Atomic and molecular physics Books

Book SynopsisThis third open access volume of the handbook series deals with accelerator physics, design, technology and operations, as well as with beam optics, dynamics and diagnostics. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open accessTable of ContentsAccelerators, Colliders and Their Application.- Beam Dynamics.- Non-linear Dynamics in Accelerators.- Impedance and Collective Effects.- Interactions of Beams With Surroundings.- Design Principles for Synchrotrons and Circular Colliders.- Design Principles for Linear Accelerators and Linear Colliders.- Accelerator Engineering and Technology.- Accelerator Operations.- The Largest Accelerators and Colliders of Their Time.- Applications of Accelerators and Storage Rings.- Outlook for the Future.- Cosmic Particle Accelerators.

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Book SynopsisThis second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. The Interaction of Radiation with Matter.- Chapter 3. Scintillation Detectors for Charged Particles and Photons.- Chapter 4. Gaseous Detectors.- Chapter 5. Solid State Detectors.- Chapter 6. Calorimetry.- Chapter 7. Particle Identification: Time-of-Flight, Cherenkov and Transition Radiation Detectors.- Chapter 8. Neutrino Detectors.- Chapter 9. Nuclear Emulsions.- Chapter 10. Signal Processing for Particle Detectors.- Chapter 11. Detector Simulation.- Chapter 12. Triggering and High-Level Data Selection.- Chapter 13. Pattern Recognition and Reconstruction.- Chapter 14. Distributed Computing.- Chapter 15. Statistical Issues in Particle Physics.- Chapter 16. Integration of Detectors Into a Large Experiment: Examples From ATLAS andCMS.- Chapter 17. Neutrino Detectors under Water and Ice.- Chapter 18. Space Borne Experiments.- Chapter 19. Cryogenic Detectors.- Chapter 20. Detectors in Medicine and Biology.- Chapter 21. Solid State Detectors for High Radiation Environments.- Chapter 22. Future Developments of Detectors.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the first graduate-level, self-contained introduction to recent developments that lead to the formulation of the configuration-interaction approach for open quantum systems, the Gamow shell model, which provides a unitary description of quantum many-body system in different regimes of binding, and enables the unification in the description of nuclear structure and reactions. The Gamow shell model extends and generalizes the phenomenologically successful nuclear shell model to the domain of weakly-bound near-threshold states and resonances, offering a systematic tool to understand and categorize data on nuclear spectra, moments, collective excitations, particle and electromagnetic decays, clustering, elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections, and radiative capture cross sections of interest to astrophysics. The approach is of interest beyond nuclear physics and based on general properties of quasi-stationary solutions of the Schrödinger equation – so-called Gamow states. For the benefit of graduate students and newcomers to the field, the quantum-mechanical fundamentals are introduced in some detail. The text also provides a historical overview of how the field has evolved from the early days of the nuclear shell model to recent experimental developments, in both nuclear physics and related fields, supporting the unified description. The text contains many worked examples and several numerical codes are introduced to allow the reader to test different aspects of the continuum shell model discussed in the book.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Discrete Spectrum and the Continuum.- One- and Two-Particle Systems.- Shell Model in Berggren Basis.- No-Core Gamow Shell Model.- Unification of Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Reactions.- Collective Phenomena.- Conclusions and Open Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an in-depth and accessible description of special relativity and quantum mechanics which together form the foundation of 21st century physics. A novel aspect is that symmetry is given its rightful prominence as an integral part of this foundation. The book offers not only a conceptual understanding of symmetry, but also the mathematical tools necessary for quantitative analysis. As such, it provides a valuable precursor to more focused, advanced books on special relativity or quantum mechanics.Students are introduced to several topics not typically covered until much later in their education.These include space-time diagrams, the action principle, a proof of Noether's theorem, Lorentz vectors and tensors, symmetry breaking and general relativity. The book also provides extensive descriptions on topics of current general interest such as gravitational waves, cosmology, Bell's theorem, entanglement and quantum computing.Throughout the text, every opportunity is taken to emphasize the intimate connection between physics, symmetry and mathematics.The style remains light despite the rigorous and intensive content. The book is intended as a stand-alone or supplementary physics text for a one or two semester course for students who have completed an introductory calculus course and a first-year physics course that includes Newtonian mechanics and some electrostatics. Basic knowledge of linear algebra is useful but not essential, as all requisite mathematical background is provided either in the body of the text or in the Appendices. Interspersed through the text are well over a hundred worked examples and unsolved exercises for the student.Table of Contents1 Introduction 91.1 The goal of physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 The connection between physics and mathematics . . . . . . . 101.3 Paradigm shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.4 The Correspondence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Symmetry and Physics 172.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 What is Symmetry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3 Role of Symmetry in Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3.1 Symmetry as a guiding principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3.2 Symmetry and Conserved Quantities: Noether's Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.3.3 Symmetry as a tool for simplifying problems . . . . . . 192.4 Symmetries were made to be broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.4.1 Spacetime symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.4.2 Parity violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.4.3 Spontaneously broken symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.4.4 Variational calculations: Lifeguards and light rays . . . 273 Formal Aspects of Symmetry 303.1 Learning outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.2 Symmetries and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.2.1 Denition of a symmetry operation . . . . . . . . . . . 303.2.2 Rules obeyed by symmetry operations . . . . . . . . . 323.2.3 Multiplication tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2.4 Symmetry and group theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.3 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.3.1 The identity operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.3.2 Permutations of two identical objects . . . . . . . . . . 373.3.3 Permutations of three identical objects . . . . . . . . . 383.3.4 Rotations of regular polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.4 Continuous vs discrete symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.5 Symmetries and Conserved Quantities:Noether's Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.6 Supplementary: Variational Mechanics and the Proof of Noether'sTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.6.1 Variational Mechanics: Principle of Least Action . . . . 423.6.2 Euler-Lagrange Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.6.3 Proof of Noether's Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Symmetries and Linear Transformations 524.1 Learning outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.2 Review of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2.1 Coordinate free denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2.2 Cartesian Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.2.3 Vector operations in component form . . . . . . . . . . 594.2.4 Position vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.2.5 Dierentiation of vectors: velocity and acceleration . . 624.3 Linear Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.3.1 Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.3.2 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.3.3 Rotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.3.4 Reections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674.4 Linear Transformations and matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684.4.1 Linear transformations as matrices . . . . . . . . . . . 684.4.2 Identity Transformation and Inverses . . . . . . . . . . 704.4.3 Rotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.4.4 Reections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724.4.5 Matrix Representation of Permutations of Three Objects 734.5 Pythagoras and Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Special Relativity I: The Basics 775.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.2.1 Frames5.2.2 Spacetime Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.2.3 Newtonian Relativity and Galilean Transformations . . 835.3 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.3.1 The Fundamental Postulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.3.2 The problem with Galilean Relativity . . . . . . . . . . 855.3.3 Michelson-Morley Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875.3.4 Maxwell's Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905.4 Summary of Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.5 Relativity of Simultaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.6 Time Dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975.6.1 Derivation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975.6.2 Proper Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995.6.3 Experimental Conrmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015.6.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025.7 Lorentz Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045.7.1 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045.7.2 Properties: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045.7.3 Proper Length and Proper Distance. . . . . . . . . . . 1045.7.4 Examples: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056 Special Relativity II: In Depth 1106.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106.2 Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106.2.1 Derivation of general form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106.2.2 Properties of Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . . 1136.2.3 Lorentzian Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166.3 The Light Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196.4 Proper time revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.5 Relativistic Addition of Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226.6 Relativistic Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246.6.1 Non-relativistic Doppler Shift Review . . . . . . . . . . 1246.6.2 Relativistic Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246.7 Relativistic Energy and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276.7.1 Relativistic Energy Momentum Conservation . . . . . . 1276.7.2 Relativistic Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.7.3 Relativistic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296.7.4 Relativistic Three-Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296.7.5 Relationship Between Relativistic Energy and Momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.7.6 Kinetic energy: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.7.7 Massless particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316.8 Space-time Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336.8.1 Position Four-Vector: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346.8.2 Four-momentum: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1356.8.3 Null four-vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376.8.4 Relativistic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376.8.5 More Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1386.9 Relativistic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.10 Symmetry Redux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406.10.1 Matrix form of Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . 1406.10.2 Lorentz Transformations as a Symmetry Group . . . . 1426.11 Supplementary: Four vectors and tensors in covariant form . . 1437 General Relativity 1497.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497.2 Problems with Newtonian Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497.2.1 Review of Newtonian Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497.2.2 Perihelion Shift of Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517.2.3 Action at a Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527.2.4 The Puzzle of Inertial vs Gravitational Mass . . . . . . 1537.3 Einstein's Thinking: the Strong Principle of Equivalence . . . 1537.4 Geometry of Spacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1557.5 Some Consequences of General Relativity: . . . . . . . . . . . 1587.6 Gravitational Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597.6.2 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607.6.3 Recent Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617.7 Black Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637.7.1 Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637.7.2 Properties: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637.7.3 Observational Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647.7.4 Further Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1667.8 Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668 Introduction to the Quantum 1708.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708.2 Light as particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718.2.1 Review: Light as Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718.2.2 Photoelectric Eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718.2.3 Compton Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1758.3 Blackbody Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe . . . . . 1798.3.1 Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798.3.2 Derivation of Rayleigh-Jeans Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 1818.3.3 The ultraviolet catastrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1888.3.4 Quantum resolution: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1898.3.5 The Early Universe: the ultimate blackbody . . . . . . 1918.4 Particles as waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968.4.1 Electron waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968.4.2 de Broglie Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978.4.3 Observational Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998.5 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029 The Wave Function 2049.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049.2 Quantum vs Newtonian description of physical states . . . . . 2049.2.1 Newtonian description of the state of a particle . . . . 2059.2.2 Quantum description of the state of a particle . . . . . 2059.3 Physical Consequences and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . 2079.4 Measurements of position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2089.5 Example: Gaussian wavefunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2099.6 \Spooky" Action at a Distance: Non-Locality in QuantumMechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119.6.1 The EPR \Paradox" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119.6.2 Bell's Theorem and the Experimental Repudiation ofEPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21410 The Schrodinger Equation 21710.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21710.2 Momentum in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21810.2.1 Pure Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21810.2.2 The Momentum Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22010.3 Energy in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22310.4 The Time Independent Schrodinger Equation . . . . . . . . . 22410.4.1 Stationary States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22410.4.2 The \Quantum" in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . 22610.5 Examples of Stationary States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22610.5.1 Free particle in one dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22610.5.2 Example 2: Particle in a Box with Impenetrable Walls 22710.5.3 Example 3 : Simple Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . 22910.6 Absorption and emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23110.7 Tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23310.7.1 Tunnelling through a potential barrier of nite width . 23310.7.2 Particle in a Box with Penetrable Walls . . . . . . . . . 23510.7.3 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23710.7.4 Applications of tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23810.8 The Quantum Correspondence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . 24210.8.1 Recovering the everyday world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24210.8.2 The Bohr Correspondence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . 24310.9 The Time Dependent Schrodinger equation . . . . . . . . . . . 24410.9.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24611 The Hydrogen Atom 24911.1 Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24911.2 Newtonian (Classical) Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24911.3 The Bohr Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25111.4 Semi-classical spectrum from the Bohr correspondence principle25411.5 Emission and Absorption Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25411.6 Three Dimensional Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25611.6.1 Schrodinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25611.6.2 Solutions and Quantum Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 25811.6.3 Fermions and the spin quantum number . . . . . . . . 26211.7 Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26511.7.1 Hydrogen-like atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26511.7.2 Chemical Properties and the Periodic Table . . . . . . 26612 Nuclear Physics 27012.1 Properties of the Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27012.1.1 Mass of Nucleons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27012.1.2 Structure of Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27112.1.3 The Nuclear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27112.2 Binding Energy and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27412.2.1 Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27412.2.2 Binding Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27512.2.3 Binding Energy per Nucleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27512.3 Formation of Elements: A Brief History of the Universe . . . . 27612.4 Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27912.4.1 Unstable Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27912.4.2 Neutrinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28112.4.3 Beta decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28212.4.4 Alpha Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28312.4.5 Decay Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28312.4.6 Carbon Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28513 Supplementary: Advanced Topics 28713.1 Quantum Information and Quantum Computation . . . . . . . 28713.2 Relativity and quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28714 Conclusions 28815 Appendix: Mathematical Background 28915.1 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28915.2 Probabilities and expectation values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29115.2.1 Discrete Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29115.2.2 Continuous probability distributions . . . . . . . . . . 29215.2.3 Dirac Delta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29615.3 Supplementary: Fourier Series and Transforms . . . . . . . . . 29815.3.1 Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29815.3.2 Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30015.3.3 The mathematical uncertainty principle . . . . . . . . . 30215.3.4 Dirac Delta Function Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30315.3.5 Parseval's Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30315.4 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30415.4.1 Moving pure waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30415.4.2 Complex Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30515.4.3 Group velocity and phase velocity . . . . . . . . . . . 30515.4.4 Wave packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30715.4.5 Wave number and momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30915.5 Derivation of Hydrogen Wave Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the interdisciplinary areas of nuclear physics, supernovae and neutron star physics. It addresses the physics and astrophysics of the spectacular supernova explosions, starting with the collapse of massive stars and ending with the birth of neutron stars or black holes. Recent progress in the understanding of core collapse supernova (CCSN) and observational aspects of future detections of neutrinos from CCSN explosions are discussed. The other main focus in this text is the novel phases of dense nuclear matter, its compositions and equation of state (EoS) from low to very high baryon density relevant to supernovae and neutron stars. The multi-messenger astrophysics of binary neutron star merger GW170817 and its relation to EoS through tidal deformability are also presented in detail. The synthesis of elements heavier than iron in the supernova and neutron star environment by the rapid (r)-process are treated here with special emphasis on the nucleosynthesis in the ejected material from GW170817. This monograph is written for graduate students and researchers in the field of nuclear astrophysics.Table of ContentsPREFACE1. INTRODUCTION 2. THEORY OF SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS 2.1 Overview- historical 2.2 Supernova Type Ia 2.3 Gravitational collapse and pre-supernova conditions 2.4 Production of neutrinos and their emission 2.5 Shock wave formation and its eventual stalling 2.6 The revival of the shock wave- the neutrino mechanism 2.7 Multi-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and the present scenario 2.8 The supernova SN1987A 2.9 Detection of neutrinos from future supernova events 3. NEUTRON STARS 3.1 History and discovery of neutron stars 3.2 Observational Constraints on neutron stars 3.3 Compositions and novel phases of neutron stars - crust to core 3.4 Equation of State (EoS) models of neutron star matter 3.5 Relativistic field theoretical models for dense matter at zero and finite temperatures 3.6 Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Equation and Structures of neutron stars 3.7 A stable branch of compact stars beyond neutron star 3.8 Rotating neutron stars, moment of inertia (I) and quadrupole moment (Q) 3.9 Neutron star matter in strongly quantizing magnetic fields 3.10 EoS tables for supernova and binary neutron star merger simulations 4. BINARY NEUTRON STAR MERGERS 4.1 Gravitational waves as new window into neutron stars 4.2 First binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 and multi-messenger astrophysics 4.3 Tidal deformability, LOVE number and EoS 4.4 I-Love-Q universal relations 4.5 Late inspiral phase of BNS merger, tidal deformability and cold EoS 4.6 Neutron Star radius determination from tidal deformability 4.7 Hot and neutrino trapped merger remnant and finite temperature EoS 5. SYNTHESIS OF HEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE 5.1 s-, r- and p-processes 5.2 Conditions for production of elements by r- process and the sites 5.3 Electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817 and ejected matter in BNS merger 5.4 Decompression of ejected neutron rich matter in Lattimer and Schramm model 5.5 Kilonova model 5.6 Heavy element synthesis in neutron rich matter ejected in GW170817 INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHY (eventually at chapter-ends)

