Applied optics Books

Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Python. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents Introduction First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology

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Book SynopsisFor more than 400 years, optical glass has provided mankind with a window into both the hidden microcosm and vast outer cosmos of the known universe, transforming philosophy, science, and engineering through its visage and, thus, shaping modern civilization. Its high transmittance, homogeneity, and precisely defined light refraction properties are the preconditions for highly resolved true-color imaging, making it an intrinsic component of technology in general. From consumer products, such as cameras and binoculars, to microscopes and telescopes - the most essential tools of research in many fields - the role of optical glass is integral to the very foundations of modern science and industry.In contrast to its fundamental importance, there is often a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of optical glass by engineers and designers, causing misunderstandings in purchasing and fabrication, and ultimately limiting the potential and application of this dynamic material. This book will serve as an invaluable resource of technical information, including the index of refraction and its dependence on wavelength (dispersion), optical homogeneity and transmittance (presented together with restrictions imposed by the manufacturing processes and chemical resistance), as well as mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Measurement methods with their achievable accuracy are given, along with a wide scope of overview diagrams illustrating properties and main uses, as well as diagrams ranking optical glass types with respect to their properties. The wide scope and lucid organization of this volume will prove to be highly valuable across a wide range of design, engineering, and purchasing applications within the many fields dependent on this incredible material.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to optics and optical fabrication that provides technicians with simple explanations supported by illustrations and diagrams. Detailed examples and calculations are also included.The behaviour and performance of optical elements as individual components and as members of complete systems are discussed and evaluated. Further topics include the manufacturing, testing, and mounting of optical elements; two-element systems; optical coatings; and aberrations.

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 2: Methods begins by describing the basic principles and diagnostic applications of optical techniques based on detecting and processing the scattering, fluorescence, FT IR, and Raman spectroscopic signals from various tissues, with an emphasis on blood, epithelial tissues, and human skin. The second half of the volume discusses specific imaging technologies, such as Doppler, laser speckle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

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Book SynopsisOptics is a science which covers a very large domain and is experiencing indisputable growth. It has enabled the development of a considerable number of instruments, the optical component or methodology of which is often the essential part of portent systems. This book sets out show how optical physical phenomena such as lasers – the basis of instruments of measurement – are involved in the fields of biology and medicine. Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology and Medicine details instruments and measurement systems using optical methods in the visible and near-infrared, as well as their applications in biology and medicine, through looking at confocal laser scanning microscopy, the basis of instruments performing in biological and medical analysis today, and flow cytometry, an instrument which measures at high speed the parameters of a cell passing in front of one or more laser beams. The authors also discuss optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is an optical imaging technique using non-contact infrared light, the therapeutic applications of lasers, where they are used for analysis and care, and the major contributions of plasmon propagation in the field of life sciences through instrumental developments, focusing on propagating surface plasmons (PSP) and localized plasmons (LP). Contents: 1. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Thomas Olivier and Baptiste Moine. 2. Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension, Odile Sabido. 3. Optical Coherence Tomography, Claude Boccara and Arnaud Dubois. 4. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers, Geneviève Bourg-Heckly and Serge Mordon. 5. Plasmonics, Emmanuel Fort. About the Authors Jean-Pierre Goure is Emeritus Professor of optics at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France, and was previously director of the UMR 5516 laboratory linked with CNRS. He is the author of more than 100 publications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, instrumentation, sensors, optical fiber and optical communications. He was also previously deputy director in engineering science at CNRS and a member of several scientific associations such as the French Optical Society and the European Optical Society.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 1 Thomas OLIVIER and Baptiste MOINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Context and framework of chapter 1 1.1.2. From wide-field microscopy to confocal microscopy 3 1.2. Principle and implementation 6 1.2.1. General principle 7 1.2.2. Axial and lateral resolution in confocal microscopy 9 1.2.3. Some notions of fluorescence 21 1.2.4. Main elements of a confocal scanning laser microscope 25 1.3. Applications in biology, potential and limitations 40 1.3.1. Basic elements of biology for the neophyte 41 1.3.2. Fluorescent labeling 43 1.3.3. Practical implementation of confocal microscopy 46 1.4. Related and derived techniques 62 1.4.1. Advanced contrast modes: FRAP, FLIP, FLIM, FRET, etc. 62 1.4.2. The contribution of nonlinear contrast modes 66 1.4.3. Recent major advances: overcoming the diffraction limit 72 1.5. Bibliography 74 Chapter 2 Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension 79 Odile SABIDO 2.1. History of FCM 79 2.2. Components of the cytometer: fluidics, optics and signal processing 80 2.2.1. Fluidics 81 2.2.2. Optics 81 2.2.3. Signal processing 83 2.3. Experimentation strategy 83 2.3.1. Visualizations of the spectra 84 2.3.2. Compensation of fluorescences 84 2.3.3. Checking the optical bench 84 2.3.4. Presentation of parameters A/H/W 85 2.3.5. Graphical presentation 85 2.4. Types of platform for FCM 87 2.4.1. Clinical platform 87 2.4.2. Research platform 87 2.5. Principle of cell sorting 88 2.6. Analyzed parameters 90 2.6.1. Light scattering 90 2.6.2. Fluorochromes 90 2.7. Applications in biology 93 2.7.1. Clinical 93 2.7.2. Research 93 2.7.3. Environment 94 2.7.4. Plant biology 94 2.7.5. Industrial microbiology 94 2.8. Complementarities of the FCM with the other cytometries, confocal and dynamic 95 2.9. Cytometry on beads, LUMINEXTM type 95 2.10. Scientific societies 96 2.11. Websites to visit 96 2.12. Bibliography 97 2.13. Reference books 99 Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography 101 Claude BOCCARA and Arnaud DUBOIS 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. Principles of OCT 102 3.3. Frequency-domain OCT 104 3.4. Spatial resolution 106 3.5. Applications of OCT 107 3.5.1. Ophtalmology 107 3.5.2. Internal medicine 107 3.5.3. Other fields of application 108 3.6. Extensions of OCT 109 3.7. Full-field OCT 110 3.7.1. Principle 110 3.7.2. Spatial resolution 111 3.7.3. Dynamics and sensitivity 113 3.7.4. Operating speed 113 3.7.5. Applications 114 3.8. Conclusion 119 3.9. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4 Therapeutic Applications of Lasers 125 Geneviève BOURG-HECKLY and Serge MORDON 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Interaction of light with biological tissues 127 4.2.1. Optical parameters characterizing light radiation 127 4.2.2. The three types of interaction between a light beam and a biological tissue 131 4.2.3. Penetration of light in biological tissues 151 4.3. Therapeutic effects of lasers 155 4.3.1. Thermal effect 156 4.3.2. Photoablative effect 167 4.3.3. Photochemical or photodynamic effect 168 4.3.4. The electromechanical effect 174 4.4. Conclusion 175 4.5. For more information 175 4.6. Bibliography 176 Chapter 5 Plasmonics 179 Emmanuel FORT 5.1. Propagating surface plasmons 180 5.1.1. Theoretical reminders and definitions 180 5.1.2. Surface plasmon resonance sensors 185 5.1.3. Units and sensitivity of SPR sensors 189 5.1.4. Other SPR configurations 190 5.1.5. SPR imaging 191 5.1.6. Surface plasmons coupled fluorescence 194 5.2. Localized surface plasmons 201 5.2.1. Theoretical reminders 201 5.2.2. Detection of plasmonic nanoprobes 203 5.3. Conclusion 210 5.4. Bibliography 211 List of Authors 217 Index 219

