Atomic and molecular physics Books

Book SynopsisThis book covers both molecular reaction dynamics and chemical kinetics (useful in calculating the probability of chemical reactions occurring) with a complete discussion of theory and thorough mathematical presentations.Table of ContentsInteraction Potentials. Relative Motion. Collisional Approach. Partition Functions. Transition State Theory. Generalized Transition State Theory. Theory for Unimolecular Reactions. Classical Dynamics. Nonadiabatic Transitions. Surface Kinetics. Chemical Reactions in Solution. Energetic Aspects of Solvent Effects on Solutes. Models for Chemical Reactions in Solution. Kramers' Theory. The Classical Model of Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, in-depth presentation of theoretical underpinnings and mathematical techniques This is the first book of its kind to combine all the theories of molecular reaction dynamics and chemical kinetics in a single source.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Molecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics Interaction Potentials. Relative Motion. Collisional Approach. Partition Functions. Transition State Theory. Generalized Transition State Theory. Theory for Unimolecular Reactions. Classical Dynamics. Nonadiabatic Transitions. Surface Kinetics. Chemical Reactions in Solution. Energetic Aspects of Solvent Effects on Solutes. Models for Chemical Reactions in Solution. Kramers' Theory. The Classical Model of Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution. Appendices. Index. Advanced Molecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics Second Quantization. Effective Hamiltonian Approaches. Semiclassical Theories. Wavepacket Propagation. Potential Energy Surfaces. The Reaction Path Method. Variational Transition State Theory. Quantum Theory for Rate Constants. Statistical and Phase Space Methods. Photodissociation. Density Operators. Evolution of a Total System. Nonequilibrium Solvation. Molecular Properties of Solvated Molecules. Magnetic Properties of Solvated Molecules. Quantum Model for Electron Transfer. Electron Transfer Coupling Elements. Electron Transfer Reactions Coupled to a Quantum Mechanical Radiation Field. Proton Transfer Reactions in Solution. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA thorough exploration of the atomic structures and properties ofthe essential engineering interfaces--an invaluable resourcefor students, teachers, and professionals The most up-to-date, accessible guide to solid-vapor,solid-liquid, and solid-solid phase transformations, thisinnovative book contains the only unified treatment of these threecentral engineering interfaces. Employing a simple nearest-neighborbroken-bond model, Interfaces in Materials focuses on metal alloysin a straightforward approach that can be easily extended to alltypes of interfaces and materials. Enhanced with nearly 300illustrations, along with extensive references and suggestions forfurther reading, this book provides: * A simple, cohesive approach to understanding the atomicstructure and properties of interfaces formed between solid,liquid, and vapor phases * Self-contained discussions of each interface--allowingseparate study of each phase transformation * A comparative look at the differeTable of ContentsINTRODUCTORY MATERIAL. Atomic Bonding. Regular Solution (Quasi-Chemical) Model. SOLID-VAPOR INTERFACES. Surface Energy. Surface Structure. Crystal Growth from the Vapor. Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems and SurfaceSegregation. Surface Films. SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES. Liquids. Interfacial Structure and Energy. Crystal Growth from the Liquid. Solute Partitioning and Morphological Stability. SOLID-SOLID INTERFACES. Introduction to Solid-Solid Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Homophase Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Heterophase Interfaces. Growth of Solid-Solid Heterophase Interfaces. Morphological Stability and Segregation. References and Additional Reading. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisIt is difficult to imagine how our highly evolved technological society would function, or how life would even exist on our planet, if polymers did not exist. The intensive study of polymeric systems, which has been under way for several decades, has recently yielded new insights into the properties of assemblies of these complex molecules and the physical principles that govern their behavior. These developments have included new concepts to describe aspects of the many body behavior in these systems, microscopic analyses that bring our understanding of these systems much closer to our understanding of simple liquids and solids, and the discovery of novel chemistry that these molecules can catalyze. This special topic volume of Advances in Chemical Physics surveys a number of these recent accomplishments. Supplemented with more than 250 illustrations, it provides a significant, up-to-date selection of papers by inter-nationally recognized researchers. Topics include:Table of ContentsTheory of Polyelectrolyte Solutions (J.-L. Barrat & J.-F. Joanny). Star Polymers: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation (G. Grest, et al.). Tethered Polymer Layers (I. Szleifer & M. Carignano). Living Polymers (S. Greer). Transport and Kinetics in Electroactive Polymers (M. Lyons). Polymers in Disordered Media (A. Baumgärtner & M. Muthukumar). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisMolecular spectroscopy refers to a variety of related analytical techniques used to provide a wide range of chemical information including the identification of materials, the monitoring of chemical reactions, and the determination of molecular structure.Table of ContentsBasic Spectroscopic Theory. Applied Spectroscopy. General Troubleshooting. Review Columns.

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Book SynopsisThis book will serve as an introduction to the potential of the laser in atomic spectroscopy. The book focuses primarily on the use of lasers in analytical atomic spectroscopy with optical detection, and also includes a chapter describing the use of lasers in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Table of ContentsAnalytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Historical/ General Characteristics of Atomic Spectra/ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in AAS/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry/ The Practice of Atomic Spectroscopy/ Techniques Similar to Atomic Spectroscopy/ Lasers/ Fundamentals of Lasers/ Practical Lasers/ Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications/ Laser Ablation for Sample Introduction: Principles and Applications/ Laser Types Suitable for Ablation of Solid Samples/ Interactions and Transactions in Laser Ablation/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Mass Spectrometry/ Laser Induced Plasmas for Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Laser Induced Plasma/ Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS)/ Applications/ Laser-Enhanced ionization Spectroscopy

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Book SynopsisThis guide to two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy helps the novice who want e the technique, but needs a path through the bewildering array of metho acronyms and the mathematical rigor found in most books. The authors provide a clear explanation of experiment performance, param lection, data processing and presentation as well as a description of wh rmation is provided by each experiment and how it is extracted and inter They group presentations of two-dimensional NMR experiments according t zation, e.g. COSY, LRCOSY, ZQCOSY, DQCOSY ... for establishing proton-pr nnectivities. The book also presents spectra of the same model compound using various ues to enable the reader to make direct comparisons and facilitate his e nt selection. Examples of the concerted utilization of various two-dimen NMR experiments to solve complex structural problems are also given.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Practical Considerations of Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. Heteronuclear Chemical shift Correlation. Relayed Coherence Transfer and Related 2D-NMR Experiments. 13_C-13_C Double Coherence 2D-NMR. The Inadequate Experiments. Applications Problems. Solutions to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn Monte Carlo Methods in Chemical Physics: An Introduction to the Monte Carlo Method for Particle Simulations J. Ilja Siepmann Random Number Generators for Parallel Applications Ashok Srinivasan, David M. Ceperley and Michael Mascagni Between Classical and Quantum Monte Carlo Methods: Variational QMC Dario Bressanini and Peter J. Reynolds Monte Carlo Eigenvalue Methods in Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics M. P. Nightingale and C.J. Umrigar Adaptive Path-Integral Monte Carlo Methods for Accurate Computation of Molecular Thermodynamic Properties Robert Q. Topper Monte Carlo Sampling for Classical Trajectory Simulations Gilles H. Peslherbe Haobin Wang and William L. Hase Monte Carlo Approaches to the Protein Folding Problem Jeffrey Skolnick and Andrzej Kolinski Entropy Sampling Monte Carlo for Polypeptides and Proteins Harold A. Scheraga and Minh-Hong Hao Macrostate Dissection of Thermodynamic Monte Carlo Integrals Bruce W. Church, Alex Ulitsky, and David Shalloway Simulated AnTable of ContentsAn Introduction to the Monte Carlo Method for Particle Simulations (J. Siepmann). Random Number Generators for Parallel Applications (A. Srinivasan, et al.). Between Classical and Quantum Monte Carlo Methods: "Variational" QMC (D. Bressanini & P. Reynolds). Monte Carlo Eigenvalue Methods in Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Methods (M. Nightingale & C. Umrigar). Adaptive Path-Integral Monte Carlo Methods for Accurate Computation of Molecular Thermodynamic Properties (R. Topper). Monte Carlo Sampling for Classical Trajectory Simulations (G. Peslherbe, et al.). Monte Carlo Approaches to the Protein Folding Problem (J. Skolnick & A. Kolinski). Entropy Sampling Monte Carlo for Polypeptides and Proteins (H. Scheraga & M. Hao). Macrostate Dissection of Thermodynamic Monte Carlo Integrals (B. Church, et al.). Simulated Annealing-Optimal Histogram Methods (D. Ferguson & D. Garrett). Monte Carlo Methods for Polymeric Systems (J. de Pablo & F. Escobedo). Thermodynamic-Scaling Methods in Monte Carlo and Their Application to Phase Equilibria (J. Valleau). Semigrand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation: Integration Along Coexistence Lines (D. Kofke). Monte Carlo Methods for Simulating Phase Equilibria of Complex Fluids (J. Siepmann). Reactive Canonical Monte Carlo (J. Johnson). New Monte Carlo Algorithms for Classical Spin Systems (G. Barkema & M. Newman). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis volume in the prestigious Advances in Chemical Physics series, edited by Nobel Prize-winner Ilya Prigogine and renowned authority Stuart A. Rice, provides general information about a wide variety of topics in chemical physics. Experts present comprehensive analyses of subjects of interest and encourage the expression of individual points of view. This approach to presenting an overview of a subject will both stimulate new research and serve as a personalized learning text for beginners in the field.Table of ContentsMolecular Vibration and Nonlinear Optics (D. Bishop). Local Mode Vibrations in Polyatomic Molecules (L. Halonen). Wideband Measurement and Analysis Techniques for the Determinationof the Frequency- Dependent, Complex Susceptibility of MagneticFluids (P. Fannin). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis series provides the chemical physics community with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 111 continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally-recognized researchers.Table of ContentsHydrogen Bonds with Large Proton Polarizability and Proton TransferProcesses in Electrochemistry and Biology (G. Zundel). Phase Space Approach to Dissipative Molecular Dynamics (D. Kohen& D. Tannor). Microscopic Theories of the Rheology of Stable ColloidalDispersions (R. Lionberger & W. Russel). The Rational g Factor of Diatomic Molecules in State ?1Sigma?+ or0?+ (J. Ogilvie, et al.). A Comparative Study Electron- and Positron-Polyatomic MoleculeScattering (M. Kimura, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis is the 112th volume in a series which is devoted to helping the reader obtain general information about a wide variety of topics in chemical physics. It provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations in every area of the discipline.Table of ContentsOn the Statics and Dynamics of Magnetoanisotropic Nanoparticles 1By J. L. Garcia-Palacios Relaxation times for Single-Domain Ferromagnetic Particles 211By E. E. C. Kennedy One-Dimensional Using Model for Spin Systems of Finite size 337By Andrzej R. Altenberger and John S. Dahler Quantum Electrodynamics of Resonance Energy Transfer 357By Gediminas Juzeliūmas and David L. Andrews Author Index 411 Subject Index 419

