Applied optics Books

Book SynopsisA detailed and timely overview of recent developments in activequasi-optical arrays In recent years, active quasi-optics has emerged as one of the mostdynamic fields of contemporary research--a highly unconventionalapproach to microwave and millimeter-wave power generation thatintegrates solid-state devices into a single quasi-opticalcomponent in which all devices operate in unison. This book definesand describes active quasi-optical arrays, reviews the currentstate of the art, and answers numerous basic and technicalquestions on the design, analysis, and application of thesedevices. The contributors to this volume are leading researchers in thefield who present results and views from government, industrial,and university laboratories and offer a balanced discussion on ahigh technical level. They also offer insight into theapplicability and commercial value of this technology for militarysystems, manufacturing processes, communications, and consumerproducts. Topics prTable of ContentsQuasi-Optical Power Combining (R. York). Spatial Power Combining (M. Gouker). Active Integrated Antennas (S. Chew & T. Itoh). Coupled-Oscillator Arrays and Scanning Techniques (J. Lynch, etal.). Quasi-Optical Antenna-Array Amplifiers (Z. Popovic, et al.). Multilayer and Distributed Arrays (A. Mortazawi, et al.). Planar Quasi-Optical Power Combining (M. Steer, et al.). Grid Oscillators (Z. Popovic, et al.). Grid Amplifiers (M. De Lisio & C. Liu). Beam-Control Arrays (K. Stephan). Frequency Conversion Grids (J. Chiao). Quasi-Optical Subsystems (Z. Popovic & G. Johnson). Commercial Applications of Quasi-Optics (R. Campton, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisA thorough reference that sheds light on the promising field of solid-state lighting Solid-state lighting is a rapidly emerging field. Light Emitting Diodes are already used in traffic signals, signage/contour lighting, large area displays, and automotive applications.Trade Review"A good introductory book on LEDs..." (CIE News, No. 65, March 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Historical Introduction. 2. Vision, Photometry and Colorimetry. 3. Bulbs and Tubes. 4. Basics of All-Solid-State Lemps. 5. Light Extraction From Leds. 6. White Led. 7. Applications of Solid-State Lighting. References.

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Book SynopsisFourier and Diffractive Optics is a required course in electrical engineering and physics programs. Based upon Professor Ersoy's class notes, Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging is an innovative and comprehensive work, presenting both theory and applications using MATLAB in examples and exercises.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Examples of Emerging Applications with Growing Significance. 2. Linear Systems and Transforms. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Linear Systems and Shift Invariance. 2.3 Continuous-Space Fourier Transform. 2.4 Existence of Fourier Transform. 2.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform. 2.6 Real Fourier Transform. 2.7 Amplitude and Phase Spectra. 2.8 Hankel Transforms. 3. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Waves. 3.3 Electromagnetic Waves. 3.4 Phasor Representation. 3.5 Wave Equations in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.6 Wave Equations in Phasor Representation in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.7 Plane EM Waves. 4. Scalar Diffraction Theory. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Helmholtz Equation. 4.3 Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.5 The Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction. 4.6 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction. 4.7 Another Derivation of the First Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral. 4.8 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral For Nonmonochromatic Waves. 5. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Diffraction in the Fresnel Region. 5.3 FFT Implementation of Fresnel Diffraction. 5.4 Paraxial Wave Equation. 5.5 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Region. 5.6 Diffraction Gratings. 5.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.8 Fresnel Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction with a Sinusoidal Phase Grating. 5.10 Diffraction Gratings Made of Slits. 6. Inverse Diffraction. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inversion of the Fresnel and Fraunhofer Representations. 6.3 Inversion of the Angular Spectrum Representation. 6.4 Analysis. 7. Wide-Angle Near and Far Field Approximations for Scalar Diffraction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Review of Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 7.3 The Radial Set of Approximations. 7.4 Higher Order Improvements and Analysis. 7.5 Inverse Diffraction and Iterative Optimization. 7.6 Numerical Examples. 7.7 More Accurate Approximations. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Geometrical Optics. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Propagation of Rays. 8.3 The Ray Equations. 8.4 The Eikonal Equation. 8.5 Local Spatial Frequencies and Rays. 8.6 Matrix Representation of Meridional Rays. 8.7 Thick Lenses. 8.8 Entrance and Exit Pupils of an Optical System. 9. Fourier Transforms and Imaging with Coherent Optical Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Phase Transformation With a Thin Lens. 9.3 Fourier Transforms With Lenses. 9.4 Image Formation As 2-D Linear Filtering. 9.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy. 9.6 Scanning Confocal Microscopy. 9.7 Operator Algebra for Complex Optical Systems. 10. Imaging with Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Hilbert Transform. 10.3 Analytic Signal. 10.4 Analytic Signal Representation of a Nonmonochromatic Wave Field. 10.5 Quasi-Monochromatic, Coherent, and Incoherent Waves. 10.6 Diffraction Effects in a General Imaging System. 10.7 Imaging With Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.8 Frequency Response of a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System. 10.9 Computer Computation of the Optical Transfer Function. 10.10 Aberrations. 11. Optical Devices Based on Wave Modulation. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Photographic Films and Plates. 11.3 Transmittance of Light by Film. 11.4 Modulation Transfer Function. 11.5 Bleaching. 11.6 Diffractive Optics, Binary Optics, and Digital Optics. 11.7 E-Beam Lithography. 12. Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media. 12.1 Introduction. 12.4 Beam Propagation Method. 12.5 Wave Propagation in a Directional Coupler. 13. Holography. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Coherent Wave Front Recording. 13.3 Types of Holograms. 13.4 Computer Simulation of Holographic Reconstruction. 13.5 Analysis of Holographic Imaging and Magnification. 13.6 Aberrations. 14. Apodization, Superresolution, and Recovery of Missing Information. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Apodization. 14.2.1 Discrete-Time Windows. 14.3 Two-Point Resolution and Recovery of Signals. 14.4 Contractions. 14.5 An Iterative Method of Contractions for Signal Recovery. 14.6 Iterative Constrained Deconvolution. 14.7 Method of Projections. 14.8 Method of Projections onto Convex Sets. 14.9 Gerchberg–Papoulis (GP) Algorithm. 14.10 Other POCS Algorithms. 14.11 Restoration From Phase. 14.12 Reconstruction From a Discretized Phase Function by Using the DFT. 14.13 Generalized Projections. 14.14 Restoration From Magnitude. 14.15 Image Recovery By Least Squares and the Generalized Inverse. 14.16 Computation of Hþ By Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). 14.17 The Steepest Descent Algorithm. 14.18 The Conjugate Gradient Method. 15. Diffractive Optics I. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Lohmann Method. 15.3 Approximations in the Lohmann Method. 15.4 Constant Amplitude Lohmann Method. 15.5 Quantized Lohmann Method. 15.6 Computer Simulations with the Lohmann Method. 15.7 A Fourier Method Based on Hard-Clipping. 15.8 A Simple Algorithm for Construction of 3-D Point Images. 15.9 The Fast Weighted Zero-Crossing Algorithm. 15.10 One-Image-Only Holography. 15.11 Fresnel Zone Plates. 16. Diffractive Optics II. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Virtual Holography. 16.3 The Method of POCS for the Design of Binary DOE. 16.4 Iterative Interlacing Technique (IIT). 16.5 Optimal Decimation-in-Frequency Iterative Interlacing Technique (ODIFIIT). 16.5.1 Experiments with ODIFIIT. 16.6 Combined Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method. 17. Computerized Imaging Techniques I: Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.3 Range Resolution. 17.4 Choice of Pulse Waveform. 17.5 The Matched Filter. 17.6 Pulse Compression by Matched Filtering. 17.7 Cross-Range Resolution. 17.8 A Simplified Theory of SAR Imaging. 17.9 Image Reconstruction with Fresnel Approximation. 17.10 Algorithms for Digital Image Reconstruction. 18. Computerized Imaging II: Image Reconstruction from Projections. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 The Radon Transform. 18.3 The Projection Slice Theorem. 18.4 The Inverse Radon Transform. 18.5 Properties of the Radon Transform. 18.6 Reconstruction of a Signal From its Projections. 18.7 The Fourier Reconstruction Method. 18.8 The Filtered-Backprojection Algorithm. 19. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Array Waveguide Grating. 19.3 Method of Irregularly Sampled Zero-Crossings (MISZC). 19.4 Analysis of MISZC. 19.4.1 Dispersion Analysis. 19.4.2 Finite-Sized Apertures. 19.5 Computer Experiments. 19.6 Implementational Issues. 20. Numerical Methods for Rigorous Diffraction Theory. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 BPM Based on Finite Differences. 20.3 Wide Angle BPM. 20.4 Finite Differences. 20.5 Finite Difference Time Domain Method. 20.6 Computer Experiments. 20.7 Fourier Modal Methods. Appendix A: The Impulse Function. Appendix B: Linear Vector Spaces. Appendix C: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform and The Fast Fourier Transform. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA guide to the theory and application of methods of projections. With the rise of powerful personal computers, methods of vector space projections have moved rapidly from the realm of theory into widespread use. This book reflects the growing interest in the application of these methods to problem solving in science and engineering.Trade Review"...a very useful addition among classical signal processingtexts...it can be warmly recommended..." (Analog Dialogue,Vol. 36, No. 5, September-October 2002)Table of ContentsVector Space Concepts. Projections Onto Convex Sets. Elementary Projectors. Solutions of Linear Equations. Generalized Projections. Applications to Communications. Application to Optics. Applications to Neural Nets. Applications to Image Processing. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs optical character recognition (OCR) begins to find applications ranging from store checkout scanners to money-changing machines and postal system automation, it has become one of the most dynamic areas in information science today.Table of ContentsCharacter Recognition. Blurring and Sampling. Normalization. Thresholding Selection. Thinning. Theory of Preprocessing. Feature Extraction Using Linear Methods. Feature Extraction Based on Structure Analysis. Algebraic Description. Background Analysis. Linear Matching. Graph Matching. Elastic Matching. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisDeals with all aspects of Imaging Science and Technology, from archeology to life sciences and engineering. With this encyclopedia, scientists, engineers and physicians can understand more about the science and technology behind the imaging techniques they are using and learn the technologies.Trade Review"...an impressive book..." (Materials World, September 2002) "...provides coverage of imaging science and technology from a diverse range of applications, techniques, and fields of study...can assist scientists, engineers, and physicians to better understand the science behind...imaging techniques." (Spectroscopy, Vol. 17, No. 2, December 2002)Table of ContentsAcoustic Sources or Receiver Arrays: Directional Response Characteristics of , Detector Technology Analog and Digital SQUID Sensors , Detector Technology Capacitive Probe Microscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Cathode Ray Tube Display Technology , Display Technology Cathode Ray Tubes , Display Technology Characterization of Image Systems , End User Charged Particle Optics , Image Formation Color Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Color Photography , Imaging Techniques Systems Digital Video , Display Technology Digital Watermarking , Digital Image Processing Display Calibration , End User Dye Transfer Printing Technology , Display Technology Electroencephalogram (EEG) Topography , Imaging Techniques Systems Electromagnetic Radiation and Interactions with Matter , Spectroscopy Electron Microscopes , Imaging Techniques Systems Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Electrophotography , Imaging Techniques Systems Endoscopy , Imaging Techniques Systems Feature Measurement , Digital Image Processing Feature Recognition Object Classification , Digital Image Processing Field Emission Display Panels , Display Technology Flow Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Force Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Foundations of Morphological Image Processing , Digital Image Processing Gravitation Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Gravure Multi-Copy Printing , Display Technology Ground Penetrating Radar , Imaging Techniques Systems High Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems High Speed Photographic Imaging , Imaging Techniques Systems Holography , Imaging Techniques Systems Human Visual System - Color Visual Processing , End User Human Visual System - Image Formation , End User Human Visual System - Spatial Visual Processing , End User Image Formation , Image Formation Image Processing Techniques , Digital Image Processing Image Quality Metrics , End User Image Search and Retrieval Strategies , Digital Image Processing Image Threshold and Segmentation , Digital Image Processing Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Art Conservation , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Astronomy , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Biochemistry , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Forensics & Criminology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Medicine , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Meteorology , Imaging Applications Imaging Science in Overhead Surveillance , Imaging Applications Infrared Thermography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display , Display Technology Instant Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems LIDAR , Imaging Techniques & Systems Lightning Locator , Imaging Techniques & Systems Liquid Crystal Display Technology , Display Technology Magnetic Field Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Magnetospheric Imaging , Imaging Techniques & Systems Motion Picture Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems Neutron Imaging, Radiography, and CT , Imaging Techniques & Systems Optical Image Formation , Image Formation Optical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Over the horizon (OTH) Radar , Imaging Techniques & Systems Particle Detector Technology for Imaging, Detector Technology Photoconductor Detector Technology , Detector Technology Photodetectors , Detector Technology Photographic Color Display Technology , Display Technology RF Magnetic Field Mapping , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Acoustic Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy , Imaging Techniques & Systems Silver Halide Detector Technology , Detector Technology Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) , Imaging Techniques & Systems Stereo & 3D Display Technologies , Display Technology Still Photography , Imaging Techniques & Systems ....

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Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique collection of algorithms and lab experiments for practitioners and researchers of digital image processing technology With the field of digital image processing rapidly expanding, there is a growing need for a book that would go beyond theory and techniques to address the underlying algorithms.Table of ContentsDigital Image Processing Fundamentals. Digital Image Transform Algorithms. Digital Image Filtering and Enhancement. Digital Image Compression. Edge Detection Algorithms. Image Segmentation Algorithms. Shape Description. Digital Image Processing Lab Exercises Using EIKONA. Index.