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the interdisciplinary areas of nuclear physics, supernovae and neutron star physics. It addresses the physics and astrophysics of the spectacular supernova explosions, starting with the collapse of massive stars and ending with the birth of neutron stars or black holes. Recent progress in the understanding of core collapse supernova (CCSN) and observational aspects of future detections of neutrinos from CCSN explosions are discussed. The other main focus in this text is the novel phases of dense nuclear matter, its compositions and equation of state (EoS) from low to very high baryon density relevant to supernovae and neutron stars. The multi-messenger astrophysics of binary neutron star merger GW170817 and its relation to EoS through tidal deformability are also presented in detail. The synthesis of elements heavier than iron in the supernova and neutron star environment by the rapid (r)-process are treated here with special emphasis on the nucleosynthesis in the ejected material from GW170817. This monograph is written for graduate students and researchers in the field of nuclear astrophysics.Table of ContentsPREFACE1. INTRODUCTION 2. THEORY OF SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS 2.1 Overview- historical 2.2 Supernova Type Ia 2.3 Gravitational collapse and pre-supernova conditions 2.4 Production of neutrinos and their emission 2.5 Shock wave formation and its eventual stalling 2.6 The revival of the shock wave- the neutrino mechanism 2.7 Multi-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and the present scenario 2.8 The supernova SN1987A 2.9 Detection of neutrinos from future supernova events 3. NEUTRON STARS 3.1 History and discovery of neutron stars 3.2 Observational Constraints on neutron stars 3.3 Compositions and novel phases of neutron stars - crust to core 3.4 Equation of State (EoS) models of neutron star matter 3.5 Relativistic field theoretical models for dense matter at zero and finite temperatures 3.6 Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Equation and Structures of neutron stars 3.7 A stable branch of compact stars beyond neutron star 3.8 Rotating neutron stars, moment of inertia (I) and quadrupole moment (Q) 3.9 Neutron star matter in strongly quantizing magnetic fields 3.10 EoS tables for supernova and binary neutron star merger simulations 4. BINARY NEUTRON STAR MERGERS 4.1 Gravitational waves as new window into neutron stars 4.2 First binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 and multi-messenger astrophysics 4.3 Tidal deformability, LOVE number and EoS 4.4 I-Love-Q universal relations 4.5 Late inspiral phase of BNS merger, tidal deformability and cold EoS 4.6 Neutron Star radius determination from tidal deformability 4.7 Hot and neutrino trapped merger remnant and finite temperature EoS 5. SYNTHESIS OF HEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE 5.1 s-, r- and p-processes 5.2 Conditions for production of elements by r- process and the sites 5.3 Electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817 and ejected matter in BNS merger 5.4 Decompression of ejected neutron rich matter in Lattimer and Schramm model 5.5 Kilonova model 5.6 Heavy element synthesis in neutron rich matter ejected in GW170817 INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHY (eventually at chapter-ends)

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Book SynopsisElectron collisions with atoms, ions, and molecules have been investigated since the earliest years of the last century because of their pervasiveness and importance in fields ranging from astrophysics and plasma physics to atmospheric and condensed matter physics. Written in an accessible yet rigorous style, this book introduces the theory of electron-atom scattering into both the non-relativistic and relativistic quantum frameworks. The book also includes exercises with an increasing degree of difficulty to allow the reader to become familiar with the subject.

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Book SynopsisThe raw numbers of high-energy-density physics are amazing: shock waves at hundreds of km/s (approaching a million km per hour), temperatures of millions of degrees, and pressures that exceed 100 million atmospheres. This title surveys the production of high-energy-density conditions, the fundamental plasma and hydrodynamic models that can describe them and the problem of scaling from the laboratory to the cosmos. Connections to astrophysics are discussed throughout. The book is intended to support coursework in high-energy-density physics, to meet the needs of new researchers in this field, and also to serve as a useful reference on the fundamentals. Specifically the book has been designed to enable academics in physics, astrophysics, applied physics and engineering departments to provide in a single-course, an introduction to fluid mechanics and radiative transfer, with dramatic applications in the field of high-energy-density systems. This second edition includes pedagogic improvements to the presentation throughout and additional material on equations of state, heat waves, and ionization fronts, as well as problem sets accompanied by solutions.Table of ContentsIntroduction to High-Energy-Density Physics.- Descriptions of Fluids and Plasmas.- Properties of High-Energy-Density Plasmas.- Shocks and Rarefactions.- Hydrodynamic Instabilities.- Radiative Transfer.- Radiation Hydrodynamics.- Creating High-Energy-Density Conditions.- Inertial Confinement Fusion.- Experimental Astrophysics.- Relativistic High-Energy-Density Systems.- Appendix A: Constants, Acronyms, and Standard Variables.- Appendix B: Sample Mathematica Code.- Appendix C: List of the Homework Problems and Solutions to Selected Problems.