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Book SynopsisThis book shows how dispersion engineering in two dimensional dielectric photonic crystals can provide new effects for the precise control of light propagation for integrated nanophotonics.Dispersion engineering in regular and graded photonic crystals to promote anomalous refraction effects is studied from the concepts to experimental demonstration via nanofabrication considerations. Self collimation, ultra and negative refraction, second harmonic generation, mirage and invisibility effects which lead to an unprecedented control of light propagation at the (sub-)wavelength scale for the field of integrated nanophotonics are detailed and commented upon.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. Two-Dimensional Dielectric Photonic Crystals 1 1.1. Context 1 1.2. Concepts: photonic band structures and equi-frequency curves 2 1.2.1. Basic concepts on electromagnetic waves in 2D PhCs 3 1.2.2. Dispersion surfaces, equi-frequency curves and group velocity 6 1.3. Fundamental dispersion effects 8 1.3.1. The construction line method 8 1.3.2. A beam propagation model 9 1.3.3. The self-collimation effect 12 1.3.4. Mesoscopic self-collimation of light 14 1.3.5. The superprism effect 18 1.3.6. Negative refraction and -1 effective index in photonic crystals and metamaterials 20 1.4. From concepts to reality 26 1.4.1. 2D½ prototype design 27 1.4.2. Thick substrate versus membrane approach 27 1.4.3. 2D patterning and prototype designs 29 1.4.4. The 3D reality 34 1.5. Conclusion 35 CHAPTER 2. Flat Lenses 37 2.1. Context 37 2.2. Negative refraction based flat lenses 38 2.2.1. Effective parameters 38 2.2.2. A 2D photonic crystal based flat lens: dimensioning 42 2.2.3. Experiments 51 2.3. Gradient index lenses 56 2.3.1. GRIN lens concept 56 2.3.2. Negative index based GRIN lens (the hole case) 57 2.3.3. Positive index based GRIN lens (the pillar case) 59 2.3.4. Experimental evaluation of GRIN lenses 60 2.4. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER 3. Towards Transform Optics Based Devices 63 3.1. Context 63 3.2. From transform Optics to Hamiltonian optics 64 3.2.1. Transform Optics 64 3.2.2. Conformal mapping 69 3.2.3. Hamiltonian optics 70 3.3. 1D graded photonic crystals 72 3.3.1. D graded photonic crystals 75 3.4. Cloaking devices 78 3.4.1. A brief overview of optical cloaking 79 3.4.2. A III-V based photonic crystal carpet: design and fabrication 81 3.4.3. A III-V based photonic crystal carpet: evaluation and discussion 83 3.5. Conclusion 85 CONCLUSION 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 INDEX 105