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Book SynopsisWave scattering by discrete scatterers is an interdisciplinary area of research with many applications in such areas as atomic physics, medical imaging, geoscience and remote sensing. This three-volume work is an expanded and updated version of the authors 1985 book, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 1 Basic Scattering Parameters 2 1.1 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 1.2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 2 Rayleigh Scattering 9 2.1 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 2.2 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 2.3 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 2.4 Scattering Dyads 14 3 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation 16 3.1 Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude 16 3.2 Born Approximation 18 4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves 21 4.1 Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves 21 4.2 Cylindrical Waves 22 4.3 Spherical Waves 24 5 Acoustic Scattering 30 6 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 6.1 Mie Scattering 32 6.2 Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 41 6.3 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 Dyadic Green's Function 54 1.1 Green's Functions 54 1.2 Plane Wave Representation 55 1.3 Cylindrical Waves 57 1.4 Spherical Waves 59 2 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem 60 3 Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 66 4 Optical Theorem 68 5 Reciprocity and Symmetry 73 5.1 Reciprocity 73 5.2 Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes 75 5.3 Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green's Function 79 6 Eulerian Angles of Rotation 81 7 T-Matrix 83 7.1 T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes 83 7.2 Unitarity and Symmetry 88 8 Extended Boundary Condition 91 8.1 Extended Boundary Condition Technique 91 8.2 Spheres 97 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 100 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated Sphere 102 8.3 Spheroids 104 References and Additional Readings 106CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 1 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers 108 2 Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices 116 2.1 Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization 116 2.2 Stokes Matrix 123 2.3 Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix 124 2.4 Rayleigh Phase Matrix 127 2.5 Phase Matrix of Random Media 129 3 Fluctuating Fields 131 3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Fields 131 3.2 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 4 Specific Intensity 140 5 Passive Remote Sensing 145 5.1 Planck's Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 5.2 KirchhofT's Law 149 5.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 5.4 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 6 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 5 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function 173 5.1 Correlation Function 174 5.2 Pair Distribution Function 176 6 Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density 179 7 Soil and Rocky Surfaces 184 8 Ocean Surface 185 References and Additional Readings 195 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 1 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer 200 2 Wave Approach 203 2.1 Reflection and Transmission 203 2.2 Dyadic Green's Function for Stratified Medium 207 2.3 Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution 212 3 Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach 217 4 Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil 220 References and Additional Readings 229 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 232 2 Applications of Single Scattering 237 2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 237 2.2 Interferometric SAR 248 2.3 Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media 252 References and Additional Readings 258 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 2.1 Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 2.2 Extinction Matrix 272 2.3 Emission Vector 275 2.4 Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 1 Iterative Method 288 1.1 Iterative Procedure 288 1.2 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 1.3 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 1.4 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical Illustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 1.5 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 2 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 2.1 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 2.2 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 2.3 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 2.4 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 2.5 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 2.6 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 3 Invariant Imbedding 362 3.1 One-Dimensional Problem 363 3.2 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles 370 3.3 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 373 3.4 Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles 374 4 Diffusion Approximation 380 References and Additional Readings 386 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 1 Introduction 390 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 392 2.1 Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 392 2.2 Characteristic Functions 396 3 Small Perturbation Method 397 3.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 397 3.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 403 4 Kirchhoff Approach 407 4.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 408 4.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 415 References and Additional Readings 417 INDEX 419

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Trade Review"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1 One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1 Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations 17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28 3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions 38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52 References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67 2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments 81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces: Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings 110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 1161.3 Tapering of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough Surface Generation 124 1.4.1 Gaussian Rough Surface 124 1.4.2 Fractal Rough Surface 132 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case) 134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity, Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 2.4.1 Gaussian Surface and Comparisons with Analytical Methods 145 2.4.2 Dirichlet Case of Gaussian Surface with Ocean Spectrum and Fractal Surface 150 2.4.3 Bistatic Scattering for Two Media Problem with Ocean Spectrum 151 3 Topics of Numerical Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167 5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 1791.1 Introduction 179 1.2 Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems 189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1 Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4 Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245 4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2 Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4 Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1 Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.1.1 Formulation and Numerical Method 270 1.1.2 Results and Discussion 273 1.1.3 Convergence of SMFSIA 277 1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 1.2.1 Surface Integral Equation 278 1.2.2 Surface Integral Equation for Rough Surface Scattering 280 1.2.3 Computation Methods 281 1.2.4 Numerical Simulation Results 286 2 Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.2.1 Equivalent Exterior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 296 2.2.2 Equivalent Interior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 298 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300 3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2 Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2 Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3 Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2 Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1 Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404 1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres 406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409 2 Percus—Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418 4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration 454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders 458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations 463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476 3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4 Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3 Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2 Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505 2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2 Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1 Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3 Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1 Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1 Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4 Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3 Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions 603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2 Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3 Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of Magnetic Ring Currents 635 3.4.1 First Order Solution 637 3.4.2 Numerical Results 638 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2 Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2 Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.1.1 Electric Field and Dyadic Green's Function 655 3.1.2 Scattering by a Single Particle 656 3.2 Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation 667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2 Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, andTrade Review"Here they [the authors] delve deeper into the topics raised in the first two volumes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor 2 1.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 7 1.2 Second-Order Solutions 11 2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface 18 2.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 27 2.2 Second-Order Solutions 36 3 Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces 47 3.1 Coherent Reflection 48 3.2 Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters 51 3.3 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 58 References and Additional Readings 61 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 1 Kirchhoff Approach 66 1.1 Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface 66 1.2 Dielectric Rough Surfaces 72 1.3 Second-Order Slope Corrections 94 2 Phase Perturbation Method 101 3 Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model 108 References and Additional Readings 118 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 1 Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant 122 2 Transition Operator 128 3 Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix 130 4 First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves 135 5 Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation 143 6 Effects of Clustering 150 References and Additional Readings 160 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 1 Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field 162 1.1 Bilocal Approximation 167 1.2 Nonlinear Approximation 170 2 Second Moment of the Field 171 2.1 Bethe-Salpeter Equation 171 2.2 Energy Conservation 175 3 Strong Permittivity Fluctuations 178 3.1 Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function 179 3.2 Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity 181 3.3 Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation 182 3.4 Backscattering Coefficients 185 3.5 Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients 187 References and Additional Readings 194 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 1 Transition Operator 198 2 Multiple Scattering Equations 203 3 Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations 204 3.1 Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations 205 3.2 Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation) 207 3.3 Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA) 210 3.4 Coherent Potential (CP) 213 3.5 Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) 216 3.6 Low-Frequency Solutions 219 3.7 QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles 224 4 Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation 226 5 Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation 232 References and Additional Readings 241 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers— Normal Incidence 246 1.1 Coherent Wave Propagation 247 1.2 Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit 257 1.3 Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies 259 2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers—Oblique Incidence 266 2.1 Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave 266 2.2 Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence 275 3 Cases with Size Distributions 280 3.1 Coherent Field 281 3.2 Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation 287 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation 300 4.1 Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients 301 4.2 Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT 307 4.3 Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles 309 References and Additional Readings 319 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 1 Introduction 324 2 Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space DiscreteRandom Medium of Multiple Species 325 3 Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT) 329 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing 340 5 General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution 344 6 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing 349 7 Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing 351 References and Additional Readings 357 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 1 Introduction 360 1.1 Volume Scattering 361 1.2 Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 362 2 Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers 366 3 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers 374 3.1 Formulation 375 3.2 Numerical Illustrations 380 4 Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation 385 4.1 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms 386 4.2 Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function 391 4.3 Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory 393 4.4 Diffusion Approximation 395 4.5 Numerical Results 399 References and Additional Readings 403 INDEX 407

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Book SynopsisVertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are a type of semiconductor laser whose optical output is vertically emitted from the surface as opposed to conventional edge emitting semiconductor lasers. This book acts as a practical guide for the modeling of VCSELs. It provides derivations for understanding the operational principles of VCSELs.Trade Review"…very nicely organized…design engineers of VCSELs will find this book the most useful. However, it also provides valuable information to CAD tool designers…" (Optics & Photonics News, June 2005) “…the author’s assessment of the opportunities gives a strong incentive to develop such interest” (Robotica, Vol. 22, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers - An overview. 2. Simple Design Consideration of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 3. Modal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 4. Polarization Properties of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 5. Thermal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 6. Electrical Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 7. Direct Modulation of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 8. Spontaneous Emission of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 9. Nonlinear Characteristics in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Index.

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Book SynopsisBridging the gap between theory and practice, it clarifies important phenomena in photorefractive media and shows how to apply these phenomena in actual situations.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Waves in Crystals. Electromagnetic Propagation in Periodic Media. Photorefractive Effects. Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Media. Photorefractive Resonators. Photorefractive Phase Conjugators. Diffraction Properties of Gratings in Photorefractive Media. Volume Holograms and Planar Holograms. Phase Conjugate Interferometry. Optical Computing. Other Applications. Higher Order Photo-Induced Gratings. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe discovery of the Fractional Fourier Transform and its role in optics provides an elegant mathematical framework within which to discuss diffraction and other fundamental aspects of optical systems. Easily-accessible, the reference work will serve as the standard reference on Fourier Transforms for many years to come.Trade Review"...[the authors] explain the basic concepts from various perspectives and survey its application in two areas where it is widely used." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Signals, Systems, and Transformations. Wigner Distributions and Linear Canonical Transforms. The Fractional Fourier Transform. Time-Order and Space-Order Representations. The Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform. Optical Signals and Systems. Phase-Space Optics. The Fractional Fourier Transform in Optics. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Filtering, Estimation, and Signal Recovery. Applications of the Fractional Fourier Transform to Matched Filtering, Detection, and Pattern Recognition. Bibliography on the Fractional Fourier Transform. Other Cited Works. Credits. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a computer vision specialist, this title offers an account of volumetric image analysis techniques. It offers a practical approach to the field including the following topics: preprocessing of volumetric images; obtaining quantitative measurements in volumetric images; and, detection and modelling of objects in volumetric images.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Part I: 3D Binary Images 7 2 Basics 9 3 Features of 3D Components 43 4 Operations on 3D Binary Images 61 Part II: 3D Grey Level Images 103 5 Image Enhancement 105 6 Geometric Transformations of Voxel Images 117 7 Surface Segmentation 129 8 Region Segmentation 169 Part III: Modelling and Registration of Objects 177 9 Surface Tiling 181 10 Surface Reconstruction 193 11 Registration 203 Appendix 215 A Displaying Volumetric Images 215 References 225 Index 241

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Book SynopsisProperties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook offers the reader a self-contained, concise and up-to-date collection of the key properties of 125 of the most common and important optical materials used in modern optics, laser physics and technology, spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, quantum electronics and laser applications. This comprehensive volume presents not only the classical properties but also those that have appeared in the three decades since the invention of the laser. The presentation of the material is given in a clear tabular form with more than 1000 references. A wide variety of readers, ranging from workers in both industry and academia, to lecturers and students at postgraduate and undergraduate levels, will find Properties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials-A Handbook an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsLaser Materials and Their Hosts. Nonliner Optical Crystals. Main Optical Materials. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Oxides, Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. Semiconductors and Other Crystalline Materials. Glasses and Polymers. Liquids. Gases. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"A comprehensive introduction to the physics of a wide range of X-ray applications, optics and analysis tools." * Nature Photonics *Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Constants and Variables xvii PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The discovery 3 1.2 What is an x ray? 4 1.3 What makes x rays useful? 6 1.4 The layout of the text 8 1.5 The elusive hyphen 8 Problems 8 Further reading 9 2. A CASE STUDY: NUCLEAR MEDICINE 10 2.1 Metastable emitters and half-life 10 2.2 A brief introduction to nuclear decay 13 2.3 Nuclear medicine 14 2.4 Photon detection and scatter rejection 20 2.5 Photon statistics 22 2.6 SPECT 24 Problems 27 Further reading 29 PART II. X-RAY GENERATION 3. THERMAL SOURCES AND PLASMAS 33 3.1 Blackbody radiation 33 3.2 Generation of very hot plasmas 35 3.3 Plasma frequency 37 3.4 Debye length 40 3.5 Screening and the Debye length 41 3.6 Fluctuations and the Debye length 42 Problems 42 Further reading 43 4. CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION, X-RAY TUBES, AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 44 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Core atomic levels 45 4.3 Characteristic spectra 48 4.4 Emission rates and intensity 50 4.5 Auger emission 52 4.6 Line widths 53 4.7 X-ray fluorescence 55 Problems 65 Further reading 67 5. SOURCE INTENSITY, DIVERGENCE, AND COHERENCE 68 5.1 Intensity and angular intensity 68 5.2 Photon intensity and photon angular intensity 73 5.3 Brightness and brilliance 75 5.4 Global divergence 79 5.5 Local divergence 80 5.6 X-ray tube design 82 5.7 Coherence 84 5.8 Spatial coherence 86 5.9 Temporal coherence 90 5.10 In-line phase imaging 92 Problems 93 Further reading 94 6. BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION AND X-RAY TUBES 95 6.1 Field from a moving charge 95 6.2 Radiation from an accelerating (or decelerating) charge 95 6.3 Emission from a very thin anode 98 6.4 Emission from a thick anode 101 6.5 Efficiency 101 6.6 Thick-target photon emission rate modeling 102 6.7 Spectral shaping 105 Problems 106 Further reading 107 7. SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 108 7.1 Classical (nonrelativistic) orbits 108 7.2 Semiclassical analysis 112 7.3 Relativistic bremsstrahlung 114 7.4 Synchrotrons 117 7.5 Pulse time and spectrum 117 7.6 Insertion devices 121 7.7 Collimation and coherence 125 Problems 126 Further reading 126 8. X-RAY LASERS 127 8.1 Stimulated and spontaneous emission 127 8.2 Laser cavities 130 8.3 Highly ionized plasmas 131 8.4 High-harmonic generation 131 8.5 Free-electron lasers 133 8.6 Novel sources 135 Problems 135 Further reading 136 PART III. X-RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 9. PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION, ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING, AND DETECTION 139 9.1 Absorption coefficients 139 9.2 Attenuation versus absorption 144 9.3 Index of refraction 145 9.4 Absorption coefficient of compounds and broadband radiation 147 9.5 Absorption edges 148 9.6 Absorption spectroscopy 149 9.7 Filtering 151 9.8 Imaging 152 9.8.1 Contrast 152 9.8.2 Dose 154 9.8.3 Noise 154 9.9 Detectors 156 9.10 Tomosynthesis and tomography 160 Problems 161 Further reading 162 10. COMPTON SCATTERING 163 10.1 Conservation laws 164 10.2 Compton cross section 165 10.3 Inverse Compton sources 166 10.4 Scatter in radiography 168 10.5 Contrast with scatter 169 10.6 Scatter reduction 170 Problems 172 Further reading 173 11. COHERENT SCATTER I: REFRACTION AND REFLECTION 174 11.1 Free-electron theory and the real part of the index of refraction 175 11.2 Atomic scattering factor 178 11.3 Phase velocity 179 11.4 Slightly bound electrons and the phase response 180 11.5 Kramers-Kronig relations 182 11.6 Coherent scatter cross section 183 11.7 Relativistic cross section 187 11.8 Snell's law 187 11.9 Reflectivity 190 11.10 Reflection coefficients at grazing incidence 193 11.11 Surface roughness 195 Problems 199 Further reading 200 12. REFRACTIVE AND REFLECTIVE OPTICS 201 12.1 Refractive optics 201 12.2 Reflective optics 206 12.2.1 Elliptical mirrors 206 12.2.2 Wolter optics 209 12.2.3 Capillary optics 211 12.2.4 Polycapillary optics 213 12.2.5 Array optics 219 12.2.6 Energy filtering 223 12.2.7 Optics metrology 223 12.3 Optics simulations 224 Problems 225 Further reading 226 13. COHERENT SCATTER II: DIFFRACTION 227 13.1 Scattering from a single electron 227 13.2 Two electrons 229 13.3 Scattering from an atom: Fourier transform relationships 230 13.4 A chain of atoms 231 13.5 Lattices and reciprocal lattices 233 13.6 Planes 235 13.7 Bragg's law 237 13.8 theta-2theta diffractometer 238 13.9 Powder diffraction 238 13.10 Structure factor 242 13.11 Intensity 244 13.12 Defects 246 13.12.1 Mosaicity 246 13.12.2 Thermal vibrations 247 13.12.3 Crystal size 249 13.12.4 Amorphous materials 250 13.13 Resolution 251 13.13.1 The effect of angular broadening 251 13.13.2 Energy spread 252 13.13.3 Global divergence and aperture size 253 13.13.4 Local divergence 253 Problems 254 Further reading 255 14. SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION 256 14.1 The Ewald sphere 256 14.2 The theta-2theta diffractometer and the Rowland circle 257 14.3 Aside: Proof that the angle of incidence is always thetaB on the Rowland circle 260 14.4 Beam divergence 261 14.5 Texture and strain measurements 262 14.6 Single-crystal diffraction 264 14.7 Laue geometry 268 14.8 Protein crystallography 269 14.9 The phase problem 270 14.10 Coherent diffraction imaging 271 14.11 Dynamical diffraction 271 Problems 273 Further reading 273 15. DIFFRACTION OPTICS 274 15.1 Gratings 274 15.2 Zone plates 279 15.3 Crystal optics and multilayers 288 15.3.1 Monochromators 288 15.3.2 Multilayer optics 289 15.3.3 Curved crystals 294 Problems 298 Further reading 298 Appendix: Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems 299 Chapter 1 299 Chapter 2 299 Chapter 3 303 Chapter 4 306 Chapter 5 311 Chapter 6 314 Chapter 7 320 Chapter 8 323 Chapter 9 323 Chapter 10 326 Chapter 11 328 Chapter 12 330 Chapter 13 331 Chapter 14 334 Chapter 15 336 Index 339

