Astrophysics Books

Book SynopsisAs you read this, billions of neutrinos from the sun are passing through your body, antimatter is sprouting from your dinner and the core of your being is a chaotic mess of particles known only as quarks and gluons.If the recent discovery of the Higgs boson piqued your interest, then Why The Universe Exists will take you deeper into the world of particle physics, with leading physicists and New Scientist exploring how the universe functions at the smallest scales. Find out about hunt for dark matter and why there is something rather than nothing. Discover how accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland are rewinding time to the first moments after the big bang, and how ghostly neutrino particles may hold the answers to the greatest mysteries of the universe. ABOUT THE SERIESNew Scientist Instant Expert books are definitive and accessible entry points to the most important subjects in science; subject

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Book SynopsisEquivalence: Elizabeth L. Scott at Berkeley is the compelling story of one pioneering statistician's relentless twenty-year effort to promote the status of women in academe and science. Part biography and part microhistory, the book provides the context and background to understand Scott's masterfulness at using statistics to help solve societal problems. In addition to being one of the first researchers to work at the interface of astronomy and statistics and an early practitioner of statistics using high-speed computers, Scott worked on an impressively broad range of questions in science, from whether cloud seeding actually works to whether ozone depletion causes skin cancer. Later in her career, Scott became swept up in the academic women's movement. She used her well-developed scientific research skills together with the advocacy skills she had honed, in such activities as raising funds for Martin Luther King Jr. and keeping Free Speech Movement students outTrade Review "This book is an amazing tour de force." ~ Juliet Shaffer, University of California-Berkeley"What an intriguing life Scott led!" ~ Deborah Bennett, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Ret. "The details of what was done when in response to situations are revealing and instructive. We should all have access to her story." ~ Brian Yandell, University of Wisconsin"The way in which Scott was able to continue her research while simultaneously serving the University system through her gender discrimination work is exemplary and should be inspirational to the academic women of today. Women are still recognised as being under-represented at higher levels of academia, particularly in science, even though it is now 50 years after Scott commenced her investigations! Men and women who are interested in the history of statistics and in the history of gender equity in universities will want to own this book. There is inspiration to be gained and lessons to be learnt by those who still face gender inequity in academia today." ~ Alice Richardson, ANU College of Medicine, Canberra"Equivalence tells the captivating story of statistician Elizabeth L. Scott, who was a trail blazer for all women in academia, and especially in statistics . . . During her entire time in the Statistics Department, she overlapped with only four other women . . . It is a story of the love, passion, and commitment exhibited by Betty throughout her personal and professional life. It also illustrates the love, passion, and commitment of the author (statistician Amanda Golbeck) for telling Betty’s story. . . Reading Equivalence was an eye-opening experience for me. Having received my PhD in Statistics in 1978, the book helped me place my academic career in a larger context. It felt somewhat like I had boarded a train part way through a treacherous journey, and only slowly came to realize the hardships the passengers had faced before reaching my embarkation point. It brought back memories of some of my early experiences . . ." ~ Jessica Utts, American Statistician"This book is an amazing tour de force." ~ Juliet Shaffer, University of California-Berkeley"What an intriguing life Scott led!" ~ Deborah Bennett, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Ret. "The details of what was done when in response to situations are revealing and instructive. We should all have access to her story." ~ Brian Yandell, University of Wisconsin"The way in which Scott was able to continue her research while simultaneously serving the University system through her gender discrimination work is exemplary and should be inspirational to the academic women of today. Women are still recognised as being under-represented at higher levels of academia, particularly in science, even though it is now 50 years after Scott commenced her investigations! Men and women who are interested in the history of statistics and in the history of gender equity in universities will want to own this book. There is inspiration to be gained and lessons to be learnt by those who still face gender inequity in academia today." ~ Alice Richardson, ANU College of Medicine, Canberra"Equivalence tells the captivating story of statistician Elizabeth L. Scott, who was a trail blazer for all women in academia, and especially in statistics . . . During her entire time in the Statistics Department, she overlapped with only four other women . . . It is a story of the love, passion, and commitment exhibited by Betty throughout her personal and professional life. It also illustrates the love, passion, and commitment of the author (statistician Amanda Golbeck) for telling Betty’s story. . . Reading Equivalence was an eye-opening experience for me. Having received my PhD in Statistics in 1978, the book helped me place my academic career in a larger context. It felt somewhat like I had boarded a train part way through a treacherous journey, and only slowly came to realize the hardships the passengers had faced before reaching my embarkation point. It brought back memories of some of my early experiences . . ." ~ Jessica Utts, American StatisticianTable of ContentsIntroduction. Framing the local research questions (1968). West Point and the field artillery family (ancestry I). Collecting, managing, and summarizing the local data (1969). Aunt Phoebe the astronomer (ancestry II). Reporting the local data (1970). Becoming an outlier. Using the local data for advocacy (1971). 10,000 hours of professional practice. Regressing national data (1972). The UC - Berkeley department of statistics. Focusing on salary data (1973). With Jerzy Neyman. Advocating for data quality improvement (1974). Loyalty oath, civil rights, free speech. Using statistical reasoning toward affirmative action (1975). Productivity as a statistical scientist. Creating the salary evaluation kit (1976). Influencing academic salaries (1977). Continuing efforts to further the careers of academic women (1978 - 1981). After Neyman. (1982 - 1988).

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Book SynopsisThis book suitable for post graduates in Physics and Astrophysics aims at introducing the theory of general relativity as an important background for doing astrophysics. Starting from a detailed discussion of the various mathematical concepts for doing general relativity, the book introduces the geometric description of gravity. It gives a brief historical perspective to classical mechanics and electrodynamics making an attempt to establish the necessity of special relativity as propounded by Einstein extending to General Relativity. This book is a good starting point for post graduates wanting to pursue the modern topics of Cosmology, High energy astrophysics and related areas.Table of ContentsMathematical Preliminaries. Pre Relativistic Physics. Special Relativity. General Relativity. Accretion Astrophysics. Inertial Forces in GR. Gravity as a Gauge Theory.

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Book SynopsisSpace weather is one of the most significant natural hazards to human life and health. Conditions of the sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. If conditions in the space environment are adverse, they can cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power distribution grids, leading to a variety of socioeconomic losses. This book provides an overview of our current knowledge and theoretical understanding of space weather formation and covers all major topics of this phenomena, from the sun to the Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere, thus providing a fully updated review of this rapidly advancing field. The book brings together an outstanding team of internationally recognised contributors to cover topics such as solar wind, the earth''s magnetic field, radiation belts, the aurora, spacecraft charging,Table of ContentsSpace Weather Drivers. Sun. Solar Wind. Earth’s Magnetic Field. Solar Wind Magnetosphere Interaction. The Magnetosheath and its Boundaries. Magnetic Reconnection. Magnetospheric Electric Fields and Current Systems. Geomagnetic Tail-Inner Magnetosphere Coupling. Ring Current. Radiation Belts. Plasmasphere. Polar Wind. "Imaging" the Aurora: Understanding Space Weather in the Upper Atmosphere. Ionospheric Electrodynamics. Simulating Space Weather. Space Weather and the Extra-Terrestrial Planets. Space Weather Applications. Spacecraft Charging. Orbital Drag. Space Weather Effects on Communication and Navigation.

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Book SynopsisLooking at the night sky, you’d be forgiven for thinking it’s all quiet up there in space. But you’d be wrong. Extreme events are forever unfolding: galaxies explode, cosmic debris hurtles through the heavens and our own Milky Way is on a collision course with the giant Andromeda galaxy. Mayhem moulded the cosmos, shaped life on Earth and at times threatened to end it. With an enduring sense of wonder, through cataclysms great and small, Bob Berman presents a destructive history of our universe.Trade Review‘Blithely engaging, a glittering planetarium that is…a stage for astonishing and unnerving spectacles… I greatly admire [Berman’s] ability to lucidly explain astrophysics to the nonscientist. The brio that he brings to cosmic havoc makes much of Boom! a delicious guilty pleasure.’ * Wall Street Journal *‘Fascinating, terrifying and entertaining in equal measure, this is an expert guide to the deadliest hazards in the universe, on Earth and beyond.’ -- Paul Parsons, science journalist and author‘This lively menagerie of astrophysical oddities will entertain any reader who’s ever wondered what the biggest, most dangerous “bangs” in the universe might be.’ * Publishers Weekly *‘Berman writes with verve and vigour…a pleasing excursion into the hows and whys of how the universe – our universe, anyway – took shape and how it works – except when it doesn’t.’ * Kirkus *

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Book SynopsisThe Physics of the Early Universe is an edited and expanded version of the lectures given at a recent summer school of the same name. Its aim is to present an advanced multi-authored textbook that meets the needs of both postgraduate students and young researchers interested in, or already working on, problems in cosmology and general relativity, with emphasis on the early universe. A particularly strong feature of the present work is the constructive-critical approach to the present mainstream theories, the careful assessment of some alternative approaches, and the overall balance between theoretical and observational considerations. As such, this book will also benefit experienced scientists and nonspecialists from related areas of research. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This is a set of 9 review articles given as part of a 2003 summer school on Syros Island, Greece. … this book provides a solid introduction to current research in early universe physics, which should be useful for PhD students or postdoctoral researchers who want the real thing. … This, then, is a useful book for someone wanting to leap right into modern theoretical ideas of early universe physics." (Douglas Scott, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Issue 24, 2007)Table of ContentsAn Introduction to the Physics of the Early Universe.- Cosmological Perturbation Theory.- Cosmic Microwave Backgrond Anisotropies.- Oberservational Cosmology.- Dark Matter and Dark Energy.- String Cosmology.- Brane-World Cosmology.- Gravitational Wave Astronomy: the High Frequency Window.- Computational Black Hole Dynamics.

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Book SynopsisAls im Jahre 1995 die Schweizer Astronomen Michel Mayor und Didier Queloz die Entdeckung des ersten extrasolaren Planeten um einen sonnenähnlichen Stern bekanntgaben, konnte noch niemand ahnen, daß sich daraus in den folgenden knapp zwei Jahrzehnten eine neue, nicht nur in ihrer Entwicklung atemberaubende neue Disziplin der Astronomie entwickeln würde. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt (2013) findet man in den Katalogen der Astronomen mittlerweile fast 1000 bestätigte und über 3500 „Exoplanetenkandidaten“ – insbesondere Dank der unerwartet erfolgreichen Mission des leider im Frühjahr 2013 ausgefallenen Kepler-Weltraumteleskops. Es zeigt sich immer mehr, daß Planetensysteme im Kosmos etwas ganz normales sind, die ihrer Natur gemäß eine riesige Formenvielfalt aufweisen. „Heiße Jupiter“, Super-Erden und Pulsarplaneten benennen Objekte, die in unserem Sonnensystem völlig unbekannt sind. Diese exotischen Welten, von denen man meist nur ein paar wenige Parameter kennt, regen nicht nur die Phantasie an, sondern sie befeuern auch die Hoffnung, über kurz oder lang in den Weiten der Milchstraße auch einmal einen Pendanten unseres blauen Planeten zu finden.In diesem Buch werden die wichtigsten Methoden und Erkenntnisse der Exoplanetenforschung so vorgestellt, daß der Leser einen profunden Überblick über diesen neuen Zweig der astronomischen Forschung erhält und in die Lage versetzt wird, die entsprechende Fachliteratur mit Gewinn zu verfolgen. Themen sind die verschiedenen Nachweis- und Beobachtungsmethoden von Exoplaneten, ihre Statistik und Klassifizierung, ihr physischer Aufbau sowie ihre Entstehung, wie er sich den Astronomen aus Beobachtungen und theoretischen Überlegungen erschließt.Das Buch wendet sich an interessierte Studenten der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften, an Abiturienten, Dozenten, Lehrer und nicht zuletzt an Amateurastronomen, die das Wissen über diesen faszinierenden Gegenstand der Forschung mit großer Begeisterung vielen Menschen nahebringen.Mathias Scholz, 1981-1986 Studium der Physik an der Universität Rostock, danach Berechnungsingenieur und ab 1990 freiberuflich auf dem Gebiet der Umweltsimulation sowie im IT-Bereich tätig; Amateurastronom.Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen:“… richtet sich an Oberstufenschüler, Lehrer, Studenten und interessierte Amateure, die sich auf durchaus anspruchsvollem Niveau mit diesem Themengebiet auseinandersetzen wollen ...” (Carolin Liefke, in: Sterne Und Weltraum, Heft 4, 2015) "... ein wirklich gelungenes Lehrbuch über den relativ jungen Forschungsbereich der Entdeckung und Erforschung von Exoplaneten. Mit seinen aussagekräftigen Grafiken, dem guten, interessanten Bildmaterial und dem flüssig lesbaren und vor allem gut verständlichen Text ..." (Michael Bahner, in: Buchrezicenter.de, 5. Januar 2015)Table of ContentsVorwort.- 1. Eine kurze Geschichte der Exoplanetenforschung.- 2. Was ist ein Planet?- 3. Nachweismethoden von Exoplaneten.- 4. Statistik, Klassifikation und Diversität von Exoplaneten.- 5. Physischer Aufbau extrasolarer Planeten.- 6. Epilog: SETI – die Suche nach außerirdischen Zivilisationen.- Literatur.- Index.