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Book SynopsisGaN and ZnO nanowires can by grown using a wide variety of methods from physical vapor deposition to wet chemistry for optical devices. This book starts by presenting the similarities and differences between GaN and ZnO materials, as well as the assets and current limitations of nanowires for their use in optical devices, including feasibility and perspectives. It then focuses on the nucleation and growth mechanismsof ZnO and GaN nanowires, grown by various chemical and physical methods. Finally, it describes the formation of nanowire heterostructures applied to optical devices.Table of ContentsPreface xi Part 1 GaN and ZnO Nanowires: Low-Dimensionality Effects 1 Chapter 1 Quantum and Optical Confinement 3 Le Si Dang Chapter 2 Stress Relaxation in Nanowires with Heterostructures 25 Frank Glas Chapter 3 Surface-Related Optical Properties of GaN-Based Nanowires 59 Pierre Lefebvre Chapter 4 Surface Related Optical Properties of ZnO Nanowires 81 Tobias Voss and Jürgen Gutowski Chapter 5 Doping and Transport 99 Julien Pernot, Fabrice Donatini and Pierre Tchoulfian Chapter 6 Microstructure of Group III-N Nanowires 125 Achim Trampert, Xiang Kong, Esperanza Luna, Javier Grandal and Bernd Jenichen Part 2 Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms of GaN and ZnO Nanowires 157 Chapter 7 Ni Collector-Induced Growth of GaN Nanowire on C-Plane Sapphere by Plama-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy 159 Caroline Chèze Chapter 8 Self-Induced Growth of GaN Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 177 Vincent Consonni Chapter 9 Selective Area Growth of GaN Nanowires by Plama-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy 215 Miguel A Sanchez-Garcia, steven Albert, Ana M. Bengoechea-Encabo, Francesca Barbagini and Enrique Calleja Chapter 10 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Growth of GaN Nanorods 245 Joël Eymery Chapter 11 Metal-Organic Chemical Vaport Deposition Growth of ZnO Nanowires 265 Vincent Sallet Chapter 12 Pulsed-Laser Deposition of ZnO Nanowires 303 Christoph Peter Dietrich and Marius Grundmann Chapter 13 Preparation of ZnO Nanorods and Nanowires by Wet Chemistry 325 Thierry Pauporté List of Authors 379

