control solutions to reduce the noise and vibration levels. Chapter 10 (chapter 9 of the first edition) is extended by presenting EPA and UN newly required test drive scTable of ContentsPreface xiv List of Abbreviations xviii Nomenclature xxii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.1 Micro Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.2 Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.3 Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles 3 1.1.4 Electric Vehicles 3 1.1.5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 4 1.2 General Architectures of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 4 1.2.1 Series Hybrid 4 1.2.2 Parallel Hybrid 5 1.2.3 Series–Parallel Hybrid 6 1.3 Typical Layouts of the Parallel Hybrid Electric Propulsion System 7 1.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Components 8 1.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Analysis 10 1.5.1 Power Flow of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 10 1.5.2 Fuel Economy Benefits of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 11 1.5.3 Typical Drive Cycles 11 1.5.4 Vehicle Drivability 11 1.5.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy and Emissions 13 1.6 Controls of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 13 References 14 2 Basic Components of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 15 2.1 The Prime Mover 15 2.1.1 Gasoline Engines 15 2.1.2 Diesel Engines 17 2.1.3 Fuel Cells 17 2.2 Electric Motor with a DC–DC Converter and a DC–AC Inverter 20 2.3 Energy Storage System 21 2.3.1 Energy Storage System Requirements for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21 2.3.2 Basic Types of Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Applications 25 2.3.3 Ultracapacitors for Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Applications 34 2.4 Transmission System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 35 References 37 3 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Modeling 38 3.1 Modeling of an Internal Combustion Engine 38 3.1.1 Cranking (Key Start) 39 3.1.2 Engine Off 41 3.1.3 Idle 41 3.1.4 Engine On 41 3.1.5 Engine Fuel Economy and Emissions 44 3.2 Modeling of an Electric Motor 48 3.2.1 Operation in the Propulsion Mode 48 3.2.2 Operation in the Regenerative Mode 49 3.2.3 Operation in Spinning Mode 49 3.3 Modeling of the Battery System 53 3.3.1 Modeling Electrical Behavior 54 3.3.2 SOC Calculation 56 3.3.3 Modeling Thermal Behavior 56 3.4 Modeling of the Transmission System 59 3.4.1 Modeling of the Clutch and Power Split Device 60 3.4.2 Modeling of the Torque Converter 67 3.4.3 Modeling of the Gearbox 69 3.4.4 Modeling of the Transmission Controller 70 3.5 Modeling of a Multi-mode Electrically Variable Transmission 73 3.5.1 Basics of One-mode ECVT 73 3.5.2 Basics of Two-mode ECVT 78 3.6 Lever Analogy as a Tool for ECVT Kinematic Analysis 85 3.6.1 Lever System Diagram Set-up 85 3.6.2 Lever Analogy Diagram for ECVT Kinematic Analysis 87 3.7 Modeling of the Vehicle Body 91 3.8 Modeling of the Final Drive and Wheel 92 3.8.1 Final Drive Model 92 3.8.2 Wheel Model 92 3.9 PID-based Driver Model 94 3.9.1 Principle of PID Control 95 3.9.2 Driver Model 96 References 96 4 Power Electronics and Electric Motor Drives in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 97 4.1 Basic Power Electronic Devices 97 4.1.1 Diodes 98 4.1.2 Thyristors 99 4.1.3 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 101 4.1.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 103 4.1.