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Book SynopsisDer bekannte Astronom Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) gilt als der Begr}nder der Astrophysik und als hervorragender Forscher mit einer erstaunlichen Bandbreite seiner Interessen. Arbeiten zur Himmelsmechanik, Elektrodynamik und Relativit{tstheorie weisen ihn als vorz}glichen Mathematiker und Physiker seiner Zeit aus. Untersuchungen zur Photographischen Photometrie, Optik und Spektroskopie zeigen den versierten Beobachter, der sein Me~instrument beherrscht. Schlie~lich arbeitete Schwarzschild als Astrophysiker und an Sternatmosph{ren, Kometen, Struktur und Dynamikvon Sternsystemen. Die in seinem kurzen Leben entstandene F}lle von wissenschafltichen Arbeiten ist in drei B{nden der Gesamtausgabe gesammelt, erg{nzt durch biographisches Material und ein Essay des Nobelpreistr{gers S. Chandrasekhar und Annotationen von Fachleuten in jedem der drei B{nde.Table of Contents5. Astronomical Positioning.- 5.1 Ueber photographische Ortsbestimmung / On Photographic Position Determination.- 5.2 Über photographische Breitenbestimmung mit Hilfe eines hängenden Zenitkollimators / On Determining Latitude Using a Suspended Zenith Collimator.- 5.3 Über Breitenbestimmung mit Hilfe einer hängenden Zenitkamera / On Latitude Determination Using a Suspended Zenith Camera.- 5.4 Bestimmung der Polhöhe von Göttingen u. der Deklinationen von 375 Zenithsternen mit der hängenden Zenithkamera / Determination of the Altitude of the Pole at Göttingen and the Declination of 375 Zenith Stars Using the Suspended Zenith Camera (with W. Dziewulski).- 5.5 Über einen Transformator zur Auflösung sphärischer Dreiecke, besonders für Zwecke der Ortsbestimmung im Luftballon / On a Transformer for the Solution of Spherical Triangles, Especially for Position Determination in Air Balloons.- 5.6 Tafeln zur astronomischen Ortsbestimmung im Luftballon bei Nacht, sowie zur leichten Bestimmung der mitteleuropäischen Zeit an jedem Orte Deutschlands / Tables for Astronomical Position Determination in Air Balloons at Night and for Easy Determination of Central-European Time at any Point in Germany (with o. Birck).- 5.7 Künstlicher Horizont and Ballonsextant / Artificial Horizon and Balloon Sextant.- 5.8 Libellenhorizont und Libellensextant / Bubble Horizon and Bubble Sextant.- 6. Photographie Photometry.- 6.1 Die Bestimmung von Sternhelligkeiten aus extrafocalen photographischen Aufnahmen / The Determination of Stellar Magnitudes from Extrafocal Exposures.- 6.2 Beiträge zur photo graphischen Photometrie der Gestirne / Contributions on the Photographic Photometry of Stars.- 6.3 Ueber Abweichungen vom Reciprocitätsgesetz für Bromsilbergelatine / On Departures from the Reciprocity Law for Silver-Bromide Gelatine.- 6.4 Ueber die Wirkung intermittirender Belichtung auf Bromsilbergelatine / On the Effects of Intermittent Exposures on Silver-Bromide Gelatine.- 6.5 Bemerkungen zur Sensitometrie / Remarks on Sensitometry.- 6.6 über die photographische Vergleichung der Helligkeit verschiedenfarbiger Sterne / On the Photographic Comparison of the Magnitudes of Stars of Different Colours.- 6.7 Ueber sensitometrische Regeln und ihre astronomische Anwendung / On Sensitometry Laws and Their Astronomical Application.- 6.8 Professor G. Jägers Theorie des photographischen Prozesses / Professor G. Jäger’sf Theory of the Photographic Process.- 6.9 Plan zur Durchführung einer photographisch-photometrischen Durchmusterung des nördlichen Himmels / Plan for Carrying Out a Photographic-Photometric Survey of the Northern Sky.- 6.10 Über eine Schraffierkassette zur Aktinometrie der Sterne / On a Schraffierkassette for Stellar Actinometry (with Br. Meyermann).- 6.11 Über eine Interpolationsaufgabe der Aktinometrie / On an Interpolation Problem in Actinometry.- 6.12 Aufnahmen des Sternhaufens h Persei mit Spiegeln von sehr großem öffnungsverhältnis / Exposures of the Cluster h Persei Using Mirrors with Very Large Aperture Ratios (with W. Villiger).- 6.13 Über eine neue Schraffierkassette / On a New Schraffierkassette (with Br. Meyermann).- 6.14 Über die Farbentönung der Sterne / On the Colour Tints of the Stars.- 6.15 Remarque sur la determination des grandeurs photographiques absolues / Note on the Determination of Absolute Photographic Magnitudes.- 6.16 Über die Bestimmung absoluter photographischer Helligkeiten / On the Determination of Absolute Photographic Magnitudes.- 6.17 Aktinometrie der Sterne der B.D. bis zur Grösse 7.5 in der Zone 0 ° bis + 20 ° Deklination. Teil A / Actinometry of B.D. Stars down to Magnitude 7.5 in the Zone between Declinations 0 ° and + 20 ° , Part A (with Br. Meyermann, A. Kohlschütter and O. Birck).- 6.18 Aktinometrie der Sterne der B.D. bis zur Grösse 7.5 in der Zone 0 ° bis + 20 ° Deklination. Teil B / Actinometry of B.D. Stars down to Magnitude 7.5 in the Zone between Declinations 0 ° and +20 ° , Part B (with Br. Meyermann, A. Kohlschütter, O. Birck and W. Dziewulski).- 6.19 Buchbesprechung / Book Review: J.A. Parkhurst, Yerkes Actinometry, Zone + 73 ° to + 90 °.- 6.20 Über die Schleierkorrektion bei der Halbgittermethode zur Bestimmung photographischer Sterngrößen / On the Correction for Fogging in the Half-Grating Method of Determining Photographic Stellar Magnitudes.- 6.21 Vorbemerkung zu / Introduction to: W. Dziewulski, Photographische Größen von Sternen in der Nähe des Nordpols / Photographic Magnitudes of Stars Near the North Pole.- 7. Measuring Techniques, Binary Stars, Variable Stars and Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Ueber Messung von Doppelsternen durch Interferenzen / On Measuring Double Stars by Interference Methods.- 7.2 Zur Bestimmung der Theilungsfehler von Maassstäben / On Determining Dividing Errors of Graduated Scales.- 7.3 Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Radialgeschwindigkeiten mit dem Objektivprisma / Contribution on the Determination of Radial Velocities with an Objective Prism.- 7.4 Einige Beobachtungen der Radialgeschwindigkeit von 0: Coronae borealis mit dem Objektivprisma / Some Observations of the Radial Velocity of 0: Coronae borealis with an Objective Prism.- 7.5 über die Radialgeschwindigkeit des Sterns 63 Tauri / On the Radial Velocity of the Star 63 Tauri.- 7.6 Präzisionstechnik und wissenschaftliche Forschung / Precision Engineering and Scientific Research.- 7.7 Spectral Classification of Stars (in German).- 7.8 Ein Verfahren der Bahnbestimmung bei spectroskopischen Doppelsternen / A Procedure for Deterrnining the Orbits of Spectroscopic Binaries.- 7.9 Beobachtungen von Veränderlichen Sternen und der Nova Aurigae / Observations of Variable Stars and of Nova Aurigae.- 7.10 Ein neuer Veränderlicher (41.1910 Tauri) in den Hyaden / A New Variable (41.1910 Tauri) in the Hyades.- 7.11 über den Lichtwechsel des Veränderlichen 41.1910 Tauri / On the Variations in Brightness of the Variable 41.1910 Tauri.- 7.12 Nova 18.1912 Geminorum (Bemerkung zum Spektrum der Eneboschen Nova) /Nova 18.1912 Geminorum (Remark on the Spectrum of Enebo’s Nova).- 7.13 Der neue Stern in den Zwillingen / The New Star in the Constellation Gemini.- for Volume 1.- for Volume 3.

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Book SynopsisOur esteemed colleague C. V. Vishveshwara, popularly known as Vishu, turned sixty on 6th March 1998. His colleagues and well wishers felt that it would be appropriate to celebrate the occasion by bringing out a volume in his honour. Those of us who have had the good fortune to know Vishu, know that he is unique, in a class by himself. Having been given the privilege to be the volume's editors, we felt that we should attempt something different in this endeavour. Vishu is one of the well known relativists from India whose pioneer­ ing contributions to the studies of black holes is universally recognised. He was a student of Charles Misner. His Ph. D. thesis on the stability of the Schwarzschild black hole, coordinate invariant characterisation of the sta­ tionary limit and event horizon for Kerr black holes and subsequent seminal work on quasi-normal modes of black holes have passed on to become the starting points for detailed mathematical investigations on the nature of black holes. He later worked on other aspects related to black holes and compact objects. Many of these topics have matured over the last thirty years. New facets have also developed and become current areas of vigorous research interest. No longer are black holes, ultracompact objects or event horizons mere idealisations of mathematical physicists but concrete entities that astrophysicists detect, measure and look for. Astrophysical evidence is mounting up steadily for black holes.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Black Hole Equilibrium Problem; B. Carter.2. Stability of Black Holes; B.F. Whiting. 3. Separability of Wave Equations; E.G. Kalnins, et al. 4. Energy-Conservation Laws for Perturbed Stars and Black Holes; V.Ferrari. 5. Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship; R.M.Wald. 6. Disturbing the Black Hole; J.D. Bekenstein.7. Notes on Black Hole Fluctuations and Back-Reaction; B.L. Hu, et al. 8. Black Holes in Higher Curvature Gravity; R.C. Myers. 9. Micro-Structure of Black Holes and String Theory; S. Wadia. 10. Quantum Geometry and Black Holes; A. Ashtekar, K. Krasnov. 11. Black Holes, Global Monopole Charge and Quasi-Local Energy; N. Dadhich. 12. Kinematical Consequences of Inertial Forces in General Relativity; A.R. Prasanna, S. Iyer. 13. Gyroscopic Precession and Inertial Forces in General Relativity; R.Nayak. 14. Analysis of the Equilibrium of a Charged Test Particlein the Kerr - Newman Black Hole; J.M. Aguirregabiria, et al. 15. Neutron Stars and Relativistic Gravity; M. Vivekanand. 16. Accretion Disks around Black Holes; P.J. Wiita. 17. Astrophysical Evidence for Black Hole Event Horizons; K. Menou, et al. 18. Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei; A.K. Kembhavi. 19. Energetic Photon Spectra as Probes of the Process of Particle Acceleration in Accretion Flows around Black Holes; R. Cowsik. 20. Black Hole Perturbation Approach to Gravitational Radiation: Post-Newtonian Expansion for Inspiralling Binaries; M.Sasaki. 21. More Quasi Than Normal! N. Andersson. 22. The Two Black Hole Problem: Beyond Linear Perturbations; R.H. Price. 23. The Synergy between Numerical and Perturbative Approaches to Black Holes; E. Seidel. 24. Cauchy-Characteristic Matching; N.T. Bishop, et al. 25. Astrophysical Sources of Gravitational Waves; B.S. Sathyaprakash.26. Gravitational Radiation from Inspiraling Compact Binaries: Motion, Generation and Radiation Reaction; B.R. Iyer. 27. Ground-Based Interferometric Detectors of Gravitational Waves; B. Bhawal. 28. Detection of Gravitational Waves from Inspiraling Compact Binaries; S.V. Dhurandhar. 29. Perturbations of Cosmological Backgrounds; P.K.S. Dunsby, G.F.R. Ellis. 30.Mach's Principle in Electrodynamics and Inertia; J.V. Narlikar.31. The Early History of Quantum Gravity (1916&endash;1940); J. Stachel. 32. Geometry in Color Perception; A. Ashtekar, etal. 33. C.V. Vishveshwara &endash; A Profile; N. Panchapakesan. Publications of C.V. Vishveshwara.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Friendships and rivalries, the demands of war, the limits of technology . . . these are among the rich universe of forces that conflict and conspire to bring us what we usually gloss over as the inevitable march of scientific progress. Kaiser's book provides a wonderful glimpse behind the curtain into the messier--but far more human--truth of the matter. Beautifully written and extraordinarily well researched, the book makes a profound point about the sociopolitical nature of science that all readers--from physics buffs and historians to students and laypeople--need to hear."--Amanda Gefter, author of Trespassing on Einstein's Lawn "Kaiser is a master writer, and this is some of his finest work. An extraordinary combination of technical science, rich history, and telling anecdote, Quantum Legacies is cutting-edge scholarship rendered in a style equal to any popular science writing. When a non-academic asks me 'what is the history of science?' I will give them this book."--Matthew Stanley, author of Einstein's War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I

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Book SynopsisThis text chronicles the productive scientific career of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, one of the 20th-century's distinguished astrophysicists. Among Chandrasekhar's discoveries were the critical mass that makes a star too massive to become a white dwarf and the mathematical theory of black holes.Table of ContentsContributors: James Binney, John L. Friedman, Norman R. Lebovitz, Donald E. Osterbrock, E. N. Parker, Roger Penrose, A. R. P. Rau, George B. Rybicki, E. E. Salpeter, Bernard F. Schutz, G. Srinivasan.