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Book SynopsisAtomic physics and its underlying quantum theory are the point of departure for many modern areas of physics, astrophysics, chemistry, biology, and even electrical engineering. This textbook provides a careful and eminently readable introduction to the results and methods of empirical atomic physics. The student will acquire the tools of quantum physics and at the same time learn about the interplay between experiment and theory. A chapter on the quantum theory of the chemical bond provides the reader with an introduction to molecular physics. Plenty of problems are given to elucidate the material. The authors also discuss laser physics and nonlinear spectroscopy, incorporating latest experimental results and showing their relevance to basic research. Extra items in the second edition include solutions to the exercises, derivations of the relativistic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, a detailed theoretical derivation of the Lamb shift, a discussion of new developments in the spectroscopy of inner shells, and new applications of NMR spectroscopy, for instance tomography.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 1.1 Classical Physics and Quantum Mechanics.- 1.2 Short Historical Review.- 2. The Mass and Size of the Atom.- 2.1 What is an Atom?.- 2.2 Determination of the Mass.- 2.3 Methods for Determining Avogadro’s Number.- 2.3.1 Electrolysis.- 2.3.2 The Gas Constant and Boltzmann’s Constant.- 2.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals.- 2.3.4 Determination Using Radioactive Decay.- 2.4 Determination of the Size of the Atom.- 2.4.1 Application of the Kinetic Theory of Gases.- 2.4.2 The Interaction Cross Section.- 2.4.3 Experimental Determination of Interaction Cross Sections.- 2.4.4 Determining the Atomic Size from the Covolume.- 2.4.5 Atomic Sizes from X-Ray Diffraction Measurements on Crystals.- 2.4.6 Can Individual Atoms Be Seen?.- Problems.- 3. Isotopes.- 3.1 The Periodic System of the Elements.- 3.2 Mass Spectroscopy.- 3.2.1 Parabola Method.- 3.2.2 Improved Mass Spectrometers.- 3.2.3 Results of Mass Spectrometry.- 3.2.4 Modern Applications of the Mass Spectrometer.- 3.2.5 Isotope Separation.- Problems.- 4. The Nucleus of the Atom.- 4.1 Passage of Electrons Through Matter.- 4.2 Passage of Alpha Particles Through Matter (Rutherford Scattering).- 4.2.1 Some Properties of Alpha Particles.- 4.2.2 Scattering of Alpha Particles by a Foil.- 4.2.3 Derivation of the Rutherford Scattering Formula.- 4.2.4 Experimental Results.- 4.2.5 What is Meant by Nuclear Radius?.- Problems.- 5. The Photon.- 5.1 Wave Character of Light.- 5.2 Thermal Radiation.- 5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation.- 5.2.2 Planck’s Radiation Formula.- 5.2.3 Einstein’s Derivation of Planck’s Formula.- 5.3 The Photoelectric Effect.- 5.4 The Compton Effect.- 5.4.1 Experiments.- 5.4.2 Derivation of the Compton Shift.- Problems.- 6. The Electron.- 6.1 Production of Free Electrons.- 6.2 Size of the Electron.- 6.3 The Charge of the Electron.- 6.4 The Specific Charge e/m of the Electron.- 6.5 Wave Character of Electrons.- Problems.- 7. Some Basic Properties of Matter Waves.- 7.1 Wave Packets.- 7.2 Probabilistic Interpretation.- 7.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation.- 7.4 The Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation.- 7.5 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Relations for Bound States.- Problems.- 8. Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom.- 8.1 Basic Principles of Spectroscopy.- 8.2 The Optical Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom.- 8.3 Bohr’s Postulates.- 8.4 Some Quantitative Conclusions.- 8.5 Motion of the Nucleus.- 8.6 Spectra of Hydrogen-like Atoms.- 8.7 Muonic Atoms.- 8.8 Excitation of Quantum Jumps by Collisions.- 8.9 Sommerfeld’s Extension of the Bohr Model and the Experimental Justification of a Second Quantum Number.- 8.10 Lifting of Orbital Degeneracy by the Relativistic Mass Change.- 8.11 Limits of the Bohr-Sommerfeld Theory. The Correspondence Principle.- 8.12 Rydberg Atoms.- Problems.- 9. The Mathematical Framework of Quantum Theory.- 9.1 The Particle in a Box.- 9.2 The Schrödinger Equation.- 9.3 The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Theory.- 9.3.1 Observations, Values of Measurements and Operators.- 9.3.2 Momentum Measurement and Momentum Probability.- 9.3.3 Average Values and Expectation Values.- 9.3.4 Operators and Expectation Values.- 9.3.5 Equations for Determining the Wavefunction.- 9.3.6 Simultaneous Observability and Commutation Relations.- 9.4 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator.- Problems.- 10. Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom.- 10.1 Motion in a Central Field.- 10.2 Angular Momentum Eigenfunctions.- 10.3 The Radial Wavefunctions in a Central Field.- 10.4 The Radial Wavefunctions of Hydrogen.- Problems.- 11. Lifting of the Orbital Degeneracy in the Spectra of Alkali Atoms.- 11.1 Shell Structure.- 11.2 Screening.- 11.3 The Term Diagram.- 11.4 Inner Shells.- Problems.- 12. Orbital and Spin Magnetism. Fine Structure.- 12.1 Introduction and Overview.- 12.2 Magnetic Moment of the Orbital Motion.- 12.3 Precession and Orientation in a Magnetic Field.- 12.4 Spin and Magnetic Moment of the Electron.- 12.5 Determination of the Gyromagnetic Ratio by the Einstein-de Haas Method.- 12.6 Detection of Directional Quantisation by Stern and Gerlach.- 12.7 Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Coupling: Overview.- 12.8 Calculation of Spin-Orbit Splitting in the Bohr Model.- 12.9 Level Scheme of the Alkali Atoms.- 12.10 Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Atom.- 12.11 The Lamb Shift.- Problems.- 13. Atoms in a Magnetic Field: Experiments and Their Semiclassical Description.- 13.1 Directional Quantisation in a Magnetic Field.- 13.2 Electron Spin Resonance.- 13.3 The Zeeman Effect.- 13.3.1 Experiments.- 13.3.2 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect from the Standpoint of Classical Electron Theory.- 13.3.3 Description of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect by the Vector Model.- 13.3.4 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect.- 13.3.5 Magnetic Moments with Spin-Orbit Coupling.- 13.4 The Paschen-Back Effect.- 13.5 Double Resonance and Optical Pumping.- Problems.- 14. Atoms in a Magnetic Field: Quantum Mechanical Treatment.- 14.1 Quantum Theory of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect.- 14.2 Quantum Theoretical Treatment of the Electron and Proton Spins.- 14.2.1 Spin as Angular Momentum.- 14.2.2 Spin Operators, Spin Matrices and Spin Wavefunctions.- 14.2.3 The Schrödinger Equation of a Spin in a Magnetic Field.- 14.2.4 Description of Spin Precession by Expectation Values.- 14.3 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Anomalous Zeeman Effect with Spin-Orbit Coupling*.- 14.4 Quantum Theory of a Spin in Mutually Perpendicular Magnetic Fields, One Constant and One Time Dependent.- 14.5 The Bloch Equations.- 14.6 The Relativistic Theory of the Electron. The Dirac Equation.- Problems.- 15. Atoms in an Electric Field.- 15.1 Observations of the Stark Effect.- 15.2 Quantum Theory of the Linear and Quadratic Stark Effects.- 15.2.1 The Hamiltonian.- 15.2.2 The Quadratic Stark Effect. Perturbation Theory Without Degeneracy.- 15.2.3 The Linear Stark Effect. Perturbation Theory in the Presence of Degeneracy.- 15.3 The Interaction of a Two-Level Atom with a Coherent Radiation Field.- 15.4 Spin- and Photon Echoes.- 15.5 A Glance at Quantum Electrodynamics.- 15.5.1 Field Quantization.- 15.5.2 Mass Renormalization and Lamb Shift.- Problems.- 16. General Laws of Optical Transitions.- 16.1 Symmetries and Selection Rules.- 16.1.1 Optical Matrix Elements.- 16.1.2 Examples of the Symmetry Behaviour of Wavefunctions.- 16.1.3 Selection Rules.- 16.1.4 Selection Rules and Multipole Radiation.- 16.2 Linewidths and Lineshapes.- 17. Many-Electron Atoms.- 17.1 The Spectrum of the Helium Atom.- 17.2 Electron Repulsion and the Pauli Principle.- 17.3 Angular Momentum Coupling.- 17.3.1 Coupling Mechanism.- 17.3.2 LS Coupling (Russell-Saunders Coupling).- 17.3.3 jj Coupling.- 17.4 Magnetic Moments of Many-Electron Atoms.- 17.5 Multiple Excitations.- Problems.- 18. X-Ray Spectra, Internal Shells.- 18.1 Introductory Remarks.- 18.2 X-Radiation from Outer Shells.- 18.3 X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Spectra.- 18.4 Emission Line Spectra: Characteristic Radiation.- 18.5 Fine Structure of the X-Ray Spectra.- 18.6 Absorption Spectra.- 18.7 The Auger Effect (Inner Photoeffect).- 18.8 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), ESCA.- Problems.- 19. Structure of the Periodic System. Ground States of the Elements.- 19.1 Periodic System and Shell Structure.- 19.2 Ground States of Atoms.- 19.3 Excited States and Complete Term Scheme.- 19.4 The Many-Electron Problem. Hartree-Fock Method.- 19.4.1 The Two-Electron Problem.- 19.4.2 Many Electrons Without Mutual Interactions.- 19.4.3 Coulomb Interaction of Electrons. Hartree and Hartree-Fock Methods.- Problems.- 20. Nuclear Spin, Hyperfine Structure.- 20.1 Influence of the Atomic Nucleus on Atomic Spectra.- 20.2 Spins and Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei.- 20.3 The Hyperfine Interaction.- 20.4 Hyperfine Structure in the Ground States of the Hydrogen and Sodium Atoms.- 20.5 Hyperfine Structure in an External Magnetic Field, Electron Spin Resonance.- 20.6 Direct Measurements of Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- 20.7 Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- 20.8 The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment.- Problems.- 21. The Laser.- 21.1 Some Basic Concepts for the Laser.- 21.2 Rate Equations and Lasing Conditions.- 21.3 Amplitude and Phase of Laser Light.- Problems.- 22. Modern Methods of Optical Spectroscopy.- 22.1 Classical Methods.- 22.2 Quantum Beats.- 22.3 Doppler-free Saturation Spectroscopy.- 22.4 Doppler-free Two-Photon Absorption.- 22.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy and the Hanle Effect.- 23. Fundamentals of the Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding.- 23.1 Introductory Remarks.- 23.2 The Hydrogen-Molecule Ion H2+.- 23.3 The Tunnel Effect.- 23.4 The Hydrogen Molecule H2.- 23.5 Covalent-Ionic Resonance.- 23.6 The Hund-Mulliken-Bloch Theory of Bonding in Hydrogen.- 23.7 Hybridisation.- 23.8 The ? Electrons of Benzene, C6H6.- Problems.- A. The Dirac Delta Function and the Normalisation of the Wavefunction of a Free Particle in Unbounded Space.- B. Some Properties of the Hamiltonian Operator, Its Eigenfunctions and Its Eigenvalues.- Bibliography of Supplementary and Specialised Literature.- Fundamental Constants of Atomic Physics (Inside Front Cover).- Energy Conversion Table (Inside Back Cover).

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Book SynopsisMotivates students by challenging them with real-life applications of the somtimes esoteric aspects of quantum mechanics that they are learning. Offers completely original excerices developed at teh Ecole Polytechnique in France, which is know for its innovative and original teaching methods. Problems from modern physics to help the student apply just-learnt theory to fields such as molecular physics, condensed matter physics or laser physics.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "This problem based textbook is a concise and particularly useful reference of quantum mechanics as used in a large range of modern applications in physics. … At the end of each section worked solutions, references and general comments are given … . this book of problems would be very useful for any physics departmental, or indeed individual research group, library. Highly recommended." (Lloyd C L Hollenberg, Australian Physics, Vol. 32 (6), 2007)Table of ContentsElementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms.- Neutrino Oscillations.- Summary of Quantum Mechanics.- Quantum Entanglement and Measurement.- The EPR Problem and Bell’s Inequality.- Complex Systems.- Exact Results for the Three-Body Problem.- Atomic Clocks.- Neutron Interferometry.- Spectroscopic Measurement on a Neutron Beam.- Analysis of a Stern-Gerlach Experiment.- Measuring the Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly.- Decay of a Tritium Atom.- The Spectrum of Positronium.- The Hydrogen Atom in Crossed Fields.- Energy Loss of Ions in Matter.- Schrödinger’s Cat.- Quantum Cryptography.- Direct Observation of Field Quantization.- Ideal Quantum Measurement.- The Quantum Eraser.- A Quantum Thermometer.- Properties of a Bose-Einstein Condensate.- Magnetic Excitons.- A Quantum Box.- Colored Molecular Ions.- Hyperfine Structure in Electron Spin Resonance.- Probing Matter with Positive Muons.- Quantum Reflection of Atoms from a Surface.- Laser Cooling and Trapping.- Bloch Oscillations.

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Book SynopsisAre the particles of modern physics "real" or are they virtual entities, their existence deduced merely by abstract theories? This book examines the continuing debate regarding the inner constitution of matter by exploring the particle concept in physics. It investigates if the particles of particle physics are real or not. Readers interested in the "true meaning" of such physical concepts will find this book informative and thought provoking.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This work could, and should, change the direction of current philosophy of science. Accomplished physicist-philosopher Falkenburg … has constructed a significant metaphysical framework in which to evaluate the knowledge claims of empirical particle physics. … Urgently recommended to all philosophers of science and interested physicists. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty." (P. D. Skiff, CHOICE, Vol. v4 (3), November, 2007)Table of ContentsScientific Realism.- Extending Physical Reality.- Particle Observation and Measurement.- Probing Subatomic Structure.- Measurement and the Unity of Physics.- Metamorphoses of the Particle Concept.- Wave-Particle Duality.- Subatomic Reality.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive source of the fundamentals, process parameters, instrumental components and applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The effect of multiple pulses on material ablation, plasma dynamics and plasma emission is presented. A heuristic plasma modeling allows to simulate complex experimental plasma spectra. These methods and findings form the basis for a variety of applications to perform quantitative multi-element analysis with LIBS. These application potentials of LIBS have really boosted in the last years ranging from bulk analysis of metallic alloys and non-conducting materials, via spatially resolved analysis and depth profiling covering measuring objects in all physical states: gaseous, liquid and solid. Dedicated chapters present LIBS investigations for these tasks with special emphasis on the methodical and instrumental concepts as well as the optimization strategies for a quantitative analysis. Requirements, concepts, design and characteristic features of LIBS instruments are described covering laboratory systems, inspections systems for in-line process control, mobile systems and remote systems. State-of-the-art industrial applications of LIBS systems are presented demonstrating the benefits of inline process control for improved process guiding and quality assurance purposes.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.- Process parameters.- Instrumental components.- Evaporation and plasma generation.- Multiple-pulses for LIBS.- Material ablation.- Plasma dynamics and plasma parameters.- Plasma emission.- Modeling of plasma emission.- Quantitative analysis.- Combination of LIBS and LIF.- Bulk analysis of metallic alloys.- Bulk analysis of non-conducting materials.- Spatially resolved analysis.- Depth profiling.- LIBS instruments.- Industrial applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the state-of-the-art of Terahertz spectroscopy. It is a modern source for a beginners and researcher interested in THz spectroscopy. The basics and physical background of THz spectroscopy and technology are explained, and important applications are described. The book presents the highlights of scientific research in the field of THz science and provides an excellent overview of the field and future directions of research. Over the last decade the field of terahertz spectroscopy has developed into one of the most rapidly growing fields of spectroscopy with large impact across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Due to substantial advances in femtosecond laser technology, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has established itself as the dominant spectroscopic technique for experimental scientists interested in measurements in this frequency range. In solids and liquids terahertz radiation is at resonance with both phonon modes and hydrogen bonding modes which makes it an ideal tool to study the interaction between molecules in a unique way, thus opening a wealth of opportunities for research in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and pharmaceuticals. This book provides an easy access to scientists, engineers and students alike who want to understand the theory and applications of modern terahertz spectroscopy.Table of ContentsTransmission, reflection, refraction and scattering of Terahertz radiation.- Optical constants and dispersion relations in THz spectroscopy.- Scattering effects.- Converging Terahertz beam vs. plane wave.- Signal Processing – Wavelet Transform.- Signal Processing – Fractional Fourier transformation and spectrogram in signal processing of Terahertz pulses.- Terahertz Spectroscopy.- Crystalline and non-crystalline solids.- Liquids and Biomolecules.- Ellipsometry and active polarization control of Terahertz waves.- ATR sensing at terahertz frequencies.- Pump-probe spectroscopy.- Liquid crystals.- Waveguide spectroscopy.- Condensed matter physics.- Assignment of vibrational modes in crystalline materials.- On-chip pulsed Terahertz spectroscopy.- Nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy.- Terahertz Imaging.- Far-field / Near-field.- Biomedical Imaging.- Pharmaceutical imaging.- Terahertz tomography.- Security.- Artists’ materials characterization.- Interesting Physics at Terahertz Frequencies.- Plasmonic structures.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook explains the experimental basics, effects and theory of nuclear physics. It supports learning and teaching with numerous worked examples, questions and problems with answers. Numerous tables and diagrams help to better understand the explanations. A better feeling to the subject of the book is given with sketches about the historical development of nuclear physics. The main topics of this book include the phenomena associated with passage of charged particles and radiation through matter which are related to nuclear resonance fluorescence and the Moessbauer effect., Gamov’s theory of alpha decay, Fermi theory of beta decay, electron capture and gamma decay. The discussion of general properties of nuclei covers nuclear sizes and nuclear force, nuclear spin, magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment. Nuclear instability against various modes of decay and Yukawa theory are explained. Nuclear models such as Fermi Gas Model, Shell Model, Liquid Drop Model, Collective Model and Optical Model are outlined to explain various experimental facts related to nuclear structure. Heavy ion reactions, including nuclear fusion, are explained. Nuclear fission and fusion power production is treated elaborately.Table of ContentsPassage of Charged Particles Through Matter.- Passage of Radiation Through Matter.- Radioactivity.- General Properties of Nuclei.- The Nuclear 1\vo-Body.- Nuclear Models.- Nuclear Reactions.