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this book provide the first review of haptic optical tweezers, a new technique which brings together force feedback teleoperation and optical tweezers. This technique allows users to explore the microworld by sensing and exerting piconewton-scale forces with trapped microspheres. The design of optical tweezers for high-quality haptic feedback is challenging, given the requirements for very high sensitivity and dynamic stability. The concept, design process and specification of optical tweezers reviewed throughout this book focus on those intended for haptic teleoperation. The authors provide two new specific designs as well as the current state of the art. Furthermore, the remaining important issues are identified for further developments. Haptic optical tweezers will soon become an invaluable tool for force feedback micromanipulation of biological samples and nano- and micro-assembly parts.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO HAPTIC OPTICAL TWEEZERS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A dexterous experimental platform 3 1.2.1. A dexterous micromanipulation technique 3 1.2.2. A dexterous user interaction for micromanipulation 5 1.2.3. Pioneering works 8 1.3. Interactive optical tweezers 10 1.3.1. Displacement techniques 10 1.3.2. Impact of the laser deflection 14 1.3.3. Measurement techniques 16 1.4. Specific designs for haptic interactions 21 1.4.1. Temporal sharing 22 1.4.2. Spatial sharing 24 1.5. Discussion 26 1.6. Conclusion 29 1.7. Bibliography 30 CHAPTER 2. HIGH-SPEED VISION: FROM FRAME-BASED TO EVENT-BASED 45 2.1. High-speed cameras 45 2.1.1. Image data acquisition 46 2.1.2. Image data transmission 48 2.1.3. Image data processing 51 2.2. Silicon retinas 52 2.2.1. Neuromorphic engineering 52 2.2.2. Dynamic vision sensor (DVS) 54 2.2.3. Asynchronous time-based image sensor 57 2.3. The advantages of asynchronous event-based vision 59 2.3.1. Frame-based methodology 59 2.3.2. Event-based acquisition 60 2.3.3. Event-based processing 62 2.4. The fundamentals of event-based computation 64 2.5. State of the art of silicon retina applications 67 2.6. High-speed vision in robotics 70 2.6.1. Examples 71 2.6.2. Difficulties 74 2.7. Necessity of high-speed vision in microrobotics 76 2.7.1. Automatic control of a microrobot 76 2.7.2. Teleoperated micromanipulation 77 2.7.3. Two concrete applications 80 2.8. Bibliography 85 CHAPTER 3. ASYNCHRONOUS EVENT-BASED 2D MICROSPHERE TRACKING 93 3.1. Reliable haptic optical tweezers 93 3.2. State of the art of high-speed microparticle tracking 95 3.2.1. Position detection devices 96 3.2.2. Candidate algorithms 98 3.3. Microsphere tracking using DVS 101 3.3.1. Event-based continuous Hough transform 101 3.3.2. Multiple microsphere tracking 103 3.3.3. Brownian motion detection 108 3.4. 2D haptic feedback micromanipulation with optical tweezers 112 3.4.1. Strategy of haptic coupling with optical tweezer 113 3.4.2. Haptic feedback optical tweezer system setup 114 3.4.3. First experiments on force sensing in the microworld 117 3.4.4. A comparison of frame-based and event-based vision in micromanipulation 121 3.5. Conclusions 124 3.6. Bibliography 125 CHAPTER 4. ASYNCHRONOUS EVENT-BASED 3D MICROSPHERE TRACKING 129 4.1. 3D sphere tracking methods 130 4.1.1. Defocus 131 4.1.2. Intensity average on frame-based images 133 4.1.3. Polarity integration 135 4.1.4. Extension of continuous Hough transform 137 4.1.5. Robust circle fitting 139 4.1.6. Summary of different methods 143 4.2. 3D haptic feedback teleoperation of optical tweezers 144 4.2.1. Configuration and method 144 4.2.2. Z-axis force feedback 147 4.3. Haptic feedback on multitrap optical tweezers 149 4.3.1. Time multiplexing multitrapping by galvanometer 149 4.3.2. Events-trap correspondence 152 4.3.3. Multitrap experimental results 154 4.3.4. Marketability 158 4.4. Piezoelectric microgripper tracking for stable haptic feedback 160 4.4.1. System setup 161 4.4.2. Vision system 164 4.4.3. Haptic coupling strategy 167 4.4.4. Experimental results 170 4.4.5. Interest to industry 177 4.5. Conclusions 177 4.6. Bibliography 178 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 181 INDEX 187