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Book SynopsisUses the figure of A S Eddington (1882-1944) - a pioneer in astrophysics, relativity, and the popularization of science, and a devout Quaker - to show how religious and scientific values can interact without compromising the integrity of either. This book questions many common assumptions about the relationship between science and spirituality.Trade Review"Although Eddington's work has often been noted by scholars dealing with the relationship between science and religion, no one has attempted an analysis of his thought at anything like the level of detail now provided by Matthew Stanley. Practical Mystic throws much extra light on Eddington himself and will serve as a model for what this kind of detailed study can do to help us understand how technical science can actually be influenced by the individual scientist's position on wider issues." - Peter J. Bowler, Queen's University Belfast"

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Book SynopsisBlack holes and neutron stars are generally recognized as key components of many astrophysical systems. Based on a symposium held in honour of S. Chandrasekhar, these papers provide a comprehensive summary of progress made in the 1990s on the theory of black holes and relativistic stars.Table of ContentsContributors Preface 1: Gravitational Waves, Stars and Black Holes Valeria Ferrari 2: Rotating Relativistic Stars John L. Friedman 3: Probing Black Holes and Relativistic Stars with Gravitational Waves Kip S. Thorne 4: Astrophysical Evidence for Black Holes Martin J. Rees 5: The Question of Cosmic Censorship Roger Penrose 6: Black Hole Collisions, Toroidal Black Holes, and Numerical Relativity Saul A. Teukolsky 7: The Internal Structure of Black Holes Werner Israel 8: Black Holes and Thermodynamics Robert M. Wald 9: The Statistical Mechanics of Black Hole Thermodynamics Rafael D. Sorkin 10: Generalized Quantum Theory in Evaporating Black Hole Spacetimes James B. Hartle 11: Is Information Lost in Black Holes? Stephen W. Hawking 12: Quantum States of Black Holes Gary T. Horowitz Chandra: A Tribute Kameshwar C. Wali Our Song Lalitha Chandrasekhar

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Book SynopsisTrade Review“Leaves the reader with a renewed sense of wonder about our bizarre and vast cosmic habitat.”—Steven Poole, Wall Street Journal“The author ranges elsewhere from ringed planets to enormous clusters of galaxies, gravity waves and the big bang, and she properly emphasizes the contributions of some unjustly overlooked women astronomers, such as Jocelyn Bell, who did not share in the 1974 Nobel Prize awarded for her team’s work on neutron stars. The overall effect of the book is like binge-watching an excellent Netflix documentary series and leaves the reader with a renewed sense of wonder about our bizarre and vast cosmic habitat.”—Steven Poole, Wall Street Journal“This is a fascinating read, but also serves as a contemporary history of some of the most momentous insights of modern science. An excellent book to see us through those cloudy nights this winter!” —Alastair Gunn, BBC Sky At Night (Book of the Month)Co-won the 2019 Science Communication Award, sponsored by The American Institute of Physics Dispatches from Planet 3 is on the longlist for the 2020 AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prize for Excellence in Science Books in the Young Adult Science Book categoryWinner of the 2019 Epiphany awards' Science Awareness award, sponsored by the Novim GroupListed on Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles List for 2019"In this tour of the universe through a mix of well-known and not-so-well-known stories, it's hard to stop and read just one. Fascinating and binge-worthy."--Adam Riess, Nobel Laureate in Physics, 2011“There is no better guide to the cosmos than Marcia Bartusiak. Here she offers a tour of the heavens that is refreshingly down-to-earth, revealing not only the mysteries of the universe but also the inspiring people who brought those secrets to light."—David Baron, author of American Eclipse“An intriguing look at the sky from a top-class science journalist who has always been attuned to the most recent advancements of research.”—Carlo Rovelli, author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics"A fascinating compendium of essays on what scientists currently think the cosmos is like, and on the road to achieving those insights. Bartusiak takes the reader on a breathtaking journey from our familiar solar system to the speculative multiverse and from the beginning of time to the nature of time." —Mario Livio, author of Brilliant Blunders and Why?

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Book SynopsisAmong the most fascinating and rapidly developing areas in modem physics is the study of cosmological phenomena such as black holes, the cosmic microwave background, and the inflationary nature of the universe.Table of ContentsQuantum Theory and Path Integrals. Quantum Field Theory. Gauge Theories. Quantum Statistical Mechanics. Classical Gravity. Black Hole Evaporation. The Inflationary Universe. Quantum Cosmology. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn astrophysics, stellar systems or galaxies can be thought of as individual "particles". High power computers are being developed to handle these problems. This book describes the structure, performance and applications of the world's most advanced such computer, developed in Tokyo.Trade Review"It is an excellent summary text of the GRAPE systems and what they have achieved but not such a good introduction to scientific simulations with special-purpose computers in a wider context." (The Observatory Magazine, Vol. 119, No. 1149, April 1999)Table of ContentsThe Evolution of General-Purpose Computers. Overview of Special-Purpose Systems. The GRAPE Systems. Software. Science by Special-Purpose Systems. The Future of Special-Purpose Computers. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTaxi drivers love to talk, and when astrobiologist Charles Cockell is their passenger, they love to talk about aliens. This humorous, insightful collection gathers essays inspired by conversations with cabbies, ranging over the possible nature of alien societies, the inevitability of life, and links between environmentalism and space exploration.Trade ReviewConversations with cab drivers lead to discussions about space exploration in this fun outing from astrobiologist Cockell…He does a great job blending cutting-edge science with philosophical considerations. This is a joy to read. * Publishers Weekly (starred review) *Timely…Cockell makes us consider a gamut of new possibilities that boggle the mind. -- Bruce Dorminey * Forbes *The single most interesting space book I’ve seen this year…I remain very grateful for Taxi from Another Planet, a book I will be returning to and recommending to others. -- John Wilson * National Review *While Cockell gives an insider, science-based understanding of space and its exploration, he’s not shy in offering his opinions, such as there being no Planet B to flee to after we finish wreaking havoc on this one. Far from being at odds, he persuasively argues, environmentalism at home and exploration in space are natural allies working to understand and protect biological life. -- Adrienne Ross Scanlan * New York Journal of Books *Cockell gives readers a good, basic (and easy-to-understand) refresher course on life on Earth as he prepares to discuss life outside Earth…While this is surely a book for adults, older teens who study the skies and make plans for a home on the moon will appreciate it as well. -- Terri Schlichenmeyer * The Daily News *Takes the reader on an engaging tour of leading topics and questions in astrobiology through a series of imaginary conversations with taxi drivers. -- Ian Randall * Physics World *[Cockell] seeks to shed some light on such existential dilemmas from a refreshingly non-academic perspective…The book is both entertaining and informative in equal measure, always thought-provoking, and is an illustration of the value of interrogating seemingly simple questions from a completely different viewpoint, sometimes leading to surprising new insights. -- Morgan Hollis * Nature Astronomy *An interesting and humorous approach to questions about the universe with relatively in-depth subject exploration. * Library Journal *If you’re intrigued by the concept of life beyond Earth and space exploration, then Taxi from Another Planet will be an interesting read for you. Inspired by conversations with drivers around the world, Cockell spins them into engaging chapters that bring together observations and ruminations about human history and scientific knowledge. -- Michelle Gardner * Technical Communication *The power of this fascinating book is that it explains a lot of science in simple terms, and offers plenty of food for thought. I recommend this book to science teachers and students, to public libraries and to historians. -- Christiaan Sterken * Journal of Astronomical Data *From human societies on Mars to cosmic microbes and alien worlds, this superbly intelligent, erudite book offers an intoxicating look at how the cutting edge of scientific thought on life’s status in the universe connects to all of us. Faced with the fascinating questions of taxi drivers from around the world, Cockell is a convivial and inspiring passenger. -- Caleb Scharf, author of The Ascent of InformationMost astronomers find it hard to respond to questions from the public without lapsing into jargon or technicalities, but Charles Cockell is a natural communicator. Taxi from Another Planet conveys an array of ideas—all fascinating, and some profound—with a light touch and utter clarity. Accessible to anyone curious about the cosmos. -- Martin Rees, coauthor of The End of AstronautsIn this unique book, Cockell takes us on a journey through astrobiology—one taxi ride at a time. Combining scientific inquiries with personal stories, Taxi from Another Planet is a fascinating conversation starter. -- Lisa Kaltenegger, Director of the Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell UniversityCab drivers spend mere minutes with their passengers, which motivates them to ask riders only the interesting questions: Could Martians be dangerous? Will talking to aliens be more enlightening than talking to a dog? Cockell’s answers from the backseat are clear and delightfully phrased in this informative and thoroughly entertaining book. -- Seth Shostak, author of Confessions of an Alien HunterThe ever curious and creative mind of Charles Cockell takes us on a ride that is both whimsical and thoroughly insightful. Science, society, and history are woven together throughout this delightful book, resembling the many intertwining streets of Cockell’s journeys, and ours. -- Kevin Peter Hand, author of Alien Oceans: The Search for Life in the Depths of Space

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Book SynopsisAstronomers have recently discovered thousands of exotic planets that orbit stars throughout our Milky Way galaxy. With his characteristic wit and style, Donald Goldsmith shows how these observations have already broadened our planetary horizons, and tells us what may come next, including the ultimate discovery: life beyond our home planet.Trade ReviewIn terms of what’s out there, how we discovered it, and how that’s changed our view and understanding of the planets out there in the Universe, Exoplanets by Donald Goldsmith does a remarkable job of covering what we know, how we learned it, what it means and what comes next. We are closer than we’ve ever been for discovering the first evidence of life in another Solar System. Come learn where we are on that quest with this book. -- Ethan Siegel * Forbes *How do alien, faraway worlds reveal their existence to Earthlings? Let Donald Goldsmith count the ways. As an experienced astronomer and a gifted storyteller, he is the perfect person to chronicle the ongoing hunt for planets of other stars. Notwithstanding the grandeur of his subject—an age-old human question now become an active quest—Goldsmith treats the search for other worlds with wisdom, wit, and an often thrilling choice of words. -- Dava Sobel, author of The Glass UniverseWere you fortunate enough to have a favorite aunt, or a particularly great teacher, who could explain complicated ideas in a way that helped you understand them, and made you want to know more? That's the role Donald Goldsmith plays in his delightful new book. In the past few decades, scientists have discovered myriad worlds that are like and unlike those we are familiar with. Goldsmith brings the reader up close and personal, inviting us to explore many of these systems and their discoverers. He helps us understand what we know and what we have yet to uncover, how we came to be here, and what the chances are for life beyond Earth. -- Jill Tarter, Chair Emeritus for SETI Research, SETI InstituteFor centuries humans have speculated about worlds beyond our solar system and life beyond Earth. In just the last few decades astronomers have discovered that most stars have planets, and that many of these planets could be habitable. Goldsmith recounts this stunning transformation in our cosmic understanding in a book that is comprehensive yet concise, and that prepares readers for the breakthroughs to come, including—perhaps within our lifetime—the discovery of credible evidence that we are not alone. -- Richard Tresch Fienberg, Press Officer, American Astronomical Society[Goldsmith] recounts early efforts to detect planets outside our solar system and explains the breakthroughs in detection methods that enabled astronomers to find the first exoplanets. He also gives an informative account of where known exoplanets are and what they might be like, along with a tantalizing glimpse at what might come next for astronomers as they search beyond the solar system’s bounds. -- Melinda Baldwin * Physics Today *

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Book SynopsisDiscusses some techniques used to obtain numerical solutions of the equations of motion for planets and satellites. This book also introduces the two-body problem and solves it by developing six integrals of the motion, starting from Newton's three laws of motion and his law of gravitation and then using vector algebra to develop the integrals.Trade Review"The book brings primarily a very good theoretical insight into modern problems of astrodynamics. Moreover, it brings even a survey of numerical methods to be used to solve practical orbital problems."--Space Science ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface1Background32The Two-Body Problem123Kepler's Laws314Methods of Computation405The f and g Functions586Two-Point Boundary Value Problems817Applications918Perturbation Theory1179Special Perturbation Methods14710Runge-Kutta Methods18411Types of Perturbations198Appendixes215A. Coordinate Transformations217B. Hyperbolic Motion225C. Conic Sections230D. Transfer-Angle Resolution233E. Stumpff Functions236F. Orbit Geometry239References243Index247