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Book SynopsisDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.Table of ContentsI. Kinetische Theorie der Gase.- 1. Physikalische und mathematische Grundlagen.- Erster Entwurf eines theoretischen Bildes S..- Grundlagen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung S..- Geometrische Wahrscheinlichkeiten S..- Verteilungsfunktionen S..- 2. Das Boltzmann-Prinzip.- Wahrscheinlichster Zustand S..- Formulierung des Prinzips S..- Anwendung auf Dipole S..- 3. Maxwell-Verteilung; Gleichverteilungssatz.- Maxwellsches Verteilungsgesetz S..- Gasdruck, Kondensation und Verdampfung S..- Thermisches Gleichgewicht S..- Gleichverteilungssatz S..- 4. Freie Weglänge und Stoßzahl.- Verteilung und Mittelwert der freien Weglängen S..- Weglänge und Stoßzahl S..- Verallgemeinerung des Weglänge-und Stoßzahlbegriffs S..- 5. Die Transportgleichung.- Wärmeleitung S..- Allgemeine Transportgleichung; Diffusionsprobleme S..- 6. Grenzen gaskinetischer Betrachtungsweise; Wandstöße.- Volumstöße und Wandstöße S..- Strömungswiderstand stark verdünnter Gase S..- Wärmeleitung bei tiefen Drucken; Akkommodationskoeffizient S..- 7. Entartung der Gase; die neue Statistik.- Statistische Abzählungsregeln S..- Das allgemeine Verteilungsgesetz S..- Entartung der Gase S..- 8. Schwankungserscheinungen.- Begriff der Schwankung S..- Mittlere Schwankung; mittleres Schwankungsquadrat S..- Schwankungsformeln S..- II. Bau der Atome.- 9. Lichtquanten und Energiequanten.- Grenzen der Wellentheorie des Lichts; Photoeffekt S..- Quantentheorie des Photoeffekts S..- Fluoreszenz; Comptoneffekt S..- Die hv-Beziehung S..- 10. Gesetze der Serienspektren; Termsystematik.- Linienserien S..- Serienformeln S..- Spektralterme S..- 11. Das Bohrsche Atommodell.- Feinbau der Atome S..- Grundlagen der Bohrschen Atomtheorie S..- 12. Das Termschema der Atome.- Graphische Darstellung der Energieniveaus S..- Anwendung auf spezielle Beispiele: Natrium S..- Quecksiber- und Neonatom; metastabile Zustände S..- 13. Röntgenstrahlen.- Bremsstrahlen S..- Charakteristische Linienstrahlung S..- 14. Theorie der Hohlraum-Strahlung; kontinuierliches Spektrum.- Bandenspektrum; kontinuierliches Spektrum S..- Hohlraumstrahlung S..- 15. Elementare Stoßvorgänge.- Kritische Spannungen, Ausbeute S..- Ionisierungsausbeute S..- Optische Anregungsfunktion S..- Stöße zweiter Art S..- Anlagerung, Wiedervereinigung S..- Thermische Ionisation von Gasen S..- III. Elektronen im Hochvakuum.- 16. Bewegung freier Ladungsträger in elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern.- Grundgesetze S..- Beschleunigung im elektrischen Feld S..- Ablenkung in elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern S..- Magnetron S..- 17. Massenspektrograph; Braunsches Rohr.- Massenspektrograph S..- Braunsches Rohr, Kathodenstrahloszillograph S..- 18. Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen in der Atmosphäre.- Grundlagen der Dispersionstheorie S..- Absorption und Brechung in der Heavisideschicht S..- 19. Elektronenoptik.- Das Elektronenmikroskop S..- Beziehungen zwischen Mechanik und geometrischer Optik S..- Elektrische und magnetische Linsen S..- 20. Raumladungswirkung von Trägerströmen.- Feldverzerrung durch Raumladungen S..- Raumladung und Trägerstromdichte S..- Raumladungsbegrenzung des Stromes S..- Berücksichtigung der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Elektronen S..- Raumladungsgesetz für beliebige Elektrodenform; Güte des Vakuums S..- Gitterröhren S..- IV. Elektrizitätsleitung in Gasen.- 21. Bewegung der Träger in Gasen.- Fortschreitungsgeschwindigkeit; Beweglichkeit S..- Bewegungsgesetze der Elektronen S..- Diffusion von Trägern S..- Ambipolare Diffusion S..- 22. Unselbständige Strömung.- Kennzeichen und Einteilung S..- Unipolare Strömung S..- Bipolare Strömung S..- 23. Luftelektrizität.- Potentialgefälle; vertikaler Leitungsstrom S..- Ionisierungsbilanz der Atmosphäre S..- Aufrechterhaltung der negativen Erdladung S..- Ionisation der obersten Teile der Atmosphäre S..- Theorie der Gewitter S..- 24. Das Plasma.- Mechanismus der Vorgänge im Plasma S..- Temperatur der Elektronen S..- Theorie der Sonden S..- 25. Die positive Säule.- Eigenschaften der Säule S..- Diffusionstheorie der Säule S..- Die thermische Säule S..- 26. Der Kathodenfall.- Grundbegriffe S..- Glimmentladungskathoden S..- Theorie des Kathodenfalls S..- Glühkathoden S..- Bogenkathoden S..- 27. Die Lichtemission der Gasentladungen.- Anregung durch Elektronenstoß S..- Stufenprozesse S..- Lichtemission der Säule S..- 28. Ähnlichkeitsgesetze.- Die Ähnlichkeitsgesetze S..- Gültigkeit der Ähnlichkeitsgesetze S..- Anwendungsbeispiele S..- 29. Zünden und Löschen von Entladungen.- Mechanismus der Zündung S..- Theorie der Zündung S..- Entwicklung höherer Entladungsformen S..- Zündung in Glühkathodenröhren S..- Gesteuerte Zündung S..- Löschen von Entladungen S..- V. Elektrizitätsleitung in festen Körpern.- 30. Metallische Leitung; Elektronentheorie der Metalle.- Elementare Elektronentheorie der Metalle S..- Die neue Statistik der Metallelektronen S..- Allgemeine Theorie des metallischen Zustandes S..- 31. Thermischer Elektronenaustritt aus Metallen; Photoeffekt.- Glühkathoden S..- Photoeffekt S..- Schroteffekt, Funkeleffekt, Wärmerauschen S..- 32. Elektronenbefreiung durch starke Felder; Stoßeffekte an Metallflächen.- Autoelektrischer Effekt S..- Stoßeffekte an Metallflächen S..- Elektronenbefreiung durch Stöße S..- Kathodenzerstäubung S..- 33. Aktivierte und sensibilisierte Kathoden.- Einfache Oberflächenschichten S..- Wolfram-Cäsium- und Wolfram-Thorium-Glühkathoden S..- Sensibilisierte Photokathoden S..- Zusammengesetzte Photokathoden S..- 34. Elektrizitätsleitung in Halbleitern.- Elektronen- und Ionenleitung S..- Einfache Modellvorstellungen S..- Die Energiebändermodelle S..- Halbleiterphotoeffekt; Sperrschichten S..- 35. Durchschlag fester Isolatoren.- Beschreibende Übersicht S..- Der Wärmedurchschlag S..- Der elektrische Durchschlag S..- VI. Elektrizitätsleitung in Flüssigkeiten.- 36. Elektrolytische Leitung.- Die Leitfähigkeitsgleichung S..- Theorie der Ionenbeweglichkeit. Starke und schwache Elektrolyte S..- Dissoziation und Massenwirkungsgesetz S..- Elektromotorische Kraft im Konzentrationsgefälle S..- 37. Grenzflächenvorgänge.- Osmotische Theorie der Grenzflächenpotentiale S..- Polarisationseffekte S..- Die Grenzflächendoppelschicht S..- Elektrokapillarität S..- Elektrokinetische Erscheinungen S..- 38. Isolierende Flüssigkeiten.- Leitfähigkeit bei kleinen Feldstärken S..- Anomalien der Stromleitung S..- Leitung in starken Feldern S..- Mechanismus des Durchschiags S..- VII. Dielektrika und Magnetika.- 39. Die Dielektrizitätskonstante.- Die dielektrische Polarisation S..- Molekulare Dipole S..- Molekülstruktur S..- Ergänzungen und Erweiterungen der Theorie S..- 40. Dielektrische Anomalien.- Normale und anomale Vorgänge in Dielektriken S..- Formale Theorie der dielektrischen Anomalien S..- Mechanismus der anomalen Vorgänge S..- 41. Elektrostriktion; Piezoelektrizität; Kerreffekt.- Elektrostriktion S..- Piezoelektrische Kristalle S..- Kerreffekt S..- 42. Diamagnetismus, Paramagnetismus; Ferromagnetismus.- Einleitende Übersicht S..- Theorie des Diamagnetismus S..- Theorie des Paramagnetismus S..- Grundlagen der Theorie des Ferromagnetismus S..- Ausbau der Theorie S..- 43. Gitterbau der Festkörper.- Geometrische Grundbegriffe S..- Die Gitterkräfte S..- Einfachste Anwendungen der idealen Gittertheorie S..- Realkristalle S..

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Table of ContentsSome consequences of unitarity and crossing existence and asymptotic theorems.- Analyticity, unitarity and crossing-symmetry constraints for pion-pion partial wave amplitudes.- New methods in the analysis of ?—N scattering.- Regge-pole phenomenology.- Certain problems of two-body reactions with spin.- Duality and regge theory.- Complex angular momentum.- An introduction to dual resonance models in multiparticle physics.- Physical N-pion functions.- Application of harmonic analysis to inelastic electron-proton scattering.- Small-distance behaviour in field theory.- Physics on the light cone.- Course on padé approximants.