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 105 4.2 DC–DC Converters 107 4.2.1 Basic Principle of a DC–DC Converter 107 4.2.2 Step-down (Buck) Converter 109 4.2.3 Step-up (Boost) Converter 117 4.2.4 Step-down/up (Buck-boost) Converter 121 4.2.5 DC–DC Converters Applied in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems 125 4.3 DC–AC Inverters 129 4.3.1 Basic Concepts of DC–AC Inverters 129 4.3.2 Single-phase DC–AC Inverters 134 4.3.3 Three-phase DC–AC Inverters 137 4.4 Electric Motor Drives 141 4.4.1 BLDC Motor and Control 141 4.4.2 AC Induction Motor and Control 152 4.5 Plug-in Battery Charger Design 162 4.5.1 Basic Configuration of a PHEV/BEV Battery Charger 162 4.5.2 Power Factor and Correcting Techniques 164 4.5.3 Controls of a Plug-in Charger 168 References 168 5 Energy Storage System Modeling and Control 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Methods of Determining the State of Charge 171 5.2.1 Current-based SOC Determination Method 172 5.2.2 Voltage-based SOC Determination Method 177 5.2.3 Extended Kalman-filter-based SOC Determination Method 183 5.2.4 SOC Determination Method Based on Transient Response Characteristics (TRCs) 186 5.2.5 Fuzzy-logic-based SOC Determination Method 189 5.2.6 Combination of SOCs Estimated Through Different Approaches 191 5.2.7 Further Discussion on SOC Calculations in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications 192 5.3 Estimation of Battery Power Availability 196 5.3.1 PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Method 198 5.3.2 Revised PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Method 199 5.3.3 Power Availability Estimation Based on the Electrical Circuit Equivalent Model 200 5.4 Battery Life Prediction 207 5.4.1 Aging Behavior and Mechanism 207 5.4.2 Definition of the State of Life 209 5.4.3 SOL Determination under Storage Conditions 210 5.4.4 SOL Determination under Cycling Conditions 214 5.4.5 Lithium Metal Plating Issue and Symptoms in Li-ion Batteries 223 5.5 Cell Balancing 224 5.5.1 SOC Balancing 224 5.5.2 Hardware Implementation of Balancing 224 5.5.3 Cell-balancing Control Algorithms and Evaluation 227 5.6 Estimation of Cell Core Temperature 236 5.6.1 Introduction 236 5.6.2 Core Temperature Estimation of an Air-cooled, Cylinder-type HEV Battery 237 5.7 Battery System Efficiency 241 References 242 6 Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 243 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Rule-based Energy Management Strategy 244 6.3 Fuzzy-logic-based Energy Management Strategy 245 6.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Control 246 6.3.2 Fuzzy-logic-based HEV Energy Management Strategy 253 6.4 Determination of the Optimal ICE Operational Points of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 261 6.4.1 Mathematical Description of the Problem 261 6.4.2 Procedures of Optimal Operational Point Determination 263 6.4.3 Golden Section Searching Method 264 6.4.4 Finding the Optimal Operational Points 265 6.4.5 Example of the Optimal Determination 265 6.4.6 Performance Evaluation 269 6.5 Cost-function-based Optimal Energy Management Strategy 278 6.5.1 Mathematical Description of Cost-function-based Optimal Energy Management 279 6.5.2 An Example of Optimization Implementation 282 6.6 Optimal Energy Management Strategy Incorporated with Cycle Pattern Recognition 282 6.6.1 Driving Cycle/Style Pattern Recognition Algorithm 282 6.6.2 Determination of the Optimal Energy Distribution 285 References 287 7 Other Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Problems 288 7.1 Basics of Internal Combustion Engine Control 288 7.1.1 SI Engine Control 288 7.1.2 Diesel Engine Control 289 7.2 Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Through the Electric Motor 289 7.2.1 Sliding Mode Control 293 7.2.2 Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Based on the Sliding Mode Control Method 296 7.3 High-voltage Bus Spike Control 298 7.3.1 Bang-Bang Control Strategy of Overvoltage Protection 300 7.3.2 PID-based ON/OFF Control Strategy for Overvoltage Protection 301 7.3.3 Fuzzy-logic-based ON/OFF Control Strategy for Overvoltage Protection 301 7.4 Thermal Control of an HEV Battery System 304 7.4.1 Combined PID Feedback with Feedforward Battery Thermal System Control Strategy 306 7.4.2 Optimal