Applied optics Books
SPIE Press Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
Book SynopsisProceedings of SPIE offer access to the latest innovations in research and technology and are among the most cited references in patent literature.
£65.25
MP-NMX Uni of New Mexico The Adaptive Optics Revolution A History
Book SynopsisA compilation of a unique history of the invention of laser guide stars and other contributions to adaptive optics made by the Department of Defense.
£26.96
Cambridge University Press Solving Problems with Projections
Book Synopsis
£42.70
Cambridge University Press Fundamentals of ElectroOptic Systems Design
Book SynopsisPresents practical electro-optical applications in the context of the fundamental principles of communication theory, thermodynamics, information theory and propagation theory. Combining systems issues with fundamentals of communications, this is an essential reference for all practising engineers and academic researchers in optical engineering.Trade Review'… a single comprehensive book for anyone having anything to do with the vast field of electro-optics … If you are a scientist or engineer who has to manipulate photons, Fundamentals of Electro-Optic Systems Design belongs on your bookshelf - near the front.' Robert K. Tyson, University of North Carolina, Charlotte'… a must-have reference for the scientist or engineer involved with electro-optical system design.' Tony Tether, former DARPA Director (2001–2009)'… a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of free-space optical communications and Lidar.' Joseph W. Goodman, Stanford University'The material [is] very accessible … clear and well presented.' Ronald Phillips, University of Central Florida'This book offers an exhaustive treatment of free-space electro-optical instrumentation for remote sensing, such as LIDAR, detection techniques and communications in turbulent and turbid media … The core chapters are easy to follow and describe in detail LIDAR, free-space optical communication (including atmosphere absorption and scattering) and the optical thick communication channel. There should be no problem in using this publication as a textbook, because it includes many examples. This comprehensive book will also be a very useful reference for researchers and engineers involved in optical remote sensing and instrumentation.' Silvano Donati, Optics and Photonics News'The first feature of the book which astounds is its compactness. The authors have addressed an astonishing range of topics in a few hundred pages. … The second feature of this book which causes amazement is the breadth of the coverage. Arguably the secret of this success is the fact that the authors are highly accomplished and greatly experienced. This strength enables the authors to make judicious choices of subject matter and have the confidence to convey the essence of each topic in a convincing manner. … The depth and breadth of this volume together with the care that the authors have taken to present their material in a digestible form lead one to strongly recommend this book to as wide an audience as possible.' K. Alan Shore, Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. Genesis of electro-optic systems; 2. Role of electromagnetic theory in electro-optics systems; 3. Photo-detection of electromagnetic radiation; 4. Metrics for evaluating photo-detected radiation; 5. Contrast, visibility and imaging; 6. Signal modulation schemes in optical communications; 7. Forward error correction coding; 8. Modern communications designs for FOC/FSOC applications; 9. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR); 10. Communications in the turbulent channel; 11. Communications in the optical scatter channel.
£101.65
Cambridge University Press MidInfrared and Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers
Book SynopsisDiscover how mid-infrared and terahertz photonics has been revolutionized in this comprehensive overview of state-of-the art quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Combining real-world examples with expert guidance, it provides a thorough treatment of practical applications, including high-power continuous-wave QCLs, frequency-comb devices, quantum-electronic transport and thermal transport modeling, and beam shaping in QCLs. With a focus on recent developments, such as frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs, grating-outcoupled surface-emitting mid-infrared QCLs, coherent-power scaling of mid-IR and THz QCLs, metasurface-based surface-emitting THz QCLs, self-mixing in QCLs, and THz QCL sources based on difference-frequency generation, it also features detailed theoretical explanations of means for efficiency maximization, design criteria for high-power continuous-wave operation of QCLs, and QCL thermal modeling, enabling you to improve performance of current and future devices. PaTable of ContentsPart I. Bandstructure Engineering, Modeling and State-of-the-art QCLs: 1. Basic physics of intersubband radiative and nonradiative processes Jacob B. Khurgin; 2. State-of-the-art mid-infrared QCLs: elastic scattering, high CW power and coherent-power scaling Dan Botez and Luke J. Mawst; 3. Long wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Alexei Baranov, Michael Bahriz and Roland Teissier; 4. Overview of the state-of-the-art terahertz QCL designs Qi Jie Wang and Yongquan Zeng; 5. Simulating quantum cascade lasers: the challenge to quantum theory Andreas Wacker; 6. Coupled simulation of quantum electronic transport and thermal transport in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Michelle L. King, Farhad Karimi, Sina Soleimanikahnoj, Suraj Suri, Song Mei, Yanbing Shi, Olafur Jonasson and Irena Knezevic; Part II. Active Research Topics: 7. Quantum cascade laser frequency combs Jérôme_Faist and Giacomo Scalari; 8. Frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs Miriam Serena Vitiello, Luigi Consolino and Paolo De Natale; 9. Distributed-feedback and beam shaping in monolithic terahertz QCLs Yuan Jin and Sushil Kumar; 10. Metasurface based THz quantum-cascade lasers Benjamin S. Williams and Christopher A. Curwen; 11. Terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity difference-frequency generation Mikhail A. Belkin; Part III. Applications: 12. QCL applications in scientific research, commercial, and defense and security markets Jeremy Rowlette, Eric Takeuchi and Timothy Day; 13. QCL-based gas sensing with photoacoustic spectroscopy Vincenzo Spagnolo, Pietro Patimisco, Angelo Sampaolo and Marilena Giglio; 14. Multiheterodyne spectroscopic sensing and applications of mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade laser combs; Gerard Wysocki, Jonas Westberg and Lukasz Sterczewski; 15. Self-mixing in quantum cascade lasers: theory and applications Paul Dean, Jay Keeley, Yah Leng Lim, Karl Bertling, Thomas Taimre, Pierluigi Rubino, Dragan Indjin and Aleksandar Rakic; 16. Applications of terahertz quantum cascade lasers Pierre Gellie; Index.
£71.24
Cambridge University Press A Students Guide to Atomic Physics
Book SynopsisThis concise and accessible book provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental principles of atomic physics at an undergraduate level. Concepts are explained in an intuitive way and the book assumes only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. With a compact format specifically designed for students, the first part of the book covers the key principles of the subject, including the quantum theory of the hydrogen atom, radiative transitions, the shell model of multi-electron atoms, spin-orbit coupling, and the effects of external fields. The second part provides an introduction to the four key applications of atomic physics: lasers, cold atoms, solid-state spectroscopy and astrophysics. This highly pedagogical text includes worked examples and end of chapter problems to allow students to test their knowledge, as well as numerous diagrams of key concepts, making it perfect for undergraduate students looking for a succinct primer on the concepts and applications of atomic physics.Trade Review'Today a thorough understanding of atomic and molecular physics is surely a prerequisite for a career in astrophysics, especially now that the entire electromagnetic spectrum of many astronomical objects may be open to quantitative examination. Given the need for a sound understanding, the question becomes, how are students to develop a serious interest in atomic and molecular physics? This book by Mark Fox deserves consideration for an atomic-physics course taken by physics (and other) students in the second half of their undergraduate career … I welcome this book for its clear exposition of the basic ideas on atomic structure and spectra. … The health of spectroscopic astrophysics demands that young bright minds are brought into the field in every generation. Texts like that by Mark Fox have a crucial role to play in this context.' David L. Lambert, The Observatory'Well-chosen worked examples are liberally sprinkled through all the chapters. This is an invaluable aid to the reader … The text is clear to read and understand, and only a basic understanding of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism is required … The harder mathematical concepts are hidden away in Appendices, so they are still available for the more intrepid reader, but do not spoil the flow of the main text … I would agree that the material is pitched at the second or third year of a UK undergraduate physics course, but it would also be useful for specialists in other fields starting out in the world of atomic physics.' Stephen H. Ashworth, Contemporary Physics'This is a well-constructed book with a great many exercises at the end of each chapter. These exercises are of tremendous value, enabling students to solve a wide variety of problems in the subject. I would recommend this book for anyone who wanted a basic understanding of atomic physics.' Trevor Bailey, Mathematics TodayTable of ContentsPreface; List of symbols; Part I. Fundamental Principles: 1. Preliminary concepts; 2. Hydrogen; 3. Radiative transitions; 4. The shell model and alkali spectra; 5. Angular momentum; 6. Helium and exchange symmetry; 7. Fine structure and nuclear effects; 8. External fields: the Zeeman and Stark effects; Part II. Applications of Atomic Physics: 9. Stimulated emission and lasers; 10. Cold atoms; 11. Atomic physics applied to the solid state; 12. Atomic physics in astronomy; Appendix A. The reduced mass; Appendix B. Mathematical solutions for the hydrogen Schrödinger equation; Appendix C. Helium energy integrals; Appendix D. Perturbation theory of the Stark effect; Appendix E. Laser dynamics; Bibliography; Index.
£23.49
Cambridge University Press Theoretical Foundations of Nanoscale Quantum
Book SynopsisNanooptics which describes the interaction of light with matter at the nanoscale, is a topic of great fundamental interest to physicists and engineers and allows the direct observation of quantum mechanical phenomena in action. This self-contained and extensively referenced text describes the underlying theory behind nanodevices operating in the quantum regime for use both in advanced courses and as a reference for researchers in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science. Presenting an extensive theoretical toolset for design and analysis of nanodevices, the authors demonstrate the art of developing approximate quantum models of real nanodevices. The rudimentarymathematical knowledgerequired to master the material iscarefully introduced, with detailed derivations and frequent worked examples allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of the material. More advanced applications are gradually introduced alongside analytical approximations and simplifying asTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Quantum-mechanical framework; 3. Linear response theory; 4. Dissipation and decoherence; 5. Quantum current flow; 6. Quantum tunneling; 7. Quantum noise.