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Book Synopsis"The increasing commercial use of millimeter wavelengths for remote sensing, communications, and radar systems has driven the need for new low-cost, high performance systems, and with it, the need for quasioptical systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Overview. 1.1 What Is Quasioptics? 1.2 Why Quasioptics Is of Interest. 1.3 Historical Overview. 1.4 Organization of This Book. 1.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 2: Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.1 Derivation of Basic Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.2 Description of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.3 Geometrical Optics Limits of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.4 Higher Order Gaussian Beam Mode Solutions of the Paraxial Wave Equation. 2.5 The Size of Gaussian Beam Modes. 2.6 Gaussian Beam Measurement. 2.7 Inverse Formulas for Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.8 The Paraxial Limit and Improved Solutions to the Wave Equation. 2.9 Alternative Derivation of the Gaussian Beam Propagation Formula. 2.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 3: Gaussian Beam Transformation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ray Matrices and the Complex Beam Parameter. 3.3 Gaussian Beam Transformation by Focusing Elements. 3.4 Mode Matching. 3.5 Complex Beam Parameter and Smith Chart Representation. 3.6 Transformation of Higher Order Gaussian Beam Modes. 3.7 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 4: Gaussian Beam Coupling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Axially Aligned Beams. 4.3 Tilted Beams. 4.4 Offset Beams. 4.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 5: Practical Aspects of Quasioptical Focusing Elements. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Single-Pixel and Imaging Systems. 5.3 The Eikonal Equation. 5.4 Refractive Focusing Elements. 5.5 Zoned Lenses. 5.6 Zone Plate Lenses. 5.7 Metallic Lenses. 5.8 Reflective Focusing Elements. 5.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 6: Gaussian Beams and Antenna Feed Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Illumination. 6.3 Aperture Efficiency. 6.4 Radiation Patterns. 6.5 Extended Sources. 6.6 Defocusing Due to Secondary Motion in Cassegrain Systems. 6.7 Requirements on the Beam Waist. 6.8 Reflection Due to Central Blockage in Cassegrain Systems. 6.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 7: Gaussian Beam Coupling to Radiating Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Expansion in Gaussian Beam Modes: General Considerations. 7.3 Radius of Curvature. 7.4 Beam Radius. 7.5 Beam Waist Location and Complex Amplitudes. 7.6 Gaussian Beam Modes for Feed Elements of Various Types. 7.7 Summary of Fundamental Mode Coupling Coefficients. 7.8 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 8: Frequency-Independent Quasioptical Components. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Path Length Modulators/Delay Lines. 8.3 Polarization Processing Components. 8.4 Polarization Transducers and Wave Plates. 8.5 Quasioptical Hybrids. 8.6 Quasioptical Attenuators and Power Dividers. 8.7 Quasioptical Ferrite Devices. 8.8 Quasioptical Absorbers and Calibration Loads. 8.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 9: Quasioptical Frequency-Selective Components. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Planar Structures. 9.3 Thick Structure: Perforated Plates. 9.4 Interferometers. 9.5 Interferometers of Other Types. 9.6 Layered Dielectrics. 9.7 Multiple-Grid Filters. 9.8 Diffraction Gratings. 9.9 Resonators. 9.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 10: Quasioptical Active Devices. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Bulk Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.3 Quasioptical Planar Arrays. 10.4 Cavity-Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.5 Spatial Power Combining. 10.6 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 11: Quasioptical System Design: Principles and Examples. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Design Methodology and General Guidelines. 11.3 System Design Examples. 11.4 Conclusions. 11.5 Bibliographic Notes. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX. ABOUT THE AUTHOR.

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Book SynopsisThis text covers key mathematical principles and algorithms for nonlinear filters used in image processing. It offers insight into the underlying mathematical and filter design methodologies needed to construct and use nonlinear filters in a variety of applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Logical Image Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Computational Gray-Scale Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Translation-Invariant Set Operators (E. Dougherty). Granulometric Filters (E. Dougherty & Y. Chen) Easy Recipes for Morphological Filters (H. Heijmans). Introduction to Connected Operators (H. Heijmans). Representation and Optimization of Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Invariant Signals of Median and Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Binary Polynomial Transforms and Logical Correlation (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Applications of Binary Polynomial Transforms (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Random Sets in View of Image Filtering Applications (I. Molchanov). Index.

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Book SynopsisSince the 1960s, a significant effort has been underway to program computers to see the human face and to develop automated systems for identifying faces and distinguishing them from one another - commonly known as Facial Recognition Technology. This book focuses on the politics of developing and deploying these technologies.Trade ReviewThis work is a fascinating, timely investigation of the cultural practices and institutional priorities surrounding automated face perception technologies -- C. Tappert * Choice *A groundbreaking study. Our Biometric Future considers facial recognition technology through its wide range of political entanglements, such as post-9/11 security measures, the management of urban populations in commercial districts, and self-representation in online social networking sites. Across these contexts, Gates shows how facial recognition's political effects have developed in spite of the fact that the technology does not actually work very well. Written with style and wit, Our Biometric Future will resonate with readers in cultural studies, new media, science and technology studies, and anyone interested in surveillance, privacy and security in contemporary life. -- Jonathan Sterne,McGill University, author of The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound ReproductionGates deftly explores the cultural work performed by facial recognition technologies, and in so doing demonstrates considerable skill in the critical analysis of emergent technologies. This book represents a significant contribution to our understanding about the ongoing elaboration of surveillance society throughout the globe. -- Anne Balsamo,author of Technologies of the Gendered BodyGiven its spotty track record, it's hard to see why facial recognition technology has so quickly become one of the most widely used forms of biometrics (second only to fingerprints). Kelly Gates' Our Biometric Future, a thorough exploration of FRT's relatively short history, provides some clues...[an] impressive book. * London Review of Books *Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 "Self-Motivating Exhilaration": On the Cultural Sources of Computer Communication2 Romanticism and the Machine: The Formation of the Computer Counterculture3 Missing the Net: The 1980s, Microcomputers, and the Rise of Neoliberalism4 Networks and the Social Imagination5 The Moment of Wired6 Open Source, the Expressive Programmer, and the Problem of PropertyConclusion: Capitalism, Passions, Democracy NotesIndex About the Author

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Book SynopsisProviding an introduction to imaging spectrometers, this text first reviews the required background information in optics, radiometry, imaging, spectral sensing and focal plane arrays, then goes on to discuss the principles of these subjects and apply them to specific problems.

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of random processes for image and signal processing. It seeks to reflect the author's increasing appreciation of the profound differences between deterministic and probabilistic scientific epistemology. Topics include canonical representation and transform coding.

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Book SynopsisAn integrated mathematical view of the physics and numerical modeling of optical projection lithography that covers the full spectrum of the important concepts. Readers with a good working knowledge of calculus can follow the development, technologists can gather concepts and the equations that result. The casual reader will gain a perspective.

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Book SynopsisA compilation of a unique history of the invention of laser guide stars and other contributions to adaptive optics made by the Department of Defense.

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Book SynopsisUnique and essential reading from a lifetime innovator in the field of cinema technology, this engaging and well-illustrated book will appeal to anyone interested in the history and science of cinema, from movie buffs to academics and members of the motion picture industry.Trade Review“The book features a beautiful iconographic apparatus that, together with its author’s wide-ranging knowledge of technology and material- oriented approach to the evolution of the medium, make it particularly well suited as a companion to more traditional cinema histories for teachers of film courses and scholars of film technology in general.” (Sabrina Negri, Technology and Culture, Vol. 63 (4), October, 2022)“If you’re studying computer science with a view to working in animation or movie production, you absolutely should read it. And if you’re not, you will find that the pictures and descriptions of the devices that led to what we see in our cinemas today are absolutely fascinating.” (G. K. Jenkins, Computing Reviews, July 4, 2022)“His point of view is both authoritative and fascinating … . Lenny Lipton's The Cinema in Flux is richly illustrated, and also contains a bibliography, a list of patents, and an index. It is a most pleasurable read, as the author moves joyfully, eruditely, and eloquently between eras, personalities, and systems. An instant classic, no less.” (Laurent Mannoni, Journal of Film Preservation, Issue 105, November, 2021)Table of ContentsIntroduction The Cinema of Real Motion1. Huygens and the Magic Lantern2. The Magic Lanternists3. Lantern Light and GlassApparent Motion: Discovered and Applied4. Plateau Invents the Phenakistoscope5. A Persistent Myth6. The Zoëtrope and the Praxinoscope7. Daguerre’s Photography8. Fox Talbot’s Photography9. Protocinematography10. Muybridge and Anschütz11. Chronophotography: Janssen, Marey, DemenÿThe 35mm Medium12. Edison, Dickson, and the Kineto Project13. The Kinetograph14. The Kinetoscope: Projection’s Inspiration15. Lambda, Mutoscope, and Bitzer16. Jenkins and Armat: American Projection17. The Lumières and the Europeans18. Edison and the Trust19. Porter the Filmmaker20. Porter and the Simplex21. Camera Design before WWII22. Camera Design after WWII23. Ciné Lenses: Part I24. Ciné Lenses: Part II Sound25. Silent Sound26. Synchronizing the Phonograph26. Electronics for Talking Shadows27. The Origins of Sound-on-Film28. One Man Bands: Lauste and Tykociner30. Tri-Ergon31. De Forest and Case32. Phonofilm33. William Fox Hears the Future34. Vitaphone35. Movietone36. RCA vs. ERPI37. William Fox vs. the Industry38. Optical Sound Evolution39. Multichannel, Magnetic, and Digital SoundColor40. Applied Color41. Color Elucidated42. Color Photography before the Movies43. Urban and the Origins of Kinemacolor44. The Rise and Fall of Kinemacolor45. Additive Color after Kinemacolor46. Subtractive Technologies47. Kelly’s Color Microcosm48. TruColor and Cinecolor49. Two-Color Technicolor50. Three-Color Technicolor51. Agfa and Ansco Color52. Eastman ColorSmall Formats53. Early Small Formats54. 16mm55. Kodachrome56. Double 8mm and Super 8The Big Wide Screen57. The Shape of Screens to Come58. Grandeur et al59. Expanded Screen: The Interregnum Ends60. This is Cinerama61. Cinerama after Waller62. CinemaScope63. ‘Scope Variations64. Wide Screen and VistaVision65. Todd-AO66. 65/70mm67. IMAX and PLF ExhibitionThe Stereoscopic Cinema68. Early 3-D69. Polarization Image Selection70. 3-D in the Last Half of the 20th CenturyTelevision71. Vision at a Distance72. Jenkins and Baird73. Farnsworth74. Zworykin75. Broadcasting Begins76. Color Wars: CBS vs. RCA77. High Definition Television78. Film to Video and the VTRElectronic Cinema79. Electronic Cinematography and CGI80. The Origins of Digital Technology81. Post-production and Industry Accommodation82. A Brief History of Electronic Projection83. Digital Projection and 3-D Converge