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Book SynopsisCovers various aspects of the field of spacecraft charging, ranging from secondary and backscattered electrons, spacecraft charging in Maxwellian plasmas, effective mitigation techniques, and potential wells and barriers to operational anomalies, meteors, and neutral gas release.Trade Review"Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging is by a well-known leader in the field and provides a comprehensive, unique, and useful addition to the subject. Several sections, particularly the review and discussion of dielectric breakdown, are of particular interest. This book will be valuable as an introductory text or as a reference for those seeking details on specific aspects of charging."—Henry B. Garrett, coauthor of Spacecraft-Environment Interactions"Spacecraft charging has raised many interesting issues for engineers and scientists since the first observations in space. Accessible to a wide range of readers, Shu Lai's book offers a comprehensive survey of key materials on this multifaceted topic."—Alain Hilgers, European Space Research and Technology Centre"Lai's compendium of surface and dielectric spacecraft charging ranges from the basic causes and controlling factors to the effects of secondary electron emission, and the formation of space charge potential wells and barriers. He considers the effects of charged particle beam emission from spacecraft, and the use of plasma sources as 'contactors' to limit charging. Finally, he shows the consequences, from discharges owing to differential charging, to resulting operational anomalies, and offers a suite of effective mitigation techniques."—Thomas E. Moore, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center"This book is by far and away the most comprehensive reference on the physics of spacecraft charging, which can be destructive for a spacecraft. The text is clear and straightforward and explores all the myriad facets of this phenomenon. I will use it in my teaching."—Daniel E. Hastings, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyTable of ContentsPreface xi Prologue: The Earth's Space Plasma Environment P.1 The Solar Wind xiii P.2 The Magnetosphere xiii P.3 Geomagnetic Substorms xiii P.4 Plasma Density xv P.5 The Ionosphere xvi P.6 The Auroral Region xvi P.7 The Radiation Belts xviii P.8 Relevance of the Space Plasma Environment to Spacecraft Charging xviii P.9 References xx Chapter 1: Introduction to Spacecraft Charging 1.1 What Is Spacecraft Charging? 1 1.2 What Are Some Effects of Spacecraft Charging? 2 1.3 How Does Spacecraft Charging Occur? 4 1.4 Capacitance Charging 5 1.5 Other Currents 6 1.6 Where Does Spacecraft Charging Occur? 6 1.7 Exercises 9 1.8 References 10 Chapter 2: The Spacecraft as a Langmuir Probe 2.1 Orbit-Limited Attraction 11 2.2 Current Collection in Spherical Geometry 12 2.3 Current Collection in Cylindrical Geometry 13 2.4 Current Collection in Plane Geometry 13 2.5 Remarks 14 2.6 Boltzmann's Repulsion Factor 14 2.7 Child-Langmuir Saturation Current 15 2.8 Exercises 16 2.9 References 17 Chapter 3: Secondary and Backscattered Electrons 3.1 Secondary Electron Emission 18 3.2 Backscattered Electrons 20 3.3 Total Contribution of Electron Emissions 20 3.4 Remarks 22 3.5 Dependence on Incident Angle 22 3.6 Remarks on Empirical Formulae 23 3.7 Exercises 23 3.8 References 24 Chapter 4: Spacecraft Charging in a Maxwellian Plasma 4.1 Velocity Distribution 25 4.2 Critical Temperature for the Onset of Spacecraft Charging: Physical Reasoning 26 4.3 Balance of Currents 26 4.4 Charging Level 29 4.5 Equation of Current Balance in the Orbit-Limited Regime 30 4.6 Comparison with Real Satellite Data 31 4.7 Exercises 32 4.8 References 33 Chapter 5: Spacecraft Charging in a Double Maxwellian Plasma 5.1 A General Theorem on Multiple Roots 35 5.2 Double Maxwellian Space Plasma 35 5.3 Triple-Root Situation of Spacecraft Potential 36 5.4 Physical Interpretation of Triple-Root Situation 40 5.5 Triple-Root Jump in Spacecraft Potential 41 5.6 Hysteresis 42 5.7 Triple-Root Spacecraft Charging Domains 42 5.8 Exercises 46 5.9 References 46 Chapter 6: Potential Wells and Barriers 6.1 Introduction 48 6.2 Formation of Potential Wells and Barriers 48 6.3 Effects of Potential Barriers on Electron or Ion Distribution Functions 51 6.4 Interpretation of Experimental Data 51 6.5 Double Maxwellian Distribution Formed by a Potential Barrier 52 6.6 Bootstrap Charging 53 6.7 Charging in Spacecraft Wakes 56 6.8 Exercises 58 6.9 References 58 Chapter 7: Spacecraft Charging in Sunlight 7.1 Photoelectron Current 60 7.2 Surface Reflectance 60 7.3 The Prominent Solar Spectral Line 62 7.4 Can Spacecraft Charging to Negative Voltages Occur in Sunlight? 62 7.5 Spacecraft Charging to Positive Potentials 63 7.6 The Photoemission Current at Negative Spacecraft Potentials 63 7.7 The Monopole-Dipole Potential 65 7.8 Fraction of Photoemission Current Trapped 67 7.9 Competition between Monopole and Dipole 68 7.10 Measurement of Spacecraft Potential in Sunlight 68 7.11 Exercises 69 7.12 References 70 Chapter 8: Space Tethers, Plasma Contactors, and Sheath Ionization 8.1 Lorentz Force 71 8.2 Tether Moving across Ambient Magnetic Field 71 8.3 Bare and Conducting Tether 73 8.4 Floating Potential of Plasma Contactor 75 8.5 Sheath Model 75 8.6 Sheath Ionization 77 8.7 Numerical Method for Sheath Ionization Model 79 8.8 Results of Sheath Ionization 80 8.9 Comparison of Theory with Space Experiment 81 8.10 Exercises 82 8.11 References 82 Chapter 9: Surface Charging Induced by Electron Beam Impact 9.1 Impact Energy of an Electron Beam 84 9.2 Electron Beam Impact on an Initially Uncharged Surface 85 9.3 Electron Impact on an Initially Negatively Charged Surface 85 9.4 Electron Impact on an Initially Positively Charged Surface 87 9.5 Summary 89 9.6 Limitation 89 9.7 Exercises 89 9.8 References 90 Chapter 10: Spacecraft Charging Induced by Electron Beam Emission 10.1 Current Balance without Beam Emission 91 10.2 Electron Beam Emission 92 10.3 Charging to Positive Potentials 93 10.4 Remarks 94 10.5 Exercises 95 10.6 References 96 Chapter 11: Supercharging 11.1 Charging Induced by Large Beam Current Emission 97 11.2 Supercharging 99 11.3 Physical Interpretation of Experimental Results 99 11.4 Surface Charging of Booms 100 11.5 Summary 101 11.6 Exercises 101 11.7 References 102 Chapter 12: Ion Beam Emission from Spacecraft 12.1 Active Control of Spacecraft Potential 103 12.2 Return of Ion Beam 105 12.3 Lower Limit of the Reduced Potential 106 12.4 Space Charge Effect 106 12.5 Charge Exchange in Charged Particle Beams 108 12.6 Chemical Reactions in Ion Beams 110 12.7 Ion Beam in Sunlight 110 12.8 Exercises 112 12.9 References 112 Chapter 13: Discharges on Spacecraft 13.1 Introduction 114 13.2 Location of Discharges on Spacecraft 114 13.3 Surface Discharge Scaling Law 116 13.4 Differential Charging 116 13.5 "Brush Fire" Discharge 117 13.6 Paschen and Non-Paschen Discharges 118 13.7 The Townsend Criterion 119 13.8 Remark on Threshold Voltage 121 13.9 Time Evolution of a Discharge 121 13.10 Laboratory Observations on Discharges 122 13.11 Discharges Initiated by Meteor or Debris Impacts 123 13.12 Exercises 124 13.13 References 124 Chapter 14: Energetic Particle Penetration into Matter 14.1 Introduction 126 14.2 High-Energy Charged Particle Penetration into Solids 126 14.3 Physics of High-Energy Charged Particle Penetration into Matter 127 14.4 The Bohr Model of Charged Particle Interaction 127 14.5 Stopping Power 129 14.6 The Bethe-Bloch Equation 129 14.7 Range and Penetration Distance 130 14.8 Approximate Penetration Depth Formula 132 14.9 Effects of Charged Particle Penetration 133 14.10 Effects on Astronauts 134 14.11 Research Questions in High-Energy Penetration of Charged Particles into Matter 134 14.12 Exercises 134 14.13 References 135 Chapter 15: Spacecraft Anomalies 15.1 Introduction 137 15.2 Space Anomalies due to Surface Charging 137 15.3 Energy of Surface Discharge 139 15.4 Correlation with Space Environment 140 15.5 Evidence of Deep Dielectric Charging on CRRES 140 15.6 Conclusive Evidence of Deep Dielectric Charging 141 15.7 Anomalies Observed on Twin Satellites in the Radiation Belts 142 15.8 Exercises 144 15.9 References 145 Chapter 16: Deep Dielectric Charging 16.1 Introduction 146 16.2 The Importance of Deep Dielectric Charging 146 16.3 High-Energy Electron and Ion Fluxes 147 16.4 Penetration of High-Energy Charges into Materials 148 16.5 Properties of Dielectrics 149 16.6 Observations Attributed to Deep Dielectric Charging 153 16.7 Avalanche Ionization in a High Electric Field 154 16.8 Related Questions and Related Mechanisms 155 16.9 The Mott Transition 156 16.10 The Poole-Frenkel High Electric Field Effect 158 16.11 Zener Breakdown 158 16.12 Electron Fluence 160 16.13 Critical Fluence for Deep Dielectric Charging 161 16.14 Charge Density with Leakage 161 16.15 A Remark on Spacecraft Anomalies 161 16.16 Effect of Electrons Deposited inside Electronics 162 16.17 Exercises 163 16.18 References 164 Chapter 17: Charging Mitigation Methods 17.1 Introduction 166 17.2 Sharp Spike Method 166 17.3 Hot Filament Emission Method 168 17.4 Conducting Grid Method 169 17.5 Partially Conducting Paint/Surface Method 169 17.6 High Secondary Electron Yield Method 169 17.7 Electron and Ion Emission Method 169 17.8 The DSCS Charge Control Experiment 171 17.9 Vaporization Method 172 17.10 Deep Dielectric Charging 172 17.11 Exercises 172 17.12 References 173 Chapter 18: Introduction to Meteors 18.1 Size Distribution 175 18.2 Meteor Showers 175 18.3 Meteor Velocity Limits 177 18.4 Nonshower Meteors 179 18.5 Debris 179 18.6 Meteor Composition 180 18.7 Exercises 180 18.8 References 180 Chapter 19: Meteor Impacts 19.1 Kinetic Energy of Meteoric Particles 182 19.2 Depth of Penetration 182 19.3 Mitigation of Meteoric Impacts 186 19.4 Meteor Shields 186 19.5 Impact Probability of Meteors 187 19.6 Perturbation of Angular Momentum 188 19.7 Secondary Electrons and Ions by Neutral Particle Impact 188 19.8 Plasma Generation by Neutral Particle Impact 188 19.9 Sudden Spacecraft Discharge Hazards 189 19.10 Summary 191 19.11 Exercises 191 19.12 References 191 Chapter 20: Neutral Gas Release 20.1 Ionization and Recombination 194 20.2 Critical Ionization Velocity 197 20.3 Neutral Beam Stripping 199 20.4 Exercises 201 20.5 References 201 Appendixes and Addenda Appendix 1: Drift of Hot Electrons 205 Appendix 2: Transformation of Coordinates 214 Appendix 3: Normalization and Dimension of Maxwellian Distribution 215 Appendix 4: Flux Integrals 217 Appendix 5: Energy Distribution 219 Appendix 6: Sheath Engulfment 220 Appendix 7: PN Junctions 225 Appendix 8: Probability Function 229 Addendum 1: Computer Software for Spacecraft Charging Calculations 231 Addendum 2: Spacecraft Charging at Jupiter and Saturn 236 Addendum 3: Physical Constants and Conventions 240 Acknowledgments 243 Index 245

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Book SynopsisTells the story of how the celestial objects that make up the solar system arose from common beginnings billions of years ago, and how scientists and philosophers have sought to unravel this mystery down through the centuries, piecing together the clues that enabled them to deduce the solar system's layout, its age, and the likely way it formed.Trade Review"[T]here is much solid information to be gleaned from careful reading."--Publishers Weekly "[A] stellar read."--Nature "In this grand chronicle of the science behind the origins of our 4.6-billion-year-old Solar System, John Chambers and Jacqueline Mitton peruse everything from the giant collision thought to have formed our Moon to the nature of meteorites."--Rosalind Metcalfe, Nature "This is not your average tour of our solar system. Using clear, relatively jargon-free language, Chambers and Mitton provide a comprehensive examination of our current understanding of its formation, which should readily appeal to the general reader who enjoys scientific detail without getting into equations."--Library Journal "I recently built an app about the solar system, and my research would have been made a lot easier if I had possessed a copy of this excellent book. It provides a truly comprehensive overview of our solar system's origins and is written in plain, jargon-free language."--Marcus Chown, New Scientist "Chambers and Mitton stay focused on the science in From Dust to Life: unlike other books that create narratives around the scientists, they discuss the science and the history of its development, rather than the individuals who made it possible. That's a worthwhile trade: while there have been, and are today, interesting people studying the formation of the solar system, the science is even more fascinating as we find out just how complex the process is to turn a cloud of gas and dust into a star and planets."--Jeff Foust, Space Review "[I]ncredibly thorough and detailed, yet very accessible to non-scientists too... [A] compelling overview of the evolution of the Solar System."--Katia Moskvitch, BBC Sky at Night "Read From Dust to Life to gain a fascinating perspective on the current state of the science behind solar system formation."--David Dickinson, Astro Guys blog "This wild ride across the cosmos and through time covers a lot of territory but isn't merely a laundry list of observations. Instead, readers will find one lucid explanation piggybacked onto another... The authors, a planetary scientist and a space science writer, make celestial mechanics comprehensible even to readers with more curiosity than scientific background. Yet there are still insights for those who regularly pore over the astronomy stories in Science News. Best of all, the authors help readers glimpse the why of it all."--Science News "This book ... is accessible to a scientifically literate general reader... The author team is eminently qualified ... one is a well-known planetary scientist and the other an experienced science writer. The result of their efforts is a highly readable book."--Star Formation Newsletter "Chambers and Mitton present a well-researched, detailed, big-picture overview of the solar system that shows how all of people's observations of its contents contribute to a coherent model for its origin. The authors place the modern theory and latest observations in historical context by beginning each chapter with an overview of the development of these scientific ideas from their beginning."--Choice "This book is up-to date, thorough, and authoritative. It revels in the latest discussions and controversies... It is a joy to read and is accessible to any student with a scientific background... Read this book. Join the cosmogonists and help change the cosmogony/cosmology ratio."--David W. Hughes, Observatory "For the interested amateur with a degree of familiarity with the topics under discussion, From Dust to Life furnishes a comprehensive overview of current models for the formation of the solar system... Genuinely exciting."--Cait MacPhee, Times Higher EducationTable of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Preface xv ONE Cosmic Archaeology 1 A fascination with the past 1 A solar system to explain 3 Real worlds 9 Winding back the clock 12 Putting the pieces together 16 TWO Discovering the Solar System 19 Measuring the solar system 19 From wandering gods to geometrical constructions 22 The Sun takes center stage 25 Laws and order 27 Gravity rules 29 The missing planet 31 Asteroids enter the scene 34 Rocks in space 36 Uranus behaving badly 37 Completing the inventory 40 THREE An Evolving Solar System 43 A changing world 43 A nebulous idea begins to take shape 44 The nebular hypothesis in trouble 48 A chance encounter? 50 Nebular theory resurrected 54 FOUR The Question of Timing 56 Reading the cosmic clock 57 Early estimates: ingenious--but wrong 57 Geology versus physics 58 Radioactivity changes everything 61 Hubble and the age of the universe 63 How radioactive timers work 64 Meteorites hold the key 68 Dating the Sun 71 The age of the universe revisited 73 FIVE Meteorites 75 A dramatic entrance 75 Where do meteorites come from? 76 Irons and stones 80 Identifying the parents 83 Lunar and Martian meteorites 86 A rare and precious resource 87 What meteorites can tell us 88 SIX Cosmic Chemistry 92 Element 43: first a puzzle then a clue 92 An abundance of elements 94 The first elements 96 Cooking in the stellar furnace 98 Building heavier elements 104 Supernovae 105 SEVEN A Star Is Born 108 A child of the Milky Way 108 Where stars are born 110 First steps to a solar system 113 The solar system's birth environment 119 Essential ingredients 121 EIGHT Nursery for Planets 123 An excess of infrared 123 Two kinds of disks 125 Inside the solar nebula 129 Getting the dust to stick 131 The influence of gas 134 How to build planetesimals 135 The demise of the disk 137 NINE Worlds of Rock and Metal 140 Sisters but not twins 140 The era of planetesimals 141 Planetary embryos take over 144 The final four 147 Earth 148 Mercury 153 Venus 158 Mars 161 TEN the Making of the Moon 168 The Moon today 169 What the Moon is made of 170 The Moon's orbit 172 The fission theory 174 The capture hypothesis 175 The coaccretion hypothesis 176 The giant impact hypothesis 177 Encounter with Theia 179 Earth, Moon, and tidal forces 181 Late heavy bombardment 183 ELEVEN Earth, Cradle of Life 186 The Hadean era 186 The tree of life 191 The building blocks of life 193 The rise of oxygen 196 A favorable climate 199 Snowball Earth 202 Future habitability 204 TWELVE Worlds of Gas and Ice 205 Giants of the solar system 205 Building giants by core accretion 211 The disk instability model 214 Spin and tilt 215 Masters of many moons 217 Formation of regular satellites 219 The origin of irregular satellites 220 Rings 221 THIRTEEN What Happened to the Asteroid Belt? 225 The asteroid belt today 225 Ground down by collisions? 226 Emptied by gravity? 229 Asteroid families 231 The missing mantle problem 233 Asteroids revealed as worlds 236 FOURTEEN The Outermost Solar System 242 Where do comets come from? 242 Centaurs 246 Looking beyond Neptune 247 The Kuiper belt 248 Sedna 251 The nature of trans-Neptunian objects 252 Where have all the Plutos gone? 256 The Nice model 259 FIFTEEN Epilogue: Paradigms, Problems, and Predictions 263 The paradigm: solar system evolution in a nutshell 264 Unsolved puzzles 267 Searching the solar system for answers 268 Other planetary systems 271 Future evolution of the solar system 273 Glossary 277 Sources and Further Reading 291 Index 293