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Book SynopsisThe application of mathematical models to molecules has now reached maturity. Scientists as diverse as astrophysicists, biologists, chemists, materials scientists and zoologists can reach for their PC, Mac or laptop to model molecular phenomena of unbelievable complexity. Following the highly successful first edition of Modelling Molecular Structures, this newly updated edition is your guide through the myriad of applications for molecular modelling. This easy-to-read, highly illustrated text covers all areas of molecular modelling, including molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics, and the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field model, providing background information and critically discussing the latest techniques in the field. Covering developments in the field since the first publication, this title also includes updated text and new material on: * Molecular Dynamics * Dealing with the Solvent This title is an indispensable introduction for all chemists, materials scieTrade Review"this excellent handbook should be on the desk of all interested in the use of computational methods in chemistry..." --Applied Organometallic Chemistry, March 2001Table of ContentsSeries Preface Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Prerequisites Molecular Mechanics Dynamics The Hydrogen Molecule Ion The Hydrogen Molecule The Electron Density The Hartree-Fock Model The Hückel Model Neglect of Differential Overlap Models Basis Sets Ab Initio Packages Electron Correlation Slater's X Model Density Functional Therory Potential Energy Surfaces Dealing with the Solvent Primary Properties and their Derivatives Induced Properties Miscellany References Index

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Book SynopsisState-of-the-art tools and applicationsfor food safety and food science research Atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are important tools for identifying and quantifying trace elements in food products-elements that may be potentially beneficial or potentially toxic. The Determination of Chemical Elements in Food: Applications for Atomic and Mass Spectrometry teaches the reader how to use these advanced technologies for food analysis. With chapters written by internationally renowned scientists, it provides a detailed overview of progress in the field and the latest innovations in instrumentation and techniques, covering: Fundamentals and method development, selected applications, and speciation analysis Applications of atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Applications to foods of animal origin and applications to foods of vegetable Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. SECTION 1: FUNDAMENTALS AND METHOD DEVELOPMENT. 1. Improvement in Pretreatment and Analysis with Spectrometric Methods: A Typical Application to Routine Analysis.(K. Boutakhrit, F. Bolle, J.M. Degroodt, and L. Goeyens) 2. Solubilization: Trends of Development in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry for Elemental Food Analysis. (Henryk Matusiewicz) 3. Chemical Elements in Food and the Role of Atomic and Mass Spectrometry. Advantages and Drawbacks of the Determination of Selected Trace Elements in Foodstuffs by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. (Lars Jorhem and Joakim Engman) 4. High-Resolution Continuum Source AAs and its Application to Food Analysis. (Bernhard Welz, Daniel L. G. Borges, and Uwe Heitmann) 5. Determining the Geographical Origin of Foods: Considerations when Designing Experimental Protocols and Choosing Analytical Approaches. (John Lewis and Simon Hird) 6. Methods Validation for Food Analysis: Concepts and Use of Statistical Techniques. (Joris Van Loco) 7. Demonstration of Measurement Capabilities by Means of Interlaboratory Comparison Schemes for Trace Element Analysis in Food. (Yetunde Aregbe, Piotr Robouch, and Thomas Prohaska) SECTION 2: SELECTED APPLICATIONS. 8. Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry to Trace Element research and Control. (Francesco Cubadda) 9. Danish Monitoring System for Foods 1998-2003. Content of As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Se and Dietary Inake by Children and Adults. (Erik H. Larsen, Inge Rokkjar, and Tue Christensen) 10. Trace Elements in the Total Diet Typical of Northern Italy. (M. Bettinelli, S. Spezia, A. Gatti, A. Ronchi, C. Minoia, C. Roggi, and G. Turconi) 11. Car Catalytic Converters and the Contamination of Food by Platinum-Group Elements. (Chiara Frazzoli, Roberta Cammarone, and Sergio Caroli) 12. Arsenic and Other Potentially Toxic Trace Elements in Rice. (Chiara Frazzoli, Marilena D'Amato, Sergio Caroli, and Gyula Zaray) 13. Total Analysis and Distribution of Trace Elements in Human, Cow, and Formula Milk. (Rafael R. de la Flor St. Remy, Maria Luisa Fernandez Sanchez, and Alfredo Sanz-Medel) 14. Use of Spectrochemical Methods for the Determination of Metals in Fish and Other Seafood in Louisiana. (Joseph Sneddon) 15. Essential and Potentially Toxic Chemical Elements in Beverages. (Patricia Smichowksi and Daniel A. Batistoni) SECTION 3: SPECIATION ANALYSIS. 16. Species-Specific Determination of Metal(loid)-containing Food Additive sand Contaminants by Chromatography with ICP-MS Detection. (A. Polatajko, B. Bouyssiere, and J.Szpunar) 17. Elemental Speciation in Human Milk and Substitute Food for Newborns. (bernahrd Michalke, Maria Luisa Fernancez Sanchez, and Alfredo Sanz-Medel) 18. Measurement of Total Arsenic and Arsenic Species in Seafood By Q ICP-MS. (William A. Maher, Jason Kiry, and Frank Krikowa) 19. Sample Preparation Prior to As- and Se-Speciation. (Mihaly Dernovics and Peter Fodor) 20. Measurement of Total Se and Se Species in Seafood by Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. (William A. Maher and Frank Kirkowa) 21. Application of ICP-MS for the Evaluation of Se Species in Food Related Products and in Dietary Supplements. (Katarzyna Wrobel, Kaximierz Wrobel, and Joseph A. Caruso) 22. Determination of Hg Species in Seafood. (Petra Krystek and Rob Ritsema) Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the formulation of theoretical molecular orbital models starting from quantum mechanics, and compares them to experimental results. It draws on a series of models that have already received widespread application and are available for new applications.Table of ContentsTheoretical Background. The Computational Problem. Selection of A Model. Practical Considerations: Input and Output. The Performance of the Model. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectrostatic accelerators, such as the Van de Graaf generator, are among the most established and well-developed particle accelerators. One of the key issues in the maturation of these accelerators has been the development of methods used to stabilize the energies of the particles they produce. Energy Stabilization of Electrostatic Accelerators presents a comprehensive overview of the key methods of stabilizing the energy of ions produced by electrostatic accelerators. After giving comprehensive background information on the subject, it explains the basis of high voltage generation, covering both the Van de Graaf charge transfer and the Crockcroft Walton voltage multiplier principle. This is followed by a description of the various methods used to detect the fluctuation in the energy of the accelerated ions. The later chapters describe the various ways used to stabilize the energy of the ions, gradually leading the reader to models of more complicated multi-loop stabilizers, composed Table of ContentsCharge Current Control. Voltage and Energy Sensors. The Corona Stabilizer. The Liner Control. Other Control Elements. Multiple-loop Voltage Stabilizers. Energy Modulation. Apendix. Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text provides an introduction to the theoretical methods that are used to analyze each sort of force and provide the reader with a guide to the most appropriate method for a given problem. Examples are used to illustrate the points, and the pitfalls that a novice might encounter are outlined.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory of Intermolecular Interactions (K. Szalewicz & B. Jeziorski). Basis Set Superposition Error (F. van Duijneveldt). Theory and Computation of Vibration, Rotation and Tunneling Motions of Van der Waals Complexes and Their Spectra (A. van der Avoird, et al.). Ab Initio Predictions of the Vibrational Spectra of Some Molecular Complexes: Comparison with Experiment (T. Ford). Conventional and Unconventional Hydrogen-Bonded Ionic Clusters (C. Deakyne). Protein-Ligand Interactions (G. Náray-Szabó). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry is a thoroughly revised and updated version of the highly successful book by Les Ebdon, An Introduction to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The change in title reflects the number of significant developments in the field of atomic spectrometry since publication of the earlier book. New topics include plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Key features: * Self assessment questions throughout book to test understanding * Keywords highlighted to facilitate revision * Practical exercises using modern techniques * Comprehensive bibliography for further reading The accessibility of An Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, makes it an ideal revision text for postgraduates, or for those studying the subject by distance learning.Table of ContentsOverview of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Electrothermal Atomization. Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Special Sample Introduction Techniques. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisMuch data has been collected from experiments on the kinetics of radical reactions in different solids. This text explores the kinetics of solids. It discusses low-molecular matrices, polymers, and examines hydrogen atom transfer, triple carbene reactions and radical pair transformations.Table of ContentsFormally Kinetic Description of Reactions with Dispersion in Reactivity. Influence of Space-Orientation Factors on Reactivity in Solids. Connection of Solid Phase Kinetics with Molecular Dynamics. The Effect of the Structural-Physical Modification on the Kinetics of Radical Reactions. Tunnelling in Solid Phase Reactions. The Kinetic Isotope Effect in Solid Phase Reactions. Kinetics of Photoinitiated Reactions in Solids. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis succinct book is timely reading for anyone who wishes to understand the maze of science and secrecy at the heart of Iran's nuclear ambitions. Writing for the general reader, Jeremy Bernstein draws on his knowledge as a physicist to elucidate the scientific principles and technical hurdles involved in creating nuclear reactors and bombs.Trade ReviewNuclear Iran is part scientific primer, part history with a dash of policy analysis. Here the reader can come to grips—as best as we nonscientific souls can—with the math behind the concept of critical mass in nuclear fission. There [Bernstein] offers a brief but illuminating portrait of Gernot Zippe, the eccentric Austrian-German engineer, captured by the Soviets during World War II, who pioneered the centrifuge model later sold by the Pakistani proliferator A.Q. Khan to North Korea and Iran. Bernstein also details the history of the Iranian nuclear program, beginning with its origins under the Shah. Letting the facts speak for themselves, Bernstein makes it very hard to maintain that the mullahs have peaceful intentions… [I] loved the book. A reader doesn’t need to master every equation to get the conceptual gist, and anyone who publicly opines about Iran would do well to spend an afternoon learning from Jeremy Bernstein. -- Sohrab Ahmari * Wall Street Journal *This very timely book is valuable for anyone interested in learning about the real issues in the negotiations between the U.S. (and other nations) and Iran over their nuclear programs and the consequences of any agreement that is reached. -- A. M. Strauss * Choice *A lucid and fascinating explanation of the science that allows us to think clearly about nuclear Iran. -- Walter Isaacson, author of Steve Jobs and Einstein: His Life and Universe

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Book SynopsisThe new experiments underway at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland may significantly change our understanding of elementary particle physics and, indeed, the universe. Suitable for first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates, this textbook provides an introduction to the field.Trade Review"[T]he book is a valuable and important addition to libraries, personal and institutional. It would serve as an excellent textbook to students taking up research in elementary particle physics and also as a reference volume."--B. Ananthanarayan, Current Science