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Book SynopsisBased on a popular article in Laser and Photonics Reviews, this book provides an explanation and overview of the techniques used to model, make, and measure metal nanoparticles, detailing results obtained and what they mean. It covers the properties of coupled metal nanoparticles, the nonlinear optical response of metal nanoparticles, and the phenomena that arise when light-emitting materials are coupled to metal nanoparticles. It also provides an overview of key potential applications and offers explanations of computational and experimental techniques giving readers a solid grounding in the field.Trade Review“The present volume will be very useful for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and advanced undergraduates. The instructors and advisers of such students will benefit from reading this book as well.” (Optics & Photonics News, 8 November 2013)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi I.1 Why All the Excitement? xi I.2 Historical Perspective xiv I.3 Book Outline xvii 1 Modeling: Understanding Metal-Nanoparticle Plasmons 1 1.1 Classical Picture: Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.2 Discrete Plasmon Resonances in Particles 13 1.3 Overview of Numerical Methods 25 1.4 A Model System: Gold Nanorods 31 1.5 Size-Dependent Effects in Small Particles 39 References 46 2 Making: Synthesis and Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 51 2.1 Top-Down: Lithography 52 2.2 Bottom-Up: Colloidal Synthesis 67 2.3 Self-Assembly and Hybrid Methods 76 2.4 Chemical Assembly 86 References 92 3 Measuring: Characterization of Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 97 3.1 Ensemble Optical Measurements 97 3.2 Single-Particle Optical Measurements 102 3.3 Electron Microscopy 125 References 132 4 Coupled Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 135 4.1 Pairs of Metal Nanoparticles 136 4.2 Understanding Complex Nanostructures Using Coupled Plasmons 149 References 161 5 Nonlinear Optical Response of Metal Nanoparticles 165 5.1 Review of Optical Nonlinearities 166 5.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 170 5.3 Harmonic Generation 187 References 191 6 Coupling Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles to Emitters 193 6.1 Plasmon-Modified Emission 193 6.2 Plasmon–Emitter Interactions Beyond Emission Enhancement 210 References 225 7 Some Potential Applications of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles 229 7.1 Refractive-Index Sensing and Molecular Detection 229 7.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 233 7.3 Near-Field Microscopy, Photolithography, and Data Storage 239 7.4 Photodetectors and Solar Cells 242 7.5 Optical Tweezers 249 7.6 Optical Metamaterials 254 References 266 Index 271

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Book SynopsisUnmanned systems and robotics technologies have become very popular recently owing to their ability to replace human beings in dangerous, tedious, or repetitious jobs.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Monograph Roadmap 1 1.1.1 Sensing and Control in the Information-Rich World 1 1.1.2 Typical Civilian Application Scenarios 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Sensing and Control Using Unmanned Vehicles 5 1.2 Research Motivations 7 1.2.1 Small Unmanned Aircraft System Design for Remote Sensing 7 1.2.2 State Estimation for Small UAVs 8 1.2.3 Advanced Flight Control for Small UAVs 9 1.2.4 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple UAVs 10 1.2.5 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Actuator and Sensor Networks 11 1.3 Monograph Contributions 11 1.4 Monograph Organization 12 References 12 2 AggieAir: A Low-Cost Unmanned Aircraft System for Remote Sensing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Small UAS Overview 17 2.2.1 Autopilot Hardware 19 2.2.2 Autopilot Software 21 2.2.3 Typical Autopilots for Small UAVs 22 2.3 AggieAir UAS Platform 26 2.3.1 Remote Sensing Requirements 26 2.3.2 AggieAir System Structure 27 2.3.3 Flying-Wing Airframe 30 2.3.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Autopilot 31 2.3.5 OSAM Image Payload Subsystem 32 2.3.6 gRAID Image Georeference Subsystem 36 2.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Design for IMU Integration 39 2.4.1 Hardware Interface Connections 40 2.4.2 Software Interface Design 41 2.5 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol and Tuning 45 2.5.1 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol 45 2.5.2 AggieAir Controller Tuning Procedure 46 2.6 Typical Platforms and Flight Test Results 47 2.6.1 Typical Platforms 47 2.6.2 Flight Test Results 48 2.7 Chapter Summary 50 References 50 3 Attitude Estimation Using Low-Cost IMUs for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 53 3.1 State Estimation Problem Definition 54 3.2 Rigid Body Rotations Basics 55 3.2.1 Frame Definition 55 3.2.2 Rotation Representations 56 3.2.3 Conversion Between Rotation Representations 57 3.2.4 UAV Kinematics 58 3.3 Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Units: Hardware and Sensor Suites 60 3.3.1 IMU Basics and Notations 60 3.3.2 Sensor Packs 61 3.3.3 IMU Categories 63 3.3.4 Example Low-Cost IMUs 63 3.4 Attitude Estimation Using Complementary Filters on SO(3) 65 3.4.1 Passive Complementary Filter 66 3.4.2 Explicit Complementary Filter 66 3.4.3 Flight Test Results 67 3.5 Attitude Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filters 68 3.5.1 General Extended Kalman Filter 68 3.5.2 Quaternion-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.5.3 Euler Angles-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.6 AggieEKF: GPS-Aided Extended Kalman Filter 70 3.7 Chapter Summary 74 References 74 4 Lateral Channel Fractional Order Flight Controller Design for a Small UAV 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Preliminaries of UAV Flight Control 78 4.3 Roll-Channel System Identification and Control 79 4.3.1 System Model 80 4.3.2 Excitation Signal for System Identification 80 4.3.3 Parameter Optimization 81 4.4 Fractional Order Controller Design 81 4.4.1 Fractional Order Operators 81 4.4.2 PIλ Controller Design 82 4.4.3 Fractional Order Controller Implementation 85 4.5 Simulation Results 86 4.5.1 Introduction to Aerosim Simulation Platform 87 4.5.2 Roll-Channel System Identification 87 4.5.3 Fractional-Order PI Controller Design Procedure 89 4.5.4 Integer-Order PID Controller Design 90 4.5.5 Comparison 90 4.6 UAV Flight Testing Results 92 4.6.1 The ChangE UAV Platform 92 4.6.2 System Identification 94 4.6.3 Proportional Controller and Integer Order PI Controller Design 96 4.6.4 Fractional Order PI Controller Design 97 4.6.5 Flight Test Results 98 4.7 Chapter Summary 99 References 99 5 Remote Sensing Using Single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 101 5.1 Motivations for Remote Sensing 102 5.1.1 Water Management and Irrigation Control Requirements 102 5.1.2 Introduction of Remote Sensing 102 5.2 Remote Sensing Using Small UAVs 103 5.2.1 Coverage Control 103 5.2.2 Georeference Problem 105 5.3 Sample Applications for AggieAir UAS 109 5.3.1 Real-Time Surveillance 109 5.3.2 Farmland Coverage 109 5.3.3 Road Surveying 111 5.3.4 Water Area Coverage 112 5.3.5 Riparian Surveillance 112 5.3.6 Remote Data Collection 115 5.3.7 Other Applications 116 5.4 Chapter Summary 119 References 119 6 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 121 6.1 Consensus-Based Formation Control 122 6.1.1 Consensus Algorithms 122 6.1.2 Implementation of Consensus Algorithms 123 6.1.3 MASnet Hardware Platform 123 6.1.4 Experimental Results 125 6.2 Surface Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 129 6.2.1 Problem Definition: Wind Profile Measurement 131 6.2.2 Wind Profile Measurement Using UAVs 133 6.2.3 Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 135 6.2.4 Preliminary Simulation and Experimental Results 136 6.3 Chapter Summary 140 References 140 7 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Sensor and Actuator Networks 143 7.1 Motivation and Background 143 7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Problem Formulation 144 7.3 CVT-Based Dynamical Actuator Motion Scheduling Algorithm 146 7.3.1 Motion Planning for Actuators with the First-Order Dynamics 146 7.3.2 Motion Planning for Actuators with the Second-Order Dynamics 147 7.3.3 Neutralizing Control 147 7.4 Grouping Effect in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 147 7.4.1 Grouping for CVT-Based Diffusion Control 148 7.4.2 Diffusion Control Simulation with Different Group Sizes 148 7.4.3 Grouping Effect Summary 150 7.5 Information Consensus in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 154 7.5.1 Basic Consensus Algorithm 154 7.5.2 Requirements of Diffusion Control 154 7.5.3 Consensus-Based CVT Algorithm 155 7.6 Simulation Results 158 7.7 Chapter Summary 164 References 164 8 Conclusions and Future Research Suggestions 167 8.1 Conclusions 167 8.2 Future Research Suggestions 168 8.2.1 VTOL UAS Design for Civilian Applications 168 8.2.2 Monitoring and Control of Fast-Evolving Processes 169 8.2.3 Other Future Research Suggestions 169 References 170 Appendix 171 A.1 List of Documents for CSOIS Flight Test Protocol 171 A.1.1 Sample CSOIS-OSAM Flight Test Request Form 171 A.1.2 Sample CSOIS-OSAM 48 in. UAV (IR) In-lab Inspection Form 172 A.1.3 Sample Preflight Checklist 172 A.2 IMU/GPS Serial Communication Protocols 173 A.2.1 u-blox GPS Serial Protocol 173 A.2.2 Crossbow MNAV IMU Serial Protocol 173 A.2.3 Microstrain GX2 IMU Serial Protocol 174 A.2.4 Xsens Mti-g IMU Serial Protocol 178 A.3 Paparazzi Autopilot Software Architecture: A Modification Guide 182 A.3.1 Autopilot Software Structure 182 A.3.2 Airborne C Files 183 A.3.3 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Implementation 184 A.3.4 Configuration XML Files 185 A.3.5 Roll-Channel Fractional Order Controller Implementation 189 A.4 DiffMas2D Code Modification Guide 192 A.4.1 Files Description 192 A.4.2 Diffusion Animation Generation 193 A.4.3 Implementation of CVT-Consensus Algorithm 193 References 195 Topic Index 197

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource to designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Enabling Technological Advances and Benefits of Fiber Optic Links 6 1.2 Analog Versus Digital Fiber Optic Links 13 1.3 Basic Fiber Optic Components 18 1.4 Analog Links Within RF Systems 27 References 28 2 Analog Performance Metrics 33 2.1 The Scattering Matrix 34 2.2 Noise Figure 36 2.3 Dynamic Range 39 2.3.1 Compression Dynamic Range 39 2.3.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 43 2.4 Cascade Analysis 52 References 54 3 Sources of Noise in Fiber Optic Links 57 3.1 Basic Concepts 58 3.2 Thermal Noise 62 3.3 Shot Noise 69 3.4 Lasers 74 3.5 Optical Amplifiers 93 3.5.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 94 3.5.2 Raman and Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers 108 3.5.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 112 3.6 Photodetection 113 References 117 4 Distortion in Fiber Optic Links 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Distortion in Electrical-to-Optical Conversion 130 4.3 Optical Amplifier Distortion 134 4.4 Photodetector Distortion 138 4.4.1 Photodetector Distortion Measurement Systems 141 4.4.2 Photodetector Nonlinear Mechanisms 144 References 161 5 Propagation Effects 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Double Rayleigh Scattering 168 5.3 RF Phase in Fiber Optic Links 170 5.4 Chromatic Dispersion 173 5.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 184 5.6 Stimulated Raman Scattering 190 5.7 Cross-Phase Modulation 193 5.8 Four-Wave Mixing 198 5.9 Polarization Effects 200 References 205 6 External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection 212 6.1 Concept and Link Architectures 213 6.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 216 6.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 233 6.3.1 General Equations 234 6.3.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Equations 242 6.3.3 RIN-Limited Equations 247 6.3.4 Trade Space Analysis 250 6.4 Photodetector Issues and Solutions 251 6.5 Linearization Techniques 260 6.6 Propagation Effects 264 References 270 7 External Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 275 7.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 287 7.4 Linearization Techniques 295 7.5 Propagation Effects 299 7.6 Other Techniques for Optical Phase Demodulation 304 References 308 8 Other Analog Optical Modulation Methods 312 8.1 Direct Laser Modulation 313 8.1.1 Direct Intensity Modulation 314 8.1.2 Direct Frequency Modulation 319 8.2 Suppressed Carrier Modulation with a Low Biased MZM 321 8.3 Single-Sideband Modulation 328 8.4 Sampled Analog Optical Links 330 8.4.1 RF Downconversion Via Sampled Analog Optical Links 333 8.4.2 Mitigation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with Sampled Links 336 8.5 Polarization Modulation 340 References 344 9 High Current Photodetectors 351 9.1 Photodetector Compression 352 9.2 Effects Due to Finite Series Resistance 355 9.3 Thermal Limitations 359 9.4 Space-Charge Effects 365 9.5 Photodetector Power Conversion Efficiency 370 9.6 State of the Art for Power Photodetectors 376 References 378 10 Applications and Trends 383 10.1 Point-to-Point Links 384 10.2 Analog Fiber Optic Delay Lines 393 10.3 Photonic-Based RF Signal Processing 398 10.3.1 Wideband Channelization 399 10.3.2 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 401 10.3.3 Downconversion 404 10.3.4 Phased-Array Beamforming 405 10.4 Photonic Methods for RF Signal Generation 407 10.5 Millimeter-Wave Photonics 415 10.6 Integrated Microwave Photonics 419 References 427 Appendix I Units and Physical Constants 446 Appendix II Electromagnetic Radiation 450 Appendix III Power, Voltage and Current for a Sinusoid 453 Appendix IV Trigonometric Functions 455 Appendix V Fourier Transforms 458 Appendix VI Bessel Functions 460 Index 463