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Book SynopsisGamma-ray bursts are the brightest - and, until recently, among the least understood - cosmic events in the universe. This title offers an overview of gamma-ray bursts and the theoretical framework that physicists have developed to make sense of complex observations across the electromagnetic spectrum.Trade Review"This series of books (Princeton Frontiers of Physics) is aimed at 'students, scientists and scientifically minded general readers'. This particular book is on target, with reasonably clear explanations of most of the jargon, a useful glossary, a good index and a reference to a more advanced review for those who need it."--D.J. Miller, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPREFACE ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Serendipity during the Cold War 1 1.2 A New Field Begins 7 1.3 Precise Localizations and the Search for Counterparts 10 1.4 The March 5th Event and Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters 12 1.5 BATSE and the Great Debate 16 1.6 The Afterglow Era Begins 23 1.7 Progenitors and Diversity 29 1.8 Gamma-Ray Bursts in a Universal Context 37 Chapter 2: Into the Belly of the Beast 40 2.1 What Are Gamma-Ray Bursts? 40 2.2 Understanding the Origin of the High-Energy Emission 52 2.3 The Central Engine 62 Chapter 3: Afterglows 72 3.1 Phenomenology 73 3.2 Origin of the Emission 90 3.3 Evidence for Jetting 105 3.4 Late-Time Observations 111 Chapter 4: The Events in Context 113 4.1 Local Scales 114 4.2 Galactic Scales 121 4.3 Universal Scales 127 Chapter 5: The Progenitors of Gamma-Ray Bursts 135 5.1 A Massive-Star Origin 137 5.2 Mergers of Compact Objects 150 5.3 Extragalactic Magnetars 163 5.4 Classification Challenges 165 Chapter 6: Gamma-Ray Bursts as Probes of the Universe 169 6.1 Studies of Gas, Dust, and Galaxies 171 6.2 The History of Star Formation 177 6.3 Cosmic Dawn: Measuring Reionization and the First Objects in the Universe 181 6.4 Neutrinos, Gravitational Waves, and Cosmic Rays 191 6.5 Quantum Gravity and the Expansion of the Universe 195 6.6 The Future of Gamma-Ray Bursts: At the Nexus of Physical and Astrophysical Inquiry 200 NOTES 203 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 227 GLOSSARY 231 INDEX 249

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Book SynopsisDescribes the basic physical processes - including radiative transfer, molecular absorption, and chemical processes - common to the various planetary atmospheres, as well as the transit, eclipse, and thermal phase variation observations that are unique to exoplanets.Trade Review"Seager provides an excellent contribution to the Princeton Series in Astrophysics, which will appeal to graduate students and working professionals in astronomy."--Choice "The author, an acknowledged leader in the field, has written a text intended for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professional astronomers. The book is organized topically, and could easily be used alone or as part of a more general course in thermodynamics or radiation astrophysics... This is an excellent resource... The author's clear explanations are easy to follow."--April S. Whitt, Planetarian "As a basic textbook for an introductory course in atmospheric physics for undergraduates this book is fine; it's nicely and clearly written and includes model exam questions."--F. W. Taylor, Observatory "The book will certainly provide a useful starting point for what I suspect will be the increasing number of scientists wishing to work on the physics of exoplanets."--Jonathan Tennyson, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Exoplanets from Afar 1 1.2 Two Paths to Observing Exoplanet Atmospheres 2 1.3 Types of Planets 4 Chapter 2: Intensity and Flux 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Intensity 9 2.3 Flux and Other Intensity Moments 10 2.4 Surface Flux 11 2.5 Observed Flux 14 2.6 Luminosity and Outgoing Energy 16 2.7 Incident Flux and Incident Energy 17 2.8 Black Body Intensity and Black Body Flux 19 2.9 Lambert Surface 20 2.10 Summary 22 Chapter 3: Temperature, Albedos, and Flux Ratios 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Energy Balance 25 3.3 Planetary Temperatures 27 3.4 Planetary Albedos 32 3.5 Planet-Star Flux Ratios 40 3.6 Planetary Phase Curves 45 3.7 Summary 47 Chapter 4: Composition of a Planetary Atmosphere 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Composition of Earth's and Jupiter's Atmospheres 51 4.3 Chemical Composition 56 4.4 Basic Cloud Physics 66 4.5 Atmospheric Escape 72 4.6 Atmospheric Evolution 81 4.7 Summary 83 Chapter 5: Radiative Transfer I: Fundamentals 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Opacity 87 5.3 Optical Depth 91 5.4 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium 93 5.5 The Source Function 96 5.6 The Equation of Radiative Transfer 96 5.7 Summary 100 Chapter 6: Radiative Transfer II: Solutions 103 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 A Conceptual Description of the Emergent Spectrum 103 6.3 An Introduction to Line Formation 108 6.4 Approximate Solutions to the Plane-Parallel Radiative Transfer Equation 113 6.5 Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer 125 6.6 Summary 127 Chapter 7: Polarization 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Description of Polarized Radiation 134 7.3 Polarization Calculations 138 7.4 Polarization from Planets 140 7.5 Summary 143 Chapter 8: Opacities 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Energy Levels in Atoms and Molecules 146 8.3 Molecular Absorption Cross Sections 161 8.4 Rayleigh Scattering 166 8.5 Condensate Opacities 167 8.6 Summary 176 Chapter 9: Vertical Thermal Structure of a Planetary Atmosphere 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Earth's Vertical Atmospheric Structure 181 9.3 Hydrostatic Equilibrium and the Pressure Scale Height 183 9.4 Surface Temperature for a Simplified Atmosphere 186 9.5 Convection versus Radiation 190 9.6 The Radiative Equilibrium Temperature Profile 192 9.7 The Adiabatic Temperature Profile 200 9.8 The One-Dimensional Temperature-Pressure Profile 202 9.9 Temperature Retrieval 205 9.10 Summary 207 10.Atmospheric Circulation 211 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Radiative and Advective Timescales 213 10.3 Large-Scale Flow and Patterns 215 10.4 Atmospheric Dynamics Equations 218 10.5 Connection to Observations 223 10.6 Summary 225 11.Atmospheric Biosignatures 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Earth's Biosignatures 229 11.3 The Ideal Biosignature Gas 230 11.4 Prospects 231 11.5 Summary 234 A. Planetary Data 237 Index 241

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Book SynopsisEmitting no radiation or any other kind of information, black holes mark the edge of the universe - both physically and in our scientific understanding. Yet astronomers have found clear evidence for the existence of black holes, employing the same tools and techniques used to explore other celestial objects. This title deals with this topic.Trade Review"This book goes straight to the heart of astronomical intuition and evidence about black holes. Written in a highly accessible style, it provides enough information to educate an undergraduate astronomy or physics major without going into the many details required in a graduate class. I think students will greatly enjoy this book and derive significant insight from it."—Coleman Miller, University of Maryland, College Park"Providing the essential information on all the key topics, this concise and authoritative book covers the whole field of empirical black-hole studies."—W. Niel Brandt, Pennsylvania State UniversityTable of ContentsPREFACE xi 1. Introducing Black Holes: Event Horizons and Singularities 1 1.1 Escape Velocity and Event Horizons 3 1.2 The Metric 6 1.3 What Is a Black Hole? 11 2. Accretion onto a Black Hole 13 2.1 Spherical Accretion and the Eddington Limit 14 2.2 Standard Accretion Disks 17 2.3 Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows 23 2.4 Accretion Instabilities 24 2.5 Radiation Emission Mechanisms 27 2.6 Radiative Transfer 32 2.7 The alpha-Disk 35 3. Outflows and Jets 43 3.1 Superluminal Motion 45 3.2 Jet Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics 48 4. Stellar-Mass Black Holes 53 4.1 X-Ray Binaries 54 4.2 Varieties of X-Ray Binaries 58 4.3 X-Ray Accretion States 60 4.4 Compact Objects 63 4.5 Mass Measurements in X-Ray Binaries 68 4.6 Are High-Mass Compact Objects Black Holes? 73 4.7 Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Holes 76 4.8 The Chandrasekhar Limit 79 5. Supermassive Black Holes 84 5.1 Discovery of Quasars 85 5.2 Active Galaxies and Unification 88 5.3 Superluminal Jets and Blazars 94 5.4 Nonaccreting Central Black Holes 98 5.5 Mass Determinations for Extragalactic SMBHs 99 6. Formation and Evolution of Black Holes 106 6.1 Stellar-Mass Black Holes 107 6.2 Supermassive Black Holes 119 7. Do Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Exist? 127 7.1 Ultraluminous X-Ray Binaries 127 7.2 Black Holes in Star Clusters and Low-Mass Galaxies 132 8. Black Hole Spin 135 8.1 The Innermost Stable Circular Orbit 137 8.2 Observations of the ISCO through Line Emission 139 8.3 Observations of the ISCO through Thermal Emission 144 8.4 Consequences of Spin for Jets and Other Phenomena 147 9. Detecting Black Holes through Gravitational Waves 150 9.1 Gravitational Waves and Their Effects 152 9.2 Binary Pulsars 156 9.3 Direct Detection of Gravity Waves 158 9.4 Detecting Astrophysical Signals 163 10. Black Hole Exotica 167 10.1 Hawking Radiation 167 10.2 Primordial Black Holes 171 10.3 Wormholes 174 10.4 Multiverses 176 GLOSSARY 179 INDEX 187

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative primer on the four key techniques that today's planet hunters use to detect the feeble signals of planets orbiting distant stars.Trade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2016 "Johnson's enthusiasm for his vibrant field is palpable in this valuable, concise guide for amateur astronomers and anyone else not afraid of a few technicalities."--Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist "Johnson ... takes us on an enjoyable journey to the world of exoplanet hunters... An excellent book for anyone interested but also for astronomy students if their curriculum includes one?semester course in exoplanets."--Read about Science "This little red book is a thorough yet very understandable introduction to one of the hottest topics in astronomy--planets outside the solar system. Johnson, one of the leading scientists in the field, has created a great primer for undergraduate students wishing to gain enough knowledge to undertake a project or perhaps win an internship in the field."--ChoiceTable of ContentsPREFACE ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 My Brief History 1 1.2 The Human Activity of Watching the Sky 3 1.3 Asking Why the Planets Move as They Do 8 1.4 Exoplanets and Completing the Copernican Revolution 16 2. Stellar Wobbles 23 2.1 At the Telescope 23 2.2 For Every Action 28 2.3 Eccentric Orbits 39 2.4 Measuring Precise Radial Velocities 45 2.5 Stellar Jitter 49 2.6 Design Considerations for a Doppler Survey 52 2.7 Concluding Remarks 57 3. Seeing the Shadows of Planets 59 3.1 Measuring and Reading Transit Signals 62 3.2 The Importance of a/R 71 3.3 Transit Timing Variations 74 3.4 Measuring the Brightness of a Star 77 3.5 Radial Velocities First, Transits Second 81 3.6 Transit First, Radial Velocities Second 83 3.7 From Close In to Further Out 89 4. Planets Bending Space-Time 90 4.1 The Geometry of Microlensing 94 4.2 The Microlensing Light Curve 103 4.3 The Microlensing Signal of a Planet 106 4.4 Microlensing Surveys 109 5. Directly Imaging Planets 114 5.1 The Problem of Angular Resolution 115 5.2 The Problem of Contrast 122 5.3 The Problem of Chance Alignment 129 5.4 Measuring the Properties of an Imaged Planet 130 6. The Future of Planet Hunting 132 6.1 Placing the Solar System in Context 133 6.2 Learning How Planets Form 138 6.3 Finding Life Outside the Solar System 141 6.4 Giant Planets as the Tip of the Iceberg 144 6.5 The Future of the Doppler Method: Moving to Dedicated Instrumentation 148 6.6 The Future of Transit Surveys 153 6.7 The Future of Microlensing 155 6.8 The Future of Direct Imaging 158 6.9 Concluding Remarks 160 BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 GLOSSARY 171 INDEX 177