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Book SynopsisThe primary electron-molecule interaction processes of elastic and in­ elastic electron scattering, electron-impact ionization, electron-impact dissociation, and electron attachment are discussed, and state-of-the­ art authoritative data on the cross sections of these processes as well as on rate and transport coefficients are provided.Table of Contents1. Fundamental Electron-Molecule Interactions and their Technological Significance.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Low Energy Electron-Molecule Interaction Processes.- 2.1 Interactions of Low-Energy Electrons with Ground-State Molecules.- 2.2 Interactions of Low-Energy Electrons With Excited Molecules.- 2.3 Interactions of Low-Energy Electrons with Molecules in High Pressure Gases, Liquids, Clusters, and with Molecules at Surfaces.- 2.4 Interactions of Low-Energy Electrons With Transient Species (Radicals).- 3 Significance of Electron-Molecule Interactions in Plasma Processing.- 3.1 Low-Temperature, Low-Density, Non-Equilibrium Plasmas.- 3.2 Generation, Use, and Modeling of Low-Pressure Plasmas.- 3.3 Primary and Secondary Reactions.- 4 The Present Work.- 5 References.- 2. Electron-Molecule Interactions in the Gas Phase: Cross Sections and Coefficients.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Collision Cross Sections.- 2.1 Cross Sections for Elastic Electron Scattering.- 2.2 Cross Sections for Inelastic Electron Scattering.- 2.3 Partial Cross Sections.- 2.4 Total Electron Scattering Cross Section, ?sc,t (?).- 2.5 Methods of Measurement.- 2.6 Calculations.- 3 Coefficients and Rate Constants.- 3.1 Electron Transport Coefficients.- 3.2 Coefficients for Electron Attachment, and Electron-Impact Ionization and Excitation.- 3.3 Rate Constants.- 3.4 Methods of Measurement.- 4 Boltzmann-Code-Generated Collision Cross-Section Sets.- 5 References.- 3. Synthesis and Assessment of Electron Collision Data.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Synthesis, Assessment, and Recommendation of Data.- 2.1 Determination of the Cross Section for Momentum Transfer, ?m(?) of CF4.- 2.2 Determination of the Total Electron Scattering Cross Section, ?sc,t (?) of CF4 Below 1 eV 117.- 2.3 Determination of the Total Electron Attachment Cross Section, ?a,t (?), of Cl2.- 2.4 Consistency Between the Assessed Cross Sections.- 3 Deduction of Unavailable Data and Understanding from Assessed Data, New Measurements, and Data Needs.- 3.1 Deduction of Unavailable Data.- 3.2 A Better Understanding from Assessed Data.- 3.3 Determination of Data Needs and New Related Measurements and Calculations.- 4 Dissemination and Updating of the Database.- 5 References.- 4. Electron Interactions with CF4, C2F6, AND C3F8.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Electron Interactions with CF4.- 2.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of CF4.- 2.2 Electron Scattering from CF4.- 2.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of CF4.- 2.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of CF4 into Neutral Fragments.- 2.5 Electron Attachment to CF4.- 2.6 Electron Transport in CF4.- 2.7 Electron Interactions with CF4 Neutral Fragments.- 2.8 Summary of Recommended and Suggested Electron Collision Cross Sections and Electron Transport Coefficients for CF4.- 3 Electron Interactions with C2F6.- 3.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of C2F6.- 3.2 Electron Scattering from C2F6.- 3.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of C2F6.- 3.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of C2F6 into Neutral Fragments.- 3.5 Electron Attachment to C2F6.- 3.6 Electron Transport in C2F6.- 3.7 Summary of Recommended and Suggested Electron Collision Cross Sections and Electron Transport Coefficients for C2F6.- 4 Electron Interactions with C3F8.- 4.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of C3F8.- 4.2 Electron Scattering from C3F8.- 4.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of C3F8.- 4.4 Ionization Coefficients for C3F8.- 4.5 Electron-Impact Dissociation of C3F8 Producing Neutrals.- 4.6 Electron Attachment to C3F8.- 4.7 Electron Transport in C3F8.- 4.8 Summary of Recommended and Suggested Electron Collision Cross Sections and Electron Transport Coefficients for C3F8.- 5 References.- 5. Electron Interactions with CHF3, CF3I, AND c-C4F8.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Electron Interactions with CHF3.- 2.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of CHF3.- 2.2 Electron Scattering from CHF3.- 2.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of CHF3 into Neutral Fragments.- 2.5 Electron Attachment to CHF3.- 2.6 Electron Transport Coefficients for CHF3.- 2.7 Electron-Impact Induced Light Emission from CHF3.- 2.8 Electron Interactions with CHF3 Neutral Fragments.- 2.9 Summary of Recommended and Suggested Cross Sections and Coefficients for CHF3.- 3 Electron Interactions with CF3I.- 3.1 Electronic Structure and Basic Properties of CF3I.- 3.2 Electron Scattering Cross Sections for CF3I.- 3.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of CF3I.- 3.4 Electron Attachment to CF3I.- 3.5 Optical Emission from Electron Impact on CF3I.- 3.6 Summary of Suggested Cross Sections and Coefficients for CF3I.- 4 Electron Interactions with c-C4F8.- 4.1 Structural and Electronic Properties of c-C4F8.- 4.2 Electron Scattering Cross Sections for c-C4F8.- 4.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of c-C4F8.- 4.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of c-C4F8 into Neutral Fragments.- 4.5 Electron Attachment to c-C4F8.- 4.6 Electron Transport Coefficients for c-C4F8.- 4.7 Ion-Molecule Reactions in c-C4F8.- 4.8 Summary of Suggested and Recommended Cross Sections and Coefficients for c-C4F8.- 5 References.- 6. Electron Interactions with Cl2, CCl2F2, BCl3, AND SF6.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Electron Interactions with Cl2.- 2.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of Cl2.- 2.2 Electron Scattering from Cl2.- 2.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of Cl2.- 2.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of Cl2 into Neutral Fragments.- 2.5 Electron Attachment to Cl2.- 2.6 Electron Transport in Cl2.- 2.7 Optical Emission from Cl2 Gas Discharges.- 2.8 Suggested Cross Sections and Coefficients for Cl2.- 2.9 Electron Collision Data for Cl and Cl+.- 2.10 Electron Detachment, Electron Transfer, and Recombination and Diffusion Processes Involving Cl2.- 2.11 Summary of Data for Other Species and Processes Involving Cl2 Plasmas.- 3 Electron Interactions with CCl2F2.- 3.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of CCl2F2.- 3.2 Electron Scattering from CCl2F2.- 3.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of CCl2F2.- 3.4 Electron-Impact Dissociation of CCl2F2 into Neutral Fragments.- 3.5 Electron Attachment to CCl2F2.- 3.6 Electron Transport in CCl2F2.- 3.7 Optical Emission Under Electron Impact on CCl2F2.- 3.8 Recommended and Suggested Cross Sections and Coefficients for CCl2F2.- 4 Electron Interactions with BCl3.- 4.1 Structural and Electronic Properties of BCl3.- 4.2 Electron Scattering from BCl3.- 4.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of BCl3.- 4.4 Electron Attachment to BCl3.- 4.5 Electron Transport Coefficients for BCl3.- 4.6 Suggested and Needed Data for BCl3.- 5 Electron Interactions with SF6.- 5.1 Electronic and Molecular Structure of SF6.- 5.2 Electron Scattering by SF6.- 5.3 Electron-Impact Ionization of SF6.- 5.4 Cross Sections, ?dis,neut (?), for Electron-Impact Dissociation of SF6 into Neutral Fragments.- 5.5 Electron Attachment to SF6.- 5.6 Electron Transport in SF6.- 5.7 Autodetachment, Thermally Induced Detachment, Photo detachment, and Collisional Detachment of SF6?.- 5.8 Ion Transport in SF6.- 5.9 Recommended and Suggested Electron Collision Cross Sections and Electron Transport Coefficients for SF6.- 6 References.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, which has its origin in a series of radio broadcasts, Paul Davies interviews eight physicists involved in debating and testing quantum theory, with radically different views of its significance.Trade Review'Paul Davies' summary … is one of the clearest short expositions of quantum theory I have ever read.' New Scientist'For those puzzled by the mystery of Schrödinger's 'dead and alive' cat, or intrigued by the idea of parallel universes, this is a must.' The Good Book Guide'Paul Davies' summary - well worth the price of the book - is one of the clearest short expositions of quantum theory I have ever read. But the best is yet to come. In the interviews we hear physicists defending passionately some very bizarre views of the world … seeing these questions through the eyes of the people who are actually struggling to answer them offers an exciting firsthand glimpse into this fundamental and controversial field of enquiry.' New Scientist'Non-specialists will find this an attractive and thought-provoking book.' Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsForeword; 1. The strange world of the quantum; 2. Alain Aspect; 3. John Bell; 4. John Wheeler; 5. Rudolf Peierls; 6. David Deutsch; 7. John Taylor; 8. David Bohm; 9. Basil Hiley; Glossary; Further reading; Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom Nuclear Transmutation to Nuclear Fission, 1932-1939 deals with a particular phase in the early history of nuclear physics: the race among four laboratory teams to be the first to achieve the transmutation of atomic nuclei with artificially accelerated nuclear projectiles (protons) in high-voltage discharge tubes. This volume covers the background of the development of particle accelerators in the 1920s, the growth of the laboratories and their teams, the race itself, and its aftermath.The book provides an overview of the history of nuclear physics, from Ernest Rutherford's nuclear atom of 1911 to nuclear fission on the eve of World War II. It focuses on the details of the laboratory race, which was won by the English team in 1932. The volume also covers the reaction of the different laboratories to the discovery of nuclear fission, their wartime roles, and a brief epilogue on the later careers of the principal personalities.Trade Review"Dahl brings an impressive amount of scholarship to his book. He quotes many primary sources: letters, laboratory notebooks, progress reports, and unpublished manuscripts. In addition, the book has a nine page bibliography of journal articles and books. This is the book to read to witness the explosive development phase of modern nuclear physics." -James O'Connell, American Journal of Physics, No. 71 8th Ed., August 2003 "In fourteen chapters Dahl gives us coverage of nuclear physics that stretches in space and time far beyond what the reader might have expected … We are fortunate that Dahl has collected so many facts and sources of information about a truly fascinating period in the development of modern physics. His lively writing and the many surprising turns of the story will help the reader navigate through the abundance of detail. The book should be keenly enjoyed by everyone who likes to view progress in physics as one big (and mostly friendly) competitive team game." -Jean-Francois S. van Huele, History of Physics Newsletter, Vol. IX, No. 1 "Per Dahl has written a valuable and entertaining account … It would be hard to imagine a person better qualified than Per Dahl to write a book on this subject." -Laurie M. Brown "Dahl's account is wonderfully informative about the personalities who probed the nucleus during the 1930s." -Currents, December 2002 "The book is well and clearly written, betraying a desire for popular as well as professional audiences in addition to a talent for weaving together the stories he has to tell here." -Physics World, January 2003 "Dahl offers an interesting account of the early history of experimental nuclear physics research … Dahl very solidly documents the inner workings and motivations within these groups." -U. Greife, CHOICE, February 2003 "The familial firm handclasp between science and engineering informs this highly readable account of technical achievements and human aspirations in the early history and evolution of accelerators and reactors for nuclear physics research. The author admirably conveys the sense of struggle and accomplishment in this field, following from Ernest Rutherford's model of the nuclear atom in 1911 and the early scattering and transmutation investigations by his group … One's attention is gripped throughout and one's appreciation of the Herculean (oftentimes Spartan) efforts of such brilliant innovators in wedding engineering to science is whetted in this engrossing survey, by a perceptive writer for lay and professional readers alike, of a remarkable era in the unfolding history of physics." -E. Sheldon, University of Massachusetts, USA "Anyone with even a moderate interest in how physics developed in the 1920's and 1930's will enjoy the book … an especially interesting theme brought out by Dahl is the importance of Norwegians and other Scandinavians in the development of accelerators and early nuclear physics … Dahl concludes his history with an original and exciting account of the early developments in nuclear fission. It is not easy to weave as much as Dahl has into a coherent whole especially when many of the side stories are as interesting as the main scientific thread. Dahl has effectively organized his work so that the main and tangential stories come through clearly. The history is well worth revisiting and Dahl's summary of it is fresh and engaging." -Guy T. Emery, Physics Today, August 2003Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. List of illustrations. Prologue. The English Stage is Set. American Beginnings. How Many Volts? Protons, Electrons and Gamma Rays. Protons East and West. Giants of Electricity. Difficult years. More Particles, Expected and Unexpected. Runners Up. Deuterium. The Americans Forge Ahead. Fission: Return of Lightfoot. Epilogue. Abbreviations. Notes. Select Bibliography. Name Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a thorough introduction to the phenomenology of heavy flavour physics, those working on the B-factories, LHCb, BTeV, HERA and the Tevatron. It explains how heavy quark theory could be implemented on the lattice, and discusses the status of CP-violation in the neutral kaon system.Table of ContentsStandard Model -- The Standard Model in 2001/Jonathan Rosner -- Heavy Quark Theory L· CP Violation -- Heavy Quark Theory/Gerhard Buchalla -- Lattice Q C D/Christine Davies -- CP Violation/Yosef Nir -- Supersymmetry/Steve Abel -- Experimental Results -- Phenomenology of B Decays/Sheldon Stone -- B Experiments at HERA and the Tevatron/Peter Krizan -- Kaon Decay Experiments/Konrad Kleinknecht -- Results from e+e- B-factories/Klaus Schubert -- B Physics at the L H C /Tatsuya Nakada -- Index.