Battery Thermal Control Strategy 308 7.5 HEV/EV Traction Motor Control 311 7.5.1 Traction Torque Control 311 7.5.2 Anti-rollback Control 313 7.6 Active Suspension Control in HEV/EV Systems 313 7.6.1 Suspension System Model of a Quarter Car 314 7.6.2 Active Suspension System Control 318 7.7 Adaptive Charge-sustaining Setpoint and Adaptive Recharge SOC Determination for PHEVs 325 7.7.1 Scenarios of Battery Capacity Decay and Discharge Power Capability Degradation 326 7.7.2 Adaptive Recharge SOC Termination Setpoint Control Strategy 326 7.8 Online Tuning Strategy of the SOC Lower Bound in CS Operational Mode 333 7.8.1 PHEV Charge-sustaining Operational Characteristics 333 7.8.2 PHEV Battery CS-operation SOC Lower Bound Online Tuning 335 7.9 PHEV Battery CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint Online Tuning 343 7.9.1 PHEV CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint Determination at BOL 343 7.9.2 Online Tuning Strategy of PHEV CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint 345 References 347 8 Plug-in Charging Characteristics, Algorithm, and Impact on the Power Distribution System 348 8.1 Introduction 348 8.2 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Battery System and Charging Characteristics 349 8.2.1 AC-120 Plug-in Charging Characteristics 349 8.2.2 AC-240 Plug-in Charging Characteristics 350 8.2.3 DC Fast-charging Characteristics 353 8.3 Battery Life and Safety Impacts of Plug-in Charging Current and Temperature 355 8.4 Plug-in Charging Control 355 8.4.1 AC Plug-in Charge Control 355 8.4.2 DC Fast-charging Control 358 8.5 Impacts of Plug-in Charging on the Electricity Network 360 8.5.1 Impact on the Distribution System 360 8.5.2 Impact on the Electric Grid 362 8.6 Optimal Plug-in Charging Strategy 364 8.6.1 The Optimal Plug-in Charge Back Point Determination 364 8.6.2 Cost-based Optimal Plug-in Charging Strategy 366 References 372 9 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Vibration, Noise, and Control 373 9.1 Basics of Noise and Vibration 373 9.1.1 Sound Spectra and Velocity 373 9.1.2 Basic Quantities Related to Sound 374 9.1.3 Frequency Analysis Bandwidths 380 9.1.4 Basics of Vibration 382 9.1.5 Basics of Noise and Vibration Control 389 9.2 General Description of Noise, Vibration, and Control in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 391 9.2.1 Engine Start/Stop Vibration, Noise, and Control 392 9.2.2 Electric Motor Noise, Vibration, and Control 400 9.2.3 Power Electronics Noise and Control 405 9.2.4 Battery System Noise, Vibration, and Control 408 References 411 10 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Performance Analysis 412 10.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation System 412 10.2 Typical Test Driving Cycles 414 10.2.1 Typical EPA Fuel Economy Test Schedules 414 10.2.2 Typical Supplemental Fuel Economy Test Schedules 418 10.2.3 Other Typical Test Schedules 421 10.3 Sizing Components and Vehicle Performance Analysis 430 10.3.1 Drivability Calculation 431 10.3.2 Preliminary Sizing of the Main Components of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle 433 10.4 Fuel Economy, Emissions, and Electric Mileage Calculation 454 10.4.1 Basics of Fuel Economy and Emissions Calculation 454 10.4.2 EPA Fuel Economy Label Test and Calculation 457 10.4.3 Electrical Energy Consumption and Miles per Gallon Gasoline Equivalent Calculation 463 References 478 Appendix A 480 Appendix B 520 Index 553