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an in-depth and self-contained treatment of the latest advances achieved in quantitative spectroscopic analyses of the observable outer layers of stars and similar objects. Written by two leading researchers in the field, it presents a comprehensive account of both the physical foundations and numerical methods of such analyses.Trade Review"It is an excellent guide for anyone interested in radiation transport and spectral analyses in astrophysics."--Claudia-Veronika Meister, Zentralblatt MATH "A magisterial work that will surely be the definitive reference for many years to come."--Ian D. Howarth, The ObservatoryTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Why Study Stellar Atmospheres? 1 1.1 A Historical Precis 1 1.2 The Bottom Line 15 Chapter 2. Observational Foundations 20 2.1 What Is a Stellar Atmosphere? 20 2.2 Spectroscopy 23 2.3 Spectrophotometry 29 2.4 Photometry 32 2.5 Mass, Luminosity, and Radius 46 2.6 Interpretation of Color-Magnitude Diagrams 53 Chapter 3. Radiation 61 3.1 Specific Intensity 61 3.2 Mean Intensity and Energy Density 65 3.3 Radiation Flux 72 3.4 Radiation Pressure Tensor 75 3.5 * Transformation Properties of I, E, F, P 78 3.6 Quantum Theory of Radiation in Vacuum 80 Chapter 4. Statistical Mechanics of Matter and Radiation 86 4.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 86 4.2 Boltzmann Statistics 88 4.3 Thermal Radiation 98 4.4 Quantum Statistics 103 4.5 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium 111 Chapter 5. Absorption and Emission of Radiation 113 5.1 Absorption and Thermal Emission 114 5.2 Detailed Balance 116 5.3 Bound-Bound Absorption Probability 121 5.4 Bound-Bound Emission Probability 130 5.5 Photoionization 136 5.6 Free-Free Transitions 137 Chapter 6. Continuum Scattering 144 6.1 Thomson Scattering: Classical Analysis 145 6.2 Thomson Scattering: Quantum Mechanical Analysis 150 6.3 * Rayleigh and Raman Scattering 153 6.4 Compton Scattering 159 6.5 Compton Scattering in the Early Universe 165 Chapter 7. Atomic and Molecular Absorption Cross Sections 170 7.1 Hydrogen and Hydrogenic Ions 171 7.2 Multi-Electron Atoms 192 7.3 Molecules 208 Chapter 8. Spectral Line Broadening 228 8.1 Natural Damping Profile 228 8.2 Doppler Broadening: Voigt Function 231 8.3 Semiclassical Impact Theory 233 8.4 Statistical Theory: Quasi-Static Approximation 241 8.5 * Quantum Theory of Line Broadening 248 8.6 Applications 258 Chapter 9. Kinetic Equilibrium Equations 262 9.1 LTE versus Non-LTE 262 9.2 General Formulation 264 9.3 Transition Rates 267 9.4 Level Dissolution and Occupation Probabilities 278 9.5 Complete Rate Equations 282 Chapter 10. Scattering of Radiation in Spectral Lines 290 10.1 Semiclassical (Weisskopf-Woolley) Picture 291 10.2 * Quantum Mechanical Derivation of Redistribution Functions 301 10.3 Basic Redistribution Functions 308 10.4 More Complex Redistribution Functions 321 10.5 Emission Coefficient 327 Chapter 11. Radiative Transfer Equation 334 11.1 Absorption, Emission, and Scattering Coefficients 334 11.2 Formulation 339 11.3 Moments of the Transfer Equation 347 11.4 Time-Independent, Static, Planar Atmospheres 352 11.5 Schwarzschild-Milne Equations 361 11.6 Second-Order Form of the Transfer Equation 367 11.7 Discretization 370 11.8 Probabilistic Interpretation 373 11.9 Diffusion Limit 374 Chapter 12. Direct Solution of the Transfer Equation 378 12.1 The Problem of Scattering 379 12.2 Feautrier's Method 387 12.3 Rybicki's Method 397 12.4 Formal Solution 400 12.5 Variable Eddington Factors 418 Chapter 13. Iterative Solution of the Transfer Equation 421 13.1 Accelerated Lambda Iteration: A Heuristic View 421 13.2 Iteration Methods and Convergence Properties 425 13.3 Accelerated Lambda Iteration (ALI) 434 13.4 Acceleration of Convergence 440 13.5 Astrophysical Implementation 443 Chapter 14. NLTE Two-Level and Multi-Level Atoms 448 14.1 Formulation 448 14.2 Two-Level Atom 457 14.3 Approximate Solutions 471 14.4 Equivalent-Two-Level-Atom Approach 482 14.5 Numerical Solution of the Multi-level Atom Problem 488 14.6 Physical Interpretation 505 Chapter 15. Radiative Transfer with Partial Redistribution 511 15.1 Formulation 511 15.2 Simple Heuristic Model 515 15.3 Approximate Solutions 519 15.4 Exact Solutions 524 15.5 Multi-level Atoms 533 15.6 Applications 539 Chapter 16. Structural Equations 546 16.1 Equations of Hydrodynamics 546 16.2 1D Flow 554 16.3 1D Steady Flow 555 16.4 StaticAtmospheres 557 16.5 Convection 558 16.6 Stellar Interiors 565 Chapter 17. LTE Model Atmospheres 569 17.1 Gray Atmosphere 569 17.2 Equation of State 588 17.3 Non-Gray LTE Radiative-Equilibrium Models 593 17.4 Models with Convection 604 17.5 LTE Spectral Line Formation 606 17.6 Line Blanketing 620 17.7 Models with External Irradiation 627 17.8 Available Modeling Codes and Grids 631 Chapter 18. Non-LTE Model Atmospheres 633 18.1 Overview of Basic Equations 633 18.2 Complete Linearization 645 18.3 Overview of Possible Iterative Methods 660 18.4 Application of ALI and Related Methods 667 18.5 NLTE Metal Line Blanketing 676 18.6 Applications: Modeling Codes and Grids 684 Chapter 19. Extended and Expanding Atmospheres 691 19.1 Extended Atmospheres 691 19.2 Moving Atmospheres: Observer's-Frame Formulation 705 19.3 Moving Atmospheres: Comoving-Frame Formulation 713 19.4 Moving Atmospheres: Mixed-Frame Formulation 736 19.5 Sobolev Approximation 743 19.6 NLTE Line Formation 754 Chapter 20. Stellar Winds 764 20.1 Qualitative Picture 765 20.2 Thermally DrivenWinds 766 20.3 Radiation-Driven Winds 772 20.4 Global Model Atmospheres 800 Appendix A. Relativistic Particles 815 A.1 Kinematics and Dynamics of Point Particles 815 A.2 Relativistic Kinetic Theory 822 Appendix B. Photons 829 B.1 Lorentz Transformation of the Photon Four-Momentum 829 B.2 Photon Distribution Function 830 B.3 Thomas Transformations 831 Glossary of Symbols 833 Bibliography 849 Index 915

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the history of ideas about the sun and the stars, from antiquity to modern times. Two theoretical astrophysicists who have been active in the field since the early 1960s tell the story in fluent prose. About half of the book covers most of the theoretical research done from 1940 to the close of the tweTrade Review"This is a fascinating story well told. A host of brief biographies, portraits and figures brings the text to life."--David Hughes, New Scientist "The authors have compressed an amazing amount of information into a relatively slender book, and I expect that it will be a standard reference for many years."--William R. Green, The Leading Edge "Appendices and an index round out this excellent resource especially recommended for college library astrophysics shelves."--James A. Cox, Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsList of Figures vii Preface xi Chapter 1. The Age o Myths and Speculations 1 1.1 Ancient Egypt and the Middle East 2 1.2 Ionia: The Eastern Greek School 4 1.3 Southern Italy: The Western Greek School 6 1.4 The Athenian Period 7 1.5 The Alexandrian Period 12 1.6 From the Dark Age to the Renaissance 16 1.7 The Emergence of Modern Astronomy 22 Chapter 2. Three Centuries of Optical Discoveries: 1610-1910 29 2.1 Distances to the Sun and the Stars 30 2.2 The Beginnings of Spectroscopy 33 2.3 The Sun as a Star 40 2.4 Solar Activity and Rotation 43 2.5 Intrinsic Properties of Stars 47 2.6 Binary Stars and Stellar Masses 56 2.7 Variable and Unusual Stars 59 2.8 The Rise of Astrophysics 64 Chapter 3. The Time of Pioneers: 1840-1910 66 3.1 The Puzzle of the Sun's Energy 67 3.2 The First Solar Models 73 3.3 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (I) 79 3.4 The Double-Star Problem 81 3.5 Early Views of Stellar Evolution 84 3.6 Outline of Solar Activity and Rotation 88 3.7 Retrospect: The Nineteenth-Century Advances 91 Chapter 4. The Formative Years: 1910-1940 94 4.1 The Beginnings of Quantitative Astrophysics 96 4.2 The Stellar-Energy Problem 100 4.3 The Internal Structure of Stars 103 4.4 Pre-1938 Views of Stellar Evolution 110 4.5 White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars 114 4.6 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (II) 120 4.7 The Early Studies of Stellar Rotation 123 4.8 Solar and Stellar Hydrodynamics 128 Chapter 5. The Golden Age: 1940-1970 133 5.1 Nuclear Reactions and Energy Production in Stars 135 5.2 Calculation of Stellar Structure 143 5.3 A Brief Survey of Stellar Evolution 147 5.4 Postgiant Evolution and Stellar Remnants 156 5.5 Evolution of Close Binary Stars 166 5.6 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (III) 173 5.7 Stellar Rotation and Magnetic Fields 177 5.8 The Maturing of Solar Physics 183 Chapter 6. The Era of Specialization: 1970-192 6.1 Single, Double, and Multiple Stars 193 6.2 Early-Type Stars 202 6.3 The Sun 210 6.4 Late-Type Stars 220 6.5 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (IV) 228 6.6 Final Stages of Stellar Evolution 234 Epilogue 247 Appendix A. Lane's Fully Convective Gas Spheres 250 Appendix B. Ritter's Polytropic Gas Spheres 251 Appendix C. Ritter's Theory o Pulsating Stars 252 Appendix D. Radial and Nonradial Stellar Pulsations 254 Appendix E. Bohr's Model of the Atom 257 Appendix F. Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation 260 Appendix G. Three Important Nuclear Reactions 263 General Bibliography 265 Index of Names 269 Index of Subjects 277

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Book SynopsisThe essential introduction to magnetic reconnectionwritten by a leading pioneer of the fieldPlasmas comprise more than 99 percent of the visible universe; and, wherever plasmas are, magnetic reconnection occurs. In this common yet incompletely understood physical process, oppositely directed magnetic fields in a plasma meet, break, and then reconnect, converting the huge amounts of energy stored in magnetic fields into kinetic and thermal energy. In Magnetic Reconnection, Masaaki Yamada offers an illuminating synthesis of modern research and advances on this important topic. Magnetic reconnection produces such phenomena as solar flares and the northern lights, and occurs in nuclear fusion devices. A better understanding of this crucial cosmic activity is essential to comprehending the universe and varied technological applications, such as satellite communications. Most of our knowledge of magnetic reconnection comes from theoretical and computational models and laboratory experiment

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Book SynopsisNearly forty years passed between the Apollo moon landings, the grandest accomplishment of a government-run space programme, and the Ansari X PRIZE–winning flights of SpaceShipOne, the greatest achievement of a private space programme. As we hover on the threshold of commercial spaceflight, authors Chris Dubbs and Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom look back at how we got to this point.Trade Review"Tighten your seat belt for a wonderful ride of a read that tells the incredible tale of the dedicated people who helped push the throttle forward to make private space travel reality. Dubbs and Paat-Dahlstrom take a masterful and history-rich look at the true roots of space tourism, providing a needed course-correction for those who think off-Earth passenger travel is more giggle-factor than fact."-Leonard David, Space Insider columnist, SPACE.com -- Leonard David "Many books have been written about the history of spaceflight, documenting the efforts to enter space 'for all mankind.' Realizing Tomorrow offers the first comprehensive history of what will be the future of spaceflight-'by all mankind.'"-Robert Pearlman, editor and founder of collectSPACE.com -- Robert Pearlman "Brimming with fascinating details-and never-before-told stories-Realizing Tomorrow is a riveting account of the growth of commercial space. It is required reading for anyone who wants to know how a group of visionaries overcame great obstacles to pioneer the final frontier for profit."-Douglas Messier, editor in chief of Parabolicarc.com -- Douglas Messier "Realizing Tomorrow is the compelling story of the pioneers of commercial spaceflight and their efforts to open up the final frontier to everyone."-Jeff Foust, editor and publisher of the Space Review -- Jeff Foust "Tighten your seat belt for a wonderful ride of a read that tells the incredible tale of the dedicated people who helped push the throttle forward to make private space travel reality."-Leonard David, Coalition for Space Exploration -- Leonard David Coalition for Space Exploration "With the conclusion of the space shuttle program impending, the topic of private spaceflight has never been timelier... This far-reaching, well-illustrated history oriented toward the future of spaceflight should catch many an eye."-Colleen Mondor, Booklist -- Colleen Mondor BooklistTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsPrologue1. The Entire Population of the Earth in Orbit2. The Birth of Private Rocket Companies3. Private Citizens Get Their Chance in Space4. Russia Commercializes Space5. Citizen Explorers6. The Quest for a Reusable Spaceship7. The Ansari x prize Launches an Industry8. Private Manned Spaceflight Makes History9. Space Tourism Goes Mainstream10. It Takes More Than a Spaceship to Build an IndustrySourcesIndex