£55.09
John Wiley & Sons Inc Plasmonics
Book SynopsisBased on a popular article in Laser and Photonics Reviews, this book provides an explanation and overview of the techniques used to model, make, and measure metal nanoparticles, detailing results obtained and what they mean. It covers the properties of coupled metal nanoparticles, the nonlinear optical response of metal nanoparticles, and the phenomena that arise when light-emitting materials are coupled to metal nanoparticles. It also provides an overview of key potential applications and offers explanations of computational and experimental techniques giving readers a solid grounding in the field.Trade Review“The present volume will be very useful for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and advanced undergraduates. The instructors and advisers of such students will benefit from reading this book as well.” (Optics & Photonics News, 8 November 2013)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi I.1 Why All the Excitement? xi I.2 Historical Perspective xiv I.3 Book Outline xvii 1 Modeling: Understanding Metal-Nanoparticle Plasmons 1 1.1 Classical Picture: Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.2 Discrete Plasmon Resonances in Particles 13 1.3 Overview of Numerical Methods 25 1.4 A Model System: Gold Nanorods 31 1.5 Size-Dependent Effects in Small Particles 39 References 46 2 Making: Synthesis and Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 51 2.1 Top-Down: Lithography 52 2.2 Bottom-Up: Colloidal Synthesis 67 2.3 Self-Assembly and Hybrid Methods 76 2.4 Chemical Assembly 86 References 92 3 Measuring: Characterization of Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 97 3.1 Ensemble Optical Measurements 97 3.2 Single-Particle Optical Measurements 102 3.3 Electron Microscopy 125 References 132 4 Coupled Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 135 4.1 Pairs of Metal Nanoparticles 136 4.2 Understanding Complex Nanostructures Using Coupled Plasmons 149 References 161 5 Nonlinear Optical Response of Metal Nanoparticles 165 5.1 Review of Optical Nonlinearities 166 5.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 170 5.3 Harmonic Generation 187 References 191 6 Coupling Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles to Emitters 193 6.1 Plasmon-Modified Emission 193 6.2 Plasmon–Emitter Interactions Beyond Emission Enhancement 210 References 225 7 Some Potential Applications of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles 229 7.1 Refractive-Index Sensing and Molecular Detection 229 7.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 233 7.3 Near-Field Microscopy, Photolithography, and Data Storage 239 7.4 Photodetectors and Solar Cells 242 7.5 Optical Tweezers 249 7.6 Optical Metamaterials 254 References 266 Index 271
£92.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Remote Sensing and Actuation Using Unmanned
Book SynopsisUnmanned systems and robotics technologies have become very popular recently owing to their ability to replace human beings in dangerous, tedious, or repetitious jobs.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Monograph Roadmap 1 1.1.1 Sensing and Control in the Information-Rich World 1 1.1.2 Typical Civilian Application Scenarios 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Sensing and Control Using Unmanned Vehicles 5 1.2 Research Motivations 7 1.2.1 Small Unmanned Aircraft System Design for Remote Sensing 7 1.2.2 State Estimation for Small UAVs 8 1.2.3 Advanced Flight Control for Small UAVs 9 1.2.4 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple UAVs 10 1.2.5 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Actuator and Sensor Networks 11 1.3 Monograph Contributions 11 1.4 Monograph Organization 12 References 12 2 AggieAir: A Low-Cost Unmanned Aircraft System for Remote Sensing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Small UAS Overview 17 2.2.1 Autopilot Hardware 19 2.2.2 Autopilot Software 21 2.2.3 Typical Autopilots for Small UAVs 22 2.3 AggieAir UAS Platform 26 2.3.1 Remote Sensing Requirements 26 2.3.2 AggieAir System Structure 27 2.3.3 Flying-Wing Airframe 30 2.3.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Autopilot 31 2.3.5 OSAM Image Payload Subsystem 32 2.3.6 gRAID Image Georeference Subsystem 36 2.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Design for IMU Integration 39 2.4.1 Hardware Interface Connections 40 2.4.2 Software Interface Design 41 2.5 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol and Tuning 45 2.5.1 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol 45 2.5.2 AggieAir Controller Tuning Procedure 46 2.6 Typical Platforms and Flight Test Results 47 2.6.1 Typical Platforms 47 2.6.2 Flight Test Results 48 2.7 Chapter Summary 50 References 50 3 Attitude Estimation Using Low-Cost IMUs for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 53 3.1 State Estimation Problem Definition 54 3.2 Rigid Body Rotations Basics 55 3.2.1 Frame Definition 55 3.2.2 Rotation Representations 56 3.2.3 Conversion Between Rotation Representations 57 3.2.4 UAV Kinematics 58 3.3 Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Units: Hardware and Sensor Suites 60 3.3.1 IMU Basics and Notations 60 3.3.2 Sensor Packs 61 3.3.3 IMU Categories 63 3.3.4 Example Low-Cost IMUs 63 3.4 Attitude Estimation Using Complementary Filters on SO(3) 65 3.4.1 Passive Complementary Filter 66 3.4.2 Explicit Complementary Filter 66 3.4.3 Flight Test Results 67 3.5 Attitude Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filters 68 3.5.1 General Extended Kalman Filter 68 3.5.2 Quaternion-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.5.3 Euler Angles-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.6 AggieEKF: GPS-Aided Extended Kalman Filter 70 3.7 Chapter Summary 74 References 74 4 Lateral Channel Fractional Order Flight Controller Design for a Small UAV 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Preliminaries of UAV Flight Control 78 4.3 Roll-Channel System Identification and Control 79 4.3.1 System Model 80 4.3.2 Excitation Signal for System Identification 80 4.3.3 Parameter Optimization 81 4.4 Fractional Order Controller Design 81 4.4.1 Fractional Order Operators 81 4.4.2 PIλ Controller Design 82 4.4.3 Fractional Order Controller Implementation 85 4.5 Simulation Results 86 4.5.1 Introduction to Aerosim Simulation Platform 87 4.5.2 Roll-Channel System Identification 87 4.5.3 Fractional-Order PI Controller Design Procedure 89 4.5.4 Integer-Order PID Controller Design 90 4.5.5 Comparison 90 4.6 UAV Flight Testing Results 92 4.6.1 The ChangE UAV Platform 92 4.6.2 System Identification 94 4.6.3 Proportional Controller and Integer Order PI Controller Design 96 4.6.4 Fractional Order PI Controller Design 97 4.6.5 Flight Test Results 98 4.7 Chapter Summary 99 References 99 5 Remote Sensing Using Single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 101 5.1 Motivations for Remote Sensing 102 5.1.1 Water Management and Irrigation Control Requirements 102 5.1.2 Introduction of Remote Sensing 102 5.2 Remote Sensing Using Small UAVs 103 5.2.1 Coverage Control 103 5.2.2 Georeference Problem 105 5.3 Sample Applications for AggieAir UAS 109 5.3.1 Real-Time Surveillance 109 5.3.2 Farmland Coverage 109 5.3.3 Road Surveying 111 5.3.4 Water Area Coverage 112 5.3.5 Riparian Surveillance 112 5.3.6 Remote Data Collection 115 5.3.7 Other Applications 116 5.4 Chapter Summary 119 References 119 6 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 121 6.1 Consensus-Based Formation Control 122 6.1.1 Consensus Algorithms 122 6.1.2 Implementation of Consensus Algorithms 123 6.1.3 MASnet Hardware Platform 123 6.1.4 Experimental Results 125 6.2 Surface Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 129 6.2.1 Problem Definition: Wind Profile Measurement 131 6.2.2 Wind Profile Measurement Using UAVs 133 6.2.3 Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 135 6.2.4 Preliminary Simulation and Experimental Results 136 6.3 Chapter Summary 140 References 140 7 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Sensor and Actuator Networks 143 7.1 Motivation and Background 143 7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Problem Formulation 144 7.3 CVT-Based Dynamical Actuator Motion Scheduling Algorithm 146 7.3.1 Motion Planning for Actuators with the First-Order Dynamics 146 7.3.2 Motion Planning for Actuators with the Second-Order Dynamics 147 7.3.3 Neutralizing Control 147 7.4 Grouping Effect in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 147 7.4.1 Grouping for CVT-Based Diffusion Control 148 7.4.2 Diffusion Control Simulation with Different Group Sizes 148 7.4.3 Grouping Effect Summary 150 7.5 Information Consensus in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 154 7.5.1 Basic Consensus Algorithm 154 7.5.2 Requirements of Diffusion Control 154 7.5.3 Consensus-Based CVT Algorithm 155 7.6 Simulation Results 158 7.7 Chapter Summary 164 References 164 8 Conclusions and Future Research Suggestions 167 8.1 Conclusions 167 8.2 Future Research Suggestions 168 8.2.1 VTOL UAS Design for Civilian Applications 168 8.2.2 Monitoring and Control of Fast-Evolving Processes 169 8.2.3 Other Future Research Suggestions 169 References 170 Appendix 171 A.1 List of Documents for CSOIS Flight Test Protocol 171 A.1.1 Sample CSOIS-OSAM Flight Test Request Form 171 A.1.2 Sample CSOIS-OSAM 48 in. UAV (IR) In-lab Inspection Form 172 A.1.3 Sample Preflight Checklist 172 A.2 IMU/GPS Serial Communication Protocols 173 A.2.1 u-blox GPS Serial Protocol 173 A.2.2 Crossbow MNAV IMU Serial Protocol 173 A.2.3 Microstrain GX2 IMU Serial Protocol 174 A.2.4 Xsens Mti-g IMU Serial Protocol 178 A.3 Paparazzi Autopilot Software Architecture: A Modification Guide 182 A.3.1 Autopilot Software Structure 182 A.3.2 Airborne C Files 183 A.3.3 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Implementation 184 A.3.4 Configuration XML Files 185 A.3.5 Roll-Channel Fractional Order Controller Implementation 189 A.4 DiffMas2D Code Modification Guide 192 A.4.1 Files Description 192 A.4.2 Diffusion Animation Generation 193 A.4.3 Implementation of CVT-Consensus Algorithm 193 References 195 Topic Index 197
£86.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics
Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource to designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Enabling Technological Advances and Benefits of Fiber Optic Links 6 1.2 Analog Versus Digital Fiber Optic Links 13 1.3 Basic Fiber Optic Components 18 1.4 Analog Links Within RF Systems 27 References 28 2 Analog Performance Metrics 33 2.1 The Scattering Matrix 34 2.2 Noise Figure 36 2.3 Dynamic Range 39 2.3.1 Compression Dynamic Range 39 2.3.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 43 2.4 Cascade Analysis 52 References 54 3 Sources of Noise in Fiber Optic Links 57 3.1 Basic Concepts 58 3.2 Thermal Noise 62 3.3 Shot Noise 69 3.4 Lasers 74 3.5 Optical Amplifiers 93 3.5.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 94 3.5.2 Raman and Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers 108 3.5.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 112 3.6 Photodetection 113 References 117 4 Distortion in Fiber Optic Links 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Distortion in Electrical-to-Optical Conversion 130 4.3 Optical Amplifier Distortion 134 4.4 Photodetector Distortion 138 4.4.1 Photodetector Distortion Measurement Systems 141 4.4.2 Photodetector Nonlinear Mechanisms 144 References 161 5 Propagation Effects 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Double Rayleigh Scattering 168 5.3 RF Phase in Fiber Optic Links 170 5.4 Chromatic Dispersion 173 5.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 184 5.6 Stimulated Raman Scattering 190 5.7 Cross-Phase Modulation 193 5.8 Four-Wave Mixing 198 5.9 Polarization Effects 200 References 205 6 External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection 212 6.1 Concept and Link Architectures 213 6.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 216 6.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 233 6.3.1 General Equations 234 6.3.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Equations 242 6.3.3 RIN-Limited Equations 247 6.3.4 Trade Space Analysis 250 6.4 Photodetector Issues and Solutions 251 6.5 Linearization Techniques 260 6.6 Propagation Effects 264 References 270 7 External Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 275 7.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 287 7.4 Linearization Techniques 295 7.5 Propagation Effects 299 7.6 Other Techniques for Optical Phase Demodulation 304 References 308 8 Other Analog Optical Modulation Methods 312 8.1 Direct Laser Modulation 313 8.1.1 Direct Intensity Modulation 314 8.1.2 Direct Frequency Modulation 319 8.2 Suppressed Carrier Modulation with a Low Biased MZM 321 8.3 Single-Sideband Modulation 328 8.4 Sampled Analog Optical Links 330 8.4.1 RF Downconversion Via Sampled Analog Optical Links 333 8.4.2 Mitigation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with Sampled Links 336 8.5 Polarization Modulation 340 References 344 9 High Current Photodetectors 351 9.1 Photodetector Compression 352 9.2 Effects Due to Finite Series Resistance 355 9.3 Thermal Limitations 359 9.4 Space-Charge Effects 365 9.5 Photodetector Power Conversion Efficiency 370 9.6 State of the Art for Power Photodetectors 376 References 378 10 Applications and Trends 383 10.1 Point-to-Point Links 384 10.2 Analog Fiber Optic Delay Lines 393 10.3 Photonic-Based RF Signal Processing 398 10.3.1 Wideband Channelization 399 10.3.2 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 401 10.3.3 Downconversion 404 10.3.4 Phased-Array Beamforming 405 10.4 Photonic Methods for RF Signal Generation 407 10.5 Millimeter-Wave Photonics 415 10.6 Integrated Microwave Photonics 419 References 427 Appendix I Units and Physical Constants 446 Appendix II Electromagnetic Radiation 450 Appendix III Power, Voltage and Current for a Sinusoid 453 Appendix IV Trigonometric Functions 455 Appendix V Fourier Transforms 458 Appendix VI Bessel Functions 460 Index 463