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the methods used to detect material defects at the nanoscale. The authors present different theories, polarization states and interactions of light with matter, in particular optical techniques using polarized light. Combining experimental techniques of polarized light analysis with techniques based on theoretical or statistical models to study faults or buried interfaces of mechatronic systems, the authors define the range of validity of measurements of carbon nanotube properties. The combination of theory and pratical methods presented throughout this book provide the reader with an insight into the current understanding of physicochemical processes affecting the properties of materials at the nanoscale.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Uncertainties 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The reliability based design approach 2 1.2.1. The MC method 2 1.2.2. The perturbation method 3 1.2.3. The polynomial chaos method 7 1.3. The design of experiments method 9 1.3.1. Principle 9 1.3.2. The Taguchi method 10 1.4. The set approach 14 1.4.1. The method of intervals 15 1.4.2. Fuzzy logic based method 18 1.5. Principal component analysis 20 1.5.1. Description of the process 21 1.5.2. Mathematical roots 22 1.5.3. Interpretation of results 22 1.6. Conclusions 23 Chapter 2. Reliability-based Design Optimization 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Deterministic design optimization 26 2.3. Reliability analysis 27 2.3.1. Optimal conditions 30 2.4. Reliability-based design optimization 31 2.4.1. The objective function 31 2.4.2. Total cost consideration 32 2.4.3. The design variables 33 2.4.4. Response of a system by RBDO 33 2.4.5. Limit states 33 2.4.6. Solution techniques 33 2.5. Application: optimization of materials of an electronic circuit board 34 2.5.1. Optimization problem 36 2.5.2. Optimization and uncertainties 39 2.5.3. Results analysis 43 2.6. Conclusions 44 Chapter 3. The Wave–Particle Nature of Light 47 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. The optical wave theory of light according to Huyghens and Fresnel 49 3.2.1. The three postulates of wave optics 49 3.2.2. Luminous power and energy 51 3.2.3. The monochromatic wave 51 3.3. The electromagnetic wave according to Maxwell’s theory 52 3.3.1. The Maxwell equations 52 3.3.2. The wave equation according to the Coulomb’s gauge 56 3.3.3. The wave equation according to the Lorenz’s gauge 57 3.4. The quantum theory of light 57 3.4.1. The annihilation and creation operators of the harmonic oscillator 57 3.4.2. The quantization of the electromagnetic field and the potential vector 61 3.4.3. Field modes in the second quantization 66 Chapter 4. The Polarization States of Light 71 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. The polarization of light by the matrix method 73 4.2.1. The Jones representation of polarization 76 4.2.2. The Stokes and Muller representation of polarization 81 4.3. Other methods to represent polarization 86 4.3.1. The Poincaré description of polarization 86 4.3.2. The quantum description of polarization 88 4.4. Conclusions 93 Chapter 5. Interaction of Light and Matter 95 5.1. Introduction 95 5.2. Classical models 97 5.2.1. The Drude model 103 5.2.2. The Sellmeir and Lorentz models 105 5.3. Quantum models for light and matter 111 5.3.1. The quantum description of matter 111 5.3.2. Jaynes–Cummings model 118 5.4. Semiclassical models 123 5.4.1. Tauc–Lorentz model 127 5.4.2. Cody–Lorentz model 130 5.5. Conclusions 130 Chapter 6. Experimentation and Theoretical Models 133 6.1. Introduction 134 6.2. The laser source of polarized light 135 6.2.1. Principle of operation of a laser 136 6.2.2. The specificities of light from a laser 141 6.3. Laser-induced fluorescence 143 6.3.1. Principle of the method 143 6.3.2. Description of the experimental setup 145 6.4. The DR method 145 6.4.1. Principle of the method 146 6.4.2. Description of the experimental setup 148 6.5. Theoretical model for the analysis of the experimental results 149 6.5.1. Radiative relaxation 152 6.5.2. Non-radiative relaxation 153 6.5.3. The theoretical model of induced fluorescence 160 6.5.4. The theoretical model of the thermal energy transfer 163 6.6. Conclusions 170 Chapter 7. Defects in a Heterogeneous Medium 173 7.1. Introduction 173 7.2. Experimental setup 175 7.2.1. Pump laser 176 7.2.2. Probe laser 176 7.2.3. Detection system 177 7.2.4. Sample preparation setup 180 7.3. Application to a model system 182 7.3.1. Inert noble gas matrix 182 7.3.2. Molecular system trapped in an inert matrix 184 7.3.3. Experimental results for the induced fluorescence 188 7.3.4. Experimental results for the double resonance 198 7.4. Analysis by means of theoretical models 203 7.4.1. Determination of experimental time constants 203 7.4.2. Theoretical model for the induced fluorescence 209 7.4.3. Theoretical model for the DR 214 7.5. Conclusions 216 Chapter 8. Defects at the Interfaces 219 8.1. Measurement techniques by ellipsometry 219 8.1.1. The extinction measurement technique 222 8.1.2. The measurement by rotating optical component technique 223 8.1.3. The PM measurement technique 224 8.2. Analysis of results by inverse method 225 8.2.1. The simplex method 232 8.2.2. The LM method 234 8.2.3. The quasi-Newton BFGS method 237 8.3. Characterization of encapsulating material interfaces of mechatronic assemblies 237 8.3.1. Coating materials studied and experimental protocol 239 8.3.2. Study of bulk coatings 241 8.3.3. Study of defects at the interfaces 244 8.3.4. Results analysis 251 8.4. Conclusions 253 Chapter 9. Application to Nanomaterials 255 9.1. Introduction 255 9.2. Mechanical properties of SWCNT structures by MEF 256 9.2.1. Young's modulus of SWCNT structures 258 9.2.2. Shear modulus of SWCNT structures 259 9.2.3. Conclusion on the modeling results 260 9.3. Characterization of the elastic properties of SWCNT thin films 260 9.3.1. Preparation of SWCNT structures 261 9.3.2. Nanoindentation 262 9.3.3. Experimental results 263 9.4. Bilinear model of thin film SWCNT structure 265 9.4.1. SWCNT thin film structure 266 9.4.2. Numerical models of thin film SWCNT structures 268 9.4.3. Numerical results 269 9.5. Conclusions 274 Bibliography 275 Index 293

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Book SynopsisThe book is aimed at description of recent progress in studies of light extinction, absorption, and scattering in turbid media. In particular, light scattering/oceanic optics/planetary optics research communities are greatly benefit from the publication of this book.Table of ContentsExtinction of electromagnetic waves by bounded targets: local and far-field definitions, measurements, generalizations and paradoxes.- Light scattering by large densely packed clusters of particles.- The volume scattering function of particles in the oceans.- Light backscattering by atmospheric particles: from laboratory to field experiments.- Local optical properties of turbid media and their influence on radiative transfer processes.- The study of planetary surface materials using reflectance spectroscopy.

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Book SynopsisRolf T. Borlinghaus erläutert die Ursachen für die klassische Begrenzung der Lichtmikroskopie und beleuchtet die neuen Super-Hochauflösungstechniken. Dies ist besonders aktuell, da der Nobelpreis 2014 für Chemie für die Entwicklung von Technologien vergeben wurde, die es nun ermöglichen, mit Lichtmikroskopen feinere Details aufzulösen, als es die klassische Theorie einschränkend vorhersagt. Diese neuen Methoden stellen aber nicht das bisherige Weltbild der Optik in Frage, vielmehr nutzen sie ganz andere Phänomene, um mittels klassischer Optik Positionsbestimmungen von Molekülen durchzuführen. Das ist theoretisch beliebig genau möglich.Trade Review“... Sehr empfehlens-wert für alle, die sich aus beruflichen oder privaten Gründen über Lichtmikroskopie und ihre heutige Möglichkeiten und Verfahren informieren möchten. ...“ (Karl Schäfer, in: Amazon.de,15.September 2015)Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Was ist Auflösung?.- Mikroskopische Glühwürmchen.- Ortung auf molekularer Ebene.- Weniger ist mehr.- RESOLFT.- Zusammenfassung.