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Book SynopsisContaining the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Physics Beyond the Standard Model, this book reports the latest experimental and theoretical results and ideas in this exciting field, at the interface between particle physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics. Taken as a whole, this book presents an overview of the current status of the field and a valuable analysis of future trends in theory and experimental approaches across particle astrophysics.Table of ContentsApproximately 70 papers on the following topics: Extension of the Standard Model Grand Unified Theories and Beyond Fundamental Symmetries Supersymmetry and Supergravity Phenomenology Strings M-Theory Search for New Physics at Colliders Neutrino Physics: Neutrino Mass Matrix Solar Neutrinos Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations Neutron Oscillation and Neutron Decay Neutrino Factories High Energy Neutrinos Supernovae Neutrinos Double Beta Decay Nuclear and Weak Interaction Cosmic Microwave Background Properties of Space Time Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Baryogenesis Cosmic Rays

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Book SynopsisUp to date and comprehensive in its coverage, Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology reviews the whole landscape of neutrino physics, from state-of-the-art experiments to the latest phenomenological and theoretical developments to future advances.With contributions from internationally recognized leaders in the field, the book covers the basics of the standard model and neutrino phenomenology. It also discusses Big Bang cosmology, neutrino astrophysics, CP violation, leptogenesis, and solar neutrino physics, including the standard solar model. The contributors present experimental aspects of accelerator and reactor neutrino experiments as well as nuclear physics experiments that deal with neutrinoless double beta decay and tritium decay. They also focus on neutrino detectors, neutrino beams, and the neutrino factory.Drawn from the lectures of the Scottish Universities Summer SchooTable of ContentsNEUTRINOS IN THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND: The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Neutrino Oscillation Phenomenology. Neutrino Interactions. Models of Neutrino Masses and Mixings. NEUTRINOS IN ASTROPHISICS: Standard Solar Models. Solar Neutrino Experiments—Results and Prospects. Neutrinos and Stars. EXPERIMENTAL NEUTRINO PHYSICS: Accelerator-Based Neutrino Oscillation Experiments. Neutrino Oscillation Studies with Atmospheric Neutrinos. Neutrino Experiments with Reactors. Absolute Neutrino Mass Measurements. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay. Superbeams, Beta Beam, and Neutrino Factory. NEUTRINOS IN COSMOLOGY: Leptogenesis: Standard Model and Alternatives. Cosmological Aspects of Neutrino Physics. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith the constant emergence of new research and application possibilities, gaseous electronics is more important than ever in disciplines including engineering (electrical, power, mechanical, electronics, and environmental), physics, and electronics. The first resource of its kind, Gaseous Electronics: Tables, Atoms, and Molecules fulfills the author's vision of a stand-alone reference to condense 100 years of research on electron-neutral collision data into one easily searchable volume. It presents mostif not allof the properly classified experimental results that scientists, researchers, and students require for a theoretical and practical understanding of collision properties and their impact.An unprecedented collection and analysis of electron neutral collision propertiesThis book follows a new user-friendly format that enables readers to easily retrieve, analyze, and apply specific atomic/molecular informatiTrade Review"Readers working in the areas of plasma processing or plasma/arc related technology will find this book a useful reference source for values of various plasma parameters. … a very useful reference book for hard-to-find information on gaseous electronic parameters."—IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineTable of ContentsSingle atom. 2 atoms. 3 atoms. 4 atoms. 5 atoms. 6 atoms. 7 atoms. 8 atoms. 9 atoms. 10 atoms. 11 atoms. 12 atoms. More than 12 atoms. Gas mixtures.

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Book SynopsisIsotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Light Gas-Forming Elements explores different methods of isotope analysis, including spark, secondary ion, laser, glow discharge, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. It explains how to evaluate the isotopic composition of light elements (H, C, N, O) in solid, liquid, and gaseous samples of organic and inorganic substances, as well as: Presents a universal, economical, simple, and rapid technique for sample preparation of organic substances to measure the isotopic composition of carbon Describes how to determine microbial mineralization of organic matter in soil and the effect of exogenous substrates on environmental sustainability Examines use of the isotopic composition of n-alkanes from continental vegetation to study the paleoclimate and plant physiology Proposes a systematic approach to identifying tobacco areas of origin and tobacco products based on data from the isotopic compositionTable of ContentsIsotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry: Devices, Methods, and Applications. Universal Method for Preparation of Liquid, Solid, and Gaseous Samples for Determining the Isotopic Composition of Carbon. Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Assessing the Metabolic Potential of Soil Microbiota. Study of the Isotopic Composition of Normal Alkanes of Continental Plants. Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy for Analysis of Tobacco. Using Isotope Mass Ratio Spectrometry of Carbon in Doping Control. Isolation Methods in Isotope Geochemistry of Noble Gases. Using Laser Spectroscopy for Measuring the Ratios of Stable Isotopes.

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Table of Contents1 The Fundamental Constants and Metrology.- The Measurement of Fundamental Constants (Metrology) and Its Effect on Scientific and Technical Progress.- Constantes Physiques et Métrologie.- 2 Gamma rays.- Gamma-Ray Energies for Calibration of Ge(Li) spectrometers.- Primary Standards for Gamma Energy Determinations.- Precision Measurements of Relative ?-Ray Energies with a Curved Crystal Diffractometer.- Visible to Gamma-Ray Wavelength Ratio.- Determination of Proton Binding Energies for 89Y, 90Zr, 91Nb and 93Tc from (p, ?) Reaction Q-values.- A New Method for Measurement of Proton Beam Energies.- 3 Alpha and Beta Decays.- Superallowed ?-decay : From Nuclear Masses to the Z Vector Boson.- Masses of TZ = +5/2 Nuclei in the s-d Shell from ?-Decay Measurements.- Mass Differences of Proton-Rich Atoms near A=116 and A=190 Unisor Consortium.- Total ?-Decay Energies of Nuclei Far from Stability: Evidence for the Wigner Symmetry Energy in Rb and Kr Masses.- Total Beta Decay Energies of Neutron-Rich Fission Products.- Far Beta-Unstable Alpha-Particle Emitting Nuclei.- 4 Nuclear Reactions.- Precision Measurement of Q-values by Means of the Munich Time-of-flight System and the Q3D-Spectrograph.- Measurements of Nuclear Masses Far from Stability.- Some (p,n) and (?,n) Reaction Energies Relevant to Superallowed Beta Decay.- Accurate Q-value Measurements and Masses in the Iron Region.- Precision Energy Measurements with the MSU cyclotron.- New Tests of the Isobaric Multiplet Mass Equation.- Isobaric Mass Quartets.- 5 Mass Spectrometry.- This part is dedicated to the memory of L.G. Smith, 1912–1972. The Mass Spectroscopic Work of L.G. Smith.- L.G. Smith’s Precision RF Mass Spectrometer Transferred from Princeton to Delft.- Present Status of the Program of Atomic Mass Determinations at the University of Manitoba.- Recent Doublet Results and Measurement Technique Development at the University of Minnesota.- Double Focussing Mass Spectrometers of Second Order.- On a Two-Stage Double-Focussing Mass Spectroscope under Construction at Osaka University.- Atomic Mass Measurement Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy.- Mass Spectrometry of Unstable Nuclei.- The Activities of the II Physical Institute of the University of Giesen in the Investigation of Short-Lived Heavy Nuclei.- Attempts to Obtain Highly Resolved Mass Spectra of Short-Lived Fission Products with the Lohengrin Separator.- 6 Theory of Nuclear Binding Energies.- The Mass Determination in Relation to Nuclear Structure and to the Theory of Nuclear Matter.- Self-Consistent Calculations of Nuclear Total Binding Energies.- Shell and Pairing Effects in Spherical Nuclei Close to the Nucleon Drip Lines.- Hartree-Fock Calculation of Nuclear Binding Energy of Sodium Isotopes.- Nuclear Mass Systematics and Exotic Nuclei.- The Validity of the Strutinsky Method for the Determination of Nuclear Masses.- Nucleon Correlation Effects in Mass Systematics.- 7 Atomic Mass Formulae.- Interpolation Mass Formulae.- Nuclidic Mass Relationships and Mass Equations.- The Liquid Drop Mass Formula as a Shell Model Average.- Magic Neutron-Rich Nuclei and a New Semi-Empirical Shell-Correction Term.- Structure of Nuclear Energy Surface and the Atomic Mass Formula.- Atomic Mass Extrapolations.- 8 Time and Frequency Measurements and the Speed of Light.- Time and Frequency.- Applications of Frequency Standards.- Stabilized Lasers and the Speed of Light.- The Realization of the Second.- Stability and Reproducibility of He-Ne Lasers Stabilized by Saturated Absorption in Iodine.- Performance and Limitations of Iodine Stabilized Lasers.- Reproducibility of Methane- and Iodine-Stabilized Optical Frequency Standards.- Some Experimental Factors Affecting the Reproducibility and Stability of Methane-Stabilized Helium-Neon Lasers.- Molecular Beam Stabilized Argon Laser.- Frequency Stabilization of an Ar+ Laser with Molecular Iodine.- Saturated-Absorption-Stabilized N2O Laser for New Frequency Standards.- Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Laser for Infrared Frequency Measurements.- Two-Photon Lasers.- Light-Shifts Precision Measurements of the O-O Transition in a 133Cs Gas Cell.- 9 Wavelength Comparison.- Comparaison de Longueurs d’Onde à l’Aide d’un Interféromètre de Michelson.- Wavelength Intercomparison of Laser Radiations Using Servo-Lock Interferometry.- A Field Compensated Interferometer for Wavelength Comparison.- Determination of New Wavelength Standards in the Infrared by Vacuum Fourier Spectroscopy.- Preliminary Wavelength Measurements of a 127I2 Stabilized Laser at IMGC.- Wavelength Measurements in the UV and Vacuum UV.- 10 The Josephson Effects and 2e/h.- Applications of the Josephson Effect.- A Brief Review of the A C Josephson Effect Determination of 2e/h.- Determination of 2e/h at the BIPM.- 2e/h Determination by Josephson Effect in ETL.- Etape d’une Détermination absolue du coefficient 2e/h au LCIE.- Cryogenic Voltage Standard at PTB.- 11 Magnetic Moments.- Review of the Measurement of ?p/?n.- Magnetic Moment of the Proton in H2O in Units of the Bohr Magneton.- A Progress Report on the (g-2) Resonance Experiments.- New Electron and Positron (g-2) Experiments at the University of Michigan.- New Measurement of (g-2) of the Muon.- Status of Anomalous Magnetic Moment Calculations for Electron and Muon.- A New Mass-Spectrometric Method for the Measurement of ?p’.- Experiment with Magnetically Isolated Calculable Solenoid for ?p’ Determination.- Determination of the Gyromagnetic Ratio of the Proton ?p’.- A Measurement of the Gyromagnetic Ratio of the Proton by the Strong Field Method.- 12 Miscellaneous Constants.- Recent Estimates of the Avogadro Constant.- Re-evaluation of the Rydberg Constant.- Rydberg Constant Measurement Using CW Dye Laser and H* Atomic Beam.- Fast Beam Measurement of Hydrogen Fine Structure.- A New Determination of the Faraday by Means of the Silver Coulometer.- A Value for the Faraday Based on a High-Precision Coulometric Titration of 4-Aminopyridine.- Initial Results from a New Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant.- Constants of Electric and Magnetic Polarizibilities of Proton.- A New Determination of the Gas Constant by an Acoustic Technique.- A Determination of the Density and Dilatation of Pure Water of Known Isotopic Composition.- 13 Relativity, Time Variation of the Constants, and Philosophical Considerations.- Recent Solar Oblateness Observations : Data, Interpretation and Significance for Experimental Relativity.- A Laboratory Experiment to Measure the Time Variation of Newton’s Gravitational Constant.- An Experimental Limit on the Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant.- Bound on the Secular Variation of the Gravitational Interaction.- Understanding the Fundamental Constants.- 14 Evaluation.- Present Status of Atomic Masses.- Present Status of the Fundamental Constants.- 15 Conference Summary.- Summary of the Conference.