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Scale Issues in Remote Sensing
Book SynopsisThis book provides up-to-date developments, methods, and techniques in the field of GIS and remote sensing and features articles from internationally renowned authorities on three interrelated perspectives of scaling issues: scale in land surface properties, land surface patterns, and land surface processes.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix CONTRIBUTORS xi AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY xv INTRODUCTION 1 1 Characterizing, Measuring, Analyzing, and Modeling Scale in Remote Sensing: An Overview 3 Qihao Weng PART I SCALE, MEASUREMENT, MODELING, AND ANALYSIS 11 2 Scale Issues in Multisensor Image Fusion 13 Manfred Ehlers and Sascha Klonus 3 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Analysis of Landscape Ecological Processes: Current Insights and Trends 34 Dale A. Quattrochi and Jeffrey C. Luvall 4 On the Issue of Scale in Urban Remote Sensing 61 Qihao Weng PART II SCALE IN REMOTE SENSING OF PLANTS AND ECOSYSTEMS 79 5 Change Detection Using Vegetation Indices and Multiplatform Satellite Imagery at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales 81 Edward P. Glenn, Pamela L. Nagler, and Alfredo R. Huete 6 Upscaling with Conditional Cosimulation for Mapping Above-Ground Forest Carbon 108 Guangxing Wang and Maozhen Zhang 7 Estimating Grassland Chlorophyll Content from Leaf to Landscape Level: Bridging the Gap in Spatial Scales 126 Yuhong He PART III SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PROCESSES 139 8 Visualizing Scale-Domain Manifolds: A Multiscale Geo-Object-Based Approach 141 Geoffrey J. Hay 9 Multiscale Segmentation and Classification of Remote Sensing Imagery with Advanced Edge and Scale-Space Features 170 Angelos Tzotsos, Konstantinos Karantzalos, and Demetre Argialas 10 Optimum Scale in Object-Based Image Analysis 197 Jungho Im, Lindi J. Quackenbush, Manqi Li, and Fang Fang PART IV SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PATTERNS 215 11 Scaling Issues in Studying the Relationship Between Landscape Pattern and Land Surface Temperature 217 Hua Liu and Qihao Weng 12 Multiscale Fractal Characteristics of Urban Landscape in Indianapolis, USA 230 Bingqing Liang and Qihao Weng 13 Spatiotemporal Scales of Remote Sensing Precipitation 253 Yang Hong and Yu Zhang PART V NEW FRONTIERS IN EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGY 265 14 Multiscale Approach for Ground Filtering from Lidar Altimetry Measurements 267 JoseeL. Silvan-Cárdenas and Le Wang 15 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing with Emphasis on Land Cover Mapping: From Ground to Satellite Observations 285 George P. Petropoulos, Kiril Manevski, and Toby N. Carlson INDEX 321
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Amorphous Semiconductors
Book SynopsisAmorphous semiconductors are subtances in the amorphous solid state that have the properties of a semiconductor and which are either covalent or tetrahedrally bonded amorphous semiconductors or chelcogenide glasses. Developed from both a theoretical and experimental viewpoint Deals with, amongst others, preparation techniques, structural, optical and electronic properties, and lightinduced phenomena Explores different types of amorphous semiconductorsincluding amorphous silicon, amorphous semiconducting oxides and chalcogenide glasses Applications include solar cells, thin film transistors, sensors, optical memory devices and flat screen devices including televisions Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Aspects of Amorphous Semiconductors 1 1.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 3 1.3 Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors 3 References 3 2 Preparation Techniques 5 2.1 Growth of a‐Si:H Films 5 2.1.1 PECVD Technique 5 2.1.2 HWCVD Technique 6 2.2 Growth of Amorphous Chalcogenides 6 References 8 3 Structural Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Amorphous Chalcogenides 11 3.1 General Aspects 11 3.1.1 Definitions of Crystalline and Noncrystalline 11 3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 12 3.2.1 Raman Scattering 12 3.2.2 Infrared Absorption 13 3.3 Neutron Diffraction 15 3.3.1 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Silicon 17 3.3.2 Diffraction Measurements on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon 18 3.3.3 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Germanium 19 3.3.4 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Selenium 19 3.4 Computer Simulations 20 3.4.1 Monte Carlo‐Type Methods for Structure Derivation 20 3.4.2 Atomic Interactions 21 3.4.3 a‐Si Models Constructed by Monte Carlo Simulation 25 3.4.4 Reverse Monte Carlo Methods 26 3.4.5 a‐Si Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 28 3.4.6 a‐Se Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 30 3.4.7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 32 3.4.8 a‐Si Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.9 a‐Si:H Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.10 a‐Se Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 35 3.4.11 Car and Parrinello Method 38 References 38 4 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 43 4.1 Bonding Structures 43 4.1.1 Bonding Structures in Column IV Elements 44 4.1.2 Bonding Structures in Column VI Elements 45 4.2 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 46 4.3 Fermi Energy of Amorphous Semiconductors 47 4.4 Differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Semiconductors 49 4.5 Charge Distribution in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 49 4.6 Density of States in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 52 4.7 Dangling Bonds 54 4.8 Doping 57 References 58 5 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Silicon 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Band Tails and Structural Defects 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Band Tails 62 5.2.3 Structural Defects 66 5.3 Recombination Processes 68 5.3.1 Introduction 68 5.3.2 Radiative Recombination 68 5.3.3 Nonradiative Recombination 70 5.3.4 Recombination Processes and Recombination Centers in a‐Si:H 72 5.3.5 Spin‐Dependent Recombination 73 5.4 Electrical Properties 74 5.4.1 DC Conduction 74 5.4.2 AC Conduction 80 5.4.3 Hall Effect 87 5.4.4 Thermoelectric Power 88 5.4.5 Doping Effect 89 5.5 Optical Properties 92 5.5.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 92 5.5.2 Weak Absorption 94 5.5.3 Photoluminescence 96 5.5.4 Frequency‐Resolved Spectroscopy (FRS) 96 5.5.5 Photoconductivity 101 5.5.6 Dispersive Photoconduction 109 5.6 Electron Magnetic Resonance and Spin‐Dependent Properties 112 5.6.1 Introduction 112 5.6.2 Electron Magnetic Resonance 112 5.6.3 Spin‐Dependent Properties 128 5.7 Light‐Induced Phenomena and Light‐Induced Defect Creation 131 5.7.1 Introduction 131 5.7.2 Light‐Induced Phenomena 132 5.7.3 Light‐Induced Defect Creation 134 References 145 6 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Chalcogenides 157 6.1 Historical Overview of Chalcogenide Glasses 157 6.1.1 Applications 157 6.1.2 Science 158 6.2 Basic Glass Science 159 6.2.1 Glass Formation 159 6.2.2 Glass Transition Temperature 160 6.2.3 Crystallization of Glasses 162 6.3 Electrical Properties 165 6.3.1 Electronic Transport 165 6.3.2 Ionic Transport 170 6.4 Optical Properties 175 6.4.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 175 6.4.2 Urbach and Weak Absorption Tails 178 6.4.3 Photoluminescence 179 6.4.4 Photoconduction 183 6.5 The Nature of Defects, and Defect Spectroscopy 191 6.5.1 Electron Spin Resonance 196 6.5.2 Optical Absorption 197 6.5.3 Primary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.4 Secondary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.5 Electrophotography 199 6.5.6 Electronic Transport 199 6.6 Light‐Induced Effects in Chalcogenides 200 6.6.1 Electron Spin Resonance 200 6.6.2 Optical Absorption 202 6.6.3 Photoluminescence 203 6.6.4 Photoconductivity 205 6.6.5 Electronic Transport 206 6.6.6 Defect Creation Kinetics 207 6.6.7 Structure‐Related Properties 210 References 218 7 Other Amorphous Material Systems 231 7.1 Amorphous Carbon and Related Materials 231 7.1.1 Basic Structure of a‐C (sp2 Hybrids) 232 7.1.2 Preparation Techniques 233 7.1.3 Brief Review of Structural Studies on Amorphous Carbon 233 7.1.4 Applications 234 7.2 Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 235 7.2.1 Preparation Techniques 235 7.2.2 Optical Properties 236 7.2.3 Electronic Properties 237 7.2.4 Applications 239 7.3 Metal‐Containing Amorphous Chalcogenides 239 7.3.1 Preparation Techniques 240 7.3.2 Structure of Ag‐Chs and Related Physical Properties 240 7.3.3 Photodoping 241 7.3.4 Applications 242 References 242 8 Applications 247 8.1 Devices Using a‐Si:H 247 8.1.1 Photovoltaics 247 8.1.2 Thin‐Film Transistors 248 8.2 Devices Using a‐Chs 249 8.2.1 Phase‐Change Materials 249 8.2.2 Direct X‐ray Image Sensors for Medical Use 257 8.2.3 High‐Gain Avalanche Rushing Amorphous Semiconductor Vidicon 258 8.2.4 Optical Fibers and Waveguides 260 References 261 Index 265
£107.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Beam Propagation Method for Design of Optical
Book SynopsisThe basic of the BPM technique in the frequency domain relies on treating the slowly varying envelope of the monochromatic electromagnetic field under paraxial propagation, thus allowing efficient numerical computation in terms of speed and allocated memory. In addition, the BPM based on finite differences is an easy way to implement robust and efficient computer codes. This book presents several approaches for treating the light: wide-angle, scalar approach, semivectorial treatment, and full vectorial treatment of the electromagnetic fields. Also, special topics in BPM cover the simulation of light propagation in anisotropic media, non-linear materials, electro-optic materials, and media with gain/losses, and describe how BPM can deal with strong index discontinuities or waveguide gratings, by introducing the bidirectional-BPM. BPM in the time domain is also described, and the book includes the powerful technique of finite difference time domain method, which fills the gap when theTable of ContentsPreface xii List of Acronyms xiv List of Symbols xvi 1 Electromagnetic Theory of Light 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Waves 21.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.1.2 Wave Equations in Inhomogeneous Media 5 1.1.3 Wave Equations in Homogeneous Media: Refractive Index 6 1.2 Monochromatic Waves 7 1.2.1 Homogeneous Media: Helmholtz’s Equation 9 1.2.2 Light Propagation in Absorbing Media 9 1.2.3 Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media 11 1.2.4 Light Propagation in Second-Order Non-Linear Media 13 1.3 Wave Equation Formulation in Terms of the Transverse Field Components 16 1.3.1 Electric Field Formulation 16 1.3.2 Magnetic Field Formulation 18 1.3.3 Wave Equation in Anisotropic Media 19 1.3.4 Second Order Non-Linear Media 20 References 21 2 The Beam-Propagation Method 22 Introduction 22 2.1 Paraxial Propagation: The Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation (SVEA).Full Vectorial BPM Equations 23 2.2 Semi-Vectorial and Scalar Beam Propagation Equations 29 2.2.1 Scalar Beam Propagation Equation 30 2.3 BPM Based on the Finite Difference Approach 31 2.4 FD-Two-Dimensional Scalar BPM 32 2.5 Von Neumann Analysis of FD-BPM 37 2.5.1 Stability 38 2.5.2 Numerical Dissipation 39 2.5.3 Numerical Dispersion 40 2.6 Boundary Conditions 44 2.6.1 Energy Conservation in the Difference Equations 45 2.6.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) 47 2.6.3 Transparent Boundary Conditions (TBC) 49 2.6.4 Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs) 51 2.7 Obtaining the Eigenmodes Using BPM 56 2.7.1 The Correlation Function Method 58 2.7.2 The Imaginary Distance Beam Propagation Method 64 References 68 3 Vectorial and Three-Dimensional Beam Propagation Techniques 71 Introduction 71 3.1 Two-Dimensional Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 72 3.1.1 Formulation Based on the Electric Field 72 3.1.2 Formulation Based on the Magnetic Field 81 3.2 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Electric Field 84 3.2.