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Table of Contents1 The Investigation of Hole States in Nuclei by Means of Knockout and Other Reactions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formalism for Knockout and Pickup Reactions.- 2.1. The Matrix Element and Overlap Integral.- 2.2 The Single-Nucleon Case.- 2.3. The Two-Nucleon Case.- 2.4. The Multi-Nucleon Case.- 2.5. Distortion and Finite-Range Effects.- 3. Single-Nucleon Knockout and Related Reactions.- 3.1. Comparison of Knockout and Pickup Reactions.- 3.2. Special Features of Knockout Reactions.- 3.3. Spectroscopic Studies.- 3.4. Proton States.- 3.5. Neutron States.- 4. Cluster Knockout and Related Reactions.- 4.1. Comparison of Knockout and Absorption Processes.- 4.2. The Quasi-Free or Peripheral Model.- 4.3. The Microscopic Model.- 4.4. The Effect of Exchange.- 4.5. Spectroscopic Studies.- 4.6. Comparison with Pickup Reactions.- 5. Other Reactions.- 5.1. Pion Reactions.- 5.2. Kaon Capture.- 5.3. Coulomb Disintegration.- 5.4. Inelastic Scattering to the Continuum.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 High-Energy Scattering from Nuclei.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models of High-Energy Scattering. Scattering of Objects with “Preexisting” Subunits.- 3. Existing Evidence Supporting Our Understanding of the High-Energy Scattering.- 3.1. Scattering from Deuteron.- 3.2. Scattering from 3He, 4He, 6Li, 7Li, and 9Be Targets.- 3.3. Scattering from 12C and 16O Targets.- 3.4. Scattering from 27A1, 64Cu, 208Pb, and 238U Targets.- 3.5. Total Cross Sections.- 4. Scattering of Objects without “Preexisting” Subunits. Scattering from Fluctuations.- 5. Prospects of what Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics Can Learn from High-Energy Nuclear Scattering.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- References.- 3 Nucleosynthesis by Charged-Particle Reactions.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Nuclear and Elemental Abundances.- 1.2. Possible Sites for Nucleosynthesis.- 1.3. Nucleosynthetic Processes.- 2. Charged-Particle Reaction Rates.- 2.1. General Case and Definitions.- 2.2. Nonresonant Charged-Particle Reactions.- 2.3. Isolated Narrow Resonances.- 2.4. Broad Overlapping Resonances.- 2.5. Excited State Reactions.- 2.6. High Level Density Region, Continuum Cross Sections.- 3. Hydrogen Burning.- 3.1. The p-p Chain.- 3.2. The C—N—O Bi-Cycle.- 3.3. Solar Neutrinos.- 4. Helium Burning.- 4.1. The Triple-? Process.- 4.2. The 12C(?, ?)16O Reaction.- 4.3. Further Helium-Burning Reactions and Comparison with Abundances.- 4.4. 14N(?, ?)18F and 18O(?, ?)22Ne.- 5. Synthesis of the Nuclei with 20 ? A ? 60.- 5.1. Quiescent Carbon and Oxygen Burning.- 5.2. Quiescent Silicon Burning.- 5.3. Explosive Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon Burning: Supernovae.- 6. Synthesis of the Nuclei with A ? 60 and the l-Process.- 6.1. The s- and r-Processes.- 6.2. Possible Neutron Sources.- 6.3. The p-Process.- 6.4. The l-Process: Synthesis of D, Li, Be, and B.- 7. Nucleosynthesis in Massive Exploding Objects.- 7.1. Universal Nucleosynthesis.- 7.2. Nucleosynthesis in Supermassive Objects.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 Nucleosynthesis and Neutron-Capture Cross Sections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Neutron Buildup Theory.- 3. Stellar Neutron Sources.- 4. Neutron Capture Cross Sections.- 4.1. Techniques in the Measurement of keV Capture Cross Sections.- 4.2. Maxwellian-Averaged Cross Sections at 30 keV.- 4.3. Comments on Cross-Section Data.- 5. Abundance-Cross-Section Correlations.- 5.1. Abundances.- 5.2. Solar System Ns?(A).- 5.3. Isotopic Tests of Ns?(A).- 5.4. Comments on Ns?(A) and Nr(A).- 5.5. r-Process Abundances—Nr(A).- 5.6. Chronology.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Nuclear Structure Studies in the Z = 50 Region.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Tin Region.- 1.2. Shell-Model Description.- 2. Experimental Data.- 2.1. Even-Mass Tin Isotopes.- 2.2. Odd-Mass Tin Isotopes.- 2.3. Odd-Mass Antimony Isotopes.- 2.4. Odd-Mass Indium Isotopes.- 3. Theoretical Calculations.- 3.1. General Discussion.- 3.2. Comparison with Experimental Results.- 4. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- General References.- Even-Mass Tin Isotopes.- Odd-Mass Tin Isotopes.- Odd-Mass Antimony Isotopes.- Odd-Mass Indium Isotopes.- Pittsburgh Calculations.- Trieste Calculations.- Chalk River Calculations.- 6 An s—d-Shell-Model Study for A = 18–22.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Model Hamiltonians.- 2.1. List of the Hamiltonians Used.- 2.2. Further Comments on the Realistic Two-Body Interactions K and KB.- 2.3. Further Description of the Least-Square Hamiltonians.- 3. Excitation Energies and Spectroscopic Factors.- 3.1. Excitation Energies: Introductory Remarks.- 3.2. Spectroscopic Factors: Introductory Remarks.- 3.3. Nucleus-by-Nucleus Comparison between Experimental Results and K+17O Results.- 3.4. Comparison of Results from Different Hamiltonians.- 4. Ground-State Binding Energies.- 5. Electric Quadrupole Moments and E2 Transitions.- 5.1. The Effective Operator Q2.- 5.2. Shell-Model E2 Results vs Measured E2 Results.- 5.3. Comparison of E2 Results from Different Shell Models.- 5.4. Comparison with E2 Results from Rotational Models.- 6. Magnetic Moments and M1 Transitions.- 6.1. The Effective M1 Operator.- 6.2. Magnetic Moments: Shell-Model vs Experiment.- 6.3. Magnetic Moments: Variation Among Shell-Model Results from Different Hamiltonians.- 6.4. Magnetic Dipole Transitions.- 6.5. Comparison to Ml Results from Rotational Models.- 7. Summary and Final Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A. Shell-Model Basis and Methods.- A.1. Coupling Scheme.- A.2. Phases.- A.3. Computer Codes.- References.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding the nature of the world requires improving our knowledge of the microworld. In this regard, the book gives a fairly comprehensive understanding of the basics of the atom, its structure, and spectral characteristics. The book consistently describes historical experiments with appropriate visual illustrations that help to better understand the development of ideas about the atom. The book contains information about the most basic models of the structure of atoms, ranging from the planetary model of the structure of the atom according to Rutherford, and ending with the basics of quantum theory, which is still relevant today. It is known that atoms can interact with each other, forming more complex structures - molecules, and knowledge about the type of chemical bond between atoms in a molecule is an important aspect in studying the structure of matter and predicting their chemical and physical properties, that can be gained through a logically structured information in the book. Importantly, the book discusses advanced methods for studying matter at the atomic level, including various types of scanning microscopy, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The book will be useful both for those who wish to deepen their knowledge about the atom, the regularities in changing the properties of an atom in the periodic table, modern research methods, and those who are interested in the nature of the world, especially on a nanometer scale.

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Book SynopsisThe reader will find in this collection a clear exposition of the method of the Screen Constant by Nuclear Charge Unit which can be applied in a simple and immediate way to many fields of Physics in relation to atomic spectroscopy.Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xv Introduction xix Part 1 1 Chapter 1. Different Photoionization Processes, Rydberg Series 3 1.1. Photoionization processes 3 1.2. Rydberg Series 10 Chapter 2. Experimental and Theoretical Methods of Photoionization 21 2.1. Experimental methods 21 2.2. Theoretical methods 22 2.3. Absolute photoionization cross-section 24 2.4. Analysis of resonance energies and quantum defect 28 Chapter 3. General Formalism of the Screening Constant by Unit Nuclear Charge Method Applied to Photoionization 33 3.1. Genesis of the screening constant by unit nuclear charge method 33 3.2. Expression of the total energy of three-electron atomic systems 43 3.3. General expressions of the resonance energies and widths of Rydberg series of multi-electron atomic systems 48 Part 2. Applications in the Calculations of Energies and Natural Widths of the Resonance States ofMulti-Electron Atomic Systems 55 Introduction to Part 2 57 Chapter 4. Application to the Calculation of Energies of Two-electron Atomic Systems (Helium-like Systems) 59 4.1. Energy of the ground state of helium-like systems 59 4.2. Energy of the excited states, 1sns 1,3Se, of helium-like systems 61 4.3. Energy of the doubly excited symmetric states, ns2 and np2, of helium-like systems 65 4.4. Calculation of the resonance energies and natural widths of the Rydberg series, 2 (1,0)n1Se, of the helium atom 67 4.5. Effect of the nucleus on the accuracy of semi-empirical calculations 71 4.6. Resonance energy of the Rydberg series, 2 (1,0)n1,3P°and 2 (1,0)n−P°, of the Li+ helium-like ion 72 4.7. Resonance energies of the Rydberg series,1,3Se, of the Li+ helium-like ion converging toward the excitation threshold, n = 2 78 4.8. Calculation of the energies of the Rydberg states,3 (1,1)n 1P0, of helium-like systems 80 4.9. Physical interpretation of the angular-correlation quantum number, K 82 Chapter 5. Calculating the energies of Three-electron Atomic Systems (Lithium-like Systems) 117 5.1. Energy of the ground state of lithium-like systems 117 5.2. Energy of the doubly excited states, ls2snl 2L, of lithium-like systems 119 5.3. Energy of the doubly excited states, ls2sns 2S, of lithium-like systems 123 5.4. Energy of the single excitation states, 1s2nl 2L„Ãn(1 ≤ƒnl ≤ƒn3), of lithium-like systems 132 Chapter 6. Application in the Resonant Photoionization of Atomic Systems of Atomic Numbers Z = 4–12 149 6.1. Resonance energies of the Rydberg series, (2pns 1P°) and (2pnd 1P°), of beryllium 149 6.2. Resonance energies of the excited states, 1s2p4 2,4L, of five-electron atomic systems (boron-like systems) 153 6.3. Energies and widths of the Rydberg series, 2pns 1,3P°and 2pnd 1.3P°, of the beryllium-like B+ ion 164 6.4. Energies and widths of the Rydberg series, 2pnl 1,3P°, of beryllium-like ions C2+, N3+. ….. and Ar14+ 181 6.5. Resonance energies of the Rydberg series, 2s22p4 (1D2)ns, nd, 2s22p4 (1S0)ns, nd and 2s2p5 (3P2)np, of the Ne+ ion 206 6.6. Energies of the Rydberg series, 2s22p2 (1D)nd (2L), 2s22p2 (1S)nd (2L), 2s2p3(5S0)np (4P) and 2s22p3 (3D)np, of the F2+ ion 222 6.7. Energies and widths of the Rydberg series, 3pns 1.3P, 3pnd 1.3P and 3pnd 3D, of magnesium (Mg) 230 6.8. Energies and widths of several resonance states resulting from the photoexcitation 1s →2p of the N3+ and N4+ ions 245 Chapter 7. Resonant Photoionization of Sulfur (S) and Ar+, Se+, Se2+ and Kr+ Ions 255 7.1. Photoionization of sulfur 255 7.2. Photoionization of the krypton ion (Kr+) 264 7.3. Photoionization of the Argon ion (Ar+) 270 7.4. Resonant photoionization of the selenium ions, Se+, Se2+ and Se3+ 283 Conclusion 319 Appendices 325 Appendix 1. Detailed Calculation of the Screening Constant by Unit Nuclear Charge Relative to the Ground State of Two-electron Atomic Systems 327 Appendix 2. Formalism of Slater’s Atomic Orbital Theory 335 Appendix 3. Modified Formalism of the Atomic Orbital Theory 341 Bibliography 353 Index 371