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Book Synopsis It was a time of bold new technology, historic moments, and international jousting on the final frontier. But it was also a time of human drama, of moments less public but no less dramatic in the lives of those who made the golden age of space flight happen. These are the moments and the lives that Into That Silent Sea captures, a book that tells the intimate stories of the men and women, American and Russian, who made the space race their own and gave the era its compelling character. These pages chronicle a varied and riveting cavalcade of human stories, including a look at Yuri Gagarin’s harrowing childhood in war-ravaged Russia and Alan Shepard’s firm purchase on the American dream. It also examines the controversial career of cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, and the remarkable struggle and ultimate disappointment of her American counterparts. It tries to uncover the truth behind the allegations that shadoweTrade Review“[Into That Silent Sea] dispenses with distracting technical jargon and nationalistic jingoism to deliver ten superbly composed, thoughtfully balanced chapters about the astronauts and cosmonauts who flew Mercury and Vostok/Voskhod missions. . . . Avid readers will revel in the authors’ masterful compilation of these straight-forward, detailed mini-biographies.”—Air Power History“Eminently readable, well-crafted. . . . The merits of this popular history rest in the elegant narrative and the authors’ thoughtful awareness of the space explorer genre.”—Air & Space Smithsonian“French and Burgess’s history will engage the space-program audience.”—Booklist“A well-written account about the Americans and Russians who were the first to fly into space. . . . [The book] offers some excellent profiles of these individuals that are accessible to both newcomers to space history and well-read enthusiasts alike.”—Space Review"For space fans, this is a good read."—Choice“Into That Silent Sea is an excellent reminder of just what Gagarin and other trailblazers did and how they became international celebrities in their own right. We seem to have forgotten just how new the frontier of space was. . . . Many people today seem to view space programs as an extravagance or with disinterest. For those who remain interested in those programs and have read the prior histories and memoirs, it never hurts to be reminded of just how pioneering the first steps were.”—Tim Gebhart, Blogcritics.org, Boston.com“I enjoyed every page of this nearly 400-page tome. I was disappointed to finish it simply because I wanted to read more. . . . If you’re new to this field of reading I’d highly recommend starting with this book. The background on the spacefarers is very interesting.”—Today in Space History Blog“The straightforward yet engrossing writing style of this history will interest readers from the junior-high level to adults. . . . What is especially compelling about this race into space story is the humanistic narrative, describing the individual cosmonauts and astronauts. . . . For younger readers, the description emphasizes the characteristics of determination, scholarship, loyalty, comraderie, dedication, and fitness—traits that are essential for astronaut applicants.”—Rita Hoots, Journal of College Science Teaching"Through dozens of interviews and access to Russian and American official documents and family records, the authors bring to life the experiences that shaped the lives of the first astronauts and cosmonauts and forever changed their worlds and ours."—Space Flight"Into That Silent Sea explores the early Space Age from a very human-centric perspective."—Todd A. Mooring, Oral History ReviewTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. First to Fly2. Lighting the Candle3. The Pursuit of Liberty4. Flight of the Eagle5. To Rise Above6. Heavenly Twins7. The Two Wallys8. A Change of Altitude9. A Seagull in Flight10. Stepping into the VoidReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisFollowing the fortieth anniversary of Apollo 11, Footprints in the Dust offers a thorough, engrossing, and multifaceted account of the Apollo missions. Drawing on extensive research and interviews with key figures in the space program, the authors convey the human drama and chart the technological marvels that went into the Apollo missions.Trade Review"A superb work and well worth your time."—Brian Laslie, Balloons and Drones"[Footprints in the Dust is] an interesting account of US and Soviet lunar missions."—J.Z. Kiss, Choice“Elegantly written and scrupulously researched, this marvelous book not only opens a window on a truly dynamic period but is one of those rarities in spaceflight literature—a compelling and enjoyable page-turner. It captures magnificently the remarkable spirit of those involved in the Apollo story.”—Charles M. Duke Jr., Apollo 16 astronaut and moonwalker“We who engaged ourselves in making the Apollo program a reality realize the tremendous importance and responsibility of inspiring young people, our future space pioneers. This book emphasizes the notion that seemingly ordinary people can do quite extraordinary things, and we are not bound by our dreams. A remarkable tale of triumph and melancholy.”—Ed Buckbee, author (with Wally Schirra) of The Real Space Cowboys“Like its predecessors in the Outward Odyssey series, this vivid and entertaining book reveals the human side of space exploration. We all too often think of the Apollo program as a technical achievement, when, in fact, it was the human element that made it successful.”—Al Worden, Apollo 15 astronaut and chairman of the Astronaut Scholarship FoundationTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsRice University Address by President John F. KennedyPrologue: Realization of a Dream of Ages Colin Burgess1. The Whole World Was Watching Rick Houston2. The Eagle and the Bear Dominic Phelan3. Rendezvous on the Ocean of Storms John Youskauskas4. Apollo 13, We Have a Solution Stephen Cass5. Altered Directions Colin Burgess6. Science, and a Little Golf Philip Baker7. A Whole New Focus Colin Burgess8. On a Roll at Hadley Geoffrey Bowman9. Worth the Wait Simon A. Vaughan10. One More Time Melvin Croft11. Beyond the Moon Colin Burgess12. The Last Apollo Geoffrey BowmanEpilogue: Souvenirs of Small Steps Robert PearlmanAppendix: Apollo-Saturn MissionsReferencesContributorsIndex List of ContributorsPhilip BakerGeoffrey BowmanColin BurgessStephen CassMelvin CroftRick HoustonRobert PearlmanDominic PhelanSimon A. VaughanJohn Youskauskas

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Book SynopsisThe story of the X-15, the pioneering research flight program in the fifties and sixties, and its pilots. Trade Review"[The X-15 Rocket Plane is] a cogently written and well-deserved tribute to the individuals who helped take a winged rocket beyond Earth's confining atmosphere."—John Carver Edwards, Book Verdict "Engle and Armstrong devotees won’t be disappointed with the stories about their heroes in this tome."—American Space"The X-15 Rocket Plane is an engaging account of America's push into space before pilots became astronauts, and America began a new era of exploration beyond the Earth to the Moon."—Anthony Young, Space Review"The importance of the X-15 on the early exploration of space and the subsequent development of the Shuttle program cannot be overstated."—Book Bit, WTBF-AM/FM"This is a remarkably fine work, one that, despite all the writings on the X-15 to date, has found its own authentic voice."—Richard P. Hallion, Quest"The social element in this splendid book adds much to the overall history of this remarkably successful research aircraft."—Mick Jeffries, Aerospace"[The X-15 Rocket Plane] is a serious and substantial work of history . . . it deserves a wide readership among space enthusiasts and professional historians alike."—A. Bowdoin Van Riper, The Historian"Michelle Evans has written the definitive book on the X-15, the men who flew her, and the managers and support people who kept her flying."—Allen G. Taylor, National Space Society“Long before the space shuttle, the United States was flying astronauts with the courage of lions into space aboard wings of steel. This is the story of the astonishing X-15, America’s first space plane, which broke records nearly every time it flew. It is a magnificent tale, well told in this meticulously researched book. Everyone with an interest in aviation, space, or high-flying adventure should read it.”—Homer Hickam, author of Rocket Boys“This book gives a fascinating and superbly detailed look into X-15 technology and the dedicated people who first took a winged craft beyond the atmosphere. Along the way it teaches valuable and pertinent lessons for those of us in the private space sector now working to build on that phenomenal legacy.”—Col. Rick Searfoss, U.S. Air Force (Ret.), former space shuttle commander and pilotTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. The Whole Nine Yards2. A Record High3. Gaining Speed4. Naval Engagement5. Changing Course6. Straight and Steady7. Skipping Out8. On a Roll9. Inconel Meets Celluloid10. Fastest Man Alive11. Chasing Experiments12. In the Line of Duty13. Snow at EdwardsAfterwordGlossarySourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisThe human story of the Space Shuttle program from the aftermath of the Challenger accident and ending with the final flight in 2011. Trade Review"[An] enthusiastic portrayal of the heroic age of American space travel."—Publishers Weekly "Houston focuses on themes and makes extensive (and effective) use of oral histories provided by astronauts and others."—J. Z. Kiss, Choice"Houston preserves the candid reflections of some who wrote the shuttle's story aloft, and their exultations and confessions are reason enough to fly with them until "wheels stop.""—Air and Space“When we talk about the Space Shuttle, we talk about the people. Author Rick Houston’s work here takes it a step further. He reaches to the heart and soul of the people.”—Milt Heflin, former lead Space Shuttle flight director and chief of the flight director office“With the Space Shuttle program now at an end, documenting the amazing thirty-year career of these iconic orbiters holds an untold amount of historical importance. Spaceflight isn’t easy, people pay in blood and sweat to make it happen. Author Rick Houston lends a voice to some of the key people involved in what is not only an American treasure but a global superstar.”—Chris Bergin, managing editor, NASASpaceflight.com“Rick Houston skillfully recounts the shuttle program from a front row center seat, full of engaging, first person accounts—direct from the flight deck and the vacuum of space during some of the program’s wildest spacewalks. From triumph to tragedy and back again, this book is the next best thing to being there.”—Dr. Scott Parazynski, five-time shuttle astronaut and Everest mountaineerTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Back in the Game 2. Cloak and Dagger, Science on Orbit 3. Hubble Huggers 4. Sleeping with the Enemy 5. A Home on Orbit 6. "The Debris Was Talking to Me" 7. "We Came Home" 8. A Kick in the Pants 9. The End of an Era 10. A Magnificent Machine Epilogue Sources Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Many space buffs, especially young ones, should find this a satisfying narrative."—Publishers Weekly"Ambassadors is written in an accessible and engaging style, introducing readers to behind-the-scenes players most of us have never heard of."—Russell Lewis, NPR"[Ambassadors from Earth] offers an accessible account of the U.S. and Soviet planetary missions of the Space Race era, as well as the more widespread efforts of more recent times."—Roger Launius, Air & Space Magazine"Utilising original interviews with key players, bolstered by never-before-seen photographs, journal excerpts, and primary source documents, Gallentine delivers a quirky and unforgettable look at the lives and legacy of the Americans and Soviets who conceived, built, and guided those unmanned missions to the planets and beyond."—Philip Corneille, Spaceflight"This book provides a wonderful way of renewing interest in the pioneering contributions of the robotic space programs pursued by the United States and the Soviet Union."—De Witt Douglas Kilgore, Quest"An intriguing and essential read on the history of unmanned space programs and especially the tug-of-war between the United States and the Soviety Union for space supremacy in the late 1950s and the decade of the 1960s."—Dale A. Stirling, Journal for the History of Discoveries Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Aboard the Glacier 2. Problem Child 3. The Convict 4. Light Fuse, GET AWAY 5. New Moon 6. Let's Make a Deal 7. The Creators and the Makers 8. Storming the Sea of Dreams 9. Moving at the Speed of Design 10. Job Number MA-11 11. The Science and the Cyclist 12. Get Off the Bus 13. Swing in Time 14. The Meeting and the Mechta 15. Think Like Gravity 16. Didn't They Get It? 17. The Death and the Funeral 18. One Hundred Percent Failure 19. Three-Problem Shipley 20. Pete and Al's Little Field Trip 21. Irradiated Plans 22. Embarking 23. Get It 24. Instant Science 25. Circles of Gold 26. Last Light 27. Continuum Sources Index

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Book SynopsisNearly forty years passed between the Apollo moon landings, the grandest accomplishment of a government-run space programme, and the Ansari X PRIZE - winning flights of SpaceShipOne, the greatest achievement of a private space programme. Now, as we hover on the threshold of commercial spaceflight, Chris Dubbs and Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom look back at how we got to this point.Trade Review"Tighten your seat belt for a wonderful ride of a read that tells the incredible tale of the dedicated people who helped push the throttle forward to make private space travel reality. Dubbs and Paat-Dahlstrom take a masterful and history-rich look at the true roots of space tourism, providing a needed course-correction for those who think off-Earth passenger travel is more giggle-factor than fact."-Leonard David, Space Insider columnist, SPACE.com -- Leonard David "Many books have been written about the history of spaceflight, documenting the efforts to enter space 'for all mankind.' Realizing Tomorrow offers the first comprehensive history of what will be the future of spaceflight-'by all mankind.'"-Robert Pearlman, editor and founder of collectSPACE.com -- Robert Pearlman "Brimming with fascinating details-and never-before-told stories-Realizing Tomorrow is a riveting account of the growth of commercial space. It is required reading for anyone who wants to know how a group of visionaries overcame great obstacles to pioneer the final frontier for profit."-Douglas Messier, editor in chief of Parabolicarc.com -- Douglas Messier "Realizing Tomorrow is the compelling story of the pioneers of commercial spaceflight and their efforts to open up the final frontier to everyone."-Jeff Foust, editor and publisher of the Space Review -- Jeff Foust "Tighten your seat belt for a wonderful ride of a read that tells the incredible tale of the dedicated people who helped push the throttle forward to make private space travel reality."-Leonard David, Coalition for Space Exploration -- Leonard David Coalition for Space Exploration "With the conclusion of the space shuttle program impending, the topic of private spaceflight has never been timelier... This far-reaching, well-illustrated history oriented toward the future of spaceflight should catch many an eye."-Colleen Mondor, Booklist -- Colleen Mondor BooklistTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsPrologue1. The Entire Population of the Earth in Orbit2. The Birth of Private Rocket Companies3. Private Citizens Get Their Chance in Space4. Russia Commercializes Space5. Citizen Explorers6. The Quest for a Reusable Spaceship7. The Ansari x prize Launches an Industry8. Private Manned Spaceflight Makes History9. Space Tourism Goes Mainstream10. It Takes More Than a Spaceship to Build an IndustrySourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisEarly in 1958, instruments on the space satellites Explorer I and Explorer III revealed the presence of radiation belts, enormous populations of energetic particles trapped in the magnetic field of the earth. This work tells the story of this dramatic and hugely transformative period in scientific and cold war history.