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Book SynopsisThis Open Access book discusses an extension to low-coherence interferometry by dispersion-encoding. The approach is theoretically designed and implemented for applications such as surface profilometry, polymeric cross-linking estimation and the determination of thin-film layer thicknesses. During a characterization, it was shown that an axial measurement range of 79.91 µm with an axial resolution of 0.1 nm is achievable. Simultaneously, profiles of up to 1.5 mm in length were obtained in a scan-free manner. This marked a significant improvement in relation to the state-of-the-art in terms of dynamic range. Also, the axial and lateral measurement range were decoupled partially while functional parameters such as surface roughness were estimated. The characterization of the degree of polymeric cross-linking was performed as a function of the refractive index. It was acquired in a spatially-resolved manner with a resolution of 3.36 x 10-5. This was achieved by the development of a novel mathematical analysis approach.Table of Contents1 Introduction and motivation.- 2 Related works and basic considerations.- 3 Surface profilometry.- 4 Polymer characterization.- 5 Thin-film characterization.- 6 Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights a comprehensive introduction to the principles and calculation methods of computational optical imaging. Integrating optical imaging and computing technology to achieve significant performance improvements, computational optical imaging has become an active research field in optics.

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Fully updated throughout and with several new chapters, this second edition of Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging guides advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, computer science, mathematics and engineering through the principles of linear inverse problems, in addition to methods of their approximate solution and their practical applications in imaging. This second edition contains new chapters on edge-preserving and sparsity-enforcing regularization in addition to maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian regularization for Poisson data.The level of mathematical treatment is kept as low as possible to make the book suitable for a wide range of students from different backgrounds, with readers needing just a rudimentary understanding of analysis, geometry, linear algebra, probability theory, and Fourier analysis. The authors concentrate on presenting easily implementable and fast solution algorithms, and this second edition

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Book SynopsisThe scientific and technological importance of lasers has generated great interest in the field of cavity nonlinear optics. This book provides a thorough description of this subject in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout, the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance.Trade Review'This book provides a thorough description of the field in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance … The book stresses the connections between theoretical work and actual experimental results and will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, nonlinear optics, and laser physics.' K. Welker, OptikTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Reduction of the Maxwell–Schrödinger equations; 2. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation I; 3. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation II; 4. Optical bistability: constant input; 5. Optical bistability: variable input; 6. Multimode optical bistability; 7. Free running multimode lasers; 8. Antiphase dynamics; 9. Laser stability; 10. Second harmonic generation; 11. Saturable absorbers; 12. Transverse effects in optical bistability.