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a complete panorama of the pressurized water reactor industry, beginning from its origin in the USA and the realization of nuclear engines for naval propulsion, to its most recent developments in the field of civil energy production, particularly in France with the 56 reactors of the multinational electric utility company, Electricité de France (EDF). This comprehensive two-volume masterwork features detailed descriptions of all the crucial components driving a pressurized water nuclear reactor. Volume 1 deals with the main components, such as the main primary circuit, the reactor core, and the steam generators. Volume 2 covers the secondary circuit and the cold source, including components such as the turbine, condenser, alternator, transformers and power supply. Written by Serge Marguet, a leading specialist in reactor physics and author of several books on the subject, this book draws on his experience of more than 35 years in research and development at EDF, a global leader in civil nuclear energy. Featuring a richly illustrated, full-color iconography, as well as a detailed index and bibliography, The Technology of Pressurized Water Reactors is an indispensable work for seasoned nuclear energy professionals, as well as inquisitive newcomers to the field.Table of ContentsHistory of the pressurized water reactor type.- The nuclear island.- The primary circuit.- The vessel and its internals.- Reactor core and fuel.- The secondary circuit.- The main circuits.- The turbine-generator unit and electricity production.- Towards the pressurized water reactors of the 21st century.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on the lectures given at the “Euroschool on Exotic Beams” and collects contributions which address topics from the traditional core of the field of exotic nuclei like nuclear structure far from stability, discussing recent theoretical developments and state-of-the-art experimental methods. It provides also new perspectives in nuclear astrophysics and in applied areas such as gamma-ray emission imaging. The contributions are written with a pedagogical approach and carefully edited in order to provide the readership with a clear and fluent reading. The book is intended for PhD students and young researchers who are approaching the new research lines in nuclear physics with exotic nuclei. Only basics concepts on quantum mechanics and nuclear physics are requested to follow and master the covered arguments.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Nuclear structure at the limits of stability. The theory view.Authors: Frederic Nowacki and Alfredo Poves Introduction The Shell Model as Unified View of Nuclear Structure; A primer Shell Evolution and Correlations N=40: from 68Ni to 80Zr N=50: from 78Ni to 100Sn Islands of inversion and their mergings Conclusions Chapter 2: Low-energy Coulomb excitation and nuclear deformation Author: Magda ZielinskaAbstract: Coulomb excitation is one of the rare methods available to obtain information on static electromagnetic moments of short-lived exited nuclear states. In the scattering of two nuclei, the electromagnetic field that acts between them causes their excitation. The process selectively populates low-lying collective states and is therefore ideally suited to study nuclear collectivity. While these experiments used to be restricted to stable isotopes, the advent of new facilities, providing intense beams of short-lived radioactive species has opened the possibility to apply this powerful technique to a much wider range of nuclei. In this chapter, we will discuss observables that can be measured in a Coulomb-excitation experiment, and their relation to nuclear structure parameters and, in particular, nuclear shape. Selected examples of recent low-energy Coulomb excitation studies will be presented to illustrate the potential of this technique to investigate phenomena such as shape coexistence and octupole collectivity.Introduction Semiclassical approximation of low-energy Coulomb excitation Nuclear deformation and quadrupole sum rules Reorientation effect Relative signs of electromagnetic matrix elements Experimental considerations Beam and target requirements Particle detectors for stable and radioactive beam experiments Normalization of experimental Coulomb-excitation cross sections Recent results Shape coexistence Octupole collectivity Summary and outlookChapter 3: Ab Initio Approaches to Nuclear Structure Author: Robert Roth Abstract: I will present an overview of modern ab initio approaches to nuclear structure, focusing on basis expansion methods, such as the no-core shell model. Starting from interactions derived within chiral effective field theory, the individual stages on an ab initio calculation will be discussed, starting from a pre-processing stage based on the similarity renormalization group, followed by the solution of the many-body Schrödinger equation in a finite model space, and completed by a post-processing stage including the quantification of theory uncertainties using Bayesian methods. I will put particular emphasis on the recent advances in the context of hybrid methods that use another many-body scheme, such as many-body perturbation theory or the in-medium similarity renormalization group to accelerate the convergence of the no-core shell model. In order to demonstrate the potential and the perspectives of such ab initio approaches, I will highlight several recent applications. Introduction Nuclear Hamiltonian Pre-Processing: Similarity Renormalization Group Many-Body Solution: No-Core Shell Model Hybrid Methods: In-Medium No-Core Shell Model Post-Processing: Theory Uncertainties Recent Applications Conclusion & Outlook Chapter 4: Nuclear data and experiments for astrophysics Authors: Stephan Goriely and Anu Kankainen Abstract: Nuclear astrophysics aims to understand the origin of elements and the role of astrophysical processes in astrophysical events. Nuclear reactions and reaction rates depend strongly on nuclear properties and on the astrophysical environment. Nuclear inputs for stellar reaction rates involve a variety of nuclear properties, theoretical models and experimental data. Experiments providing data for nuclear astrophysics range from stable ion beam direct measurements to radioactive beam experiments employing inverse kinematics or indirect methods. Many properties relevant for astrophysical calculations, such as nuclear masses and beta decays, have also been intensively studied. This contribution shortly introduces selected astrophysical processes, discusses the related nuclear data needs and gives examples of recent experimental efforts in the field. Introduction: Origin of elements and astrophysical processes Nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest Data needed for various nucleosynthesis processes Experiments for nuclear astrophysics Nuclear reactions Nuclear properties (focus on masses and beta-decay studies) Summary and Outlook Chapter 5: State-of-the-art gamma-ray spectrometers for in-beam measurements Authors: Caterina Michelagnoli and Francesco Recchia Abstract: The nuclear structure of nuclei in different regions of the nuclear chart is a still unresolved puzzle for nuclear theory. The quest for a comprehensive understanding of the structure of all nuclei as well as for precise observables important for nuclear astrophysics needs precise observables. Those have been obtained in the last decades by using the resolution and efficiency of arrays of HPGe detectors. In those Notes a review of the main spectroscopy techniques will be reported. After an historical overview of the main spectrometers that contributed to our nowadays knowledge in nuclear structure, the principles of advanced gamma-ray tracking will be described. The setup and functioning of array based on this technique will be thus reported and some first results introduced.Introduction Generalities History Advanced gamma-ray tracking General Idea Digital signal processing Count-rate capabilities Position resolution and pulse shape analysis Gamma-ray tracking Selected highlights from instrumental point of view Doppler correction capabilities Lifetime measurements with Doppler techniques Chapter 6: Nuclear structure studies with active targets Author: Riccardo Raabe Abstract: The use of gaseous detectors in nuclear structure studies presents several challenges and interesting opportunities. In the last twenty years, active targets have been developed to address those challenges. In this paper we will review the characteristics of these instruments and how they can be used to great effect in a wide range of physics cases. Introduction Principles of active targets Physics cases and examples Chapter 7: Gamma ray emission imaging in the medical and nuclear safeguards fieldsAuthor: Peter Dendooven Abstract: Gamma rays can penetrate through a substantial amount of material. Therefore, the locations within an object from where gamma rays originate can be imaged by measuring the gamma rays escaping from the object. This technique of gamma ray emission imaging is introduced on the basis of its application in three different fields: nuclear medicine, particle beam radiotherapy and nuclear safeguards. To set the stage, the role and power of gamma ray emission imaging in these fields is demonstrated. Next, the principles of gamma ray emission imaging are reviewed. It will become clear how the basic principles lead to the essential instrument design considerations. Iterative image reconstruction will be explained in a non-mathematical way. Implementation of gamma ray emission imaging will be illustrated by discussing in some detail its state-of-the-art application in the three fields considered here.Applications of gamma ray emission imaging Nuclear medicine Particle beam radiotherapy Nuclear safeguards Principles of gamma ray emission imaging Basic principles Essential instrument design considerations Iterative image reconstruction Examples of gamma ray emission imaging Nuclear medicine Particle beam radiotherapy Nuclear safeguards Conclusions

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This book gives a detailed discussion of the initial enthusiasm triggered by the discovery of x-rays and radioactive radiation which later turned into fear and repulsion in a significant part of the global population up to the 21st century.After a historical review, the author discusses the effect of ionizing radiation on living cells, tissues and organisms. He then describes the relationship between the dose of radiation and the effect it produces. He shows how the dose-effect dependence is measured and what models of describing such dependences are used. He also discusses how radiation acts on living organisms: disorders in the genetic apparatus, mutation formation and so on. The book also includes detailed descriptions of the results of numerous health studies of large groups of people who, for one reason or another, were exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation, including those that significantly exceed the natural radiation background. The author concludes that low doses of radiation are safe and can even be beneficial (as known from medical radiation treatment); and also that the natural radiation background is necessary for the normal growth and development and well-being of a living organism. The author also discusses cases and effects of large doses, arguing, however, that dangerous doses of radiation are very unlikely. This book challenges radio-phobia. It not only offers arguments helping to overcome an unreasonable fear but, based on the latest understanding of science, argues to gradually move back, not to the former radio-euphoria, but to a new, conscious attitude towards radiation.

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Book SynopsisThis open access textbook introduces beginning undergraduate students and high school students to the world of quantum mechanics and atomic spectroscopy. Requiring no previous knowledge of physics and no math beyond basic algebra and sines and cosines, this book focuses on concepts to make the excitement of atomic physics more accessible for learners than ever before. It comes replete with learning goals, exercises and solutions, and an optional experimental component, making this text readily adoptable for both the classroom and the undergraduate lab. The book takes the reader on a lively and engaging tour through topics at the forefront of current science, including photons, quantum numbers, atomic energy levels, some different spectroscopy techniques, electronic structure, atomic notation, angular momentum, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, the strong force, an introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and more.This is an open access book.