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 88 3.2.2 Scalar Approach 96 3.2.3 Full Vectorial BPM 102 3.3 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Magnetic Field 113 3.3.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 116 3.3.2 Full Vectorial BPM 120 References 129 4 Special Topics on BPM 130 Introduction 130 4.1 Wide-Angle Beam Propagation Method 130 4.1.1 Formalism of Wide-Angle-BPM Based on Padé Approximants 131 4.1.2 Multi-step Method Applied to Wide-Angle BPM 133 4.1.3 Numerical Implementation of Wide-Angle BPM 135 4.2 Treatment of Discontinuities in BPM 140 4.2.1 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface 140 4.2.2 Implementation Using First-Order Approximation to the Square Root 144 4.3 Bidirectional BPM 148 4.3.1 Formulation of Iterative Bi-BPM 148 4.3.2 Finite-Difference Approach of the Bi-BPM 151 4.3.3 Example of Bidirectional BPM: Index Modulation Waveguide Grating 154 4.4 Active Waveguides 157 4.4.1 Rate Equations in a Three-Level System 158 4.4.2 Optical Attenuation/Amplification 160 4.4.3 Channel Waveguide Optical Amplifier 161 4.5 Second-Order Non-Linear Beam Propagation Techniques 165 4.5.1 Paraxial Approximation of Second-Order Non-Linear Wave Equations 166 4.5.2 Second-Harmonic Generation in Waveguide Structures 169 4.6 BPM in Anisotropic Waveguides 173 4.6.1 TE TM Mode Conversion 175 4.7 Time Domain BPM 177 4.7.1 Time-Domain Beam Propagation Method (TD-BPM) 178 4.7.2 Narrow-Band 1D-TD-BPM 179 4.7.3 Wide-Band 1D-TD-BPM 180 4.7.4 Narrow-Band 2D-TD-BPM 187 4.8 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FD-TD) 193 4.8.1 Finite-Difference Expressions for Maxwell’s Equations in Three Dimensions 194 4.8.2 Truncation of the Computational Domain 198 4.8.3 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TM Case 199 4.8.4 Setting the Field Source 208 4.8.5 Total-Field/Scattered-Field Formulation 209 4.8.6 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TE Case 212 References 219 5 BPM Analysis of Integrated Photonic Devices 222 Introduction 222 5.1 Curved Waveguides 222 5.2 Tapers: Y-Junctions 228 5.2.1 Taper as Mode-Size Converter 228 5.2.2 Y-Junction as 1 × 2 Power Splitter 230 5.3 Directional Couplers 231 5.3.1 Polarization Beam-Splitter 232 5.3.2 Wavelength Filter 235 5.4 Multimode Interference Devices 237 5.4.1 Multimode Interference Couplers 237 5.4.2 Multimode Interference and Self-Imaging 239 5.4.3 1×N Power Splitter Based on MMI Devices 243 5.4.4 Demultiplexer Based on MMI 244 5.5 Waveguide Gratings 248 5.5.1 Modal Conversion Using Corrugated Waveguide Grating 249 5.5.2 Injecting Light Using Relief Gratings 250 5.5.3 Waveguide Reflector Using Modulation Index Grating 252 5.6 Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexer 257 5.6.1 Description of the AWG Demultiplexer 257 5.6.2 Simulation of the AWG 263 5.7 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer as Intensity Modulator 270 5.8 TE-TM Converters 276 5.8.1 Electro-Optical TE-TM Converter 277 5.8.2 Rib Loaded Waveguide as Polarization Converter 280 5.9 Waveguide Laser 282 5.9.1 Simulation of Waveguide Lasers by Active-BPM 283 5.9.2 Performance of a Nd3+-Doped LiNbO3 Waveguide Laser 286 5.10 SHG Using QPM in Waveguides 293 References 297 Appendix A: Finite Difference Approximations of Derivatives 300 A.1 FD-Approximations of First-Order Derivatives 300 A.2 FD-Approximation of Second-Order Derivatives 301 Appendix B: Tridiagonal System: The Thomas Method Algorithm 304 Reference 306 Appendix C: Correlation and Relative Power between Optical Fields 307 C.1 Correlation between Two Optical Fields 307 C.2 Power Contribution of a Waveguide Mode 307 References 309 Appendix D: Poynting Vector Associated to an Electromagnetic Wave Using the SVE Fields 310 D.1 Poynting Vector in 2D-Structures 310 D.1.1 TE Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 310 D.1.2 TM Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 312 D.2 Poynting Vector in 3D-Structures 314 D.2.1 Expression as a Function of the Transverse Electric Field 315 D.2.2 Expression as Function of the Transverse Magnetic Field 319 Reference 322 Appendix E: Finite Difference FV-BPM Based on the Electric Field Using the Scheme Parameter Control 323 E.1 First Component of the First Step 325 E.2 Second Component of the First Step 326 E.3 Second Component of the Second Step 327 E.4 First Component of the Second Step 328 Appendix F: Linear Electro-Optic Effect 330 Reference 332 Appendix G: Electro-Optic Effect in GaAs Crystal 333 References 339 Appendix H: Electro-Optic Effect in LiNbO3 Crystal 340 References 345 Appendix I: Padé Polynomials for Wide-Band TD-BPM 346 Appendix J: Obtaining the Dispersion Relation for a Monomode Waveguide Using FDTD 349 Reference 350 Appendix K: Electric Field Distribution in Coplanar Electrodes 351 K.1 Symmetric Coplanar Strip Configuration 351 K.2 Symmetric Complementary Coplanar Strip Configuration 356 References 359 Appendix L: Three-Dimensional Anisotropic BPM Based on the Electric Field Formulation 360 L.1 Numerical Implementation 365 L.1.1 First Component of the First Step 365 L.1.2 Second Component of the First Step 366 L.1.3 Second Component of the Second Step 367 L.1.4 First Component of the Second Step 368 References 369 Appendix M: Rate Equations in a Four-Level Atomic System 370 References 372 Appendix N: Overlap Integrals Method 373 References 376 Index 377
£99.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications
Book SynopsisThis new edition specifically addresses the most recent and relevant developments in the design and manufacture of OLED displays Provides knowledge of OLED fundamentals and related technologies for applications such as displays and solid state lighting along with processing and manufacturing technologies Serves as a reference for people engaged in OLED research, manufacturing, applications and marketing Includes coverage of white + color filter technology, which has become industry standard technology for large televisions Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii Series Editor’s Foreword to the Second Edition xv 1 Introduction 1 References 5 2 OLED Devices 7 2.1 OLED Definition 7 2.1.1 History of OLED Research and Development 7 2.1.2 Luminescent Effects in Nature 8 2.1.3 Difference Between OLED, LED, and Inorganic ELs 11 2.1.3.1 Inorganic EL 11 2.1.3.2 LED 11 2.2 Basic Device Structure 12 2.3 Basic Light Emission Mechanism 14 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Molecules 14 2.3.2 Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) 15 2.3.3 Configuration of Two Electrons 17 2.3.4 Spin Function 20 2.3.5 Singlet and Triplet Excitons 20 2.3.6 Charge Injection from Electrodes 24 2.3.6.1 Charge Injection by Schottky Thermionic Emission 25 2.3.6.2 Tunneling Injection 28 2.3.6.3 Vacuum-Level Shift 28 2.3.7 Charge Transfer and Recombination 29 2.3.7.1 Charge Transfer Behavior 29 2.3.7.2 Space-Charge-Limited Current 29 2.3.7.3 Poole–Frenkel conduction 32 2.3.7.4 Recombination and Generation of Excitons 33 2.4 Emission Efficiency 36 2.4.1 Internal/External Quantum Efficiency 36 2.4.2 Energy Conversion and Quenching 37 2.4.2.1 Internal Conversion 37 2.4.2.2 Intersystem Crossing 37 2.4.2.3 Doping 38 2.4.2.4 Quenching 40 2.4.3 Outcoupling Efficiency of OLED Display 42 2.4.3.1 Light Output Distribution 42 2.4.3.2 Snell’s Law and Critical Angle 43 2.4.3.3 Loss Due to Light Extraction 44 2.4.3.4 Performance Enhancement by Molecular Alignment 45 2.5 Lifetime and Image Burning 46 2.5.1 Lifetime Definitions 46 2.5.2 Degradation Analysis and Design Optimization 47 2.5.3 Degradation Measurement and Mechanisms 50 2.5.3.1 Acceleration Factor and Temperature Contribution 50 2.5.3.2 Degradation Mechanism Variation 50 2.6 Technologies to Enhance the Device Performance 51 2.6.1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 51 2.6.2 Other Types of Excited States 53 2.6.2.1 Excimer and Exciplex 53 2.6.2.2 Charge-Transfer Complex 53 2.6.3 Charge Generation Layer 54 References 56 3 OLED Manufacturing Process 61 3.1 Material Preparation 61 3.1.1 Basic Material Properties 61 3.1.1.1 Hole Injection Material 61 3.1.1.2 Hole Transportation Material 62 3.1.1.3 Emission Layer Material 62 3.1.1.4 Electron Transportation Material and Charge Blocking Material 63 3.1.2 Purification Process 67 3.2 Evaporation Process 68 3.2.1 Principle 68 3.2.2 Evaporation Sources 72 3.2.2.1 Resistive Heating Method 72 3.2.2.2 Electron Beam Evaporation 75 3.2.2.3 Monitoring Thickness Using a Quartz Oscillator 76 3.3 Encapsulation 79 3.3.1 Dark Spot and Edge Growth Defects 79 3.3.2 Light Emission from the Bottom and Top of the OLED Device 80 3.3.3 Bottom Emission and perimeter sealing 81 3.3.4 Top Emission 82 3.3.5 Encapsulation Technologies and Measurement 83 3.3.5.1 Thin-Film Encapsulation 84 3.3.5.2 Face Sealing Encapsulation 87 3.3.5.3 Frit Encapsulation 88 3.3.5.4 WVTR Measurement 88 3.4 Problem Analysis 91 3.4.1 Ionization Potential Measurement 91 3.4.2 Electron Affinity Measurement 92 3.4.3 HPLC Analysis 93 3.4.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 94 References 96 4 OLED Display Module 99 4.1 Comparison Between OLED and LCD Modules 99 4.2 Basic Display Design and Related Characteristics 101 4.2.1 Luminous Intensity, Luminance, and Illuminance 101 4.2.1.1 Luminous Intensity 101 4.2.1.2 Luminance 102 4.2.1.3 Illuminance 103 4.2.1.4 Metrics Summary 104 4.2.1.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 106 4.2.2 OLED Current Efficiencies and Power Efficacies 106 4.2.3 Color Reproduction 109 4.2.4 Uniform Color Space 115 4.2.5 White Point Determination 116 4.2.6 Color Boost 119 4.2.7 Viewing Condition 120 4.3 Passive-Matrix OLED Display 121 4.3.1 Structure 121 4.3.2 Pixel Driving 122 4.4 Active-Matrix OLED Display 125 4.4.1 OLED Module Components 125 4.4.2 Two-Transistor One-Capacitor (2T1C) Driving Circuit 127 4.4.3 Ambient Performance 136 4.4.3.1 Living Room Contrast Ratio 136 4.4.3.2 Chroma Reduction Due to Ambient Light 137 4.4.4 Subpixel Rendering 138 References 139 5 OLED Color Patterning Technologies 143 5.1 Color-Patterning Technologies 143 5.1.1 Shadow Mask Patterning 143 5.1.1.1 Shadow Mask Process 143 5.1.1.2 Blue Common Layer 146 5.1.1.3 Polychromatic Pixel 147 5.1.2 White+Color Filter Patterning 148 5.1.3 Color Conversion Medium (CCM) Patterning 149 5.1.4 Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) Method 149 5.1.5 Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST) Method 151 5.1.6 Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Method 152 5.1.7 Other Methods 153 5.2 Solution-Processed Materials and Technologies 153 5.3 Next-Generation OLED Manufacturing Tools 158 5.3.1 Vapor Injection Source Technology (VIST) Deposition 158 5.3.2 Hot-Wall Method 163 5.3.3 Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition (OVPD) Method 164 References 165 6 TFT and Driving for Active-Matrix Display 167 6.1 TFT Structure 167 6.2 TFT Process 169 6.2.1 Low-Temperature Polysilicon Process Overview 169 6.2.2 Thin-Film Formation 172 6.2.3 Patterning Technique 173 6.2.4 Excimer Laser Crystallization 177 6.3 MOSFET Basics 180 6.4 LTPS-TFT-Driven OLED Display Design 183 6.4.1 OFF Current 183 6.4.2 Driver TFT Size Restriction 184 6.4.3 Restriction Due to Voltage Drop 185 6.4.4 LTPS-TFT Pixel Compensation Circuit 190 6.4.4.1 Voltage Programming 190 6.4.4.2 Current Programming 192 6.4.4.3 External Compensation Method 193 6.4.4.4 Digital Driving 194 6.4.5 Circuit Integration by LTPS-TFT 197 6.5 TFT Technologies for OLED Displays 200 6.5.1 Selective Annealing Method 200 6.5.1.1 Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Method 200 6.5.1.2 Selective Annealing by Microlens Array 200 6.5.2 Microcrystalline and Superamorphous Silicon 202 6.5.3 Solid-Phase Crystallization 205 6.5.3.1 MIC and MILC Methods 205 6.5.3.2 AMFC Method 205 6.5.4 Oxide Semiconductors 207 References 210 7 OLED Television Applications 215 7.1 Performance Target 215 7.2 Scalability Concept 217 7.2.1 Relationship between Defect Density and Production Yield 217 7.2.1.1 Purpose of Yield Simulation 217 7.2.1.2 Defective Pixel Number Estimation Using the Poisson Equation 217 7.2.2 Scalable Technology 217 7.2.2.1 Scalability 218 7.3 Murdoch’s Algorithm to Achieve Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.1 A Method for Achieving Both Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.2 RGBW Driving Algorithm 221 7.4 An Approach to Achieve 100% NTSC Color Gamut With Low Power Consumption Using White + Color Filter 224 7.4.1 Consideration of Performance Difference between W-RGB and W-RGBW Method 224 7.4.1.1 Issues of White+Color Filter Method for Large Displays 224 7.4.1.2 Analysis of W-RGBW Approach to Circumvent Its Trade-off Situation 224 7.4.1.3 Design of a Prototype to Demonstrate That Low Power Consumption Can Be Achieved with Large Color Gamut 229 7.4.1.4 Product-Level Performance Demonstration by the Combination of Scalable Technologies 230 References 233 8 New OLED Applications 235 8.1 Flexible Display/Wearable Displays 235 8.1.1 Flexible Display Applications 235 8.1.2 Flexible Display Substrates 235 8.1.3 Laser Liftoff Process 236 8.1.4 Barrier Technology for Flexible Displays 240 8.1.5 Organic TFTs for Flexible Displays 241 8.1.5.1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 242 8.1.5.2 Organic TFT Device Structure and Processing 243 8.1.5.3 Organic TFT Characteristics 245 8.2 Transparent Displays 245 8.3 Tiled Display 247 8.3.1 Passive-Matrix Tiling 247 8.3.2 Active-Matrix Tiling 248 References 252 9 OLED Lighting 255 9.1 Performance Improvement of OLED Lighting 255 9.2 Color Rendering Index 257 9.3 OLED Lighting Requirement 259 9.3.1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 260 9.3.2 Other Requirements 262 9.4 Light Extraction Enhancement of OLED Lighting 262 9.4.1 Various Light Absorption Mechanisms 262 9.4.2 Microlens Array Structure 266 9.4.3 Diffusion Structure 266 9.4.4 Diffraction Structure 268 9.4.5 Reduction of Plasmon Absorption 268 9.4.5.1 Plasmonic Loss Mechanism 268 9.5 Color Tunable OLED Lighting 269 9.6 OLED Lighting Design 272 9.6.1 Resistance Reduction 272 9.6.2 Current Reduction 272 9.7 Roll-to-Roll OLED Lighting Manufacturing 273 References 275 Appendix 277 Index 281