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Book SynopsisA. The Course.- Molecules Coupled to Their Environment.- Theories of Molecular Chirality: A Short Review.- Condensed Cooper Pairs and Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena.- Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics: Dynamics of Macroscopic Observables.- Quantum Brownian Motion.- Localization Critical Exponents.- Stochastic Models of Population and Phase Relaxation.- Classical and Quantum, Lattice and Continuum Percolation.- Tunneling and Relaxation in Low Temperature Systems.- Dynamics of Quantum Particles: Coupled Coherent and Incoherent Motion.- Chaotic Motion of Molecular Chains.- Complex Surface Geometry in Nano-Structure Solids: Fractal versus Bernal-Type Models.- Aggregation Phenomena.- Electrodeposition: Phenomenology and Theory.- Screening in Electrolytes and in Polymer Solutions: The Charge Structure Function.- In Search of Scaling Laws in Porous Silica Gels.- Stochastic Aspects in Reaction Kinetics.- B. The Seminars.- I Quantum Theory of Large Systems.- Coherence and Quantum Mechanics.- The Dynamical Generation of Macroscopic Coherent Light.- Macroscopically Inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein Condensation.- Generalized Squeezing of Boson States.- Equilibrium States of Long-Range Interacting Quantum Lattice Systems.- Environment and Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Field Theory.- Gauge Chemistry.- II Localized and Extended States.- Coherence Effects in Excitation Transfer: Application to Hexagonal Photosynthetic Unit.- Random Matrix Theory and Anderson Localisation.- Local Moments and the Localization of Electrons in Liquids.- How Universal is the Scaling Theory of Localization?.- Dimers, Repulsions, and the Absence of Localisation.- III Transport and Reactions.- Electronic Excitations in Polysilanes: Frenkel Excitons of a Disordered Chain.- The Study of Energy Change in Radical Systems.- Decay From an Initial Unstable State in a Chemical Reaction Model.- The Effects of Static Disorder on Polaron Transport.- Diffusion in a Disordered Line.- Bimolecular Diffuion-Limited Reaction Kinetics at Steady State.- Dynamic Percolation Theory for Diffusion of Interacting Particles: Tracer Diffusion in a Multi-Component Lattice Gas.- Crossover from Dispersive to Diffusive Energy Transport.- The Coupling Scheme for Relaxations in Complex Correlated Systems.- Simulation of Excitation Transport in Disordered Media.- Dynamical Exponents for 1-D Random-Random Directed Walks.- IV Polymers.- Interactions between Poly(styrene-co-styrene Sulfonic Acid) and Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-4-vinyl Pyridine) in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy.- Interactions of Sigma Conjugated Polymers With Strong Optical Fields.- Randomly Branched Polymers.- Multi-Particle Relaxation in Electronically Excited Polymers: Distribution of Transition Rates from Fluorescence Data - A Numerical Approach.- Understanding Heat Conduction in Oriented Polymers.- Static Correlations of Polymer Chains in Networks.- Theory of Polymers on Fractal Lattices.- V Disordered and Low-Dimensional Systems.- Self-Consistent Interpretation of Percolation in a Microemulsion.- Experimental Evidence of Fractal Aggregates in Dense Microemulsions.- Fractal Dynamics of the Catalytic CO-Oxydation - Application of Fractal Cellular Automata Models.- Electrodeposition: Fractal and Multifractal Measures.- High Resolution Spectroscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett Films.- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Transport of Small Molecules Across a Polymer Membrane.- Reactions in Microemulsions: Fractal Modeling.- Enhanced Membrane Rigidity in Charged Lamellar Phases.- VI Words of thanks.- Lecturers.- Participants.Table of ContentsA. The Course.- Molecules Coupled to Their Environment.- Theories of Molecular Chirality: A Short Review.- Condensed Cooper Pairs and Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena.- Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics: Dynamics of Macroscopic Observables.- Quantum Brownian Motion.- Localization Critical Exponents.- Stochastic Models of Population and Phase Relaxation.- Classical and Quantum, Lattice and Continuum Percolation.- Tunneling and Relaxation in Low Temperature Systems.- Dynamics of Quantum Particles: Coupled Coherent and Incoherent Motion.- Chaotic Motion of Molecular Chains.- Complex Surface Geometry in Nano-Structure Solids: Fractal versus Bernal-Type Models.- Aggregation Phenomena.- Electrodeposition: Phenomenology and Theory.- Screening in Electrolytes and in Polymer Solutions: The Charge Structure Function.- In Search of Scaling Laws in Porous Silica Gels.- Stochastic Aspects in Reaction Kinetics.- B. The Seminars.- I Quantum Theory of Large Systems.- Coherence and Quantum Mechanics.- The Dynamical Generation of Macroscopic Coherent Light.- Macroscopically Inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein Condensation.- Generalized Squeezing of Boson States.- Equilibrium States of Long-Range Interacting Quantum Lattice Systems.- Environment and Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Field Theory.- Gauge Chemistry.- II Localized and Extended States.- Coherence Effects in Excitation Transfer: Application to Hexagonal Photosynthetic Unit.- Random Matrix Theory and Anderson Localisation.- Local Moments and the Localization of Electrons in Liquids.- How Universal is the Scaling Theory of Localization?.- Dimers, Repulsions, and the Absence of Localisation.- III Transport and Reactions.- Electronic Excitations in Polysilanes: Frenkel Excitons of a Disordered Chain.- The Study of Energy Change in Radical Systems.- Decay From an Initial Unstable State in a Chemical Reaction Model.- The Effects of Static Disorder on Polaron Transport.- Diffusion in a Disordered Line.- Bimolecular Diffuion-Limited Reaction Kinetics at Steady State.- Dynamic Percolation Theory for Diffusion of Interacting Particles: Tracer Diffusion in a Multi-Component Lattice Gas.- Crossover from Dispersive to Diffusive Energy Transport.- The Coupling Scheme for Relaxations in Complex Correlated Systems.- Simulation of Excitation Transport in Disordered Media.- Dynamical Exponents for 1-D Random-Random Directed Walks.- IV Polymers.- Interactions between Poly(styrene-co-styrene Sulfonic Acid) and Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-4-vinyl Pyridine) in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy.- Interactions of Sigma Conjugated Polymers With Strong Optical Fields.- Randomly Branched Polymers.- Multi-Particle Relaxation in Electronically Excited Polymers: Distribution of Transition Rates from Fluorescence Data - A Numerical Approach.- Understanding Heat Conduction in Oriented Polymers.- Static Correlations of Polymer Chains in Networks.- Theory of Polymers on Fractal Lattices.- V Disordered and Low-Dimensional Systems.- Self-Consistent Interpretation of Percolation in a Microemulsion.- Experimental Evidence of Fractal Aggregates in Dense Microemulsions.- Fractal Dynamics of the Catalytic CO-Oxydation - Application of Fractal Cellular Automata Models.- Electrodeposition: Fractal and Multifractal Measures.- High Resolution Spectroscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett Films.- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Transport of Small Molecules Across a Polymer Membrane.- Reactions in Microemulsions: Fractal Modeling.- Enhanced Membrane Rigidity in Charged Lamellar Phases.- VI Words of thanks.- Lecturers.- Participants.

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Book SynopsisAs you read this, billions of neutrinos from the sun are passing through your body, antimatter is sprouting from your dinner and the core of your being is a chaotic mess of particles known only as quarks and gluons.If the recent discovery of the Higgs boson piqued your interest, then Why The Universe Exists will take you deeper into the world of particle physics, with leading physicists and New Scientist exploring how the universe functions at the smallest scales. Find out about hunt for dark matter and why there is something rather than nothing. Discover how accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland are rewinding time to the first moments after the big bang, and how ghostly neutrino particles may hold the answers to the greatest mysteries of the universe. ABOUT THE SERIESNew Scientist Instant Expert books are definitive and accessible entry points to the most important subjects in science; subject

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Book SynopsisBrings Readers from the Threshold to the Frontier of Modern Research Many-Body Methods for Atoms and Molecules addresses two major classes of theories of electron correlation: the many-body perturbation theory and coupled cluster methods. It discusses the issues related to the formal development and consequent numerical implementation of the methods from the standpoint of a practicing theoretician. The book will enable readers to understand the future development of state-of-the-art multi-reference coupled cluster methods as well as their perturbative counterparts.The book begins with an introduction to the issues relevant to the development of correlated methods in general. It next gives a formally rigorous treatment of aspects that pave the foundation toward the theoretical development of methods capable of tackling problems of electronic correlation. The authors go on to cover perturbation theory first in a fundamental way and then iTable of ContentsIntroduction. Occupation Number Representation. Perturbation Theory. Multi-Reference Perturbation Theory. State-Specific Perturbation Theory. Coupled Cluster Method. Fock Space Multi-Reference Coupled Cluster Method. Hilbert Space Coupled Cluster Theory.

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Book SynopsisMedium heavy nuclei with mass number A=60-90 exhibit a variety of complex collective properties, provide a laboratory for double beta decay studies, and are a region of all heavy N=Z nuclei. This book discusses these three aspects of nuclear structure using Deformed Shell Model and the Spin-Isospin Invariant Interacting Boson Model naturally generated by fermionic SO(8) symmetry. Using these two models, the book describes properties of medium heavy nuclei with mass number A=60-90. It provides a good reference for future nuclear structure experiments using radioactive ion beam (RIB) facilities. Various results obtained by the authors and other research groups are also explained in this book.Table of ContentsIntroduction.Deformed shell model (DSM). Deformed shell model results for spectroscopy of A=60-90 nuclei. Applications of deformed shell model. Deformed shell model for Double beta decay in A=60-90 nuclei. Heavy N=Z nuclei: SU(4) structure, Wigner energy and isovector and isosclar pairing. SO(8) fermion pairing model to spin-isospin interacting boson model (IBM-ST).Spin-isospin interacting boson model (IBM-ST). IBM-ST results for deuteron transfer and GT strengths. Interacting boson model with isospin T = 1 bosons. Deformed shell model results for spectroscopy of heavy N=Z nuclei. Future outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers key theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers. It addresses optical instrumentation and metrology, photonic and optoelectronic materials and devices, nanophotonics, organic and bio-photonics and high-field phenomena. Researchers, engineers, students and practitioners interested in any of these fields will find a wealth of new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques, as well as general surveys outlining future directions. Table of ContentsSection 1.- Optics: Optical Instrumentation and Metrology, techniques and materials and devices.- Section 2.- Photonics: Photonics for Energy, Photonic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Communications and Switching Photonics, Organic and Bio-Photonics Photodetectors, Sensors and Imaging, Nonlinear Optics, Fiber Optics devices and Nanophotonics.- Section 3.- Lasers: Plasma Technology; High intensity Lasers and high Field Phenomena.