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Book SynopsisThis expanded and updated well-established textbook contains an advanced presentationof quantum mechanics adapted to the requirements of modern atomic physics. Itincludes topics of current interest such as semiclassical theory, chaos, atom optics andBose-Einstein condensation in atomic gases. In order to facilitate the consolidationof the material covered, various problems are included, together with completesolutions. The emphasis on theory enables the reader to appreciate the fundamentalassumptions underlying standard theoretical constructs and to embark on independentresearch projects.The fourth edition of Theoretical Atomic Physics contains anupdated treatment of the sections involving scattering theory and near-thresholdphenomena manifest in the behaviour of cold atoms (and molecules). Special attentionis given to the quantization of weakly bound states just below the continuum thresholdand to low-energy scattering and quantum reflection just above. Particular emphasisis laid on the fundamental differences between long-ranged Coulombic potentialsand shorter-ranged potentials falling off faster than 1/r2 at large distances r. The newsections on tunable near-threshold Feshbach resonances and on scattering in two spatialdimensions also address problems relevant for current and future research in the fieldof cold (and ultra-cold) atoms. Graduate students and researchers will find this book avaluable resource and comprehensive reference alike.Trade Review“The book represents a modern and extended course in Quantum mechanics with applications to some areas of recent scientific interest. … the book is very complete, competent and useful for a large circle of researchers in areas of actual theoretical physics, beginning from atomic optics, Bose-condensates and lasting with traditional atomic physics.” (Yuliya S. Mishura, zbMATH 1368.81003, 2017)Table of ContentsReview of Quantum Mechanics.- Atoms and Ions.- Atomic Spectra.- Simple Reactions.- Special Topics.- Appendix.- Solutions to the Problems.- Special Mathematical Functions.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a self-contained derivation of van der Waals and Casimir type dispersion forces, covering the interactions between two atoms but also between microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic objects of various shapes and materials. It also presents detailed and general prescriptions for finding the normal modes and the interactions in layered systems of planar, spherical and cylindrical types, with two-dimensional sheets, such as graphene incorporated in the formalism. A detailed derivation of the van der Waals force and Casimir-Polder force between two polarizable atoms serves as the starting point for the discussion of forces: Dispersion forces, of van der Waals and Casimir type, act on bodies of all size, from atoms up to macroscopic objects. The smaller the object the more these forces dominate and as a result they play a key role in modern nanotechnology through effects such as stiction. They show up in almost all fields of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and even cosmology. Written by a condensed matter physicist in the language of condensed matter physics, the book shows readers how to obtain the electromagnetic normal modes, which for metallic systems, is especially useful in the field of plasmonics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Part I - Background Material.- Electromagnetic.- Complex Analysis.- Statistical Physics.- Electromagnetic Normal Modes.- Different Approaches.- General Method to find the Normal Modes in Layered Structures.- Part II - Non-retarded Formalism: van der Waals.- Van der Waals Force.- Van der Waals Interaction in Planar Structures.- Van der Waals Interaction in Spherical Structures.- Van der Waals Interaction in Cylindrical Structures.- Part III - Fully Retarded Formalism: Casimir.- Casimir Interaction.- Dispersion Interaction in Planar Structures.- Dispersion Interaction in Spherical Structures.- Dispersion Interaction in Cylindrical Structures.- Summary and Outlook.

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Book SynopsisDer Inhalt dieses Buches entspricht in seinem Umfang ungefähr einer einsemestrigen Einführungsvorlesung in die Atomphysik. Vorausgesetzt werden einige Kenntnisse aus der Mechanik und Elektrodynamik sowie Grundkenntnisse in Vektor-und Differential­ rechnung. Vertrautheit mit der Quantenmechanik wird nicht unbedingt vorausgesetzt. Natürlich ist sie nützlich, und der Leser wird dann einiges überschlagen können. Aber der vor­ liegende Text ist vor allem auch für Studenten gedacht, die etwa gleichzeitig mit dem Studium der Atomphysik und der Quantenmechanik beginnen, oder die sich auf die Quantenmechanik erst vorbereiten wollen. Schließlich hat sich die Quantenmechanik historisch an der Atomphysik entwickelt und ist auch in der Darstellung nicht gut von ihr zu trennen. Daher werden in dem vorliegenden Text, ausgehend von den experimen­ tellen Grundlagen, zunächst die einfachsten quantenmechanischen Begriffe erläutert. Es wird dann im weiteren hauptsächlich von der Schrödingergleichung und von einfachen Symmetrie-Betrachtungen Gebrauch gemacht. Diese Darlegungen können und sollen ein reguläres Studium der Quantenmechanik natürlich nicht ersetzen_ Sie sollen aber eine gewisse Ergänzung dadurch bieten, daß die Perspektiven anders liegen als bei einer theo­ retischen Einführung in die Quantenmechanik. Diese Wiederholung beim Lernen schadet nicht, im Gegenteil: alle Erfahrung zeigt, daß kaum jemand in der Lage ist, Quanten­ mechanik auf Anhieb zu lernen und damit umzugehen. Das Verständnis der Quanten­ mechanik entsteht vielmehr normalerweise durch längere Gewöhnung und durch ein vielfaches Durchdenken der Probleme aus verschiedenen Blickrichtungen.Table of Contents1 Die Grundlagen.- 1.1 Einleitung: Was ist Atomphysik?.- 1.2 Fundamentale Experimente.- 1.3 Die Quantelung der Energie.- 1.4 Spektroskopie, praktische Einheiten.- 1.5 Grenzen der klassischen Beschreibung, Bohrsches Modell.- 2 Teilchen und Wellen.- 2.1 Teilcheninterferenzen.- 2.2 Wellenpakete, Unschärferelation.- 2.3 Die Schrödinger-Gleichung.- 2.4 Einfachste Anwendungen: Rechteckpotential, harmonischer Oszillator.- 3 Einfache Zustände des Wasserstoffatoms.- 3.1 Die Schrödinger-Gleichung im Zentralfeld.- 3.2 Eigenzustände des Wasserstoffatoms.- 3.3 Eigenschaften des Drehimpulses.- 3.4 Diskussion der Wasserstoff-Wellenfunktionen.- 4 Magnetfeld und Spin des Elektrons.- 4.1 Magnetische Momente.- 4.2 Der Spin des Elektrons.- 4.3 Formale Beschreibung des Spins.- 4.4 Relativistische Behandlung des Elektrons.- 5 Vollständige Beschreibung des Wasserstoffspektrums.- 5.1 Spin-Bahn-Kopplung.- 5.2 Die Feinstruktur.- 5.3 Die Hyperfeinstruktur.- 5.4 Quantenelektrodynamische Effekte, Lamb-Shift.- 6 Die Emission von Lichtquanten.- 6.1 Empirisches zu den Auswahlregeln und den Eigenschaften der Quanten.- 6.2 Der Zeeman-Effekt. Weiteres zu den Lichtquanten.- 6.3 Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten, induzierte und spontane Emission.- 6.4 Die Lebensdauer angeregter Zustände und die Breite von Spektrallinien.- 7 Identische Teilchen.- 7.1 Fermionen und Bosonen.- 7.2 Fermionensysteme, Pauli-Prinzip.- 7.3 Das Heliumatom.- 8 Atome mit mehreren Elektronen.- 8.1 Modelle mit unabhängigen Teilchen.- 8.2 Das Schalenmodell der Hülle.- 8.3 Röntgenspektren.- 8.4 Spektren komplexer Atome.- 9 Die Wechselwirkung der Elektronenhülle mit mangnetischen und elektrischen Feldern.- 9.1 Hyperfeinstruktur komplexer Atome.- 9.2 Atome im äußeren Magnetfeld.- 9.3 Die magnetische Aufspaltung der Hyperfeinstruktur-Terme.- 9.4 Der Stark-Effekt.- 10 Kohärente und inkohärente Strahlungsquellen.- 10.1 Systeme mit vielen Bosonen.- 10.2 Hohlraumstrahlung.- 10.3 Maser und Laser.- 11 Ungewöhnliche Atome.- 11.1 Allgemeines.- 11.2 Positronium und Myonium.- 11.3 Myonische Atome.- 11.4 Hadronische Atome.- 12 Gebundene Atome.- 12.1 Übersicht.- 12.2 Die Ionenbindung.- 12.3 Das Wasserstoffmolekül, die kovalente Bindung.- 12.4 Molekülanregungen.- 12.5 Elektronenzustände im Festkörper.- Anhang A 1. Komplexe Zahlen; Beschreibung der ebenen Welle.- Anhang A 2. Vergleich verschiedener Darstellungsformen der quantenmechanischen Größen.- Literaturhinweise.- Spektraltafel.