£76.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Materials Science and Technology of Optical
Book SynopsisCovers the fundamental science of grinding and polishing by examining the chemical and mechanical interactions over many scale lengths Manufacturing next generation optics has been, and will continue to be, enablers for enhancing the performance of advanced laser, imaging, and spectroscopy systems. This book reexamines the age-old field of optical fabrication from a materials-science perspective, specifically the multiple, complex interactions between the workpiece (optic), slurry, and lap. It also describes novel characterization and fabrication techniques to improve and better understand the optical fabrication process, ultimately leading to higher quality optics with higher yield. Materials Science and Technology of Optical Fabrication is divided into two major parts. The first part describes the phenomena and corresponding process parameters affecting both the grinding and polishing processes during optical fabrication. It then relates them to the critical resulting properties oTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations xix Part I Fundamental Interactions – Materials Science 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Optical-Fabrication Processes 3 1.2 Major Characteristics of the Optical-Fabrication Process 7 1.3 Material Removal Mechanisms 11 References 12 2 Surface Figure 15 2.1 The Preston Equation 15 2.2 The Preston Coefficient 16 2.3 Friction at Interface 19 2.4 Kinematics and Relative Velocity 22 2.5 Pressure Distribution 25 2.5.1 Applied Pressure Distribution 26 2.5.2 Elastic Lap Response 27 2.5.3 Hydrodynamic Forces 28 2.5.4 Moment Forces 31 2.5.5 Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Lap Properties 34 2.5.5.1 Viscoelastic Lap 34 2.5.5.2 Viscoplastic Lap 38 2.5.6 Workpiece–Lap Mismatch 38 2.5.6.1 Workpiece Shape 41 2.5.6.2 PadWear/Deformation 42 2.5.6.3 Workpiece Bending 44 2.5.6.4 Residual Grinding Stress 47 2.5.6.5 Temperature 51 2.5.6.6 Global Pad Properties 56 2.5.6.7 Slurry Spatial Distribution 58 2.5.6.8 Local Nonlinear Material Deposits 60 2.6 Deterministic Surface Figure 63 References 68 3 Surface Quality 75 3.1 Subsurface Mechanical Damage 75 3.1.1 Indentation Fracture Mechanics 76 3.1.1.1 Static Indentation 76 3.1.1.2 Edge Chipping and Bevels 81 3.1.1.3 Sliding Indentation 84 3.1.1.4 Impact Indentation Fracture 87 3.1.2 SSD During Grinding 92 3.1.2.1 Subsurface Mechanical Depth Distributions 92 3.1.2.2 Relationship of Roughness and Average Crack Length to the Maximum SSD Depth 97 3.1.2.3 Fraction of Abrasive Particles Mechanically Loaded 98 3.1.2.4 Relationship Between the Crack Length and Depth 100 3.1.2.5 SSD Depth-distribution Shape 102 3.1.2.6 Effect of Various Grinding Parameters on SSD Depth Distributions 104 3.1.2.7 Rogue Particles During Grinding 106 3.1.2.8 Conclusions on Grinding SSD 108 3.1.3 SSD During Polishing 109 3.1.4 Effect of Etching on SSD 118 3.1.4.1 Topographical Changes of SSD During Etching 120 3.1.4.2 Influence of SDD Distribution on Etch Rate and Roughness 123 3.1.5 Strategies to Minimize SSD 127 3.2 Debris Particles and Residue 129 3.2.1 Particles 130 3.2.2 Residue 132 3.2.3 Cleaning Strategies and Methods 134 3.3 The Beilby Layer 136 3.3.1 K Penetration by Two-step Diffusion 140 3.3.2 Ce Penetration by Chemical Reactivity 142 3.3.3 Chemical–Structural–Mechanical Model of the Beilby Layer and Polishing Process 145 References 148 4 Surface Roughness 157 4.1 Single-Particle Removal Function 157 4.2 Beilby Layer Properties 166 4.3 Slurry PSD 167 4.4 Pad Mechanical Properties and Topography 170 4.5 Slurry Interface Interactions 174 4.5.1 Slurry Islands and μ-roughness 174 4.5.2 Colloidal Stability of Particles in Slurry 180 4.5.3 Glass Reaction Product Buildup at Polishing Interface 184 4.5.4 Three-Body Forces at Polishing Interface 185 4.6 Slurry Redeposition 187 4.7 Predicting Roughness 192 4.7.1 EHMG – The Ensemble Hertzian Multi-gap Model 192 4.7.1.1 Pad Deflection and Fraction of Pad Area Making Contact 194 4.7.1.2 Asperity Stress, Interface Gap, Load/Particle Distribution, and Fraction of Active Particles 194 4.7.1.3 Single Particle Removal Function and Load per Particle Distribution 196 4.7.1.4 Monte Carlo Workpiece Roughness Simulation 196 4.7.2 IDG Island-distribution Gap Model 199 4.8 Strategies to Reduce Roughness 204 4.8.1 Strategy 1: Reduce or Narrow the Load-per-particle Distribution 204 4.8.2 Strategy 2: Modify the Removal Function of a Given Slurry 204 References 207 5 Material Removal Rate 211 5.1 Grinding Material Removal Rate 211 5.2 Polishing Material Removal Rate 217 5.2.1 Deviations from Macroscopic Preston Equation 217 5.2.2 Macroscopic Material Removal Trends from Microscopic/Molecular Phenomena 219 5.2.3 Factors Affecting Single-particle Removal Function 226 5.2.3.1 Nanoplastic Effects: Workpiece Hardness 226 5.2.3.2 Chemical Effects: Condensation Rate and Partial-charge Model 228 References 238 Part II Applications – Materials Technology 241 6 Increasing Yield: Scratch Forensics and Fractography 243 6.1 Fractography 101 243 6.2 Scratch Forensics 248 6.2.1 Scratch Width 249 6.2.2 Scratch Length 251 6.2.3 Scratch Type 251 6.2.4 Scratch Number Density 252 6.2.5 Scratch Orientation and Trailing-indent Curvature 252 6.2.6 Scratch Pattern and Curvature 252 6.2.7 Location on Workpiece 253 6.2.8 Scratch Forensics Example 254 6.3 Slow Crack Growth and Lifetime Predictions 254 6.4 Fracture Case Studies 257 6.4.1 Temperature-induced Fracture 257 6.4.1.1 Laser-Phosphate-glass Thermal Fracture 259 6.4.1.2 KDP Crystal-Workpiece Thermal Fracture 262 6.4.1.3 Thermal Fracture of Multilayers 265 6.4.2 Blunt Loading with Friction 267 6.4.3 Glass-to-metal Contact and Edge Chipping 269 6.4.4 Glue Chipping Fracture 271 6.4.5 Workpiece Failure from Differential Pressure 273 6.4.6 Chemical Interactions and Surface Cracking 276 6.4.6.1 Surface Cracking of Phosphate Glass 276 6.4.6.2 Surface Cracking of the DKDP Crystals 279 References 282 7 Novel Process and Characterization Techniques 285 7.1 Process Techniques 286 7.1.1 Stiff Versus Compliant Blocking 286 7.1.2 Strip Etch and Bulk Etch 290 7.1.3 Pad Wear Management with Septum or Conditioner 291 7.1.4 Hermetically Sealed, High-humidity Polishing Chamber 294 7.1.5 Engineered Filtration System 295 7.1.6 Slurry Chemical Stabilization 296 7.1.7 Slurry Lifetime and Slurry Recycling 300 7.1.8 Ultrasonic Pad Cleaning 301 7.2 Workpiece Characterization Techniques 304 7.2.1 Single-particle Removal Function Using Nanoscratching 304 7.2.2 Subsurface Damage Measurement Using a Taper Wedge 305 7.2.3 Stress Measurement Using the Twyman Effect 306 7.2.4 Beilby Layer Characterization Using SIMS 307 7.2.5 Surface Densification Using Indentation and Annealing 308 7.2.6 Crack Initiation and Growth Constants Using Static Indentation 309 7.3 Polishing- or Grinding-system Characterization Techniques 309 7.3.1 Tail End of Slurry PSD Using SPOS 309 7.3.2 Pad Topography Using Confocal Microscopy 311 7.3.3 Slurry Stability Using Zeta Potential 311 7.3.4 Temperature Distribution During Polishing Using IR Imaging 313 7.3.5 Slurry Spatial Distribution and Viscoelastic Lap Response Using a Nonrotating Workpiece 314 7.3.6 Slurry Reactivity Versus Distance Using Different Pad Grooves 315 References 316 8 Novel Polishing Methods 319 8.1 Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) 319 8.2 Float Polishing 326 8.3 Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) 329 8.4 Convergent Polishing 331 8.5 Tumble Finishing 336 8.6 Other Subaperture Polishing Methods 344 References 347 9 Laser Damage Resistant Optics 353 9.1 Laser Damage Precursors 356 9.2 Reduction of SSD in Laser Optics 362 9.3 Advanced Mitigation Process 363 References 369 Index 371
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Monte Carlo RayTrace Method in Radiation Heat
Book SynopsisA groundbreaking guide dedicated exclusively to the MCRT method in radiation heat transfer and applied optics The Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method in Radiation Heat Transfer and Applied Optics offers the most modern and up-to-date approach to radiation heat transfer modelling and performance evaluation of optical instruments. The Monte Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method is based on the statistically predictable behavior of entities, called rays, which describe the paths followed by energy bundles as they are emitted, reflected, scattered, refracted, diffracted and ultimately absorbed. The author a noted expert on the subject covers a wide variety of topics including the mathematics and statistics of ray tracing, the physics of thermal radiation, basic principles of geometrical and physical optics, radiant heat exchange among surfaces and within participating media, and the statistical evaluation of uncertainty of results obtained using the method. The booTable of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Fundamentals of Ray Tracing 1 1.1 Rays and Ray Segments 1 1.2 The Enclosure 2 1.3 Mathematical Preliminaries 2 1.4 Ideal Models for Emission, Reflection, and Absorption of Rays 11 1.5 Scattering and Refraction 17 1.6 Meshing and Indexing 18 Problems 21 Reference 28 2 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation 29 2.1 Thermal Radiation 29 2.2 Terminology 31 2.3 Intensity of Radiation (Radiance) 32 2.4 Directional Spectral Emissive Power 34 2.5 Hemispherical Spectral Emissive Power 34 2.6 Hemispherical Total Emissive Power 34 2.7 The Blackbody Radiation Distribution Function 35 2.8 Blackbody Properties 38 2.9 Emission and Absorption Mechanisms 40 2.10 Definition of Models for Emission, Absorption, and Reflection 42 2.11 Introduction to the Radiation Behavior of Surfaces 52 2.12 Radiation Behavior of Surfaces Composed of Electrical Non-Conductors (Dielectrics) 54 2.13 Radiation Behavior of Surfaces Composed of Electrical Conductors (Metals) 59 Problems 61 References 65 3 The Radiation Distribution Factor for Diffuse-Specular Gray Surfaces 67 3.1 The Monte Carlo Ray-Trace (MCRT) Method and the Radiation Distribution Factor 67 3.2 Properties of the Total Radiation Distribution Factor 68 3.3 Estimation of the Distribution Factor Matrix Using the MCRT Method 69 3.4 Binning of Rays on a Surface Element; Illustrative Example 83 3.5 Case Study: Thermal and Optical Analysis of a Radiometric Instrument 85 3.6 Use of Radiation Distribution Factors for the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures 94 3.7 Use of Radiation Distribution Factors When Some Surface Net Heat Fluxes Are Specified 96 Problems 97 Reference 101 4 Extension of the MCRT Method to Non-Diffuse, Non-Gray Enclosures 103 4.1 Bidirectional Spectral Surfaces 103 4.2 Principles Underlying a Practical Bidirectional Reflection Model 106 4.3 First Example: A Highly Absorptive Surface Whose Reflectivity is Strongly Specular 109 4.4 Second Example: A Highly Reflective Surface Whose Reflectivity is Strongly Diffuse 119 4.5 The Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor 127 4.6 Use of the Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures 133 4.7 Use of the Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of One or More Specified Surface Net Heat Fluxes 134 Problems 138 References 142 5 The MCRT Method for Participating Media 143 5.1 Radiation in a Participating Medium 143 5.2 Example: The Absorption Filter 146 5.3 Ray Tracing in a Participating Medium 154 5.4 Estimating the Radiation Distribution Factors in Participating Media 171 5.5 Using the Radiation Distribution Factors When All Temperatures are Specified 172 5.6 Using the Radiation Distribution Factors for a Mixture of Specified Temperatures and Specified Heat Transfer Rates 173 5.7 Simulating Infrared Images 175 Problems 178 References 179 6 Extension of the MCRT Method to Physical Optics 183 6.1 Some Ideas from Physical Optics 183 6.2 Geometrical Versus Physical Optics 185 6.3 Anatomy of a Ray Suitable for Physical Optics Applications 186 6.4 Modeling of Polarization Effects: A Case Study 187 6.5 Diffraction and Interference Effects: A Case Study 195 6.6 Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Diffraction Based on the Huygens–Fresnel Principle 198 Problems 209 References 210 7 Statistical Estimation of Uncertainty in the MCRT Method 213 7.1 Statement of the Problem 213 7.2 Statistical Inference 214 7.3 Hypothesis Testing for Population Means 218 7.4 Confidence Intervals for Population Proportions 220 7.5 Effects of Uncertainties in the Enclosure Geometry and Surface Models 224 7.6 Single-Sample versus Multiple-Sample Experiments 225 7.7 Evaluation of Aggravated Uncertainty 226 7.8 Uncertainty in Temperature and Heat Transfer Results 227 7.9 Application to the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures 229 7.10 Experimental Design of MCRT Algorithms 232 Problems 237 References 239 A Random Number Generators and Autoregression Analysis 241 A.1 Pseudo-Random Number Generators 242 A.2 Properties of a “Good” Pseudo-Random Number Generator 242 A.3 A “Minimal Standard” Pseudo-Random Number Generator 245 A.4 Autoregression Analysis 247 Problems 253 References 254 Index 255