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Book SynopsisThis book provides up-to-date developments, methods, and techniques in the field of GIS and remote sensing and features articles from internationally renowned authorities on three interrelated perspectives of scaling issues: scale in land surface properties, land surface patterns, and land surface processes.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix CONTRIBUTORS xi AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY xv INTRODUCTION 1 1 Characterizing, Measuring, Analyzing, and Modeling Scale in Remote Sensing: An Overview 3 Qihao Weng PART I SCALE, MEASUREMENT, MODELING, AND ANALYSIS 11 2 Scale Issues in Multisensor Image Fusion 13 Manfred Ehlers and Sascha Klonus 3 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Analysis of Landscape Ecological Processes: Current Insights and Trends 34 Dale A. Quattrochi and Jeffrey C. Luvall 4 On the Issue of Scale in Urban Remote Sensing 61 Qihao Weng PART II SCALE IN REMOTE SENSING OF PLANTS AND ECOSYSTEMS 79 5 Change Detection Using Vegetation Indices and Multiplatform Satellite Imagery at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales 81 Edward P. Glenn, Pamela L. Nagler, and Alfredo R. Huete 6 Upscaling with Conditional Cosimulation for Mapping Above-Ground Forest Carbon 108 Guangxing Wang and Maozhen Zhang 7 Estimating Grassland Chlorophyll Content from Leaf to Landscape Level: Bridging the Gap in Spatial Scales 126 Yuhong He PART III SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PROCESSES 139 8 Visualizing Scale-Domain Manifolds: A Multiscale Geo-Object-Based Approach 141 Geoffrey J. Hay 9 Multiscale Segmentation and Classification of Remote Sensing Imagery with Advanced Edge and Scale-Space Features 170 Angelos Tzotsos, Konstantinos Karantzalos, and Demetre Argialas 10 Optimum Scale in Object-Based Image Analysis 197 Jungho Im, Lindi J. Quackenbush, Manqi Li, and Fang Fang PART IV SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PATTERNS 215 11 Scaling Issues in Studying the Relationship Between Landscape Pattern and Land Surface Temperature 217 Hua Liu and Qihao Weng 12 Multiscale Fractal Characteristics of Urban Landscape in Indianapolis, USA 230 Bingqing Liang and Qihao Weng 13 Spatiotemporal Scales of Remote Sensing Precipitation 253 Yang Hong and Yu Zhang PART V NEW FRONTIERS IN EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGY 265 14 Multiscale Approach for Ground Filtering from Lidar Altimetry Measurements 267 JoseeL. Silvan-Cárdenas and Le Wang 15 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing with Emphasis on Land Cover Mapping: From Ground to Satellite Observations 285 George P. Petropoulos, Kiril Manevski, and Toby N. Carlson INDEX 321

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Book SynopsisAmorphous semiconductors are subtances in the amorphous solid state that have the properties of a semiconductor and which are either covalent or tetrahedrally bonded amorphous semiconductors or chelcogenide glasses. Developed from both a theoretical and experimental viewpoint Deals with, amongst others, preparation techniques, structural, optical and electronic properties, and lightinduced phenomena Explores different types of amorphous semiconductorsincluding amorphous silicon, amorphous semiconducting oxides and chalcogenide glasses Applications include solar cells, thin film transistors, sensors, optical memory devices and flat screen devices including televisions Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Aspects of Amorphous Semiconductors 1 1.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 3 1.3 Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors 3 References 3 2 Preparation Techniques 5 2.1 Growth of a‐Si:H Films 5 2.1.1 PECVD Technique 5 2.1.2 HWCVD Technique 6 2.2 Growth of Amorphous Chalcogenides 6 References 8 3 Structural Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Amorphous Chalcogenides 11 3.1 General Aspects 11 3.1.1 Definitions of Crystalline and Noncrystalline 11 3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 12 3.2.1 Raman Scattering 12 3.2.2 Infrared Absorption 13 3.3 Neutron Diffraction 15 3.3.1 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Silicon 17 3.3.2 Diffraction Measurements on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon 18 3.3.3 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Germanium 19 3.3.4 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Selenium 19 3.4 Computer Simulations 20 3.4.1 Monte Carlo‐Type Methods for Structure Derivation 20 3.4.2 Atomic Interactions 21 3.4.3 a‐Si Models Constructed by Monte Carlo Simulation 25 3.4.4 Reverse Monte Carlo Methods 26 3.4.5 a‐Si Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 28 3.4.6 a‐Se Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 30 3.4.7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 32 3.4.8 a‐Si Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.9 a‐Si:H Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.10 a‐Se Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 35 3.4.11 Car and Parrinello Method 38 References 38 4 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 43 4.1 Bonding Structures 43 4.1.1 Bonding Structures in Column IV Elements 44 4.1.2 Bonding Structures in Column VI Elements 45 4.2 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 46 4.3 Fermi Energy of Amorphous Semiconductors 47 4.4 Differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Semiconductors 49 4.5 Charge Distribution in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 49 4.6 Density of States in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 52 4.7 Dangling Bonds 54 4.8 Doping 57 References 58 5 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Silicon 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Band Tails and Structural Defects 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Band Tails 62 5.2.3 Structural Defects 66 5.3 Recombination Processes 68 5.3.1 Introduction 68 5.3.2 Radiative Recombination 68 5.3.3 Nonradiative Recombination 70 5.3.4 Recombination Processes and Recombination Centers in a‐Si:H 72 5.3.5 Spin‐Dependent Recombination 73 5.4 Electrical Properties 74 5.4.1 DC Conduction 74 5.4.2 AC Conduction 80 5.4.3 Hall Effect 87 5.4.4 Thermoelectric Power 88 5.4.5 Doping Effect 89 5.5 Optical Properties 92 5.5.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 92 5.5.2 Weak Absorption 94 5.5.3 Photoluminescence 96 5.5.4 Frequency‐Resolved Spectroscopy (FRS) 96 5.5.5 Photoconductivity 101 5.5.6 Dispersive Photoconduction 109 5.6 Electron Magnetic Resonance and Spin‐Dependent Properties 112 5.6.1 Introduction 112 5.6.2 Electron Magnetic Resonance 112 5.6.3 Spin‐Dependent Properties 128 5.7 Light‐Induced Phenomena and Light‐Induced Defect Creation 131 5.7.1 Introduction 131 5.7.2 Light‐Induced Phenomena 132 5.7.3 Light‐Induced Defect Creation 134 References 145 6 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Chalcogenides 157 6.1 Historical Overview of Chalcogenide Glasses 157 6.1.1 Applications 157 6.1.2 Science 158 6.2 Basic Glass Science 159 6.2.1 Glass Formation 159 6.2.2 Glass Transition Temperature 160 6.2.3 Crystallization of Glasses 162 6.3 Electrical Properties 165 6.3.1 Electronic Transport 165 6.3.2 Ionic Transport 170 6.4 Optical Properties 175 6.4.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 175 6.4.2 Urbach and Weak Absorption Tails 178 6.4.3 Photoluminescence 179 6.4.4 Photoconduction 183 6.5 The Nature of Defects, and Defect Spectroscopy 191 6.5.1 Electron Spin Resonance 196 6.5.2 Optical Absorption 197 6.5.3 Primary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.4 Secondary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.5 Electrophotography 199 6.5.6 Electronic Transport 199 6.6 Light‐Induced Effects in Chalcogenides 200 6.6.1 Electron Spin Resonance 200 6.6.2 Optical Absorption 202 6.6.3 Photoluminescence 203 6.6.4 Photoconductivity 205 6.6.5 Electronic Transport 206 6.6.6 Defect Creation Kinetics 207 6.6.7 Structure‐Related Properties 210 References 218 7 Other Amorphous Material Systems 231 7.1 Amorphous Carbon and Related Materials 231 7.1.1 Basic Structure of a‐C (sp2 Hybrids) 232 7.1.2 Preparation Techniques 233 7.1.3 Brief Review of Structural Studies on Amorphous Carbon 233 7.1.4 Applications 234 7.2 Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 235 7.2.1 Preparation Techniques 235 7.2.2 Optical Properties 236 7.2.3 Electronic Properties 237 7.2.4 Applications 239 7.3 Metal‐Containing Amorphous Chalcogenides 239 7.3.1 Preparation Techniques 240 7.3.2 Structure of Ag‐Chs and Related Physical Properties 240 7.3.3 Photodoping 241 7.3.4 Applications 242 References 242 8 Applications 247 8.1 Devices Using a‐Si:H 247 8.1.1 Photovoltaics 247 8.1.2 Thin‐Film Transistors 248 8.2 Devices Using a‐Chs 249 8.2.1 Phase‐Change Materials 249 8.2.2 Direct X‐ray Image Sensors for Medical Use 257 8.2.3 High‐Gain Avalanche Rushing Amorphous Semiconductor Vidicon 258 8.2.4 Optical Fibers and Waveguides 260 References 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThe basic of the BPM technique in the frequency domain relies on treating the slowly varying envelope of the monochromatic electromagnetic field under paraxial propagation, thus allowing efficient numerical computation in terms of speed and allocated memory. In addition, the BPM based on finite differences is an easy way to implement robust and efficient computer codes. This book presents several approaches for treating the light: wide-angle, scalar approach, semivectorial treatment, and full vectorial treatment of the electromagnetic fields. Also, special topics in BPM cover the simulation of light propagation in anisotropic media, non-linear materials, electro-optic materials, and media with gain/losses, and describe how BPM can deal with strong index discontinuities or waveguide gratings, by introducing the bidirectional-BPM. BPM in the time domain is also described, and the book includes the powerful technique of finite difference time domain method, which fills the gap when theTable of ContentsPreface xii List of Acronyms xiv List of Symbols xvi 1 Electromagnetic Theory of Light 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Waves 21.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.1.2 Wave Equations in Inhomogeneous Media 5 1.1.3 Wave Equations in Homogeneous Media: Refractive Index 6 1.2 Monochromatic Waves 7 1.2.1 Homogeneous Media: Helmholtz’s Equation 9 1.2.2 Light Propagation in Absorbing Media 9 1.2.3 Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media 11 1.2.4 Light Propagation in Second-Order Non-Linear Media 13 1.3 Wave Equation Formulation in Terms of the Transverse Field Components 16 1.3.1 Electric Field Formulation 16 1.3.2 Magnetic Field Formulation 18 1.3.3 Wave Equation in Anisotropic Media 19 1.3.4 Second Order Non-Linear Media 20 References 21 2 The Beam-Propagation Method 22 Introduction 22 2.1 Paraxial Propagation: The Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation (SVEA).Full Vectorial BPM Equations 23 2.2 Semi-Vectorial and Scalar Beam Propagation Equations 29 2.2.1 Scalar Beam Propagation Equation 30 2.3 BPM Based on the Finite Difference Approach 31 2.4 FD-Two-Dimensional Scalar BPM 32 2.5 Von Neumann Analysis of FD-BPM 37 2.5.1 Stability 38 2.5.2 Numerical Dissipation 39 2.5.3 Numerical Dispersion 40 2.6 Boundary Conditions 44 2.6.1 Energy Conservation in the Difference Equations 45 2.6.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) 47 2.6.3 Transparent Boundary Conditions (TBC) 49 2.6.4 Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs) 51 2.7 Obtaining the Eigenmodes Using BPM 56 2.7.1 The Correlation Function Method 58 2.7.2 The Imaginary Distance Beam Propagation Method 64 References 68 3 Vectorial and Three-Dimensional Beam Propagation Techniques 71 Introduction 71 3.1 Two-Dimensional Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 72 3.1.1 Formulation Based on the Electric Field 72 3.1.2 Formulation Based on the Magnetic Field 81 3.2 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Electric Field 84 3.2.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 88 3.2.2 Scalar Approach 96 3.2.3 Full Vectorial BPM 102 3.3 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Magnetic Field 113 3.3.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 116 3.3.2 Full Vectorial BPM 120 References 129 4 Special Topics on BPM 130 Introduction 130 4.1 Wide-Angle Beam Propagation Method 130 4.1.1 Formalism of Wide-Angle-BPM Based on Padé Approximants 131 4.1.2 Multi-step Method Applied to Wide-Angle BPM 133 4.1.3 Numerical Implementation of Wide-Angle BPM 135 4.2 Treatment of Discontinuities in BPM 140 4.2.1 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface 140 4.2.2 Implementation Using First-Order Approximation to the Square Root 144 4.3 Bidirectional BPM 148 4.3.1 Formulation of Iterative Bi-BPM 148 4.3.2 Finite-Difference Approach of the Bi-BPM 151 4.3.3 Example of Bidirectional BPM: Index Modulation Waveguide Grating 154 4.4 Active Waveguides 157 4.4.1 Rate Equations in a Three-Level System 158 4.4.2 Optical Attenuation/Amplification 160 4.4.3 Channel Waveguide Optical Amplifier 161 4.5 Second-Order Non-Linear Beam Propagation Techniques 165 4.5.1 Paraxial Approximation of Second-Order Non-Linear Wave Equations 166 4.5.2 Second-Harmonic Generation in Waveguide Structures 169 4.6 BPM in Anisotropic Waveguides 173 4.6.1 TE TM Mode Conversion 175 4.7 Time Domain BPM 177 4.7.1 Time-Domain Beam Propagation Method (TD-BPM) 178 4.7.2 Narrow-Band 1D-TD-BPM 179 4.7.3 Wide-Band 1D-TD-BPM 180 4.7.4 Narrow-Band 2D-TD-BPM 187 4.8 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FD-TD) 193 4.8.1 Finite-Difference Expressions for Maxwell’s Equations in Three Dimensions 194 4.8.2 Truncation of the Computational Domain 198 4.8.3 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TM Case 199 4.8.4 Setting the Field Source 208 4.8.5 Total-Field/Scattered-Field Formulation 209 4.8.6 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TE Case 212 References 219 5 BPM Analysis of Integrated Photonic Devices 222 Introduction 222 5.1 Curved Waveguides 222 5.2 Tapers: Y-Junctions 228 5.2.1 Taper as Mode-Size Converter 228 5.2.2 Y-Junction as 1 × 2 Power Splitter 230 5.3 Directional Couplers 231 5.3.1 Polarization Beam-Splitter 232 5.3.2 Wavelength Filter 235 5.4 Multimode Interference Devices 237 5.4.1 Multimode Interference Couplers 237 5.4.2 Multimode Interference and Self-Imaging 239 5.4.3 1×N Power Splitter Based on MMI Devices 243 5.4.4 Demultiplexer Based on MMI 244 5.5 Waveguide Gratings 248 5.5.1 Modal Conversion Using Corrugated Waveguide Grating 249 5.5.2 Injecting Light Using Relief Gratings 250 5.5.3 Waveguide Reflector Using Modulation Index Grating 252 5.6 Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexer 257 5.6.1 Description of the AWG Demultiplexer 257 5.6.2 Simulation of the AWG 263 5.7 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer as Intensity Modulator 270 5.8 TE-TM Converters 276 5.8.1 Electro-Optical TE-TM Converter 277 5.8.2 Rib Loaded Waveguide as Polarization Converter 280 5.9 Waveguide Laser 282 5.9.1 Simulation of Waveguide Lasers by Active-BPM 283 5.9.2 Performance of a Nd3+-Doped LiNbO3 Waveguide Laser 286 5.10 SHG Using QPM in Waveguides 293 References 297 Appendix A: Finite Difference Approximations of Derivatives 300 A.1 FD-Approximations of First-Order Derivatives 300 A.2 FD-Approximation of Second-Order Derivatives 301 Appendix B: Tridiagonal System: The Thomas Method Algorithm 304 Reference 306 Appendix C: Correlation and Relative Power between Optical Fields 307 C.1 Correlation between Two Optical Fields 307 C.2 Power Contribution of a Waveguide Mode 307 References 309 Appendix D: Poynting Vector Associated to an Electromagnetic Wave Using the SVE Fields 310 D.1 Poynting Vector in 2D-Structures 310 D.1.1 TE Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 310 D.1.2 TM Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 312 D.2 Poynting Vector in 3D-Structures 314 D.2.1 Expression as a Function of the Transverse Electric Field 315 D.2.2 Expression as Function of the Transverse Magnetic Field 319 Reference 322 Appendix E: Finite Difference FV-BPM Based on the Electric Field Using the Scheme Parameter Control 323 E.1 First Component of the First Step 325 E.2 Second Component of the First Step 326 E.3 Second Component of the Second Step 327 E.4 First Component of the Second Step 328 Appendix F: Linear Electro-Optic Effect 330 Reference 332 Appendix G: Electro-Optic Effect in GaAs Crystal 333 References 339 Appendix H: Electro-Optic Effect in LiNbO3 Crystal 340 References 345 Appendix I: Padé Polynomials for Wide-Band TD-BPM 346 Appendix J: Obtaining the Dispersion Relation for a Monomode Waveguide Using FDTD 349 Reference 350 Appendix K: Electric Field Distribution in Coplanar Electrodes 351 K.1 Symmetric Coplanar Strip Configuration 351 K.2 Symmetric Complementary Coplanar Strip Configuration 356 References 359 Appendix L: Three-Dimensional Anisotropic BPM Based on the Electric Field Formulation 360 L.1 Numerical Implementation 365 L.1.1 First Component of the First Step 365 L.1.2 Second Component of the First Step 366 L.1.3 Second Component of the Second Step 367 L.1.4 First Component of the Second Step 368 References 369 Appendix M: Rate Equations in a Four-Level Atomic System 370 References 372 Appendix N: Overlap Integrals Method 373 References 376 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis new edition specifically addresses the most recent and relevant developments in the design and manufacture of OLED displays Provides knowledge of OLED fundamentals and related technologies for applications such as displays and solid state lighting along with processing and manufacturing technologies Serves as a reference for people engaged in OLED research, manufacturing, applications and marketing Includes coverage of white + color filter technology, which has become industry standard technology for large televisions Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii Series Editor’s Foreword to the Second Edition xv 1 Introduction 1 References 5 2 OLED Devices 7 2.1 OLED Definition 7 2.1.1 History of OLED Research and Development 7 2.1.2 Luminescent Effects in Nature 8 2.1.3 Difference Between OLED, LED, and Inorganic ELs 11 2.1.3.1 Inorganic EL 11 2.1.3.2 LED 11 2.2 Basic Device Structure 12 2.3 Basic Light Emission Mechanism 14 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Molecules 14 2.3.2 Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) 15 2.3.3 Configuration of Two Electrons 17 2.3.4 Spin Function 20 2.3.5 Singlet and Triplet Excitons 20 2.3.6 Charge Injection from Electrodes 24 2.3.6.1 Charge Injection by Schottky Thermionic Emission 25 2.3.6.2 Tunneling Injection 28 2.3.6.3 Vacuum-Level Shift 28 2.3.7 Charge Transfer and Recombination 29 2.3.7.1 Charge Transfer Behavior 29 2.3.7.2 Space-Charge-Limited Current 29 2.3.7.3 Poole–Frenkel conduction 32 2.3.7.4 Recombination and Generation of Excitons 33 2.4 Emission Efficiency 36 2.4.1 Internal/External Quantum Efficiency 36 2.4.2 Energy Conversion and Quenching 37 2.4.2.1 Internal Conversion 37 2.4.2.2 Intersystem Crossing 37 2.4.2.3 Doping 38 2.4.2.4 Quenching 40 2.4.3 Outcoupling Efficiency of OLED Display 42 2.4.3.1 Light Output Distribution 42 2.4.3.2 Snell’s Law and Critical Angle 43 2.4.3.3 Loss Due to Light Extraction 44 2.4.3.4 Performance Enhancement by Molecular Alignment 45 2.5 Lifetime and Image Burning 46 2.5.1 Lifetime Definitions 46 2.5.2 Degradation Analysis and Design Optimization 47 2.5.3 Degradation Measurement and Mechanisms 50 2.5.3.1 Acceleration Factor and Temperature Contribution 50 2.5.3.2 Degradation Mechanism Variation 50 2.6 Technologies to Enhance the Device Performance 51 2.6.1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 51 2.6.2 Other Types of Excited States 53 2.6.2.1 Excimer and Exciplex 53 2.6.2.2 Charge-Transfer Complex 53 2.6.3 Charge Generation Layer 54 References 56 3 OLED Manufacturing Process 61 3.1 Material Preparation 61 3.1.1 Basic Material Properties 61 3.1.1.1 Hole Injection Material 61 3.1.1.2 Hole Transportation Material 62 3.1.1.3 Emission Layer Material 62 3.1.1.4 Electron Transportation Material and Charge Blocking Material 63 3.1.2 Purification Process 67 3.2 Evaporation Process 68 3.2.1 Principle 68 3.2.2 Evaporation Sources 72 3.2.2.1 Resistive Heating Method 72 3.2.2.2 Electron Beam Evaporation 75 3.2.2.3 Monitoring Thickness Using a Quartz Oscillator 76 3.3 Encapsulation 79 3.3.1 Dark Spot and Edge Growth Defects 79 3.3.2 Light Emission from the Bottom and Top of the OLED Device 80 3.3.3 Bottom Emission and perimeter sealing 81 3.3.4 Top Emission 82 3.3.5 Encapsulation Technologies and Measurement 83 3.3.5.1 Thin-Film Encapsulation 84 3.3.5.2 Face Sealing Encapsulation 87 3.3.5.3 Frit Encapsulation 88 3.3.5.4 WVTR Measurement 88 3.4 Problem Analysis 91 3.4.1 Ionization Potential Measurement 91 3.4.2 Electron Affinity Measurement 92 3.4.3 HPLC Analysis 93 3.4.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 94 References 96 4 OLED Display Module 99 4.1 Comparison Between OLED and LCD Modules 99 4.2 Basic Display Design and Related Characteristics 101 4.2.1 Luminous Intensity, Luminance, and Illuminance 101 4.2.1.1 Luminous Intensity 101 4.2.1.2 Luminance 102 4.2.1.3 Illuminance 103 4.2.1.4 Metrics Summary 104 4.2.1.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 106 4.2.2 OLED Current Efficiencies and Power Efficacies 106 4.2.3 Color Reproduction 109 4.2.4 Uniform Color Space 115 4.2.5 White Point Determination 116 4.2.6 Color Boost 119 4.2.7 Viewing Condition 120 4.3 Passive-Matrix OLED Display 121 4.3.1 Structure 121 4.3.2 Pixel Driving 122 4.4 Active-Matrix OLED Display 125 4.4.1 OLED Module Components 125 4.4.2 Two-Transistor One-Capacitor (2T1C) Driving Circuit 127 4.4.3 Ambient Performance 136 4.4.3.1 Living Room Contrast Ratio 136 4.4.3.2 Chroma Reduction Due to Ambient Light 137 4.4.4 Subpixel Rendering 138 References 139 5 OLED Color Patterning Technologies 143 5.1 Color-Patterning Technologies 143 5.1.1 Shadow Mask Patterning 143 5.1.1.1 Shadow Mask Process 143 5.1.1.2 Blue Common Layer 146 5.1.1.3 Polychromatic Pixel 147 5.1.2 White+Color Filter Patterning 148 5.1.3 Color Conversion Medium (CCM) Patterning 149 5.1.4 Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) Method 149 5.1.5 Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST) Method 151 5.1.6 Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Method 152 5.1.7 Other Methods 153 5.2 Solution-Processed Materials and Technologies 153 5.3 Next-Generation OLED Manufacturing Tools 158 5.3.1 Vapor Injection Source Technology (VIST) Deposition 158 5.3.2 Hot-Wall Method 163 5.3.3 Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition (OVPD) Method 164 References 165 6 TFT and Driving for Active-Matrix Display 167 6.1 TFT Structure 167 6.2 TFT Process 169 6.2.1 Low-Temperature Polysilicon Process Overview 169 6.2.2 Thin-Film Formation 172 6.2.3 Patterning Technique 173 6.2.4 Excimer Laser Crystallization 177 6.3 MOSFET Basics 180 6.4 LTPS-TFT-Driven OLED Display Design 183 6.4.1 OFF Current 183 6.4.2 Driver TFT Size Restriction 184 6.4.3 Restriction Due to Voltage Drop 185 6.4.4 LTPS-TFT Pixel Compensation Circuit 190 6.4.4.1 Voltage Programming 190 6.4.4.2 Current Programming 192 6.4.4.3 External Compensation Method 193 6.4.4.4 Digital Driving 194 6.4.5 Circuit Integration by LTPS-TFT 197 6.5 TFT Technologies for OLED Displays 200 6.5.1 Selective Annealing Method 200 6.5.1.1 Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Method 200 6.5.1.2 Selective Annealing by Microlens Array 200 6.5.2 Microcrystalline and Superamorphous Silicon 202 6.5.3 Solid-Phase Crystallization 205 6.5.3.1 MIC and MILC Methods 205 6.5.3.2 AMFC Method 205 6.5.4 Oxide Semiconductors 207 References 210 7 OLED Television Applications 215 7.1 Performance Target 215 7.2 Scalability Concept 217 7.2.1 Relationship between Defect Density and Production Yield 217 7.2.1.1 Purpose of Yield Simulation 217 7.2.1.2 Defective Pixel Number Estimation Using the Poisson Equation 217 7.2.2 Scalable Technology 217 7.2.2.1 Scalability 218 7.3 Murdoch’s Algorithm to Achieve Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.1 A Method for Achieving Both Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219 7.3.2 RGBW Driving Algorithm 221 7.4 An Approach to Achieve 100% NTSC Color Gamut With Low Power Consumption Using White + Color Filter 224 7.4.1 Consideration of Performance Difference between W-RGB and W-RGBW Method 224 7.4.1.1 Issues of White+Color Filter Method for Large Displays 224 7.4.1.2 Analysis of W-RGBW Approach to Circumvent Its Trade-off Situation 224 7.4.1.3 Design of a Prototype to Demonstrate That Low Power Consumption Can Be Achieved with Large Color Gamut 229 7.4.1.4 Product-Level Performance Demonstration by the Combination of Scalable Technologies 230 References 233 8 New OLED Applications 235 8.1 Flexible Display/Wearable Displays 235 8.1.1 Flexible Display Applications 235 8.1.2 Flexible Display Substrates 235 8.1.3 Laser Liftoff Process 236 8.1.4 Barrier Technology for Flexible Displays 240 8.1.5 Organic TFTs for Flexible Displays 241 8.1.5.1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 242 8.1.5.2 Organic TFT Device Structure and Processing 243 8.1.5.3 Organic TFT Characteristics 245 8.2 Transparent Displays 245 8.3 Tiled Display 247 8.3.1 Passive-Matrix Tiling 247 8.3.2 Active-Matrix Tiling 248 References 252 9 OLED Lighting 255 9.1 Performance Improvement of OLED Lighting 255 9.2 Color Rendering Index 257 9.3 OLED Lighting Requirement 259 9.3.1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 260 9.3.2 Other Requirements 262 9.4 Light Extraction Enhancement of OLED Lighting 262 9.4.1 Various Light Absorption Mechanisms 262 9.4.2 Microlens Array Structure 266 9.4.3 Diffusion Structure 266 9.4.4 Diffraction Structure 268 9.4.5 Reduction of Plasmon Absorption 268 9.4.5.1 Plasmonic Loss Mechanism 268 9.5 Color Tunable OLED Lighting 269 9.6 OLED Lighting Design 272 9.6.1 Resistance Reduction 272 9.6.2 Current Reduction 272 9.7 Roll-to-Roll OLED Lighting Manufacturing 273 References 275 Appendix 277 Index 281