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Book SynopsisAls im August 1845, so berichtet die Anekdote, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , König von Preußen, die neuerrichtete Sternwarte der Universität in Bonn besuchte und den Astronomen mit den Worten begrüßte: "Na, Argelander, was gibt es Neues am Himmel?", erhielt er zur Antwort: "Kennen Majestät schon das Alte?" Die kleine Geschichte beleuchtet ein Dilemma, dem zu allen Zeiten Lernende und Lehrende gleichermaßen gegenüberstehen. Es ist deshalb die Hauptaufgabe eines einführenden Lehrbuchs, das Alte im Hinblick auf das Neue zu vermitteln. Die Zielsetzung des vorliegenden Studienbuches ist es daher, eine Übersicht über die etablierten Erscheinungen und Beschreibungskonzepte zu geben und die moderneren Perspektiven erkennbar werden zu lassen. Das Buch befaßt sich weder mit experimen­ tellen noch mit theoretischen Techniken. Der Text beginnt zur Einführung mit der klassischen Behandlung elastischer Streuung anhand der Rutherford-Streuung. Streuprobleme werden dann im Kapitel4 ausführlicher besprochen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Grundlage für KapitelS über Kernkräfte und Kapitel? über Kernreaktio­ nen. In den Kapiteln 2 und 3 werden dazwischen die wichtigsten Grundzustandseigen­ schaften der Kerne und die Bedingungen des radioaktiven Zerfalls behandelt. Die Erscheinungen des ß-Zerfalls werden als Übergang zur Physik der Elementarteilchen im letzten Kapitel dargestellt. Entsprechend der Zielsetzung des Buches wurden Gegenstände wie etwa der Durchgang ionisierender Strahlung durch Materie nicht besprochen. Sie sind zwar in der Kernphysik technisch sehr wichtig, gehören aber der Problemstellung nach in die Atom- und Festkörperphysik. Bei der hier vorliegenden ergänzten und korrigierten 5. Auflage wurden die bewährte Gliederung und der Hauptteil des Textes beibehalten.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Eigenschaften stabiler Kerne.- 3 Zerfall instabiler Kerne.- 4 Elastische Streuung.- 5 Kernkräfte und starke Wechselwirkung.- 6 Kernmodelle.- 7 Kernreaktionen.- 8 ?-Zerfall und schwache Wechselwirkung.- Einheiten, Konstanten, Umrechnungsfaktoren und Formeln für kernphysikalische Rechnungen.- Literaturhinweise auf Lehrbücher und Standardwerke.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Teilcheneigenschaften von Wellen.- 1.1 Der photoelektrische Effekt.- 1.2 Die Quantentheorie des Lichts.- 1.3 Röntgenstrahlen.- 1.4 Die Beugung von Röntgenstrahlen.- 1.5 Der Comptoneffekt.- 1.6 Rotverschiebung im Gravitationsfeld.- 1.7 Aufgaben.- 2. Welleneigenschaften von Teilchen.- 2.1 De Broglie-Wellen.- 2.2 Die Wellenfunktion.- 2.3 Die Geschwindigkeit der de Broglie-Welle.- 2.4 Gruppen- und Phasengeschwindigkeiten.- 2.5 Die Streuung von Teilchen.- 2.6 Das Unschärfeprinzip.- 2.7 Anwendungen des Unschärfeprinzips.- 2.8 Die Qualität von Welle und Teilchen.- 2.9 Aufgabe.- 3. Atomstruktur.- 3.1 Atommodelle.- 3.2 Das Thomson-Modell.- 3.3 ?-Teilchen-Streuung.- 3.4 Die Rutherfordsche Streuformel.- 3.5 Die Größe der Kerne.- 3.6 Elektronenbahnen.- 3.7 Das Versagen der klassischen Physik.- 3.8 Aufgaben.- 4. Das Bohrsche Atommodell.- 4.1 Atomspektren.- 4.2 Das Bohrsche Atom.- 4.3 Energieniveaus und Spektren.- 4.4 Anregung von Atomen.- 4.5 Das Experiment von Franck und Hertz.- 4.6 Das Korrespondenzprinzip.- 4.7 Kernbewegung und reduzierte Masse.- 4.8 Wasserstoffähnliche Atome.- 4.9 Aufgaben.- 5. Die Schrödinger-Gleichung.- 5.1 Quantemechanik.- 5.2 Die Wellenfunktion.- 5.3 Die Wellengleichung.- 5.4 Schrödinger-Gleichung: zeitabhängige Form.- 5.5 Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsstrom.- 5.6 Erwartungswerte.- 5.7 Operatoren.- 5.8 Schrödinger-Gleichung: stationäre Zustände.- 5.9 Eigenwerte und Eigenfunktionen.- 5.10 Aufgaben.- 6. Anwendungen der Quantenmechanik.- 6.1 Das Teilchen im Kasten: Quantisierung der Energie.- 6.2 Das Teilchen im Kasten: Wellenfunktionen.- 6.3 Das Teilchen im Kasten: Quantisierung des Impulses.- 6.4 Das Teilchen in einem endlichen Potentialtopf.- 6.5 Der harmonische Oszillator.- 6.6 Der harmonische Osziallator: Energieniveaus.- 6.7 Der harmonische Oszillator: Wellenfunktionen.- 6.8 Das Teilchen in einem dreidimensionalen Kasten.- 6.9 Aufgaben.- 7. Quantentheorie des Wasserstoffatoms.- 7.1 Die Schrödinger-Gleichung des Wasserstoffatoms.- 7.2 Separation der Variablen.- 7.3 Quantenzahlen.- 7.4 Gesamtquantenzahl.- 7.5 Orbital-Quantenzahl.- 7.6 Magnetische Quantenzahl.- 7.7 Der normale Zeemann-Effekt.- 7.8 Der Drehimpuls.- 7.9 Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte des Elektrons.- 7.10 Aufgaben.- 8 Atome mit mehreren Elektronen.- 8.1 Der Spin des Elektrons.- 8.2 Spin-Bahn-Kopplung.- 8.3 Das Ausschließungsprinzip.- 8.4 Elektronenfigurationen.- 8.5 Das Periodensystem der Elemente.- 8.6 Die Hundsche Regel.- 8.7 Der Gesamtdrehimpuls.- 8.8 LS-Kopplung.- 8.9 jj-Kopplung.- 8.10 Aufgaben.- 9. Atomspektren.- 9.1 Der Ursprung der Spektrallinien.- 9.2 Auswahlregeln.- 9.3 Spektren von Einelektronensystemen.- 9.4 Spektren von Systemen mit zwei Elektronen.- 9.5 Röntgenspektren.- 9.6 Aufgaben.- 10. Die chemische Bindung.- 10.1 Bildung von Molekülen.- 10.2 Kovalente Bindung.- 10.3 Da H2+-Ion.- 10.4 Die LCAO-Methode.- 10.5 Das H2-Molekül.- 10.6 Die Ionenbindung.- 10.7 Aufgaben.- 11. Molekülstruktur.- 11.1 Verschiedene Theorien.- 11.2 Die Valenz-Bindungs-Methode.- 11.3 Molekülorbitale.- 11.4 Elektronegativität.- 11.5 Mehratomige Moleküle.- 11.6 Hybrid-Orbitale.- 11.7 Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen.- 11.8 Der Benzol-Ring.- 11.9 Aufgaben.- 12. Molekülspektren.- 12.1 Energieniveaus der Rotation: Zweiatomige Moleküle.- 12.2 Energieniveaus der Rotation: Mehratomige Moleküle.- 12.3 Rotationsspektren.- 12.4 Isotopieeffekte.- 12.5 Schwingungen zweiatomiger Moleküle: Energieniveaus.- 12.6 Energieniveaus mehratomiger Moleküle.- 12.7 Rotations-Schwingungs-Spektren.- 12.8 Elektronenspektren.- 12.9 Aufgaben.- 13. Statistische Mechanik.- 13.1 Der Phasenraum.- 13.2 Die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Verteilung.- 13.3 Die wahrscheinlichste Verteilung.- 13.4 Die Maxwell-Boltzmann-Statistik.- 13.5 Molekülgeschwindigkeiten.- 13.6 Rotationsspektren.- 13.7 Aufgaben.- 14. Quantenstatistik.- 14.1 Die Bose-Einstein-Statistik.- 14.2 Hohlraumstrahlung.- 14.3 Die Formel von Rayleigh und Jeans.- 14.4 Die Plancksche Strahlungsformel.- 14.5 Die Fermi-Dirac-Statistik.- 14.6 Vergleich der Ergebnisse.- 14.7 Übergänge zwischen Zuständen.- 14.8 Maser und Laser.- 14.9 Aufgaben.- 15. Bindung in Festkörpern.- 15.1 Amorphe Festkörper.- 15.2 Ionenkristalle.- 15.3 Kovalente Kristalle.- 15.4 Van der Waalssche Kräfte.- 15.5 Die Wasserstoffbrücken.- 15.6 Die metallische Bindung.- 15.7 Ein- und zweidimensionale Kristalle.- 15.8 Aufgaben.- 16. Kristallstruktur.- 16.1 Bravais-Gitter.- 16.2 Einige Kristallstrukturen.- 16.3 Atomradien.- 16.4 Punktdefekte.- 16.5 Versetzungen.- 16.6 Aufgaben.- 17. Spezifische Wärme von Festkörpern.- 17.1 Thermische Schwingungen: Frequenzen.- 17.2 Thermische Schwingungen: Amplituden.- 17.3 Spezifische Wärme von Festkörpern.- 17.4 Die Einsteinsche Theorie.- 15.7 Die Theorie von Debye.- 17.6 Die Fermi-Energie.- 17.7 Die Verteilung der Elektronenenergien.- 17.8 Spezifische Wärme der Elektronen.- 17.9 Aufgaben.- 18. Bändertheorie des Festkörpers.- 18.1 Energiebänder.- 18.2 Dotierte Halbleiter.- 18.3 Das Ohmsche Gesetz.- 18.4 Brillouin-Zonen.- 18.5 Verbotene Energiebänder.- 18.6 Elektrischer Widerstand.- 18.7 Die effektive Masse.- 18.8 Aufgaben.- Sachwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisRadioaktivität, natürliche und künstliche, ist ein Teil unseres täglichen Lebens, Fragen der Radioaktivität sind ein wichtiger Gegenstand öffentlicher Diskussion. Dieses Buch bringt gut verständlich und nüchtern die Fakten: zur Entstehung der unterschiedlichen radioaktiven Strahlen, zu ihren Eigenschaften und zu ihren Wirkungen auf Mensch und Materie. Strahlungsmessung und -meßgeräte sowie wesentliche Radioaktivitätsmethoden aus Forschung, Medizin und Technik werden ebenso ausführlich erläutert wie die Strahlenbelastung des Menschen, Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte und die Plutoniumproblematik.Table of Contents1. Einleitung.- 2. Grundlagen.- 2.1 Physikalische Größen und Maßeinheiten.- 2.2 Struktur der Materie.- 2.3 Elementarteilchen.- 2.4 Strahlung.- 3. Erhaltungssätze.- 3.1 Erhaltung von Impuls, Drehimpuls und Energie.- 3.2 Zentralkräfte, Bindungsenergie.- 3.3 Quantenmechanische Aspekte.- 3.4 Relativistische Aspekte.- 3.5 Kernbindungsenergie.- 3.6 Weitere Erhaltungssätze.- 4. Strahlung aus Elektronenhülle und Atomkern.- 4.1 Herkunft der Strahlung.- 4.2 Atomübergänge.- 4.2.1 Energiebetrachtungen.- 4.2.2 Atomzerfälle.- 4.3 Kernzerfälle.- 4.3.1 Gammazerfall.- 4.3.2 Betazerfall.- 4.3.3 Alphazerfall.- 4.3.4 Weitere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten.- 4.3.5 Zusammenfassung.- 5. Zeitliches Verhalten.- 5.1 Zerfallsgesetz und Aktivität.- 5.2 Mehrere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten, Beispiel 40K.- 5.3 Zerfallsketten.- 5.4 Altersbestimmung von Mineralien.- 5.5 Zerfallsstatistik.- 5.6 Radioaktiver Zerfall und Determinismus.- 6. Durchgang von Strahlung durch Materie.- 6.1 Überblick.- 6.2 Protonen und ?-Teilchen.- 6.2.1 Energieverlust pro Wegstreckenintervall.- 6.2.2 Streuung des Energieverlustes.- 6.2.3 Reichweite.- 6.3 Elektronen.- 6.3.1 Anregung und Ionisation.- 6.3.2 Brems Strahlung.- 6.3.3 Cerenkov-Strahlung.- 6.4 Neutronen.- 6.4.1 Streuung.- 6.4.2 Einfang in einen Atomkern.- 6.5 Röntgen- und ?-Strahlung.- 6.5.1 Photoeffekt.- 6.5.2 Compton-Effekt.- 6.5.3 Paarbildung.- 6.5.4 Schwächungskoeffizienten.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- 7. Strahlungsmessung.- 7.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 7.2 Strahlungsmeßgeräte.- 7.2.1 Gasionisationsdetektoren.- 7.2.2 Szintillatoren.- 7.2.3 Halbleiter-Detektoren.- 7.2.4 Weitere Nachweisverfahren.- 7.3 Durchführung von Messungen.- 7.3.1 Aktivitätsmessung.- 7.3.2 Gammaspektroskopie.- 7.3.3 Dosismessungen.- 7.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 7.4.1 Aufklärung der Photosynthese.- 7.4.2 Radioimmunoassay.- 7.4.3 Organszintigraphie.- 7.4.4 Aktivierungsanalyse.- 7.4.5 Anwendungen in der Technik.- 8. Strahlung und Mensch.- 8.1 Biologische Wirkung von ionisierender Strahlung.- 8.2 Strahlendosis und Strahlenschutz.- 8.2.1 Dosisgrößen.- 8.2.2 Dosisberechnung.- 8.2.3 Strahlenschutzvorschriften.- 8.3 Strahlenbelastung des Menschen.- 8.3.1 Herkunft der Strahlenbelastung.- 8.3.2 Gesundheitsrisiko.- 9. Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte.- 9.1 Vorbetrachtung.- 9.2 Kernspaltung.- 9.3 Kettenreaktion.- 9.4 Energieerzeugung.- 9.5 Spaltprodukte.- 9.6 Sicherheitsfragen.- 10. Plutonium.- Nachwort.- AI Relativistische Beziehung zwischen Masse und Energie..- A2 Nichtrelativistische Stoßkinematik.- A3 Wirkungsquerschnitt.- A4 Zum Energieverlust geladener Teilchen.- A5 Zur Poisson-Statistik beim radioaktiven Zerfall.- Weiterführende Literatur.- Personenverzeichnis.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book Synopsis1 Relativistische Wellengleichungen.- 1.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 1.2 Betrachtungen zur Schrödingergleichung.- 1.3 Die Klein-Gordon-Gleichung.- 1.4 Die Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.5 Nichtrelativistischer Grenzfall der Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.6 Dirac-Gleichung für ein Elektron im elektromagnetischen Feld.- 1.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 2 Relativistische Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.1 Vierervektoren, Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.2 Die ?-Matrizen.- 2.3 Ebene Wellen. Dirac-Spinoren.- 2.4 Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.5 Spin des Elektrons.- 2.6 Skalare und vektorielle Bilinearformen.- 2.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 3 Interpretation der Lösungen negativer Energie.- 3.1 Stückelberg-Feynman-Bild der Antiteilchen.- 3.2 Die Wellenfunktionen des Positrons.- 3.3 Übungsaufgaben.- 4 Feynman-Graphen.- 4.1 Greensche Punktion.- 4.2 Elektron-Propagator.- 4.3 Matrixelement für Elektronenstreuung.- 4.4 Photon-Propagator.- 4.5 Feynman-Regeln.- 4.6 Übungsaufgaben.- 5 Anwendung der Feynman-Graphen.- 5.1 Streuung nichtrelativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2 Streuung relativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.3 Elektron-Fermion-Streuung.- 5.4 Myon-Paarerzeugung.- 5.5 Elektron-Elektron- und Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.6 Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Symmetrie.- 5.7 Compton-Streuung und Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in ?-Quanten.- 5.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 6 Schwache Wechselwirkungen.- 6.1 Fermi-Theorie, intermediäre Bosonen.- 6.2 Paritätsverletzung, (V-A)-Theorie.- 6.3 Pion-Zerfall.- 6.4 Neutrino-Lepton-Reaktionen.- 6.5 Schwache Wechselwirkungen von Hadronen, Cabibbo-Winkel.- 6.6 Schwache neutrale Ströme.- 6.7 Schwacher Isospin, Charm-Quark.- 6.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 7 Lepton-Quark-Wechselwirkungen, Parton-Modell.- 7.1 Einführung.- 7.2 Elektron-Kern-Streuung, Formfaktor.- 7.3 Nukleon-Formfaktoren.- 7.4 InelastischeElektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.5 Skaleninvarianz und Parton-Modell.- 7.6 Quark-Parton-Modell.- 7.7 Tief inelastische Neutrino-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.8 Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in Hadronen.- 7.9 Lepton-Paarerzeugung in Hadron-Stö?en.- 7.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 8 Divergenz-Probleme in der schwachen Wechselwirkung.- Überschreiten der Unitaritätsgrenze bei der Punkt- Wechselwirkung.- Divergenzen im W-Boson-Modell.- Kompensation der Divergenz durch ein neutrales Feldquant.- 9 Eichinvarianz als dynamisches Prinzip.- 9.1 Eichinvarianz und Maxwellsche Gleichungen.- 9.2 Eichinvarianz in der Quantenmechanik.- 9.3 Globale und lokale Phasentransformationen.- 9.4 Das Eichprinzip.- 9.5 Eichinvarianz und Masse der Feldquanten.- 9.6 Polarisationsvektoren für Photonen.- 9.7 Bedeutung der Potentiale in der Quantentheorie.- 9.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 10 Eichinvarianz bei massiven Vektor-Feldern.- 10.1 Die Erzeugung einer Photon-Masse im Supraleiter.- 10.2 Die Higgs-Teilchen als Verallgemeinerung der Cooper-Paare.- 10.3 Der Higgs-Mechanismus im Lagrange-Formalismus.- 10.4 Übungsaufgaben.- 11 Das Standard-Modell der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.1 Phaseninvarianz in der SU(2)-Symmetrie.- 11.2 Schwacher Isospin, schwache Hyperiadung.- 11.3 Lokale SU(2)l× U(l)-Transformationen, Kopplungen der Fermionen.- 11.4 Feynman-Regeln der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.5 Die Massen der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.6 Die Massen der geladenen Fermionen.- 11.7 Selbstwechselwirkung der Eichbosonen.- 11.8 Eigenschaften der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.9 Experimentelle Verifikation des Standard-Modells.- 11.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 12 Quanten-Chromodynamik.- 12.1 Historische Entwicklung der QCD.- 12.2 SU(3)-Symmetrie und Quarkmodell.- 12.3 Farbladungen.- 12.4 Lokale SU(3)c-Invarianz, Gluon-Felder.- 12.5Stabilität der $$q\bar q$$-und qqq-Systeme.- 12.6 Asymptotische Freiheit und Confinement.- 12.7 Experimentelle Ergebnisse zur QCD.- 12.8 Ausblick.- 12.9 Übungsaufgaben.- A Lagrange-Funktion für ein Teilchen im elektromagnetischen Feld.- B Lagrange-Formalismus in der Quantenfeldtheorie.- C Polarisationsvektoren für Spin-1-Teilchen.- Literatur.Table of Contents1 Relativistische Wellengleichungen.- 1.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 1.2 Betrachtungen zur Schrödingergleichung.- 1.3 Die Klein-Gordon-Gleichung.- 1.4 Die Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.5 Nichtrelativistischer Grenzfall der Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.6 Dirac-Gleichung für ein Elektron im elektromagnetischen Feld.- 1.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 2 Relativistische Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.1 Vierervektoren, Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.1.1 Vierervektoren.- 2.1.2 Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.1.3 Drehung des Koordinatensystems.- 2.2 Die ?-Matrizen.- 2.3 Ebene Wellen. Dirac-Spinoren.- 2.4 Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.4.1 Problemstellung.- 2.4.2 Transformation der Lösungen relativistischer Wellengleichungen.- 2.4.3 Rotation um die z-Achse.- 2.4.4 Lorentz-Transformation längs der z-Achse.- 2.4.5 Eigenschaften der Transformations-Matrizen.- 2.4.6 Raumspiegelung und Zeitumkehr.- 2.5 Spin des Elektrons.- 2.6 Skalare und vektorielle Bilinearformen.- 2.6.1 Skalar.- 2.6.2 Viererstromdichte.- 2.6.3 Pseudoskalar und Axialvektor.- 2.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 3 Interpretation der Lösungen negativer Energie.- 3.1 Stückelberg-Feynman-Bild der Antiteilchen.- 3.2 Die Wellenfunktionen des Positrons.- 3.3 Übungsaufgaben.- 4 Feynman-Graphen.- 4.1 Greensche Punktion.- 4.2 Elektron-Propagator.- 4.2.1 Berechnung der Greenschen Funktion.- 4.2.2 Propagator und zeitliche Entwicklung.- 4.3 Matrixelement für Elektronenstreuung.- 4.3.1 Matrixelement 1. Ordnung.- 4.3.2 Matrixelement 2. Ordnung.- 4.3.3 Anwendungsbeispiel: Streuung an einem Atomkern.- 4.4 Photon-Propagator.- 4.5 Feynman-Regeln.- 4.5.1 Konventionen zu Feynman-Diagrammen.- 4.5.2 Strom-Strom-Kopplung.- 4.5.3 Elementarprozesse.- 4.6 Übungsaufgaben.- 5 Anwendung der Feynman-Graphen.- 5.1 Streuung nichtrelativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2 Streuung relativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2.1 Spin-Summationen.- 5.2.2 Sätze über Spuren.- 5.2.3 Wirkungsquerschnitt für Elektron-Kern-Streuung.- 5.3 Elektron-Fermion-Streuung.- 5.3.1 Differentieller Wirkungsquerschnitt für Zweikörperreaktionen.- 5.3.2 Wirkungsquerschnitt für unpolarisierte Teilchen.- 5.4 Myon-Paarerzeugung.- 5.5 Elektron-Elektron- und Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.5.1 Elektron-Elektron-Streuung.- 5.5.2 Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.6 Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Symmetrie.- 5.7 Compton-Streuung und Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in ?-Quanten.- 5.7.1 Compton-Streuung.- 5.7.2 Annihilation in zwei ?-Quanten.- 5.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 6 Schwache Wechselwirkungen.- 6.1 Fermi-Theorie, intermediäre Bosonen.- 6.2 Paritätsverletzung, (V-A)-Theorie.- 6.2.1 Eigenparitäten der Leptonen und Quarks.- 6.2.2 Helizität und Chiralität.- 6.3 Pion-Zerfall.- 6.4 Neutrino-Lepton-Reaktionen.- 6.5 Schwache Wechselwirkungen von Hadronen, Cabibbo-Winkel.- 6.6 Schwache neutrale Ströme.- 6.7 Schwacher Isospin, Charm-Quark.- 6.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 7 Lepton-Quark-Wechselwirkungen, Parton-Modell.- 7.1 Einführung.- 7.2 Elektron-Kern-Streuung, Formfaktor.- 7.3 Nukleon-Formfaktoren.- 7.4 Inelastische Elektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.4.1 Inelastische Streuung als Mittel der Struktur-Analyse.- 7.4.2 Kinematik und Wirkungsquerschnitt für inelastische Elektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.5 Skaleninvarianz und Parton-Modell.- 7.6 Quark-Parton-Modell.- 7.7 Tief inelastische Neutrino-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.7.1 Strukturfunktionen der Neutrino-Streuung.- 7.7.2 Antiquark-Inhalt der Nukleonen.- 7.8 Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in Hadronen.- 7.9 Lepton-Paarerzeugung in Hadron-Stö?en.- 7.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 8 Divergenz-Probleme in der schwachen Wechselwirkung.- Überschreiten der Unitaritätsgrenze bei der Punkt- Wechselwirkung.- Divergenzen im W-Boson-Modell.- Kompensation der Divergenz durch ein neutrales Feldquant.- 9 Eichinvarianz als dynamisches Prinzip.- 9.1 Eichinvarianz und Maxwellsche Gleichungen.- 9.2 Eichinvarianz in der Quantenmechanik.- 9.3 Globale und lokale Phasentransformationen.- 9.4 Das Eichprinzip.- 9.5 Eichinvarianz und Masse der Feldquanten.- 9.6 Polarisationsvektoren für Photonen.- 9.7 Bedeutung der Potentiale in der Quantentheorie.- 9.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 10 Eichinvarianz bei massiven Vektor-Feldern.- 10.1 Die Erzeugung einer Photon-Masse im Supraleiter.- 10.2 Die Higgs-Teilchen als Verallgemeinerung der Cooper-Paare.- 10.2.1 Das Higgs-Potential.- 10.3 Der Higgs-Mechanismus im Lagrange-Formalismus.- 10.3.1 Wechselwirkung zwischen Higgs-Feld und elektromagnetischem Feld.- 10.4 Übungsaufgaben.- 11 Das Standard-Modell der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.1 Phaseninvarianz in der SU(2)-Symmetrie.- 11.2 Schwacher Isospin, schwache Hyperiadung.- 11.3 Lokale SU(2)l× U(l)-Transformationen, Kopplungen der Fermionen.- 11.4 Feynman-Regeln der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.5 Die Massen der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.6 Die Massen der geladenen Fermionen.- 11.7 Selbstwechselwirkung der Eichbosonen.- 11.8 Eigenschaften der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.8.1 Berechnung der Zerfallsraten.- 11.8.2 Erzeugung der Z0-Bosonen in der e?e+-Annihilation.- 11.9 Experimentelle Verifikation des Standard-Modells.- 11.9.1 Zahl der Neutrino-Familien.- 11.9.2 Lepton-Universalität, Mischungswinkel.- 11.9.3 Eingrenzung der Top-Quark-Masse.- 11.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 12 Quanten-Chromodynamik.- 12.1 Historische Entwicklung der QCD.- 12.2 SU(3)-Symmetrie und Quarkmodell.- 12.2.1 Antiquarks.- 12.2.2 Quark-Antiquark-Zustände: Mesonen.- 12.2.3 Drei-Quark-Zustände: Baryonen.- 12.3 Farbladungen.- 12.3.1 Die Farbe als innere Quantenzahl der Quarks.- 12.3.2 Experimentelle Evidenz für die drei Farben.- 12.3.3 Farbladungen der Gluonen.- 12.4 Lokale SU(3)c-Invarianz, Gluon-Felder.- 12.4.1 Lokale SU(3)c-Transformationen.- 12.4.2 Kopplungen zwischen Quarks und Gluonen.- 12.4.3 Singulett-Gluon und Reichweite der starken Kräfte.- 12.5 Stabilität der $$ q\bar q $$-und qqq-Systeme.- 12.6 Asymptotische Freiheit und Confinement.- 12.6.1 Einführung effektiver Ladungen.- 12.6.2 Renormierung und Q2-Abhängigkeit der Kopplung.- 12.6.3 Confinement.- 12.7 Experimentelle Ergebnisse zur QCD.- 12.7.1 Entdeckung und Eigenschaften der Gluonen.- 12.7.2 Verletzung der Skaleninvarianz.- 12.7.3 Bestimmung von ?s.- 12.8 Ausblick.- 12.9 Übungsaufgaben.- A Lagrange-Funktion für ein Teilchen im elektromagnetischen Feld.- B Lagrange-Formalismus in der Quantenfeldtheorie.- C Polarisationsvektoren für Spin-1-Teilchen.- Literatur.