£121.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Color Appearance Models
Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of previous editions, this volume continues to serve the needs of professionals who need to understand visual perception as well as produce, reproduce, and measure color appearance in such applications as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture, and lighting.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Introduction xix 1 Human Color Vision 1 1.1 Optics of the Eye 2 1.2 The Retina 7 1.3 Visual Signal Processing 14 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 19 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 27 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 32 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 36 2 Psychophysics 38 2.1 Psychophysics Defined 39 2.2 Historical Context 40 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 43 2.4 Threshold Techniques 45 2.5 Matching Techniques 49 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 50 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 52 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 54 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 55 3 Colorimetry 56 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 57 3.2 Why is Color? 57 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 59 3.4 Colored Materials 63 3.5 The Human Visual Response 68 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77 3.8 Cie Color Spaces 79 3.9 Color Difference Specification 81 3.10 The Next Step 83 4 Color Appearance Terminology 85 4.1 Importance of Definitions 85 4.2 Color 86 4.3 Hue 88 4.4 Brightness and Lightness 88 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 90 4.6 Saturation 91 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 91 4.8 Definitions in Equations 92 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness Vs Lightness–Chroma 94 5 Color Order Systems 97 5.1 Overview and Requirements 98 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 99 5.3 The Swedish Ncs 104 5.4 The Colorcurve System 106 5.5 Other Color Order Systems 107 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 109 5.7 Color Naming Systems 112 6 Color Appearance Phenomena 115 6.1 What are Color Appearance Phenomena? 115 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 116 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 120 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 121 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends On Luminance and Chromaticity) 123 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 125 6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 127 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Non-Selective Samples) 129 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround) 131 6.10 Discounting-the-Illuminant 132 6.11 Other Context, Structural, and Psychological Effects 133 6.12 Color Constancy? 140 7 Viewing Conditions 142 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 142 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 146 7.3 Modes of Viewing 149 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 154 8 Chromatic Adaptation 156 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 157 8.2 Physiology 159 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 170 8.4 Corresponding Colors Data 174 8.5 Models 177 8.6 Color Inconstancy Index 178 8.7 Computational Color Constancy 179 9 Chromatic Adaptation Models 181 9.1 Von Kries Model 182 9.2 Retinex Theory 186 9.3 Nayatani et al. Model 187 9.4 Guth’s Model 190 9.5 Fairchild’s 1990 Model 192 9.6 Herding Cats 196 9.7 Cat02 197 10 Color Appearance Models 199 10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models 199 10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models 200 10.3 Cielab 201 10.4 Why Not Use Just Cielab? 210 10.5 What About Cieluv? 210 11 The Nayatani et al. Model 213 11.1 Objectives and Approach 213 11.2 Input Data 214 11.3 Adaptation Model 215 11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 217 11.5 Brightness 218 11.6 Lightness 219 11.7 Hue 219 11.8 Saturation 220 11.9 Chroma 221 11.10 Colorfulness 221 11.11 Inverse Model 222 11.12 Phenomena Predicted 222 11.13 Why Not Use Just the Nayatani et al. Model? 223 12 The Hunt Model 225 12.1 Objectives and Approach 225 12.2 Input Data 226 12.3 Adaptation Model 228 12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 233 12.5 Hue 234 12.6 Saturation 235 12.7 Brightness 236 12.8 Lightness 238 12.9 Chroma 238 12.10 Colorfulness 238 12.11 Inverse Model 239 12.12 Phenomena Predicted 241 12.13 Why Not Use Just the Hunt Model? 242 13 The Rlab Model 243 13.1 Objectives and Approach 243 13.2 Input Data 245 13.3 Adaptation Model 246 13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 248 13.5 Lightness 250 13.6 Hue 250 13.7 Chroma 252 13.8 Saturation 252 13.9 Inverse Model 252 13.10 Phenomena Predicted 254 13.11 Why Not Use Just the Rlab Model? 254 14 Other Models 256 14.1 Overview 256 14.2 Atd Model 257 14.3 Llab Model 264 14.4 Ipt Color Space 271 15 The Cie Color Appearance Model (1997), Ciecam97s 273 15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach 273 15.2 Input Data 276 15.3 Adaptation Model 277 15.4 Appearance Correlates 279 15.5 Inverse Model 280 15.6 Phenomena Predicted 281 15.7 The Zlab Color Appearance Model 282 15.8 Why Not Use Just Ciecam97s? 285 16 Ciecam02 287 16.1 Objectives and Approach 287 16.2 Input Data 288 16.3 Adaptation Model 290 16.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 294 16.5 Hue 294 16.6 Lightness 295 16.7 Brightness 295 16.8 Chroma 295 16.9 Colorfulness 296 contents xi 16.10 Saturation 296 16.11 Cartesian Coordinates 296 16.12 Inverse Model 297 16.13 Implementation Guidelines 297 16.14 Phenomena Predicted 298 16.15 Computational Issues 298 16.16 Cam02-Ucs 300 16.17 Why Not Use Just Ciecam02? 301 16.18 Outlook 301 17 Testing Color Appearance Models 303 17.1 Overview 303 17.2 Qualitative Tests 304 17.3 Corresponding-Colors Data 308 17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments 310 17.5 Direct Model Tests 312 17.6 Colorfulness in Projected Images 316 17.7 Munsell in Color Appearance Spaces 317 17.8 Cie Activities 318 17.9 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models 323 18 Traditional Colorimetric Applications 328 18.1 Color Rendering 328 18.2 Color Differences 333 18.3 Indices of Metamerism 335 18.4 A General System of Colorimetry? 337 18.5 What About Observer Metamerism? 338 19 Device-Independent Color Imaging 341 19.1 The Problem 342 19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction 343 19.3 A Revised Set of Objectives 345 19.4 General Solution 348 19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization 349 19.6 The Need for Color Appearance Models 354 19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions 355 19.8 Viewing-Conditions-Independent Color Space 357 19.9 Gamut Mapping 357 19.10 Color Preferences 361 19.11 Inverse Process 362 19.12 Example System 363 19.13 Icc Implementation 364 20 I mage Appearance Modeling and the Future 369 20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance 370 20.2 S-Cielab 375 20.3 The icam Framework 376 20.4 A Modular Image Difference Model 382 20.5 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications 385 20.6 Image Difference and Quality Applications 391 20.7 icam06 392 20.8 Orthogonal Color Space 393 20.9 Future Directions 396 21 High-Dynamic-Range Color Space 399 21.1 Luminance Dynamic Range 400 21.2 The Hdr Photographic Survey 401 21.3 Lightness–Brightness Beyond Diffuse White 403 21.4 hdr-Cielab 404 21.5 hdr-Ipt 406 21.6 Evans, G0, and Brilliance 407 21.7 The Nayatani Theoretical Color Space 409 21.8 A New Kind of Appearance Space 409 21.9 Future Directions 416 References 418 Index 440
£85.46
Taylor & Francis Inc Biochemical Applications of Nonlinear Optical
Book SynopsisFor a host of reasons, nonlinear optical spectroscopy is a valuable tool for biochemical applications where minimally invasive diagnostics is desired. Biochemical Applications of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy presents the latest technological advances and offers a perspective on future directions in this important field.Written by an international panel of experts, this volume begins with a comparison of nonlinear optical spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The text examines the use of multiphoton fluorescence to study chemical phenomena in the skin, the use of nonlinear optics to enhance traditional optical spectroscopy, and the multimodal approach, which incorporates several spectroscopic techniques in one instrument. Later chapters explore Raman microscopy, third-harmonic generation microscopy, and non-linear Raman microspectroscopy. The text explores the promise of beam shaping and the use of broadband laser pulse generated through continuum gTrade Review"Overall, the book is well written and contains lots of valuable information suitable for a range of audiences! contains a wealth of information and, in my view, represents a worthy purchase. It will make good reading for many agronomy, plant nutrition and agricultural extension professionals." -Experimental AgricultureTable of ContentsStructural Dynamics and Kinetics of Myoglobin-CO Binding: Lessons from Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction and Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy. Using Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Chemical Phenomena in the Skin. Ultrafast Fluorescence Microscopes. Multicontrast Nonlinear Imaging Microscopy. Broadband Laser Source and Sensitive Detection Solutions for Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy. Nonlinear Optical Microspectroscopy of Biochemical Interactions in Microfluidic Devices. Advanced Multiphoton and CARS* Microspectroscopy with Broadband Shaped Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Nonlinear Optical Imaging with Sub-10 fs Pulses. Imaging with Phase Sensitive Narrowband Nonlinear Microscopy. Biomolecular Imaging by Near-Field Nonlinear Spectroscopy and Microscopy.
£185.25
Taylor & Francis Inc Diffractive Nanophotonics
Book SynopsisDiffractive Nanophotonics demonstrates the utility of the well-established methods of diffractive computer optics in solving nanophotonics tasks. It is concerned with peculiar properties of laser light diffraction by microoptics elements with nanoscale features and light confinement in subwavelength space regions. Written by recognized experts in this field, the book covers in detail a wide variety of advanced methods for the rigorous simulation of light diffraction. The authors apply their expertise to addressing cutting-edge problems in nanophotonics.Chapters consider the basic equations of diffractive nanophotonics and related transformations and numerical methods for solving diffraction problems under strict electromagnetic theory. They examine the diffraction of light on two-dimensional microscopic objects of arbitrary shape and present a numerical method for solving the problem of diffraction on periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. This methTrade Review"The authors have offered a comprehensive and accessible reference for computational methods in difractive nanophotonics."—Axel Mainzer in Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsBasic equations of diffractive nanophotonics. Numerical methods for diffraction theory. Diffraction on cylindrical inhomogeneities comparable to the wavelength. Modelling of periodic diffractive micro- and nanostructures. Photonic crystals and light focusing. Photonic crystal fibres. Singular optics and superresolution. Optical trapping and manipulation of micro- and nano-objects. Conclusion. Appendices. Index.
£175.75
SPIE Press Remote Sensing from Air and Space
Book SynopsisIn this new edition of an SPIE bestseller, R. C. Olsen examines the definition and uses of remote sensing from a military perspective. The book discusses the instruments and principles that support a wide range of systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and LiDAR. Full-color images, as well as detailed examples and problems sets, make this a valuable textbook for students and engineers alike.