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Book SynopsisCovering a wide range of remote sensing techniques and applications, this new edition is now more accessible to students, while retaining its focus on physical and mathematical principles. Chapter summaries, review questions, problem sets and supporting online material allow students to test their understanding and practise handling data for themselves.Trade Review'This is a welcome new edition of a popular text, with wonderful color illustrations. The author has managed to help students digest the principles by adding useful summaries and review questions. A practical improvement for students and instructors is the addition of the rich suite of online resources, which greatly add to the book's appeal.' Farouk El-Baz, Director, Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University'Rees' new edition of his popular remote sensing textbook is written in an easy-to-follow style, but doesn't neglect the mathematical underpinnings. It covers principles related to all the key wavelength regions, and such diverse topics as photogrammetry, atmospheric sounding and multispectral imaging. Including coverage of applications on land, in the atmosphere and oceans, it represents an excellent resource for students and practitioners alike.' Martin Wooster, Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group, King's College London'The third edition of this well known, highly respected and authoritative textbook contains a wealth of new material that captures advances in optical and microwave sensor systems and applications. University teachers will be delighted that the format remains the same; theory and technical detail are explained in clear language and supported by excellent diagrams and figures. The book incorporates good pedagogic principles … additional text boxes to help guide students not familiar with certain theoretical concepts, and review questions with problems to assist teachers to set extension exercises. [It] uses excellent examples, many of which are new in this edition, that clearly demonstrate why remote sensing data from a very wide range of sensors and platforms has such an impact on science and society today. Every student of remote sensing, whatever their level, and every library should have a copy of this excellent book.' Daniel Donoghue, Durham University'This is a comprehensive updating of a popular undergraduate and postgraduate text. The wealth of resources, new links and plates support the existing material superbly. The end references have been updated with new papers and sources and all the references are well integrated into the main text. … this is a superb text book and an excellent reference text. Dr W. G. Rees has done a superb job of updating what was already a well-loved and established text in a way which makes it a worthwhile investment for anyone studying the remote sensing and mapping of our planet.' Mark Nicol, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2. Electromagnetic waves in free space; 3. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter; 4. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's atmosphere; 5. Photographic systems; 6. Electro-optical systems; 7. Passive microwave systems; 8. Ranging systems; 9. Scattering systems; 10. Platforms for remote sensing; 11. Data processing; Appendix: data tables; Bibliography; Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPresents practical electro-optical applications in the context of the fundamental principles of communication theory, thermodynamics, information theory and propagation theory. Combining systems issues with fundamentals of communications, this is an essential reference for all practising engineers and academic researchers in optical engineering.Trade Review'… a single comprehensive book for anyone having anything to do with the vast field of electro-optics … If you are a scientist or engineer who has to manipulate photons, Fundamentals of Electro-Optic Systems Design belongs on your bookshelf - near the front.' Robert K. Tyson, University of North Carolina, Charlotte'… a must-have reference for the scientist or engineer involved with electro-optical system design.' Tony Tether, former DARPA Director (2001–2009)'… a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of free-space optical communications and Lidar.' Joseph W. Goodman, Stanford University'The material [is] very accessible … clear and well presented.' Ronald Phillips, University of Central Florida'This book offers an exhaustive treatment of free-space electro-optical instrumentation for remote sensing, such as LIDAR, detection techniques and communications in turbulent and turbid media … The core chapters are easy to follow and describe in detail LIDAR, free-space optical communication (including atmosphere absorption and scattering) and the optical thick communication channel. There should be no problem in using this publication as a textbook, because it includes many examples. This comprehensive book will also be a very useful reference for researchers and engineers involved in optical remote sensing and instrumentation.' Silvano Donati, Optics and Photonics News'The first feature of the book which astounds is its compactness. The authors have addressed an astonishing range of topics in a few hundred pages. … The second feature of this book which causes amazement is the breadth of the coverage. Arguably the secret of this success is the fact that the authors are highly accomplished and greatly experienced. This strength enables the authors to make judicious choices of subject matter and have the confidence to convey the essence of each topic in a convincing manner. … The depth and breadth of this volume together with the care that the authors have taken to present their material in a digestible form lead one to strongly recommend this book to as wide an audience as possible.' K. Alan Shore, Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. Genesis of electro-optic systems; 2. Role of electromagnetic theory in electro-optics systems; 3. Photo-detection of electromagnetic radiation; 4. Metrics for evaluating photo-detected radiation; 5. Contrast, visibility and imaging; 6. Signal modulation schemes in optical communications; 7. Forward error correction coding; 8. Modern communications designs for FOC/FSOC applications; 9. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR); 10. Communications in the turbulent channel; 11. Communications in the optical scatter channel.

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Book SynopsisPhotoalignment possesses significant advantages in comparison with the usual rubbing' treatment of the substrates of liquid crystal display (LCD) cells as it is a non-contact method with a high resolution. A new technique recently pioneered by the authors of this book, namely the photo-induced diffusion reorientation of azodyes, does not involve any photochemical or structural transformations of the molecules. This results in photoaligning films which are robust and possess good aligning properties making them particularly suitable for the new generation of liquid crystal devices. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials covers state-of-the-art techniques and key applications, as well as the authors' own diffusion model for photoalignment. The book aims to stimulate new research and development in the field of liquid crystalline photoalignment and in so doing, enable the technology to be used in large scale LCD production. Key features: Provides a Trade Review"I believe that the reader will obtain beneficial information on the various aspects of the physics and applications of the photoalignment of LCs and the techniques involved." (Liquid Crystals Today, June 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Editor's Foreword. 1. Introduction. References. 2. Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 2.1 Cis-Trans Isomerization. 2.2 Pure Reorientation of the Azo-Dye Chromophore Molecules or Azo-Dye Molecular Solvates. 2.3 Crosslinking in Cinnamoyl Side-Chain Polymers. 2.4 Photodegradation in Polymide Materials. 2.5 Photoinduced Order in Langmuir–Blodgett Films. References. 3. LC-Surface Interaction in a Photoaligned Cell. 3.1 Pretilt Angle Generation in Photoaligning Materials. 3.2 Generation of Large Pretilt Angles. 3.3 Anchoring Energy in Photoaligning Materials. 3.4 Stability of Photoaligning Materials Sensitivity to UV Light. 3.5 Comparison of the Characteristics of Photoalignment Layers for Different Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 3.6 Various Methods for the Experimental Characterization of Photoalignment Layers. References. 4. Photoalignment of LCs. 4.1 Vertical LC Alignment. 4.2 Twisted LC Photoalignment. 4.3 Photoalignment of Ferroelectric LC. 4.4 Optical Rewritable LC Alignment. 4.5 Photoalignment with Asymmetric Surface Anchoring. 4.6 LC Photoalignment on Plastic Substrates. 4.7 Photoalignment on Grating Surface. 4.8 Photoalignment of Lyotropic and Discotic LCs. 4.9 Other Types of LC Photoalignment. References. 5. Application of Photoalignment Materials in Optical Elements. 5.1 Polarizers. 5.2 Retardation Films. 5.3 Transflective LCD with Photo-Patterned Polarizers and Phase Retarders. 5.4 Security Applications of Photoaligning and Photo-Patterning. 5.5 Optical Elements Based on Photoaligning Technology. References. 6. Novel LCDs Based on Photoalignment. 6.1 Bistable Nematic Displays. 6.2 Photoaligned Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon Microdisplays. 6.3 Photoaligned Ferroelectric LCDs. 6.4 New Optical Rewritable Electronic Paper. 6.5 Application of Photoalignment in Photonic LC Devices. References. 7. US Patents Related to Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals. 7.1 Introductory Remarks. 7.2 List of Patents Patent Classification. 7.3 Analysis and Comments on the Patents. Index.