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Book SynopsisThe development of atomic bombs under the auspices of the U. S. Army’s Manhattan Project during World War II is considered to be the outstanding news story of the twentieth century. In this book, a physicist and expert on the history of the Project presents a comprehensive overview of this momentous achievement. The first three chapters cover the history of nuclear physics from the discovery of radioactivity to the discovery of fission, and would be ideal for instructors of a sophomore-level “Modern Physics” course. Student-level exercises at the ends of the chapters are accompanied by answers. Chapter 7 covers the physics of first-generation fission weapons at a similar level, again accompanied by exercises and answers. For the interested layman and for non-science students and instructors, the book includes extensive qualitative material on the history, organization, implementation, and results of the Manhattan Project and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing missions. The reader also learns about the legacy of the Project as reflected in the current world stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Trade Review“It's accessible and easy to read but covers all the interesting aspects of the Manhattan Project starting with the fascinating scientists and other people that were involved in the project … . I found this book delightfully inclusive and very detailed and as such a perfect book to read if you're interested in the Manhattan Project in general.” (AstroMadness.com, May, 2018)“This new text by Cameron successfully marries the science with the history of the Manhattan Project in 472 pages and 173 illustrations (most of them original). … I definitely recommend this book to anyone who is interested in learning about the history of the Manhattan Project and all the nuclear physics behind the project, which is written in a very approachable and educational way.” (Dimitris Mihailidis, Medical Physics, Vol. 41 (9), September, 2014)“Reed (Alma College) provides a well-written scientific, organizational, military, and diplomatic history of the American (and British!) programs leading to the construction and use of the world’s first nuclear weapon. … The book, part of Springer’s ‘Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics’ series, is well suited for undergraduates and others who have successfully completed a good introductory college physics course. … Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; general readers.” (A. M. Saperstein, Choice, Vol. 51 (9), May, 2014)“This work, published in the Springer Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics series, is intended as a college-level science text on the Manhattan Project, but serves well as a resource for scientists and non-scientists. … Each chapter concludes with problems for students and an extensive bibliography.” (ALSOS Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, alsos.wlu.edu, 2014)Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview.- A Short History of Nuclear Physics to the Mid-1930s.- The Discovery and Interpretation of Nuclear Fission.- Organizing the Manhattan Project, 1939-1943.- Oak Ridge, CP-1, and the Clinton Engineer Works.- The Hanford Engineer Works.- Los Alamos, Trinity, and Tinian.- Hiroshima and Nagasaki.- The Legacy of Manhattan.- Glossary.