£70.40
SPIE Press Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, 2
Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.Volume 2: Methods begins by describing the basic principles and diagnostic applications of optical techniques based on detecting and processing the scattering, fluorescence, FT IR, and Raman spectroscopic signals from various tissues, with an emphasis on blood, epithelial tissues, and human skin. The second half of the volume discusses specific imaging technologies, such as Doppler, laser speckle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.
£168.80
SPIE Press The Optomechanical Constraint Equations: Theory
Book SynopsisThis is an engineering treatise for mechanical engineers who design and analyze optical systems. It will also be of interest to other professionals working in the optics industry. The treatise is based on both the physical science and the practical realities of designing, analyzing, building, testing, and servicing real optical products.Trade Review“An important contribution to the field, this book provides engineers valuable insight into the governing parameters of optomechanical design that develop an engineer’s intuition and lead to superior design solutions.” - Dr. Keith Doyle, MIT Lincoln Lab; Author, Integrated Optomechanical Analysis
£44.00
SPIE Press Optics Using MATLAB
Book SynopsisOptics Using MATLAB® provides a functional overview of the development of MATLAB code that can be used to enhance and increase one’s understanding of optics though the use of visualization tools. The book ties a variety of optical topics to MATLAB programming activities and can act as a supplement to other textbooks or can stand alone. Part I focuses on a wide range of basic programming fundamentals using MATLAB and includes such topics as curve fitting, image processing, and file storage. Part II provides a review of selected topics in optics and demonstrates how these can be explored using MATLAB scripts. Part III discusses how to use MATLAB to improve the usability of custom programs through graphical user interfaces and incorporation of other programming languages. Those who need flexibility and special calculations in their optical design or optical engineering work will find value in the book’s explanations and examples of user-programmable software.Table of Contents Preface Acronyms and Abbreviations I MATLAB® Overview 1 Introduction to MATLAB 1.1 Getting Started with MATLAB 1.2 Anatomy of a Program 1.3 MATLAB Basic Functions and Operators 1.4 Simple Calculations using MATLAB 1.5 Vectorization and Matrix Indexing 1.6 MATLAB Scripts 1.7 MATLAB Functions 1.8 Practice Problems References 2 Plotting Mathematical Functions 2.1 Mathematical Functions 2.2 Visualization Functions: plot() 2.3 Visualization Functions: histogram() 2.4 Visualization Functions: 3D plotting 2.5 Visualization Functions: contour() and quiver() 2.6 Visualization Functions: images 2.7 Practice Problems References 3 Linear Amplifiers 3.1 Polynomial Synthesis and Curve Fitting 3.2 Polynomial Curve Fitting 3.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 3.4 Best Fit through the Data 3.5 Best Fit to the Data 3.6 Practice Problems References 4 Data and Data Files 4.1 Text versus Binary 4.2 Writing Data Files 4.3 Generating Data to be Saved 4.4 Reading and Using Data Files 4.5 Binary MAT Files 4.6 Binary Image Files 4.7 Practice Problem References 5 Images and Image Processing 5.1 Image Files 5.2 Image Commands 5.3 Image Size and Superpixels 5.4 Color Models and Conversions 5.5 Spatial Filtering 5.6 Practice Problems References II OPTICS APPLICATIONS 6 Ray Optics and Glass Equations 6.1 Lensmaker's Equation and Spot Size 6.2 Paraxial Region and Snell's Law 6.3 Matrix Approach to Ray Tracing 6.4 Ray Tracing through Multiple Elements 6.5 Glass Equations 6.6 Practice Problems References 7 Spectrometers 7.1 Dispersion in a Material 7.2 Prisms 7.3 Gratings 7.4 Blazed Gratings 7.5 Grisms 7.6 Spectrometers and Monochrometers 7.7 Practice Problems References 8 Modulation Transfer Function and Contrast 8.1 Image Quality 8.2 Spatial Frequency and Modulation Transfer Function 8.3 Point Spread Function 8.4 MTF Measurement 8.5 Effect of Annular Optics on MTF 8.6 Image Transformation 8.7 Practice Problems References 9 Diffraction and Interference 9.1 Interference 9.2 Coherence 9.3 Diffraction 9.4 Young's Double-Slit Experiment 9.5 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 9.6 Mach–Zhender Interferometer 9.7 Practice Problems References 10 Zernike Polynomials and Wavefronts 10.1 Wavefront Sensing in Adaptive Optics 10.2 Wavefront Aberrations 10.3 Zernike Polynomials 10.4 Wavefront Construction 10.5 Practice Problems References Further Reading 11 Polarizations 11.1 Polarized Light 11.2 Double Refraction 11.3 The Jones Calculus: Polarizers 11.4 The Jones Calculus: Phase Retarders 11.5 The Mueller Calculus 11.6 Jones-to-Mueller Transformation 11.7 Practice Problems References 12 Optical Interference Filters 12.1 Transfer Matrix for Thin Films 12.2 Antireflection Systems 12.3 High-Reflectance Systems 12.4 Bandpass Filters 12.5 Composite Filters 12.6 Index of Refraction Calculation 12.7 Practice Problems References 13 Metals and Complex Index of Refraction 13.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 13.2 Index of Refraction in Absorbing Media 13.3 Reflectivity of Metal Films 13.4 Absorption and Transmission in Metal Films 13.5 Impedance Matching 13.6 Practice Problems References III More with MATLAB 14 User Interfaces 14.1 Simple User Interfaces 14.2 Built-In Interfaces 14.3 Graphical User Interfaces: GUIDE 14.4 Applications: App Designer 14.5 Zernike GUI Project 14.6 Practice Problems References 15 Completing and Packaging Programs 15.1 P-Code 15.2 Publishing 15.3 Version Control 15.4 Interfacing with other Programming Languages 15.5 Object-Oriented Programming and More References Bibliography Index
£52.80
SPIE Press EUV Lithography
Book SynopsisExtreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the principal lithography technology—beyond the current 193-nm-based optical lithography—aiming to manufacture computer chips, and recent progress has been made on several fronts: EUV light sources, scanners, optics, contamination control, masks and mask handling, and resists. This book covers the fundamental and latest status of all aspects of EUVL used in the field.Since 2008, when SPIE Press published the first edition of EUVL Lithography, much progress has taken place in the development of EUVL as the choice technology for next-generation lithography. In 2008, EUVL was a prime contender to replace 193-nm-based optical lithography in leading-edge computer chip making, but not everyone was convinced at that point. Switching from 193-nm to 13.5-nm wavelengths was a much bigger jump than the industry had attempted before. It brought several difficult challenges in all areas of lithography—light source, scanner, mask, mask handling, optics, optics metrology, resist, computation, materials, and optics contamination. These challenges have been effectively resolved, and several leading-edge chipmakers have announced dates, starting in 2018, for inserting EUVL into high-volume manufacturing.This comprehensive volume comprises contributions from the world’s leading EUVL researchers and provides the critical information needed by practitioners and those wanting an introduction to the field. Interest in EUVL technology continues to increase, and this volume provides the foundation required for understanding and applying this exciting technology. This book is intended for people involved in one or more aspects of EUVL, as well as for students, who will find this text equally valuable.
£95.20
SPIE Press Introduction to Optics: Lectures in Optics
Book SynopsisThis first volume of the series Lectures in Optics introduces the simplest optical phenomena and the simplest optical instruments. Among these phenomena, rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction dominate the optical effects in nature and are essential to understanding the function of simple optical devices. Introduction to Optics presents the arguments relating to the nature of light and its propagation, the basic interactions between light and matter, and the energy aspect of light in relation to the quantitative measurement of visible radiation (photometry). It covers the fundamental laws governing reflection and refraction, as well as their applications in prisms and atmospheric phenomena. Simple optical instruments such as the pinhole camera, the human eye, the microscope, the telescope, and the photographic camera are covered. The text is accompanied by copious diagrams and striking photographs whose visual appeal entices readers to delve into the concepts. This book is suitable for various levels of instruction, from high school upper-level STEM classes to entry-level college optics 101 courses. Practice examples throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the presented material.Table of Contents The Nature of Light Photometry Reflection & Refraction Simple Optical Instruments Microscopes and Telescopes The Photographic Camera
£68.80
SPIE Press Geometrical Optics: Lectures in Optics (Volume 2)
Book SynopsisThis second volume of the series Lectures in Optics develops a thorough presentation of geometrical optics effects. The book begins by discussing refraction and reflection off single surfaces, both flat and spherical. Presented next are the essential building elements, optical power and beam vergence, which are paramount in imaging because the incident vergence is added to the element’s power to produce the vergence leaving the optical element. Imaging definitions and formulation are covered next, followed by the power configurations and imaging arrangements possible with a single element, a single lens, and a mirror for real and virtual objects. Next, two more parameters are introduced: the extent of an element along the optical axis (thick lenses and lens systems) and the extent of an element perpendicular to the optical axis (stops and pupils). The way image quality is affected by the transverse restriction of light is then discussed, including resolution and image blur. Finally, the book introduces the concepts of optical aberrations as a consequence of a violation of the paraxial approximations. This book is suitable for all Geometrical Optics courses at college, graduate school, or professional school levels, such as physics, engineering, visual science, or optometry programs. Comprehensive practice examples, exercises, and quizzes throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the covered material.Table of Contents Refraction at a Spherical Interface Lens Refraction and Power Imaging Definitions Imaging with Lenses Imaging with Mirrors Thick Lenses and Lens Systems Finite Transverse Optics Optical Aberrations
£77.60
SPIE Press Designing Optics Using CODE V
Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how to design an optical system using Synopsis CODE VR, a full-featured optical design program that has a command line interface. The complete design process (from lens definition to the description and evaluation of lens errors on to the improvement of lens performance) will be developed and illustrated using the program. This text is not a user’s manual for CODE V. Rather, it starts with a single lens to demonstrate the laws of optics and illustrates the basic optical errors (aberrations). Then, through a series of examples, demonstrations, and exercises, readers can follow each step in the design process using the CODE V commands to analyze and optimize the system for the lens to perform according to specifications. The text is organized to help readers (1) reproduce each step of the process including the plots for evaluating lens performance and (2) understand its significance in producing a final design.
£60.00
SPIE Press Introduction to Singular Correlation Optics
Book SynopsisThis book mainly concerns the experimental aspects of a rapidly developing area of modern photonics, i.e., the singular optics of partially coherent, partially polarized, and polychromatic light fields. This topic gives rise to both new concepts and experimental tools for laboratory investigation, and considerable extension of the possibilities for implementation of the singular optics paradigm in solving diverse practical problems ranging from nanoscience to astrophysics.
£52.80
SPIE Press Practical Optical Dimensional Metrology
Book SynopsisPractical Optical Dimensional Metrology provides basic explanations of the operation and application of the most common methods in the field and in commercial use. The first half of the book presents a working knowledge of the mechanism and limitations of optical dimensional measurement methods that use: light level changes, two-dimensional imaging, triangulation, structured-light patterns, interference patterns, optical focus, light characteristics such as polarization, and hybrid methods with mechanical or other measurement tools. The book concludes with a series of manufacturing application examples that look at measurements from the centimeter range down to the nanometer range.
£54.40
SPIE Press Optical Interference Filters Using MATLAB
Book SynopsisOptical Interference Filters Using MATLAB® provides a foundation for the development of MATLAB code for simulating the performance of thin-film optical structures that can be combined to make interference filters. MATLAB has excellent calculation and visualization capabilities that together are well aligned to the matrix methods commonly used for thin-film calculations. The simulations developed in this book begin with filters based on simple dielectric materials both with and without dispersion. Building on the discussion of these simple filters, simulations are next developed for metal-layer-based induced-transmission filters, and finally for complete thin-film interference filters. Readers ranging from students to practicing scientists and engineers will find that these simulations work well in conjunction with other textbooks in the field, or they can stand alone. The ability to generate custom programs and tune them to explore specific features of optical interference filters is anticipated to enhance the designer’s understanding and appreciation of the subtleties involved in filter design.Table of Contents Light: Reflection and Transmission Complex Index of Refraction in Optical Materials Optical Admittance Matching Dielectric Thin-Film Structures Maximum Potential Transmittance for Induced-Transmission Filters Offband Effects in Induced-Transmission Filters Enhancing Bandpass Filters Interference Filter Applications From Simulators to Functional Filters
£54.40
SPIE Press Survey Telescope Optics
Book SynopsisSurvey investigations, with the end goal of monitoring the entire celestial sphere, have become a priority in astronomy. This book is the first monograph devoted to wide-field telescopes, intended to bridge the gap between astronomers and professional opticians. It emphasizes the deep connection between classical and new telescopes, as well as the continuity of ideas underlying the development of telescope construction. The contents are presented in the simplest form to promote a clear understanding of new designs; descriptions of optical systems are accompanied by extensive graphic information provided by Zemax. Both exact modern optimization and the theory of aberrations are used in explanations, with the former given priority.