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Book SynopsisASTROPHYSICS The new edition of the popular textbook for undergraduate astronomers, covers the how of astrophysicsAstrophysics: Decoding the Cosmos, Second Edition, describes how information about the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies is obtained and analyzed to gain a better understanding of the universe. This acclaimed introductory textbook makes the complex principles and theories underlying astrophysics accessible to students with basic knowledge of first-year calculus-based physics and introductory astronomy. Reader-friendly chapters explore physical processes using relevant examples and clear explanations of how radiation and particles are analyzed. Such analysis leads to the density, temperature, mass, and energy of astronomical objects.In the time since the first publication of Astrophysics, the power of telescopes has increased considerably. Reflecting advancements in the field, this new edition includes carefully reviewedTable of ContentsPreface to the 1st edition xiii Preface to the 2nd edition xv Acknowledgments – 1st Edition xvii Acknowledgments – 2nd Edition xix List of Symbols xxi About the Companion Website xxiii Introduction xxv I.1 Dimensions, Units and Equations xxix Problems xxxiv Just for Fun xxxiv Part I: The Nonelectromagnetic Signal 1 Chapter 1: The Particles: Macroscopic to Subatomic 3 1.1 Meteoritics 4 1.1.1 Dating Meteorites 7 1.1.2 Infrasound 9 1.1.3 Gathering Dust 15 1.2 Cosmic Rays 17 1.2.1 Cosmic Ray Composition 18 1.2.2 The Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum 19 1.2.3 The Origin of Primary Cosmic Rays 23 1.3 Neutrinos 25 1.3.1 The Neutrino Spectrum 27 1.3.2 Astrophysics with Neutrinos 30 Problems 32 Just for Fun 35 Chapter 2: Gravitational Radiation: A New Window 37 2.1 Concepts of Relativity 37 2.2 The Fabric of Space–Time 38 2.3 Curved Space–Time near a Mass 40 2.4 Gravitational Waves 43 2.5 GWs from Binary Orbits 45 2.6 Evolution of a Binary Orbit 48 2.6.1 The Inspiral 48 2.6.2 The ‘Death-Spiral’ 51 2.7 Indirect Proof of the Existence of Gravitational Waves 53 2.8 Direct Proof of the Existence of Gravitational Waves 55 2.9 Even Newer Windows 58 Problems 59 Just for Fun 60 Part II: The EM Signal Observed 63 Chapter 3: Defining the Signal 65 3.1 The Power of Light – Luminosity and Spectral Power 65 3.2 Light Through a Surface – Flux and Flux Density 69 3.3 The Brightness of Light – Intensity and Specific Intensity 72 3.4 Light from All Angles – Energy Density and Mean Intensity 78 3.5 How Light Pushes – Radiation Pressure 80 3.6 The Human Perception of Light – Magnitudes 83 3.6.1 Apparent Magnitude 83 3.6.2 Absolute Magnitude 86 3.6.3 The Colour Index and Bolometric Correction 86 3.6.4 Gaia and the HR Diagram 87 3.6.5 Magnitudes Beyond Stars 90 3.7 Light Aligned – Polarization 90 Problems 91 Just for Fun 95 Chapter 4: Measuring the Signal 97 4.1 Spectral Filters and the Panchromatic Universe 97 4.2 Catching the Signal – The Telescope 100 4.2.1 Collecting and Focussing the Signal 103 4.2.2 Detecting the Signal 105 4.2.3 Field of View and Pixel Resolution 107 4.2.4 Diffraction and Diffraction-limited Resolution 107 4.2.5 Weighting the Aperture – Interferometry 109 4.3 The Corrupted Signal – The Atmosphere 113 4.3.1 Atmospheric Refraction 113 4.3.2 Seeing 114 4.3.3 Adaptive Optics 118 4.3.4 Scintillation 121 4.3.5 Atmospheric Reddening 121 4.4 Processing the Signal 122 4.4.1 Correcting the Signal 122 4.4.2 Calibrating the Signal 123 4.5 Analysing the Signal 123 4.6 Visualizing the Signal 125 4.7 Comparing Signals in Disparate Wavebands 129 Problems 130 Just for Fun 132 Part III: Matter and Radiation Essentials 133 Chapter 5: Matter Essentials 135 5.1 The Big Bang 135 5.2 Dark and Light Matter 136 5.3 Abundances of the Elements 141 5.3.1 Primordial Abundance 141 5.3.2 Stellar Evolution and ISM Enrichment 141 5.3.3 Supernovae and Explosive Nucleosynthesis 146 5.3.4 Abundances in the Milky Way, Its Star Formation History and the IMF 149 5.4 The Gaseous Universe 154 5.4.1 Kinetic Temperature and the Maxwell– Boltzmann Velocity Distribution 157 5.4.2 The Ideal Gas 159 5.4.3 The Mean Free Path and Collision Rate 162 5.4.4 Statistical Equilibrium, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, and Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium 165 5.4.5 Excitation and the Boltzmann Equation 169 5.4.6 Ionization and the Saha Equation 173 5.4.7 Probing the Gas 174 5.5 The Dusty Universe 176 5.5.1 Observational Effects of Dust 177 5.5.2 Structure and Composition of Dust 182 5.5.3 The Origin of Dust 184 Problems 185 Just for Fun 187 Chapter 6: Radiation Essentials 189 6.1 Black Body Radiation 189 6.1.1 The Brightness Temperature 193 6.1.2 The Rayleigh–Jeans law and Wien’s law 195 6.1.3 Wien’s Displacement law and Stellar Colours 197 6.1.4 The Stefan–Boltzmann law, Stellar Luminosity and the HR Diagram 199 6.1.5 Energy Density and Pressure in Stars 200 6.2 Grey Bodies and Planetary Temperatures 201 6.2.1 The Equilibrium Temperature of a Grey Body 204 6.2.2 Exoplanets and Their Detection 209 Problems 213 Just for Fun 217 Part IV: The EM Signal Perturbed 219 Chapter 7: The Interaction of Light with Matter 221 7.1 The Photon Redirected – Scattering 222 7.1.1 Elastic Scattering 226 7.1.2 Inelastic Scattering 234 7.2 The Photon Lost – Absorption 238 7.2.1 Particle Kinetic Energy – Heating 238 7.2.2 Change of State – Ionization and the Strömgren Sphere 239 7.3 The Wavefront Redirected – Refraction 242 7.4 Quantifying Opacity and Transparency 245 7.4.1 Total Opacity and the Optical Depth 245 7.4.2 Dynamics of Opacity – Pulsation and Stellar Winds 249 7.5 The Opacity of Dust – Extinction 253 Problems 255 Just for Fun 259 Chapter 8: The Signal Transferred 261 8.1 Types of Energy Transfer 261 8.2 The Equation of Transfer 263 8.3 Solutions to the Equation of Transfer 265 8.3.1 Case A: No Cloud 265 8.3.2 Case B: Absorbing, but Not Emitting Cloud 266 8.3.3 Case C: Emitting, but Not Absorbing Cloud 266 8.3.4 Case D: Cloud in Thermodynamic Equilibrium (TE) 267 8.3.5 Case E: Emitting and Absorbing Cloud 267 8.3.6 Case F: Emitting and Absorbing Cloud in LTE 268 8.4 Implications of the LTE Solution 268 8.4.1 Implications for Temperature 268 8.4.2 Observability of Emission and Absorption Lines 269 8.4.3 Determining Temperature and Optical Depth of HI Clouds 276 Problems 279 Just for Fun 280 Chapter 9: The Interaction of Light with Space 281 9.1 Redshifts and Blueshifts 282 9.1.1 The Doppler Shift – Deciphering Dynamics 282 9.1.2 The Expansion Redshift 291 9.1.3 The Gravitational Redshift 294 9.2 Gravitational Refraction 295 9.2.1 Geometry and Mass of a Gravitational Lens 296 9.2.2 Microlensing – MACHOs and Planets 301 9.2.3 Cosmological Distances with Gravitational Lenses – Time Delays and H0 303 9.3 Time Variability and Source Size 305 9.4 A Brief Coda 305 Problems 306 Just for Fun 310 Part V: The EM Signal Emitted 311 Chapter 10: Continuum Emission 313 10.1 Characteristics of Continuum Emission – Thermal and Nonthermal 314 10.2 Bremsstrahlung (Free–Free) Emission 315 10.2.1 The Thermal Bremsstrahlung Spectrum 316 10.2.2 Radio Emission from HII and Other Ionized Regions 321 10.2.3 X-ray Emission from Hot Diffuse Gas 325 10.3 Free–Bound (Recombination) Emission 332 10.4 Two-Photon Emission 335 10.5 Synchrotron (and Cyclotron) Radiation 336 10.5.1 Cyclotron Radiation – Planets to Pulsars 339 10.5.2 The Synchrotron Spectrum 345 10.5.3 Determining Synchrotron Source Properties 349 10.5.4 Synchrotron Sources – Spurs, Bubbles, Jets, Lobes, and Relics 353 10.6 Inverse Compton Radiation 356 Problems 360 Just for Fun 363 Chapter 11: Line Emission 365 11.1 The Richness of the Spectrum – Radio Waves to Gamma Rays 366 11.1.1 Electronic Transitions – Optical and UV Lines 366 11.1.2 Rotational and Vibrational Transitions – Molecules, IR and mm-Wave Spectra 367 11.1.3 Nuclear Transitions – 𝛾-Rays and High Energy Events 371 11.2 The Line Strengths, Thermalization, and the Critical Gas Density 376 11.3 Line Broadening 378 11.3.1 Doppler Broadening and Temperature Diagnostics 378 11.3.2 Pressure Broadening 382 11.4 Probing Physical Conditions Via Electronic Transitions 384 11.4.1 Radio Recombination Lines 384 11.4.2 Optical Recombination Lines 390 11.4.3 The 21 Cm Line of Hydrogen 394 11.5 Probing Physical Conditions Via Molecular Transitions 398 11.5.1 The Carbon Monoxide (CO) Molecule 399 Problems 401 Just for Fun 403 Part VI: The Signal Decoded 405 Chapter 12: Forensic Astronomy 407 12.1 Complex Spectra 408 12.1.1 Isolating the Signal 408 12.1.2 Modelling the Signal 410 12.2 Case Studies – The Active, the Young, and the Old 415 12.2.1 Case Study 1: The Galactic Centre (the Active) 415 12.2.2 Case Study 2. The Cygnus Star-Forming Complex (the Young) 419 12.2.3 Case Study 3: The Globular Cluster, NGC 6397 (the Old) 422 12.3 The Messenger and the Message 426 Problems 427 Just for Fun 429 Appendix T 431 Acronym Key to Bibliography 441 References and In-Depth Reading 442 Index 467

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Book SynopsisIf you ever wanted to set up the latest and greatest grandfather paradox-or just wanted to know if the time-bending events in the latest pulp you read could ever happen-then this book is for you.Trade ReviewAn exciting read covering every aspect of time travel. -- David Reneke Australasian Science Magazine 2011Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Time Travel in the Pulps2. Special Relativity and Time Travel to the Future3. Time Travel to the Past4. Hyperspace5. Time as the Fourth Dimension6. The Black Universe7. When General Relativity Made Time Travel Honest...8. Paradoxes: Changing the Past, Causal Loops, and Sex9. Time Machines that Physicists Have Already 'Invented'10. Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Into the Past11. Quantum Gravity, Splitting Universes, and Time Machines12. Reading the Physics Literature for Story IdeasGlossary of Selected TermsBibligraphyIndex

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Book SynopsisTraining a powerful lens on the microscopic wonders of the universe, hundreds of photos, both exquisite and strange, accompany this startling exposé of a secret world invisibly evolving around us for billions of years. Silver Winner of the 2021 IBPA Benjamin Franklin Award for Nature & EnvironmentMicrofossilsthe most abundant, ancient, and easily accessible of Earth's fossilsare also the most important. Their ubiquity is such that every person on the planet touches or uses them every single day, and yet few of us even realize they exist. Despite being the sole witnesses of 3 billion years of evolutionary history, these diminutive fungi, plants, and animals are themselves invisible to the eye. In this microscopic bestiary, prominent geologist, paleontologist, and scholar Patrick De Wever lifts the veil on their mysterious world. Marvelous Microfossils lays out the basics of what microfossils are before moving on to the history, tools, and methods of investigating them. The author deTrade ReviewEnhanced by sumptuous images, Marvelous Microfossils reveals microfossils' amazing forms and fascinating architecture. Readers will be easily hypnotized by their patterns, their rhythms, their symmetries . . . a delight for the eyes, this book is also notable for its scientific intelligibility. The author is able to render his interest and the complexity of an invisible and inert world with a sharp literary pen, clear text, and simple and effective examples and organization.—Rémi Luglia, President, Société Nationale de Protection de la NatureInitially an emotional thunderbolt for geologist and micropaleontologist Patrick De Wever, microfossils became the object of his research for decades. Sharing this feeling was his motivation to devote a book to the topic. To say the least, this book perfectly fulfills that function!—La RechercheThis book will make history! It is the fruit of a whole life's work dedicated to the study of microfossils. The author combines his qualities as a scientist with a great knowledge of the literature. His wish, to inspire us to look for the beauties hidden in stone, is fully realized in this beautiful and successful work!—A Fond la ScienceTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionA Marvelous Microscopic WorldWhat Is a Microfossil?Why Study MicrofossilsPart A: The Study of MicrofossilsPart B: Microfossils through the Geologic AgesPart C: The Diversity of MicrofossilsPart D: Architects, Builders, and Markers of Time

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Book SynopsisA guided journey through the inner workings of Earth, the cloaked mysteries of other planets in our solar system, and beyond. Extreme heat. Extreme cold. Extreme pressure. Toxic gases. Scorching magma flows, and ice volcanoes. Interior tides. Asteroids filled with gold. In What's Hidden Inside Planets? planetary scientist Dr. Sabine Stanley cracks the surface to reveal the beating heart of planets and what created themfrom the building blocks of swirling cosmic dust, pebbles, and gas to coalesced planetesimal beginnings to the worlds we see today. We're only beginning to explore the secretive interiors of planets, where awe-inspiring wonders await. Our home planet is no exception. Earth, from space, looks like a shimmering gem suspended in an inky, infinite expanse. But this serene image masks the magnificent and volatile interior forces that make life possible for millions of species on the surface. The placid appearances of our neighboring planets similarly belie their powersand scTrade ReviewStanley, a planetary scientist at Johns Hopkins University, approaches her topic with the generous enthusiasm of a nature guide taking visitors on a field trip....'I hope I've been able to portray how wondrous the inner worlds of planets are,' Stanley writes modestly near the end of her book. Hope achieved.—American ScientistTable of ContentsPreface 1. Gazing Inward2. Gazing Outward3. Telltale Planetary Parcels4. Fierce and Formative Forces5. How We Peer Inside Planets6. Curious Planetary Elements7. The Future of Planetary ExplorationAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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