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Book SynopsisCovers the fundamental science of grinding and polishing by examining the chemical and mechanical interactions over many scale lengths Manufacturing next generation optics has been, and will continue to be, enablers for enhancing the performance of advanced laser, imaging, and spectroscopy systems. This book reexamines the age-old field of optical fabrication from a materials-science perspective, specifically the multiple, complex interactions between the workpiece (optic), slurry, and lap. It also describes novel characterization and fabrication techniques to improve and better understand the optical fabrication process, ultimately leading to higher quality optics with higher yield. Materials Science and Technology of Optical Fabrication is divided into two major parts. The first part describes the phenomena and corresponding process parameters affecting both the grinding and polishing processes during optical fabrication. It then relates them to the critical resulting properties oTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations xix Part I Fundamental Interactions – Materials Science 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Optical-Fabrication Processes 3 1.2 Major Characteristics of the Optical-Fabrication Process 7 1.3 Material Removal Mechanisms 11 References 12 2 Surface Figure 15 2.1 The Preston Equation 15 2.2 The Preston Coefficient 16 2.3 Friction at Interface 19 2.4 Kinematics and Relative Velocity 22 2.5 Pressure Distribution 25 2.5.1 Applied Pressure Distribution 26 2.5.2 Elastic Lap Response 27 2.5.3 Hydrodynamic Forces 28 2.5.4 Moment Forces 31 2.5.5 Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Lap Properties 34 2.5.5.1 Viscoelastic Lap 34 2.5.5.2 Viscoplastic Lap 38 2.5.6 Workpiece–Lap Mismatch 38 2.5.6.1 Workpiece Shape 41 2.5.6.2 PadWear/Deformation 42 2.5.6.3 Workpiece Bending 44 2.5.6.4 Residual Grinding Stress 47 2.5.6.5 Temperature 51 2.5.6.6 Global Pad Properties 56 2.5.6.7 Slurry Spatial Distribution 58 2.5.6.8 Local Nonlinear Material Deposits 60 2.6 Deterministic Surface Figure 63 References 68 3 Surface Quality 75 3.1 Subsurface Mechanical Damage 75 3.1.1 Indentation Fracture Mechanics 76 3.1.1.1 Static Indentation 76 3.1.1.2 Edge Chipping and Bevels 81 3.1.1.3 Sliding Indentation 84 3.1.1.4 Impact Indentation Fracture 87 3.1.2 SSD During Grinding 92 3.1.2.1 Subsurface Mechanical Depth Distributions 92 3.1.2.2 Relationship of Roughness and Average Crack Length to the Maximum SSD Depth 97 3.1.2.3 Fraction of Abrasive Particles Mechanically Loaded 98 3.1.2.4 Relationship Between the Crack Length and Depth 100 3.1.2.5 SSD Depth-distribution Shape 102 3.1.2.6 Effect of Various Grinding Parameters on SSD Depth Distributions 104 3.1.2.7 Rogue Particles During Grinding 106 3.1.2.8 Conclusions on Grinding SSD 108 3.1.3 SSD During Polishing 109 3.1.4 Effect of Etching on SSD 118 3.1.4.1 Topographical Changes of SSD During Etching 120 3.1.4.2 Influence of SDD Distribution on Etch Rate and Roughness 123 3.1.5 Strategies to Minimize SSD 127 3.2 Debris Particles and Residue 129 3.2.1 Particles 130 3.2.2 Residue 132 3.2.3 Cleaning Strategies and Methods 134 3.3 The Beilby Layer 136 3.3.1 K Penetration by Two-step Diffusion 140 3.3.2 Ce Penetration by Chemical Reactivity 142 3.3.3 Chemical–Structural–Mechanical Model of the Beilby Layer and Polishing Process 145 References 148 4 Surface Roughness 157 4.1 Single-Particle Removal Function 157 4.2 Beilby Layer Properties 166 4.3 Slurry PSD 167 4.4 Pad Mechanical Properties and Topography 170 4.5 Slurry Interface Interactions 174 4.5.1 Slurry Islands and μ-roughness 174 4.5.2 Colloidal Stability of Particles in Slurry 180 4.5.3 Glass Reaction Product Buildup at Polishing Interface 184 4.5.4 Three-Body Forces at Polishing Interface 185 4.6 Slurry Redeposition 187 4.7 Predicting Roughness 192 4.7.1 EHMG – The Ensemble Hertzian Multi-gap Model 192 4.7.1.1 Pad Deflection and Fraction of Pad Area Making Contact 194 4.7.1.2 Asperity Stress, Interface Gap, Load/Particle Distribution, and Fraction of Active Particles 194 4.7.1.3 Single Particle Removal Function and Load per Particle Distribution 196 4.7.1.4 Monte Carlo Workpiece Roughness Simulation 196 4.7.2 IDG Island-distribution Gap Model 199 4.8 Strategies to Reduce Roughness 204 4.8.1 Strategy 1: Reduce or Narrow the Load-per-particle Distribution 204 4.8.2 Strategy 2: Modify the Removal Function of a Given Slurry 204 References 207 5 Material Removal Rate 211 5.1 Grinding Material Removal Rate 211 5.2 Polishing Material Removal Rate 217 5.2.1 Deviations from Macroscopic Preston Equation 217 5.2.2 Macroscopic Material Removal Trends from Microscopic/Molecular Phenomena 219 5.2.3 Factors Affecting Single-particle Removal Function 226 5.2.3.1 Nanoplastic Effects: Workpiece Hardness 226 5.2.3.2 Chemical Effects: Condensation Rate and Partial-charge Model 228 References 238 Part II Applications – Materials Technology 241 6 Increasing Yield: Scratch Forensics and Fractography 243 6.1 Fractography 101 243 6.2 Scratch Forensics 248 6.2.1 Scratch Width 249 6.2.2 Scratch Length 251 6.2.3 Scratch Type 251 6.2.4 Scratch Number Density 252 6.2.5 Scratch Orientation and Trailing-indent Curvature 252 6.2.6 Scratch Pattern and Curvature 252 6.2.7 Location on Workpiece 253 6.2.8 Scratch Forensics Example 254 6.3 Slow Crack Growth and Lifetime Predictions 254 6.4 Fracture Case Studies 257 6.4.1 Temperature-induced Fracture 257 6.4.1.1 Laser-Phosphate-glass Thermal Fracture 259 6.4.1.2 KDP Crystal-Workpiece Thermal Fracture 262 6.4.1.3 Thermal Fracture of Multilayers 265 6.4.2 Blunt Loading with Friction 267 6.4.3 Glass-to-metal Contact and Edge Chipping 269 6.4.4 Glue Chipping Fracture 271 6.4.5 Workpiece Failure from Differential Pressure 273 6.4.6 Chemical Interactions and Surface Cracking 276 6.4.6.1 Surface Cracking of Phosphate Glass 276 6.4.6.2 Surface Cracking of the DKDP Crystals 279 References 282 7 Novel Process and Characterization Techniques 285 7.1 Process Techniques 286 7.1.1 Stiff Versus Compliant Blocking 286 7.1.2 Strip Etch and Bulk Etch 290 7.1.3 Pad Wear Management with Septum or Conditioner 291 7.1.4 Hermetically Sealed, High-humidity Polishing Chamber 294 7.1.5 Engineered Filtration System 295 7.1.6 Slurry Chemical Stabilization 296 7.1.7 Slurry Lifetime and Slurry Recycling 300 7.1.8 Ultrasonic Pad Cleaning 301 7.2 Workpiece Characterization Techniques 304 7.2.1 Single-particle Removal Function Using Nanoscratching 304 7.2.2 Subsurface Damage Measurement Using a Taper Wedge 305 7.2.3 Stress Measurement Using the Twyman Effect 306 7.2.4 Beilby Layer Characterization Using SIMS 307 7.2.5 Surface Densification Using Indentation and Annealing 308 7.2.6 Crack Initiation and Growth Constants Using Static Indentation 309 7.3 Polishing- or Grinding-system Characterization Techniques 309 7.3.1 Tail End of Slurry PSD Using SPOS 309 7.3.2 Pad Topography Using Confocal Microscopy 311 7.3.3 Slurry Stability Using Zeta Potential 311 7.3.4 Temperature Distribution During Polishing Using IR Imaging 313 7.3.5 Slurry Spatial Distribution and Viscoelastic Lap Response Using a Nonrotating Workpiece 314 7.3.6 Slurry Reactivity Versus Distance Using Different Pad Grooves 315 References 316 8 Novel Polishing Methods 319 8.1 Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) 319 8.2 Float Polishing 326 8.3 Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) 329 8.4 Convergent Polishing 331 8.5 Tumble Finishing 336 8.6 Other Subaperture Polishing Methods 344 References 347 9 Laser Damage Resistant Optics 353 9.1 Laser Damage Precursors 356 9.2 Reduction of SSD in Laser Optics 362 9.3 Advanced Mitigation Process 363 References 369 Index 371