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Book SynopsisDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

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Book SynopsisThe book entitled "Molecular Markers and Plant Biotechnology" is an exclusive collection of molecular marker based techniques narrated in 40 s through 578 along with figures makes it essential for biotechnology people. To supplement the practical working the relevant equipments have been described. Laboratory safety rules placed in the beginning is a wise task. Appendices include basic calculations; basic principles in preparation of reagents, abbreviations and glossary show the carefulness while preparing this text. This is an unavoidable text for biotechnology laboratory and class."Table of Contents1. Milestones in DNA history and biotechnology. 2. Equipments required in a molecular marker laboratory. 3. Isolation, purification and quantification of genomic DNA from plants. 4. Isolation, purification and quantification of RNA from plants. 5. Electrophoresis. 6. Molecular weight markers for gel electrophoresis. 7. Polycrylamide Gel Electrophoresis PAGE. 8. Gel electrophoresis of protein. 9. Isoenzyme. 10. Extraction of DNA fragments from Agarose Gel. 11. Why molecular markers? 12. Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA and its Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. 13. Thermocyclers PCR Machines. 14. Modifications of basic PCR technique. 15. Random amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD. 16. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP. 17. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AFLP. 18. Simple sequence repeats Microsatellite. 19. Variable number of Tandem repeats Minisatellite. 20. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ISSR. 21. Sequence Characterized Amplified Region SCAR. 22. Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence CAPS. 23. Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism SSCP. 24. Retrotransposon-based markers S-SAP, IRAP, REMAP, RBIP, RGAS, SNP. 25. Silver staining. 26. Basics of marker assisted selection in crop plants. 27. Mapping populations. 28. QTL mapping. 29. Southern blotting. 30. Western blotting. 31. Northern blotting. 32. Eastern blotting. 33. DNA sequencing and designing of primers. 34. Gene transfer to plant. 35. Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization FISH. 36. Genotypic Barcoding. 37. mtDNA. 38. MicroRNA. 39. Graphical approach to calculate molecular weights of DNA/protein fragments. 40. Calculation of similarity index values and construction of Dendrogram using NTSYSpc 2.0.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the fundamental principles related to nuclear engineering. As one of the most popular choices of future energy, nuclear energy is of increasing demand globally. Due to the complexity of nuclear engineering, its research and development as well as safe operation of its facility requires a wide scope of knowledge, ranging from basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics to applied subjects such as reactor theory and radiation protection. The book covers all necessary knowledge in an illustrative and readable style, with a sufficient amount of examples and exercises. It is an easy-to-read textbook for graduate students in nuclear engineering and a valuable handbook for nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel and technical staff.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Fundamentals of mathematics and physics Chapter 2 Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Heat transferChapter 4 Fluid flowChapter 5 Electrical ScienceChapter 6 Instrumentation & controlChapter 7 Chemistry and chemical engineeringChapter 8 Material ScienceChapter 9 Mechanical Science Chapter 10 Nuclear physics Chapter 11 Reactor theory Chapter 12 Radiation protection

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics – nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.Table of ContentsTentative Table of Contents [ asterisk (*) for graduate level] 1. Concepts of quantum mechanics from the nuclear viewpoint 1.1 Genesis of quantum physics 1.2 Spin and Isospin 1.3 Quantum entanglement 1.4 Schrödinger equation 1.5 Quantum Tunneling in one dimension 1.6 Uncertainty relation 1.7 Symmetries and symmetry breaking 1.8 Dirac equation *) 1.9 Lagrangian and Path integral *) 1.10 Second quantization *) 2. Nuclear forces 2.1 Fundamental interactions 2.2 Nuclear force and symmetry constraints 2.3 Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction 2.4 Phase shifts and nuclear potentials 2.5 Three-body forces 2.6 Chiral Effective Field Theory (ChEFT)*) 3. Nuclear Structure theory 3.0 Bird’s eye view of nuclear models 3.1 Nuclear mean field 3.2 Random phase approximation 3.2 Energy density functionals 3.2.1 Pairing interactions and BCS/Bogolyubov approximation 3.3 Beyond the mean field approaches*) 3.3.1 Generator coordinate method (GCM) 3.3.2 Anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) 3.4 The Monte Carlo shell models*) 3.5 Ab-initio approaches*) 3.5.1 No core shell model (NCSM) 3.5.2 Variational (VMC) and Green’s function Monte Carlo (GFMC) approaches 3.5.3 Fermionic molecular dynamics (FMD) 4. Nuclear Structure phenomena and observables 4.1 Spectroscopic observables for shell structure 4.2 Collective oscillations 4.3 Short-range correlations 4.4 Superheavy elements 4.5 Hypernuclei 5. Radioactive ion beam physics 5.1 Radioactive ion beam accelerators 5.2 In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy and inverse kinematics 5.3 Neutron-rich nuclei –halo and skin 5.4 Evolution of nuclear shells with Isospin – island of inversion- 5.5 Di-neutron correlations and nuclear superfluidity *) 5.6 Clusters in nuclei *) 6. Deformation and Rotation 6.1 Deformation of Molecules and Nuclei 6.2 Nuclear deformation and observables 6.3 Microscopic origin for nuclear deformations and prolate dominance 6.4 Measuring shapes 6.4.1 Hyperfine atomic structure from laser spectroscopy 6.4.2 Magnetic and Quadrupole Nuclear Resonance 6.4.3 Coulomb excitation 6.5 Shape and shape coexistence*) 6.6 Superdeformation and Hyperdeformation*) 6.7 Advances in gamma spectroscopy*) 7. Nuclear reactions 7.1 Overview of reaction mechanics 7.2 Elastic scattering 7.3 Direct reactions 7.1.1 Spectroscopic factors 7.1.2 Transfer rections 7.1.3 Quasifree scattering 7.1.4 Heavy-ion induced nucleon removal 7.4 Nuclear fusion 7.4.1 Solar energies , and p-p chain reaction and CNO cycle 7.4.2 Magnetic confinement and the ITER project *) 7.4.3 Inertial confinement *) 7.5 Nuclear fission 7.5.1 Macroscopic models 7.5.2 Microscopic models *) 7.5.3 Principle of a nuclear power plant *) 8. Celestial observables and terrestrial experiments 8.1 Nuclear Equation-of-States constrained by terrestrial observables 8.2 Neutron stars 8.3 Nucleosynthesis 8.4 Supernovae explosion *) 9. Nuclear physics and the standard model of elementary particle 9.1 Standard model 9.2 Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics for Nuclei *) 9.3 CKM matrix and superallowed b decay*) 9.4 Neutrino oscillations and search for a 4 th neutrino*) 9.5 Double beta decay and neutrino mass*) 9.6 Appendix for LQCD*) References Solutions of problems

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Book SynopsisThis open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection. UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.Table of Contents

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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