£51.20
SPIE Press Discovering Light: Fun Experiments with Optics
Book SynopsisThis book is published in cooperation with the OSA Foundation and CSIC.Light is an element that draws together many areas of human knowledge: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, engineering, and art. Moreover, optical phenomena and the technologies based on them are widespread in our daily lives. However, it can be difficult to understand or explain these phenomena. What is light? Where are optics and photonics present in our lives and in nature? What lies behind different optical phenomena? What is an optical instrument? How does the eye resemble an optical instrument? How can we explain human vision?This book, written by a group of young scientists, answers these questions and many more to help you to get to know the exciting world of optics and photonics. It is intended for the general public, with an emphasis on students at all levels of secondary education. A variety of easy-to-follow experiments related to different optical phenomena and technologies are presented. All of them are preceded by an explanation of the concepts and accompanied by numerous illustrations and curiosities. All of it is meant for you to have fun with optics and photonics!Table of Contents What is light? Lights sources and detectors Optical instruments The human eye: a biological camera Light in nature Light-based technologies
£22.46
SPIE Press Microscope Design: Volume 1: Principles
Book SynopsisThis book traces the historical development of microscopy instruments from their invention to the current state of the art. New concepts and engineering solutions are presented for modern light microscopes, with a focus on the practical construction of optical systems. Real design parameters of dioptric objectives and other systems are provided to supply readers with basic information for independent designs. Full-color photomicrographs of real objects illustrate the quality of aberration correction that is required from optics.Table of Contents Non-modern Modern Microscopes Abstracts and Reviews Principles of Constructing Microscope Optics
£68.00
SPIE Press Elements of Optical and Laser Beam Scanning:
Book SynopsisThis book provides mathematical analyses of scanning devices in optical and laser systems to yield results with higher accuracy than those obtained by geometrical imaging an object with a movable mirror or prism. Topics include the laws of reflection and refraction and the mathematical preliminaries of analytical raytracing; mirror-scanning devices with one axis of rotation (conic-section scanning) and with two axes of rotation (gimbaled mirror and galvanometric scanners in cascade for 2D scanning); and Risley-prism-based beam-steering systems. Readers should have a foundation in vector operation and calculus, and a reasonable knowledge of elementary optics and lasers.Table of Contents Introduction One-Mirror and One-Axis Scanning Devices Scan Field of Rotating Reflective Polygons Differential Geometry of the Ruled Surfaces Optically Produced by Mirror Scanning Devices Two-Mirror and Two-Axis Scanning Systems of Different Configurations Gimbaled Mirror for Two-Dimensional Beam-Steering Exact and Approximate Solutions for Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Forward and Inverse Solutions for Two-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Inverse Solutions for Three-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Error Sources and Their Influence on the Performance of Risley-Prism-Based Beam Steering Systems
£91.20
SPIE Press Light Propagation through Biological Tissue and
Book SynopsisThis second edition is completely revised and improved and contains eight new chapters and six new appendixes. In addition to the theoretical background on light propagation through diffusive media, this update also provides new didactical material, including: A comprehensive statistical approach to the photon penetration depth in diffusive media. An introduction to anomalous transport. An anisotropic transport approach within the framework of diffusion theory. An introduction to the invariance properties of radiative transfer in non-absorbing media. A heuristic explanation of ballistic photon propagation. An expanded description of core Monte Carlo simulation methods. A series of new analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for new geometries. Some original solutions in the time domain of the diffusion equation in the presence of Raman and fluorescence interactions. New MATLAB® codes of the presented solutions. A revised and enlarged set of numerical Monte Carlo results for verification of the presented solutions. An augmented bibliography covering the field of tissue optics. Although the theoretical and computational tools provided in this book have their primary use in the field of biomedical optics, there are many other applications in which they can be used, including, for example, analysis of agricultural products, study of forest canopies or clouds, and quality control of industrial food, plastic materials, or pharmaceutical products, among many others.
£73.60
SPIE Press Seeing the Light: Optics Without Equations
Book SynopsisSeeing the Light: Optics Without Equations is written for nonscientists and explains the concepts of light, waves, photons, refraction, reflection, diffraction, etc., without using equations. This book will be useful as background information for any course in optics, for those who need a basic understanding of optics for their research or other activities, and for the curious. It is divided into five sections: Basic Concepts is followed by Optics in Nature, where the familiar phenomena we observe every day are explained without math. Next is Optical Components, which covers prisms and mirrors, followed by Optical Instruments, which includes instruments ranging from simple otoscopes to intercontinental ballistic missiles to clear air turbulence detectors. A final section on Experiments describes seminal experiments such as those that proved relativity and the wave and photon natures of light. Technical appendices are included for readers who want to dig into the math.Table of Contents Optical Phenomena Optics in Nature Components Optical Instruments Optical Experiments
£64.00
SPIE Press Microscope Design Vol 2: Practice
Book SynopsisThis book describes the practice of building modern light microscopes, their components, and nodes, based on optical design methodology. Examples of practical applications of this approach are presented, including numerous real design parameters of systems. Original concepts in the construction of existing and new microscope systems are provided to give readers a foundation for microscope design. Full-color micrographs illustrate the high level of image quality found in current systems.
£127.20
SPIE Press Photon Sources for Lithography and Metrology
Book SynopsisPhoton sources enable the extension of lithography and metrology technologies forcontinued scaling of circuit elements and therefore are the key drivers for the extensionof Moore's law. This comprehensive, 28-chapter volume is the authoritative referenceon photon source technology and includes contributions from leading researchers andsuppliers in the photon source field. It is intended to meet the needs of bothpractitioners of the technology and readers seeking a thorough introduction to EUVphoton sources and their applications.Topics include a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth explanation of photons sourcerequirements, fundamental atomic data and theoretical models of EUV sources basedon discharge-produced plasmas (DPPs) and laser-produced plasmas (LPPs), a descriptionof prominent DPP and LPP designs, and other technologies for producing EUV radiationat 13.5 nm. Additionally, this volume contains detailed descriptions of 193-nm excimerlasers, UV lamps, and laser-driven plasma sources for UV photons, all of which powermany current lithography and metrology tools. CO2 lasers and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers, usedfor pre-pulse in Sn LPP EUV sources, are also covered.Alternative photon sources for 13.5-nm lithography and metrology, such as highharmonicgeneration (HHG) and synchrotrons, along with their usage as a metrologytool, are discussed; and potential future photon sources such as free-electron lasers(FELs), solid-state 2-?m thulium lasers, and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers are described.Additional topics include EUV source metrology, plasma diagnostics of EUV plasmas,grazing and normal incidence collector optics for plasma sources, debris mitigation, andmechanisms of component erosion in EUV sources.Table of Contents Introduction and Overview Fundamentals and Modeling High-Volume Manufacturing Sources Collector Optics and Metrology Lasers Other Sources for Lithography and Metrology
£140.00
SPIE Press Use of Smartphones in Optical Experimentation
Book SynopsisUse of Smartphones in Optical Experimentation shows how smartphone-based optical labs can be designed and realized. The book presents demonstrations of fundamental geometric and physical optical principles, including the law of reflection, the law of refraction, image formation equations, dispersion, Beer's law, polarization, Fresnel's equations, optical rotation, diffraction, interference, and blackbody radiation. Many practical applications—how to design a monochromator and a spectrometer, use the Gaussian beam of a laser, measure the colors of LED lights, and estimate the temperature of an incandescent lamp or the Sun—are also included. The experimental designs provided in this book represent only a hint of the power of leveraging the technological capability of smartphones and other low-cost materials to create a physics lab.Table of Contents Smartphones and Their Optical Sensors Experimental Data Analysis Law of Reflection Law of Refraction Image Formation Linear Polarization Fresnel Equations Brewster's Angle Optical Rotation Thin Film Interference Wedge Interference Diffraction from Gratings Structural Coloration of Butterfly Wings and Peacock Feathers Optical Rangefinder Based on Gaussian Beam of Lasers Monochromator Optical Spectrometers Dispersion Beer's Law Optical spectra of Incandescent Lightbulbs and LEDs Blackbody Radiation of the Sun Example Course Instructions for Smartphone-based Optical Labs
£42.46
SPIE Press Chemistry and Lithography, Volume 2: Chemistry in
Book SynopsisThis volume explores the chemical basis of lithography, with the goal of deconstructing lithography into its essential chemical principles and to situate its various aspects in specific fields of chemistry. It is organized in five parts, comprising: lithographic process chemistry, lithographic materials chemistry, lithographic photo- and radiation chemistry, chemistry of lithographic imaging mechanisms, and lithographic process-induced chemistry.With the successful implementation of EUV lithography in manufacturing at the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes, patterning challenges have shifted from resolution to mostly noise and sensitivity. This is a regime where the resist suffers from increased stochastic variation and the attendant effects of shot noise—a consequence of the discrete nature of photons, which, at very low number per exposure pixel, show increased variability in the response of the resist relative to its mean. Noise in this instance is the natural variation in lithographic pattern placement, shape, and size. It causes line edge roughness, line width variation, and stochastic defects.Ultimately, these patterning issues have their origin in the materials used in lithography. Chemistry underpins the essence, functions, and properties of these materials. We therefore examine in the second volume of the present edition the role of stochastics in EUV lithography in far greater detail than we did in the first edition. Equally significant, the book develops a chemistry and lithography interaction matrix, which is used as a device to explore how various aspects and practices of photolithography (or optical lithography), electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, EUV lithography, imprint lithography, directed self-assembly lithography, and proximal probe lithography derive from established chemical principles and phenomena.Table of Contents Lithographic Process Chemistry Lithographic Materials Chemistry Lithographic Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Chemistry of Lithographic Imaging Mechanisms Lithographic-Process-Induced Chemistry
£95.20
SPIE Press Fundamentals of Optics: An Introductory Course
Book SynopsisThis book presents a simple yet elegant introduction to classical optics focused primarily on establishing fundamental concepts for students new to the field. With examples demonstrating the use of optics in a wide range of practical applications, it reflects the pedagogical approach used by Prof. Mejía-Barbosa to teach his Fundamentals of Optics course at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. This book will prove useful for undergraduate and graduate students of physics, optical science and engineering, and any other related science or engineering discipline that deals with optics at some level. Readers are invited to study the fundamental principles of optics and find pleasure in learning about this fascinating and vibrant field.Trade ReviewPolarizationInterferenceDiffractionTable of Contents Geometrical Optics
£44.00
SPIE Press Simulating Speckle with Python
Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Python. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents Introduction First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology
£35.66
Nova Science Publishers Inc Advances in Laser & Optics Research: Volume 2
Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they began doing in the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This new series presents leading edge research on optics and lasers from researchers spanning the globe.
£85.59
Nova Science Publishers Inc Trends in Lasers & Electro-Optics Research
Book SynopsisThis new book gathers leading research from throughout the world.
£173.24
Nova Science Publishers Inc New Research on Optical Materials
Book SynopsisThis book the newest research on the physical properties of optical materials used in all types of lasers and optical systems. The scope includes the most important optical materials, including crystals, glasses, polymers, metals, liquids, and gases. The properties detailed include both linear and non-linear optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties together with many additional special properties, such as electro-, magneto-, and elasto-optic properties.
£176.24
Nova Science Publishers Inc Trends in Optical Materials
Book SynopsisThis book is the newest research on the physical properties of optical materials used in all types of lasers and optical systems. The scope includes the most important optical materials, including crystals, glasses, polymers, metals, liquids, and gases. The properties detailed include both linear and non-linear optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties together with many additional special properties, such as electro-, magneto-, and elasto-optic properties.
£176.24
Nova Science Publishers Inc Optics & Electro-Optics Research
Book SynopsisIt is expected that ongoing advances in optics will revolutionise the 21st century as they have the last quarter of the 20th. Such fields as communications, materials science, computing and medicine are leaping forward based on developments in optics. This new volume presents leading-edge research from around the world.
£176.24
Nova Science Publishers Inc Progress in Optical Fibers
Book SynopsisAn optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fibre that carries light along its length. Fibre optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibres. Optical fibres are widely used in fibre-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates (a.k.a "bandwidth"), than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibres are also used for illumination, and in bundles can be used to carry images, allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibres are used for a variety of other applications, including as sensors and fibre lasers. This book presents leading research from around the world.
£162.74