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Book SynopsisVIBROACOUSTIC SIMULATION Learn to master the full range of vibroacoustic simulation using both SEA and hybrid FEM/SEA methods Vibroacoustic simulation is the discipline of modelling and predicting the acoustic waves and vibration of particular objects, systems, or structures. This is done through finite element methods (FEM) or statistical energy analysis (SEA) to cover the full frequency range. In the mid-frequency range, both methods must be combined into a hybrid FEM/SEA approach. By doing so, engineers can model full frequency vibroacoustic simulations in complex technical systems used in aircraft, trains, cars, ships, and satellites. Indeed, hybrid approaches are increasingly used in the automotive, aerospace, and rail industries. Previously covered primarily in scientific journals, Vibroacoustic Simulation provides a practical approach that helps readers master the full frequency range of vibroacoustic simulation. Through a systematic approach, the Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 Linear Systems, Random Process and Signals 1 1.1 The Damped Harmonic Oscillator 1 1.2 Forced Harmonic Oscillator 5 1.3 Two Degrees of Freedom Systems (2DOF) 15 1.4 Multiple Degrees of Freedom Systems MDOF 20 1.5 Random Process 27 1.6 Systems 34 1.7 Multiple-input--multiple-output Systems 37 2 Waves in Fluids 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Wave Equation for Fluids 43 2.3 Solutions of the Wave Equation 48 2.4 Fundamental Acoustic Sources 53 2.5 Reflection of Plane Waves 59 2.6 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves 60 2.7 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation 62 2.8 Units, Measures, and levels 72 3 Wave Propagation in Structures 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Basic Equations and Definitions 76 3.3 Wave Equation 83 3.4 Waves in Infinite Solids 87 3.5 Beams 88 3.6 Membranes 99 3.7 Plates 101 3.8 Propagation of Energy in Dispersive Waves 115 3.9 Findings 116 4 Fluid Systems 119 4.1 One-dimensional Systems 119 4.2 Three-dimensional Systems 128 4.3 Numerical Solutions 139 4.4 Reciprocity 142 5 Structure Systems 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 One-dimensional Systems 146 5.3 Two-dimensional Systems 151 5.4 Reciprocity 155 5.5 Numerical Solutions 156 6 Random Description of Systems 159 6.1 Diffuse Wave Field 160 6.2 Ensemble Averaging of Deterministic Systems 169 6.3 One-Dimensional Systems 169 6.4 Two-Dimensional Systems 178 6.5 Three-Dimensional Systems -- Cavities 182 6.6 Surface Load of Diffuse Acoustic Fields 188 6.7 Mode Wave Duality 189 6.8 SEA System Description 192 7 Coupled Systems 201 7.1 Deterministic Subsystems and their Degrees of Freedom 202 7.2 Coupling Deterministic Systems 202 7.3 Coupling Random Systems 206 7.4 Hybrid FEM/SEA Method 213 7.5 Hybrid Modelling in Modal Coordinates 220 8 Coupling Loss Factors 223 8.1 Transmission Coefficients and Coupling Loss Factors 224 8.2 Radiation Stiffness and Coupling Loss Factors 227 9 Deterministic Applications 271 9.1 Acoustic One-Dimensional Elements 271 9.2 Coupled One-Dimensional Systems 286 9.3 Infinite Layers 296 9.4 Acoustic Absorber 302 9.5 Acoustic Wall Constructions 308 10 Application of Random systems 319 10.1 Frequency Bands for SEA Simulation 319 10.2 Fluid Systems 320 10.3 Algorithms of SEA 323 10.4 Coupled Plate Systems 324 10.5 Fluid-Structure Coupled Systems 327 11 Hybrid Systems 343 11.1 Hybrid SEA Matrix 343 11.2 Twin Chamber 343 11.3 Trim in Hybrid Theory 350 12 Industrial Cases 359 12.1 Simulation Strategy 359 12.2 Aircraft 361 12.3 Automotive 372 12.4 Trains 380 12.5 Summary 394 13 Conclusions and Outlook 399 13.1 Conclusions 399 13.2 What Comes Next? 399 13.3 Experimental Methods 399 13.4 Further Reading on Simulation 404 13.5 Energy Flow Method and Influence Coefficient 404 13.6 Vibroacoustics Simulation Software 406 A Basic Mathematics 411 A.1 Fourier Analysis 411 A.2 Discrete Signal Analysis 418 A.3 Coordinate Transformation of Discrete Equation of Motion 423 Bibliography 424 B Specific Solutions 425 B.1 Second Moments of Area 425 B.2 Wave Transmission 426 B.3 Conversion Formulas of Transfer Matrix 436 Bibliography 437 C Symbols 439 Index 445

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Book Synopsis

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