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Book SynopsisBuilding upon the success of previous editions, this volume continues to serve the needs of professionals who need to understand visual perception as well as produce, reproduce, and measure color appearance in such applications as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture, and lighting.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii Introduction xix 1 Human Color Vision 1 1.1 Optics of the Eye 2 1.2 The Retina 7 1.3 Visual Signal Processing 14 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 19 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 27 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 32 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 36 2 Psychophysics 38 2.1 Psychophysics Defined 39 2.2 Historical Context 40 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 43 2.4 Threshold Techniques 45 2.5 Matching Techniques 49 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 50 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 52 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 54 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 55 3 Colorimetry 56 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 57 3.2 Why is Color? 57 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 59 3.4 Colored Materials 63 3.5 The Human Visual Response 68 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77 3.8 Cie Color Spaces 79 3.9 Color Difference Specification 81 3.10 The Next Step 83 4 Color Appearance Terminology 85 4.1 Importance of Definitions 85 4.2 Color 86 4.3 Hue 88 4.4 Brightness and Lightness 88 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 90 4.6 Saturation 91 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 91 4.8 Definitions in Equations 92 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness Vs Lightness–Chroma 94 5 Color Order Systems 97 5.1 Overview and Requirements 98 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 99 5.3 The Swedish Ncs 104 5.4 The Colorcurve System 106 5.5 Other Color Order Systems 107 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 109 5.7 Color Naming Systems 112 6 Color Appearance Phenomena 115 6.1 What are Color Appearance Phenomena? 115 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 116 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 120 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 121 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends On Luminance and Chromaticity) 123 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 125 6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 127 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Non-Selective Samples) 129 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround) 131 6.10 Discounting-the-Illuminant 132 6.11 Other Context, Structural, and Psychological Effects 133 6.12 Color Constancy? 140 7 Viewing Conditions 142 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 142 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 146 7.3 Modes of Viewing 149 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 154 8 Chromatic Adaptation 156 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 157 8.2 Physiology 159 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 170 8.4 Corresponding Colors Data 174 8.5 Models 177 8.6 Color Inconstancy Index 178 8.7 Computational Color Constancy 179 9 Chromatic Adaptation Models 181 9.1 Von Kries Model 182 9.2 Retinex Theory 186 9.3 Nayatani et al. Model 187 9.4 Guth’s Model 190 9.5 Fairchild’s 1990 Model 192 9.6 Herding Cats 196 9.7 Cat02 197 10 Color Appearance Models 199 10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models 199 10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models 200 10.3 Cielab 201 10.4 Why Not Use Just Cielab? 210 10.5 What About Cieluv? 210 11 The Nayatani et al. Model 213 11.1 Objectives and Approach 213 11.2 Input Data 214 11.3 Adaptation Model 215 11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 217 11.5 Brightness 218 11.6 Lightness 219 11.7 Hue 219 11.8 Saturation 220 11.9 Chroma 221 11.10 Colorfulness 221 11.11 Inverse Model 222 11.12 Phenomena Predicted 222 11.13 Why Not Use Just the Nayatani et al. Model? 223 12 The Hunt Model 225 12.1 Objectives and Approach 225 12.2 Input Data 226 12.3 Adaptation Model 228 12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 233 12.5 Hue 234 12.6 Saturation 235 12.7 Brightness 236 12.8 Lightness 238 12.9 Chroma 238 12.10 Colorfulness 238 12.11 Inverse Model 239 12.12 Phenomena Predicted 241 12.13 Why Not Use Just the Hunt Model? 242 13 The Rlab Model 243 13.1 Objectives and Approach 243 13.2 Input Data 245 13.3 Adaptation Model 246 13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 248 13.5 Lightness 250 13.6 Hue 250 13.7 Chroma 252 13.8 Saturation 252 13.9 Inverse Model 252 13.10 Phenomena Predicted 254 13.11 Why Not Use Just the Rlab Model? 254 14 Other Models 256 14.1 Overview 256 14.2 Atd Model 257 14.3 Llab Model 264 14.4 Ipt Color Space 271 15 The Cie Color Appearance Model (1997), Ciecam97s 273 15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach 273 15.2 Input Data 276 15.3 Adaptation Model 277 15.4 Appearance Correlates 279 15.5 Inverse Model 280 15.6 Phenomena Predicted 281 15.7 The Zlab Color Appearance Model 282 15.8 Why Not Use Just Ciecam97s? 285 16 Ciecam02 287 16.1 Objectives and Approach 287 16.2 Input Data 288 16.3 Adaptation Model 290 16.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 294 16.5 Hue 294 16.6 Lightness 295 16.7 Brightness 295 16.8 Chroma 295 16.9 Colorfulness 296 contents xi 16.10 Saturation 296 16.11 Cartesian Coordinates 296 16.12 Inverse Model 297 16.13 Implementation Guidelines 297 16.14 Phenomena Predicted 298 16.15 Computational Issues 298 16.16 Cam02-Ucs 300 16.17 Why Not Use Just Ciecam02? 301 16.18 Outlook 301 17 Testing Color Appearance Models 303 17.1 Overview 303 17.2 Qualitative Tests 304 17.3 Corresponding-Colors Data 308 17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments 310 17.5 Direct Model Tests 312 17.6 Colorfulness in Projected Images 316 17.7 Munsell in Color Appearance Spaces 317 17.8 Cie Activities 318 17.9 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models 323 18 Traditional Colorimetric Applications 328 18.1 Color Rendering 328 18.2 Color Differences 333 18.3 Indices of Metamerism 335 18.4 A General System of Colorimetry? 337 18.5 What About Observer Metamerism? 338 19 Device-Independent Color Imaging 341 19.1 The Problem 342 19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction 343 19.3 A Revised Set of Objectives 345 19.4 General Solution 348 19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization 349 19.6 The Need for Color Appearance Models 354 19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions 355 19.8 Viewing-Conditions-Independent Color Space 357 19.9 Gamut Mapping 357 19.10 Color Preferences 361 19.11 Inverse Process 362 19.12 Example System 363 19.13 Icc Implementation 364 20 I mage Appearance Modeling and the Future 369 20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance 370 20.2 S-Cielab 375 20.3 The icam Framework 376 20.4 A Modular Image Difference Model 382 20.5 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications 385 20.6 Image Difference and Quality Applications 391 20.7 icam06 392 20.8 Orthogonal Color Space 393 20.9 Future Directions 396 21 High-Dynamic-Range Color Space 399 21.1 Luminance Dynamic Range 400 21.2 The Hdr Photographic Survey 401 21.3 Lightness–Brightness Beyond Diffuse White 403 21.4 hdr-Cielab 404 21.5 hdr-Ipt 406 21.6 Evans, G0, and Brilliance 407 21.7 The Nayatani Theoretical Color Space 409 21.8 A New Kind of Appearance Space 409 21.9 Future Directions 416 References 418 Index 440

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Book SynopsisIn this new edition of an SPIE bestseller, R. C. Olsen examines the definition and uses of remote sensing from a military perspective. The book discusses the instruments and principles that support a wide range of systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and LiDAR. Full-color images, as well as detailed examples and problems sets, make this a valuable textbook for students and engineers alike.