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a thorough presentation of the state-of-the art in computational modelling techniques for photonics Contains broad coverage of both frequency- and time-domain techniques to suit a wide range of photonic devices Reviews existing commercial software packages for photonics". (MyCFO, 20 January 2011) "In this book, the author provides a comprehensive coverage of modern numerical modelling techniques for designing photonic devices for use in modern optical telecommunication". (VentureBeat Profiles, 21 January 2011)Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Photonics: the countless possibilities of light propagation 1.2 Modelling photonics 2 Full-vectorial Beam Propagation Method 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of the beam propagation methods 2.3 Maxwell’s Equations 2.4 Magnetic field formulation of the wave equation 2.5 Electric field formulation of the wave equation 2.6 Perfectly-Matched Layer 2.7 Finite Element Analysis 2.8 Derivation of BPM Equations 2.9 Imaginary-Distance BPM: Mode Solver 3 Assessment of Full-Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Analysis of Rectangular waveguide 3.3 Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.4 Liquid Crystal Based Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.5 Electro-optical Modulators 3.6 Switches 4 Bidirectional Beam Propagation Method 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Optical Waveguide Discontinuity Problem 4.3 Finite element analysis of discontinuity problems 4.4 Derivation of Finite Element Matrices 4.5 Application of Taylor’s Series Expansion 4.6 Computation of Reflected, Transmitted and Radiation Waves 4.7 Optical fiber-facet problem 4.8 Finite element analysis of optical fiber facets 4.9 Iterative analysis of multiple-discontinuities 4.10 Numerical assessment 5 Complex-Envelope Alternating-Direction-Implicit Finite Difference Time Domain Method with Assessment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Maxwell's equations 5.3 Brief history of Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.4 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.5 -Direction-Implicit FDTD (ADI-FDTD): Beyond the Courant Limit 5.6 Complex-Envelope ADI-FDTD (CE-ADI- 5.7 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Boundary Conditions 5.8 Uniaxal Perfectly Matched Layer (UPML) Absorbing Boundary Condition 5.9 PML Parameters 5.10 PML Boundary Conditions for CE-ADI-FDTD 5.11 PhC Resonant Cavities 5.12 5x5 Rectangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.13 Triangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.14 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 5.15 Conclusions 6. Finite Volume time Domain (FVTD) Method 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Numerical analysis 6.3 UPWIND Scheme for the Calculation 6.4 NON-DIFFUSIVE Scheme for the Flux Calculation 6.5 2D Formulation of the FVTD Method 6.6 Boundary Conditions 6.7 Nonlinear Optics 6.8 Nonlinear Optical Interactions 6.9 Extension of the FDTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.10 Extension of the FVTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.11 Conclusions 7 Numerical Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear PhC Based Devices 7.1 Introduction 7.2 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Cavity 7.3 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Waveguide 7.4 FVTD Method Assessment: PBG T-Branch 7.5 PhC Multimode Resonant Cavity 7.6 FDTD Analysis of Nonlinear Devices 7.7 FVTD Analysis of Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Wires 7.8 Conclusions 8 Multiresolution Time Domain 8.1 Introduction 8.2 MRTD basics 8.3 MRTD update scheme 8.4 Scaling-MRTD 8.5 Conclusions 9 MRTD Analysis of PhC-Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 UPML-MRTD: test and code validation 9.3 MRTD vs FDTD for the analysis of linear photonic crystals 9.4 Conclusions 10 MRTD Analysis of SHG PhC-Devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Second harmonic generation in optics 10.3 Extended S-MRTD for SHG analysis 10.4 SHG in PhC-waveguide 10.5 Selective SHG in compound PhC-based structures 10.6 New design for selective SHG: PhC-microcavities coupling 10.7 Conclusions 11 Dispersive Nonlinear MRTD for SHG Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dispersion analysis 11.3 SHG-MRTD scheme for dispersive materials 11.4 Simulation results 11.5 Conclusions

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