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Book SynopsisThe book describes the modern theory of light hydrogen-like systems. The discussion is based on quantum electrodynamics. Green's functions, relativistic bound-state equations and Feynman diagrams are extensively used. New theoretical approaches are described and explained. The book contains derivation of many theoretical results obtained in recent years. A complete set of all theoretical results for the energy levels of hydrogen-like bound states is presented.Table of ContentsTheoretical Approaches to the Energy Levels of Loosely Bound Systems.- General Features of the Hydrogen Energy Levels.- External Field Approximation.- Essentially Two-Particle Recoil Corrections.- Radiative-Recoil Corrections.- Nuclear Size and Structure Corrections.- Lamb Shift in Light Muonic Atoms.- Physical Origin of the Hyperfine Splitting and the Main Nonrelativistic Contribution.- Nonrecoil Corrections to HFS.- Essentially Two-Body Corrections to HFS.- Hyperfine Splitting in Hydrogen.- Notes on Phenomenology.

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Book SynopsisThis second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass ?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt’s laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Trap Properties.- Summary of Trap Properties.- Mass Spectrometry.- Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps.- Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap.- Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles.- Microwave Spectroscopy.- Optical Spectroscopy.- Lifetime Studies in Traps.- Quantum Topics.- Quantum Effects in Charged Particle Traps.- Quantum Computing with Trapped Charged Particles.

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Book SynopsisA course in angular momentum techniques is essential for quantitative study of problems in atomic physics, molecular physics, nuclear physics and solid state physics. This book has grown out of such a course given to the students of the M. Sc. and M. Phil. degree courses at the University of Madras. An elementary knowledge of quantum mechanics is an essential pre-requisite to undertake this course but no knowledge of group theory is assumed on the part of the readers. Although the subject matter has group-theoretic origin, special efforts have been made to avoid the gro- theoretical language but place emphasis on the algebraic formalism dev- oped by Racah (1942a, 1942b, 1943, 1951). How far I am successful in this project is left to the discerning reader to judge. After the publication of the two classic books, one by Rose and the other by Edmonds on this subject in the year 1957, the application of angular momentum techniques to solve physical problems has become so common that it is found desirable to organize a separate course on this subject to the students of physics. It is to cater to the needs of such students and research workers that this book is written. A large number of questions and problems given at the end of each chapter will enable the reader to have a clearer understanding of the subject.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Angular Momentum Operators and Their Matrix Elements. 2. Coupling of Two Angular Momenta. 3. Vectors and Tensors in Spherical Basis. 4. Rotation Matrices - I. 5. Rotation Matrices - II. 6. Tensor Operators and Reduced Matrix Elements. 7. Coupling of Three Angular Momenta. 8. Coupling of Four Angular Momenta. 9. Partial Waves and the Gradient Formula. 10. Identical Particles. 11. Density Matrix and Statistical Tensors. 12. Products of Angular Momentum Matrices and Their Traces. 13. The Helicity Formalism. 14. The Spin States of Dirac Particles. Appendices. References. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe papers collected in this book show the results of investigations performed by Russian scientists in the field of low dose irradiation action. It is confirmed that low doses do have effects on the human organism and the environment and that the most serious consequences are observed in the far post-irradiation period. This branch of radiobiology, which developed after the Chernobyl accident and studied its consequences, is discussed in detail. The main part of reviews and articles is devoted to the aspects of low dose effects on the human and animal genome and far post-irradiation consequences. New details of mechanisms of low dose action are shown and methods of their determination are discussed. Furthermore, the adaptive response of organisms and the low dose effects on the immune system are demonstrated. Also, the difference between protection mechanisms against low dose irradiation and against high dose irradiation is shown and proved.

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains a selection of scientific papers related to the structure and dynamics of non-rigid molecules. This frontline topic was born a few decades ago, when Longuet-Higgins proposed his famous theory of Molecular Symmetry Groups (Mol. Phys. 6, (1962) 457). Unfortunately, since this early paper, very few publications have been devoted to the study of non-rigid molecules. Let us mention some books which dedicate some chapters to them: Induced Representations in Crystals and Molecules, by S. L. Altmann, Academic Publishers, 1977; Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy, by P. R. Bunker, Academic Publishers, 1979; and finally Large Amplitude Motion in Molecules, Vols. I and II, by several authors, Springer Verlag, 1979. More recently an International Symposium on Non-Rigid Molecules was held in Paris, France, from 1-7 July 1982, the proceedings of which were published in the volume entitled Symmetries and Properties of Non-Rigid Molecules. A Comprehensive Survey, edited by J. Maruani et al., Elsevier, 1983. Finally, we should mention the very specialized work The Permutational Approach to Dynamic Stereochemistry, by J. Brocas et al., McGraw-Hill, 1983. The purpose of this book is to fill in this information on the structure and dynamics of non-rigid systems. To this aim, we have gathered a collection of recent papers written by the most qualified specialists in the world, covering a large field from van der Waals molecules to inorganic complexes and organic polyrotor molecules, as well as considering statistical and dynamic aspects.Table of ContentsEditorial. Preface; R.S. Berry. Part I: Some Fundamental Questions in Non-Rigid Molecular Problems. The Structure, Symmetry, and Properties of Non-Rigid Molecules; A.I. Boldyrev. Do We Really Know How to Define Normal Vibrations in Non-Rigid Molecular Systems? G.A. Natanson. Generalizing the Molecular Symmetry Group of Longuet-Higgins to Asymmetric Tunneling Problems; R.G.A. Bone. Part II: Structure and Symmetry of Non-Rigid Molecular Systems. Characterization of Rotational Isomerization Processes in Monorotor Molecules; G.I. Cárdenas-Jirón, A. Toro-Labbé, C.W. Bock, J. Maruani. Group Theory for Three-Dimensional Non-Rigid Molecular Problems. Applications to the Double C3v Rotation, plus Bending, Wagging or Torsion Mode; Y.G. Smeyers. Non-Rigidity in Heptacoordinate Complexes; J. Brocas. Jet-Cooled Fluorescence Excitation Spectra and Carbonyl Wagging Potential Energy Functions of Cyclic Ketones in their Electronic Excited States; J. Lanne, J. Zhang, W.-Y. Chiang, P. Sagear, P. Cheatham. Part II: Dynamics of Non-Rigid Molecular Systems. Photofragmentation Dynamics of van der Waals Complexes; G. Delgado-Barrio, J.A. Beswick. Dynamics of Non-Rigid Molecules: Explorations of the Phase Space; D.E. Weeks, R.D. Levine. Index.

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Book SynopsisAtoms in strong radiation fields are interesting objects for study, and the research field that concerns itself with this study is a comparatively young one. For a long period after the ~scovery of the photoelectric effect. it was not possible to generate electro­ magnetic fields that did more than perturb the atom only slightly, and (first-or~er) perturbation theory could perfectly explain what was going on at those low intensities. The development of the pulsed laser bas changed this state of affairs in a rather dramatic way, and fields can be applied that really have a large, or even dominant influence on atomic structure. In the latter case, w~ speak of super-intense fields. Since the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic waves is characterized by many parameters other than the light intensity, such as frequency, iQnization potential, orbit time, etc., it is actually quite difficult to define what is exactly meant by the term 'super-intense'. Obviously the term does not have an absolute meaning, and intensity should always be viewed in relation to other properties of the system. An atom in a radiation field can thus best be described in terms of various ratios of the quantities involved. The nature of the system sometimes drastically changes if the value of one of these parameters exceeds a certain critical value, and the new regime could be called super-intense with respect to that parameter.Table of ContentsPreface. I: Multiphoton Ionization. Stabilization. General Strong-Field Ionization and High-Order ATI. Molecules. II: Multi-Electron Atoms. Correlation Effects. Coherence Transfer. Multiphoton Multiple Ionization. III: Hard Radiation Quanta. X-Rays. Two- Color Processes. Compton Scattering. High-Harmonic Generation. IV: Coherence and Interference. Non-Linear Light Propagation. Coherence, Interference and Wavepackets. Subject Index. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents, with some amplification, the notes on the lectures on nuclear physics given by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago in 1949.

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Book SynopsisAn account of the author's life with the atomic scientist Enrico Fermi, that covers Fermi's early childhood interest in science, and his rise in the Italian university system concurrent with the rise of fascism, his receipt of the Nobel Prize, their emigration to the United States in the 1930s, their experiences in America.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive philosophical and historical account of the experimental foundations of Niels Bohr’s practice of physics.Trade Review"Perovic offers a novel and refreshingly unorthodox interpretation of Bohr's seminal contributions to quantum physics and their philosophical implications. Adopting a method of historically sensitive analysis, he argues convincingly that the great Dane came to his overarching hypotheses, including the complementarity principle, by inductive reasoning inherently based on experiments. He skillfully defends Bohr against the charges that his epistemological and methodological views were amateurish armchair philosophy. Perovic's book on Bohr's vision is recommendable from a scientific, historical, and philosophical perspective."--Helge Kragh, Niels Bohr Institute, University of CopenhagenTable of ContentsIntroduction Part 1: Preliminaries 2 From Laboratory to Theory 3 From Classical Experiments to Quantum Theory Part 2: Bohr’s Vision in Practice: the Old Quantum Theory 4 Spectral Lines, Quantum States, and a Master Model of the Atom 5 The Correspondence Principle as an Intermediary Hypothesis 6 Reception 7 The Scientific Moderator Part 3: Toward Quantum Mechanics 8 Quantum Corpuscles, Quantum Waves, and the Experiments 9 The Uncertainty Principle as an Intermediary Hypothesis 10 Metaphysical Principles and Heuristic Rules 11 New Formalisms and Bohr’s Atom 12 Complementarity Established and Applied Part 4: Aftermath 13 Bohr and the “Copenhagen Orthodoxy” 14 Bohr’s Response to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument 15 The Mature Bohr and the Rise of Slick Theory and Theoreticians Acknowledgments Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisResearch on dendrimers has exploded in the last fifteen years, moving from the establishment of synthetic methodologies towards sophisticated applications. Designing Dendrimers covers both fundamental and applicative aspects of dendrimer research.Table of ContentsPreface vii List of Contributors xi 1 Dendrimers as quantized nano-modules in the nanotechnology field 1 Jørn B. Christensen and Donald A. Tomalia 2 Novel methods for dendrimer synthesis 35 Isao Washio and Mitsuru Ueda 3 Designer monomers to tailored dendrimers 57 George R. Newkome and Carol Shreiner 4 Dendronized polymers: state of the art in Zurich 95 Afang Zhang and A. Dieter Schl€uter 5 Shape persistent polyphenylene-based dendrimers 121 Martin Baumgarten, Tianshi Qin, and Klaus M€ullen 6 Dendrimer chemistry with fullerenes 161 Jean-Franc¸ois Nierengarten 7 Redox and fluorescent open core dendrimers 195 Angel E. Kaifer 8 Redox-active organometallic dendrimers as electrochemical sensors 219 Carmen M. Casado, Beatriz Alonso, Jose Losada, and Marı´a Pilar Garcı´a-Armada 9 Shape-persistent conjugated dendrimers for organic electronics 263 Jing Yan, Fan Gao, Jian Pei, and Yuguo Ma 10 Fine-controlled metal assembly in dendrimers 303 Takane Imaoka and Kimihisa Yamamoto 11 Enlightening structure and properties of dendrimers by fluorescence depolarization 341 Giacomo Bergamini, Enrico Marchi, Paola Ceroni, and Vincenzo Balzani 12 Single-molecule spectroscopy of dendrimer systems 367 Tom Vosch 13 Degradable dendrimers 403 Marc Gingras 14 Porphyrin dendrimers as biological oxygen sensors 463 Sergei A. Vinogradov and David F. Wilson 15 Peptide dendrimers as artificial proteins 505 Tamis Darbre and Jean-Louis Reymond 16 Phosphorus-containing dendritic architectures: synthesis and applications 529 Anne-Marie Caminade and Jean-Pierre Majoral Index 563

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics and physical chemistry fields with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Filled with cutting-edge research reported in a cohesive manner not found elsewhere in the literature, each volume of the Advances in Chemical Physics series serves as the perfect supplement to any advanced graduate class devoted to the study of chemical physics.Table of ContentsZEKE Spectroscopy: High-Resolution Spectroscopy with Photoelectrons(K. Muller-Dethlefs, et al.). New Ways of Understanding Semiclassical Quantization (P. Gaspard,et al.). Indexes.

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