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.Volume 2: Methods begins by describing the basic principles and diagnostic applications of optical techniques based on detecting and processing the scattering, fluorescence, FT IR, and Raman spectroscopic signals from various tissues, with an emphasis on blood, epithelial tissues, and human skin. The second half of the volume discusses specific imaging technologies, such as Doppler, laser speckle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

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Book SynopsisOptics Using MATLAB® provides a functional overview of the development of MATLAB code that can be used to enhance and increase one’s understanding of optics though the use of visualization tools. The book ties a variety of optical topics to MATLAB programming activities and can act as a supplement to other textbooks or can stand alone. Part I focuses on a wide range of basic programming fundamentals using MATLAB and includes such topics as curve fitting, image processing, and file storage. Part II provides a review of selected topics in optics and demonstrates how these can be explored using MATLAB scripts. Part III discusses how to use MATLAB to improve the usability of custom programs through graphical user interfaces and incorporation of other programming languages. Those who need flexibility and special calculations in their optical design or optical engineering work will find value in the book’s explanations and examples of user-programmable software.Table of Contents Preface Acronyms and Abbreviations I MATLAB® Overview 1 Introduction to MATLAB 1.1 Getting Started with MATLAB 1.2 Anatomy of a Program 1.3 MATLAB Basic Functions and Operators 1.4 Simple Calculations using MATLAB 1.5 Vectorization and Matrix Indexing 1.6 MATLAB Scripts 1.7 MATLAB Functions 1.8 Practice Problems References 2 Plotting Mathematical Functions 2.1 Mathematical Functions 2.2 Visualization Functions: plot() 2.3 Visualization Functions: histogram() 2.4 Visualization Functions: 3D plotting 2.5 Visualization Functions: contour() and quiver() 2.6 Visualization Functions: images 2.7 Practice Problems References 3 Linear Amplifiers 3.1 Polynomial Synthesis and Curve Fitting 3.2 Polynomial Curve Fitting 3.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 3.4 Best Fit through the Data 3.5 Best Fit to the Data 3.6 Practice Problems References 4 Data and Data Files 4.1 Text versus Binary 4.2 Writing Data Files 4.3 Generating Data to be Saved 4.4 Reading and Using Data Files 4.5 Binary MAT Files 4.6 Binary Image Files 4.7 Practice Problem References 5 Images and Image Processing 5.1 Image Files 5.2 Image Commands 5.3 Image Size and Superpixels 5.4 Color Models and Conversions 5.5 Spatial Filtering 5.6 Practice Problems References II OPTICS APPLICATIONS 6 Ray Optics and Glass Equations 6.1 Lensmaker's Equation and Spot Size 6.2 Paraxial Region and Snell's Law 6.3 Matrix Approach to Ray Tracing 6.4 Ray Tracing through Multiple Elements 6.5 Glass Equations 6.6 Practice Problems References 7 Spectrometers 7.1 Dispersion in a Material 7.2 Prisms 7.3 Gratings 7.4 Blazed Gratings 7.5 Grisms 7.6 Spectrometers and Monochrometers 7.7 Practice Problems References 8 Modulation Transfer Function and Contrast 8.1 Image Quality 8.2 Spatial Frequency and Modulation Transfer Function 8.3 Point Spread Function 8.4 MTF Measurement 8.5 Effect of Annular Optics on MTF 8.6 Image Transformation 8.7 Practice Problems References 9 Diffraction and Interference 9.1 Interference 9.2 Coherence 9.3 Diffraction 9.4 Young's Double-Slit Experiment 9.5 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 9.6 Mach–Zhender Interferometer 9.7 Practice Problems References 10 Zernike Polynomials and Wavefronts 10.1 Wavefront Sensing in Adaptive Optics 10.2 Wavefront Aberrations 10.3 Zernike Polynomials 10.4 Wavefront Construction 10.5 Practice Problems References Further Reading 11 Polarizations 11.1 Polarized Light 11.2 Double Refraction 11.3 The Jones Calculus: Polarizers 11.4 The Jones Calculus: Phase Retarders 11.5 The Mueller Calculus 11.6 Jones-to-Mueller Transformation 11.7 Practice Problems References 12 Optical Interference Filters 12.1 Transfer Matrix for Thin Films 12.2 Antireflection Systems 12.3 High-Reflectance Systems 12.4 Bandpass Filters 12.5 Composite Filters 12.6 Index of Refraction Calculation 12.7 Practice Problems References 13 Metals and Complex Index of Refraction 13.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 13.2 Index of Refraction in Absorbing Media 13.3 Reflectivity of Metal Films 13.4 Absorption and Transmission in Metal Films 13.5 Impedance Matching 13.6 Practice Problems References III More with MATLAB 14 User Interfaces 14.1 Simple User Interfaces 14.2 Built-In Interfaces 14.3 Graphical User Interfaces: GUIDE 14.4 Applications: App Designer 14.5 Zernike GUI Project 14.6 Practice Problems References 15 Completing and Packaging Programs 15.1 P-Code 15.2 Publishing 15.3 Version Control 15.4 Interfacing with other Programming Languages 15.5 Object-Oriented Programming and More References Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how to design an optical system using Synopsis CODE VR, a full-featured optical design program that has a command line interface. The complete design process (from lens definition to the description and evaluation of lens errors on to the improvement of lens performance) will be developed and illustrated using the program. This text is not a user’s manual for CODE V. Rather, it starts with a single lens to demonstrate the laws of optics and illustrates the basic optical errors (aberrations). Then, through a series of examples, demonstrations, and exercises, readers can follow each step in the design process using the CODE V commands to analyze and optimize the system for the lens to perform according to specifications. The text is organized to help readers (1) reproduce each step of the process including the plots for evaluating lens performance and (2) understand its significance in producing a final design.

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Book SynopsisSurvey investigations, with the end goal of monitoring the entire celestial sphere, have become a priority in astronomy. This book is the first monograph devoted to wide-field telescopes, intended to bridge the gap between astronomers and professional opticians. It emphasizes the deep connection between classical and new telescopes, as well as the continuity of ideas underlying the development of telescope construction. The contents are presented in the simplest form to promote a clear understanding of new designs; descriptions of optical systems are accompanied by extensive graphic information provided by Zemax. Both exact modern optimization and the theory of aberrations are used in explanations, with the former given priority.

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Book SynopsisThis book is published in cooperation with the OSA Foundation and CSIC.Light is an element that draws together many areas of human knowledge: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, engineering, and art. Moreover, optical phenomena and the technologies based on them are widespread in our daily lives. However, it can be difficult to understand or explain these phenomena. What is light? Where are optics and photonics present in our lives and in nature? What lies behind different optical phenomena? What is an optical instrument? How does the eye resemble an optical instrument? How can we explain human vision?This book, written by a group of young scientists, answers these questions and many more to help you to get to know the exciting world of optics and photonics. It is intended for the general public, with an emphasis on students at all levels of secondary education. A variety of easy-to-follow experiments related to different optical phenomena and technologies are presented. All of them are preceded by an explanation of the concepts and accompanied by numerous illustrations and curiosities. All of it is meant for you to have fun with optics and photonics!Table of Contents What is light? Lights sources and detectors Optical instruments The human eye: a biological camera Light in nature Light-based technologies

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Book SynopsisThis book provides mathematical analyses of scanning devices in optical and laser systems to yield results with higher accuracy than those obtained by geometrical imaging an object with a movable mirror or prism. Topics include the laws of reflection and refraction and the mathematical preliminaries of analytical raytracing; mirror-scanning devices with one axis of rotation (conic-section scanning) and with two axes of rotation (gimbaled mirror and galvanometric scanners in cascade for 2D scanning); and Risley-prism-based beam-steering systems. Readers should have a foundation in vector operation and calculus, and a reasonable knowledge of elementary optics and lasers.Table of Contents Introduction One-Mirror and One-Axis Scanning Devices Scan Field of Rotating Reflective Polygons Differential Geometry of the Ruled Surfaces Optically Produced by Mirror Scanning Devices Two-Mirror and Two-Axis Scanning Systems of Different Configurations Gimbaled Mirror for Two-Dimensional Beam-Steering Exact and Approximate Solutions for Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Forward and Inverse Solutions for Two-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Inverse Solutions for Three-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Error Sources and Their Influence on the Performance of Risley-Prism-Based Beam Steering Systems

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Book SynopsisThis tutorial is written to help engineers tasked with designing illumination optics determine where to start, which methods and approaches to use, and how to gain insight into the nature of the problem at hand. Good illumination design uses patterns from both non-imaging optics (such as compound parabolic concentrators) and imaging optics (such as lenses), often in combination, to produce optimal solutions. These chapters provide readers with a toolbox consisting of a coherent theoretical background, a description of important optical elements and their function, and several design methods. Typical examples are described to illustrate how an experienced optical designer approaches problems, plays with concepts, and arrives at solutions.Table of Contents Preparation Illumination Design Process Illumination Design Method Design Patterns: Building Blocks for Illumination Systems

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Book SynopsisThis second edition is completely revised and improved and contains eight new chapters and six new appendixes. In addition to the theoretical background on light propagation through diffusive media, this update also provides new didactical material, including: A comprehensive statistical approach to the photon penetration depth in diffusive media. An introduction to anomalous transport. An anisotropic transport approach within the framework of diffusion theory. An introduction to the invariance properties of radiative transfer in non-absorbing media. A heuristic explanation of ballistic photon propagation. An expanded description of core Monte Carlo simulation methods. A series of new analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for new geometries. Some original solutions in the time domain of the diffusion equation in the presence of Raman and fluorescence interactions. New MATLAB® codes of the presented solutions. A revised and enlarged set of numerical Monte Carlo results for verification of the presented solutions. An augmented bibliography covering the field of tissue optics. Although the theoretical and computational tools provided in this book have their primary use in the field of biomedical optics, there are many other applications in which they can be used, including, for example, analysis of agricultural products, study of forest canopies or clouds, and quality control of industrial food, plastic materials, or pharmaceutical products, among many others.

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Book SynopsisSeeing the Light: Optics Without Equations is written for nonscientists and explains the concepts of light, waves, photons, refraction, reflection, diffraction, etc., without using equations. This book will be useful as background information for any course in optics, for those who need a basic understanding of optics for their research or other activities, and for the curious. It is divided into five sections: Basic Concepts is followed by Optics in Nature, where the familiar phenomena we observe every day are explained without math. Next is Optical Components, which covers prisms and mirrors, followed by Optical Instruments, which includes instruments ranging from simple otoscopes to intercontinental ballistic missiles to clear air turbulence detectors. A final section on Experiments describes seminal experiments such as those that proved relativity and the wave and photon natures of light. Technical appendices are included for readers who want to dig into the math.Table of Contents Optical Phenomena Optics in Nature Components Optical Instruments Optical Experiments

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the practice of building modern light microscopes, their components, and nodes, based on optical design methodology. Examples of practical applications of this approach are presented, including numerous real design parameters of systems. Original concepts in the construction of existing and new microscope systems are provided to give readers a foundation for microscope design. Full-color micrographs illustrate the high level of image quality found in current systems.

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Book SynopsisPhoton sources enable the extension of lithography and metrology technologies forcontinued scaling of circuit elements and therefore are the key drivers for the extensionof Moore's law. This comprehensive, 28-chapter volume is the authoritative referenceon photon source technology and includes contributions from leading researchers andsuppliers in the photon source field. It is intended to meet the needs of bothpractitioners of the technology and readers seeking a thorough introduction to EUVphoton sources and their applications.Topics include a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth explanation of photons sourcerequirements, fundamental atomic data and theoretical models of EUV sources basedon discharge-produced plasmas (DPPs) and laser-produced plasmas (LPPs), a descriptionof prominent DPP and LPP designs, and other technologies for producing EUV radiationat 13.5 nm. Additionally, this volume contains detailed descriptions of 193-nm excimerlasers, UV lamps, and laser-driven plasma sources for UV photons, all of which powermany current lithography and metrology tools. CO2 lasers and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers, usedfor pre-pulse in Sn LPP EUV sources, are also covered.Alternative photon sources for 13.5-nm lithography and metrology, such as highharmonicgeneration (HHG) and synchrotrons, along with their usage as a metrologytool, are discussed; and potential future photon sources such as free-electron lasers(FELs), solid-state 2-?m thulium lasers, and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers are described.Additional topics include EUV source metrology, plasma diagnostics of EUV plasmas,grazing and normal incidence collector optics for plasma sources, debris mitigation, andmechanisms of component erosion in EUV sources.Table of Contents Introduction and Overview Fundamentals and Modeling High-Volume Manufacturing Sources Collector Optics and Metrology Lasers Other Sources for Lithography and Metrology

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Book SynopsisThis volume explores the chemical basis of lithography, with the goal of deconstructing lithography into its essential chemical principles and to situate its various aspects in specific fields of chemistry. It is organized in five parts, comprising: lithographic process chemistry, lithographic materials chemistry, lithographic photo- and radiation chemistry, chemistry of lithographic imaging mechanisms, and lithographic process-induced chemistry.With the successful implementation of EUV lithography in manufacturing at the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes, patterning challenges have shifted from resolution to mostly noise and sensitivity. This is a regime where the resist suffers from increased stochastic variation and the attendant effects of shot noise—a consequence of the discrete nature of photons, which, at very low number per exposure pixel, show increased variability in the response of the resist relative to its mean. Noise in this instance is the natural variation in lithographic pattern placement, shape, and size. It causes line edge roughness, line width variation, and stochastic defects.Ultimately, these patterning issues have their origin in the materials used in lithography. Chemistry underpins the essence, functions, and properties of these materials. We therefore examine in the second volume of the present edition the role of stochastics in EUV lithography in far greater detail than we did in the first edition. Equally significant, the book develops a chemistry and lithography interaction matrix, which is used as a device to explore how various aspects and practices of photolithography (or optical lithography), electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, EUV lithography, imprint lithography, directed self-assembly lithography, and proximal probe lithography derive from established chemical principles and phenomena.Table of Contents Lithographic Process Chemistry Lithographic Materials Chemistry Lithographic Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Chemistry of Lithographic Imaging Mechanisms Lithographic-Process-Induced Chemistry

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a simple yet elegant introduction to classical optics focused primarily on establishing fundamental concepts for students new to the field. With examples demonstrating the use of optics in a wide range of practical applications, it reflects the pedagogical approach used by Prof. Mejía-Barbosa to teach his Fundamentals of Optics course at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. This book will prove useful for undergraduate and graduate students of physics, optical science and engineering, and any other related science or engineering discipline that deals with optics at some level. Readers are invited to study the fundamental principles of optics and find pleasure in learning about this fascinating and vibrant field.Trade ReviewPolarizationInterferenceDiffractionTable of Contents Geometrical Optics

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