Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisPresents an overview on the different aspects of the energy value chain and discusses the issues that future energy is facing This book covers energy and the energy policy choices which face society. The book presents easy-to-grasp information and analysis, and includes statistical data for energy production, consumption and simple formulas. Among the aspects considered are: science, technology, economics and the impact on health and the environment. In this new edition two new chapters have been added: The first new chapter deals with unconventional fossil fuels, a resource which has become very important from the economical point of view, especially in the United States. The second new chapter presents the applications of nanotechnology in the energy domain. Provides a global vision of available and potential energy sources Discusses advantages and drawbacks to help prepare current and future generations to use energy differently IncludTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv 1. We Need Energy 1 1.1. Generalities 1 1.1.1. Primary and Secondary Energy 1 1.1.2. Energy Units 3 1.1.3. Power 5 1.1.4. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics 5 1.1.5. Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics 6 1.1.6. Exergy 7 1.1.7. Going Back to the Past 7 1.1.8. Humans and Energy 8 1.2. Always More! 9 1.2.1. Why do we Need More Energy? 10 1.2.2. Energy Sources we Use 13 1.2.3. Security of Supply 18 1.2.4. Environmental Concerns 24 2. Oil and Natural Gas 26 2.1. Genesis of Oil and Natural Gas 27 2.2. Recovering Oil and Gas 30 2.3. Peak Oil 32 2.4. Reserves 34 2.4.1. Crude Oil Reserves 35 2.4.2. Natural Gas Reserves 36 2.5. Properties of Hydrocarbons 38 2.6. Oil Fields 40 2.7. Prices 41 2.8. Consumption 44 2.9. Electricity Generation 46 2.10. Impact on Environment 49 2.11. Conclusion 52 3. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources 53 3.1. Hydrocarbon Formation 53 3.2. Offshore Hydrocarbons 55 3.3. Unconventional Hydrocarbons 58 3.4. Unconventional Oils 59 3.4.1. Unconventional Oils Contained in Reservoirs 59 3.4.2. Unconventional Oils Contained in Source Rock 60 3.5. Unconventional Gases 61 3.5.1. Unconventional Gases Contained in Reservoirs 61 3.5.2. Unconventional Gases Contained in Source Rocks 62 3.6. Methane Hydrates 69 3.7. Conclusion 70 4. Coal: Fossil Fuel of the Future 71 4.1. Genesis of Coal 72 4.2. Rank of Coals 73 4.3. Classification of Coals 73 4.4. Peat 76 4.5. Use of Coal 78 4.6. Coal Reserves 78 4.7. Production and Consumption 82 4.8. Electricity Production 86 4.9. Coal Combustion for Power Generation 87 4.9.1. Advanced Pulverized Coal Combustion 88 4.9.2. Fluidized‐Bed Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure 88 4.9.3. Pressurized Fluidized‐Bed Combustion 88 4.10. Combined Heat and Power Generation 88 4.11. Integrated Gasification Combined–Cycle Power Plants 89 4.12. Coal‐to‐Liquid Technologies 90 4.13. Direct Coal Liquefaction 90 4.14. Indirect Coal Liquefaction 91 4.15. Direct or Indirect CTL Technology? 92 4.16. Carbon Capture and Sequestration 93 4.16.1. Capture 93 4.16.2. Transport 97 4.16.3. Sequestration 97 4.16.4. Cost 100 4.17. Coal Pit Accidents 100 4.18. Environmental Impacts 101 4.19. Conclusion 102 5. Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Effect 103 5.1. Greenhouse Effect 104 5.2. Greenhouse Gases 107 5.3. Weather and Climate 111 5.4. Natural Change of Climate 112 5.5. Anthropogenic Emissions 112 5.6. Water and Aerosols 115 5.7. Global Warming Potentials 116 5.8. Increase of Average Temperature 117 5.9. Model Predictions 118 5.10. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 119 5.11. Consequences 126 5.12. Other Impacts on Ocean 126 5.13. Factor 4 128 5.14. Kyoto Protocol 129 5.15. Conclusion 131 6. Energy from Water 133 6.1. Hydropower 133 6.1.1. Hydropower: Important Source of Electricity 134 6.1.2. Dams and Diversions 137 6.1.3. Head and Flow 139 6.1.4. Turbines 140 6.1.5. Small‐Scale Hydropower 142 6.1.6. Environmental Concerns 144 6.1.7. Costs 144 6.2. Energy from the Ocean 145 6.2.1. Offshore Wind Energy 147 6.2.2. Wave Energy 147 6.2.3. Tidal Energy 151 6.2.4. Marine Current Energy 153 6.2.5. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 154 6.2.6. Osmotic Energy 155 7. Biomass 157 7.1. Producing Biomass 159 7.2. An Old Energy Resource 161 7.3. Electricity Production 162 7.4. Technologies 164 7.4.1. Direct Combustion Technologies 164 7.4.2. Cofiring Technologies 165 7.4.3. Biomass Gasification 165 7.4.4. Anaerobic Digestion 166 7.4.5. Pyrolysis 166 7.5. Heat Production 167 7.6. Biomass for Cooking 168 7.7. Environmental Impact 169 7.8. Market Share 170 7.9. Biofuels 172 7.9.1. First‐Generation Biofuels 174 7.9.2. Second‐Generation Biofuels 181 7.9.3. Third‐Generation Biofuels 182 7.10. From Well to Wheels 182 7.11. Conclusion 183 8. Solar Energy 184 8.1. Solar Energy: A Huge Potential 185 8.2. Thermal Solar Energy 186 8.2.1. Producing Hot Water for Domestic Purposes 186 8.2.2. Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Using Solar Energy 189 8.2.3. The Solar Cooker 190 8.3. Concentrated Solar Power Plants 191 8.3.1. Parabolic Troughs 191 8.3.2. Power Towers 193 8.3.3. Parabolic Dish Collectors 194 8.4. Solar Chimneys or Towers 194 8.5. Photovoltaic Systems 196 8.5.1. Market Dominated by Silicon 197 8.5.2. Other Photovoltaic Technologies 198 8.5.3. Applications 199 8.6. Electricity Storage 204 8.7. Economy and Environment 205 8.8. Conclusion 205 9. Geothermal Energy 207 9.1. Available in Many Places 210 9.2. Different Uses 212 9.3. Technologies 212 9.4. Geothermal Energy in the World 216 9.5. Conclusion 219 10. Wind Energy 220 10.1. Already A Long History 220 10.2. From Theory to Practice 222 10.3. Development of Wind Power 224 10.4. Offshore Wind Turbines 232 10.5. Conclusion 233 11. Nuclear Energy 234 11.1. Basics of Nuclear Energy 234 11.1.1. Atoms and Nuclei 235 11.1.2. Radioactivity 236 11.1.3. Energy and Mass 238 11.1.4. Fission 240 11.1.5. Fissile and Fertile 241 11.1.6. Chain Reaction 242 11.1.7. Critical Mass 244 11.1.8. Nuclear Reactors 245 11.1.9. Natural Nuclear Reactors: Oklo 246 11.1.10. Conclusion 247 11.2. Uses of Nuclear Energy 247 11.2.1. Different Technologies 248 11.2.2. Selection Process 251 11.2.3. Why Nuclear Energy? 253 11.2.4. Uranium Resources 254 11.2.5. Fuel Cycles 257 11.2.6. Safety 260 11.2.7. Nuclear Waste 263 11.2.8. Conclusion 265 11.3. Thermonuclear Fusion 266 11.3.1. Nuclei: Concentrated Sources of Energy 266 11.3.2. The Sun 267 11.3.3. Fusion of Light Nuclei 268 11.3.4. Difficulties 268 11.3.5. A Bit of History 269 11.3.6. Thermonuclear Fusion in Tokamaks 269 11.3.7. ITER: New Step Toward Mastering Fusion 270 11.3.8. About Fuel Reserves 271 11.3.9. Longer Term Possibilities 271 11.3.10. Safety and Waste Issues 272 11.3.11. Conclusion 272 Appendix 273 12. Electricity: Smart Use of Energy 274 12.1. Rapid Development 275 12.2. Energy Sources for Electricity Production 279 12.3. No Unique Solution 281 12.4. From Mechanical Energy to Consumer 286 12.5. Impact on Environment 288 12.6. Cost 289 12.7. Conclusion 290 13. Weak Point of Energy Supply Chain 292 13.1. Electricity Storage 294 13.1.1. Characteristics of Electricity Storage 296 13.1.2. Large‐Quantity Storage Technologies 297 13.1.3. Electrochemical Batteries 303 13.1.4. Supercapacitors 315 13.1.5. Flywheels 317 13.2. Thermal Energy Storage 318 13.2.1. Basic Heat Storage 320 13.2.2. Sensible Heat Storage 320 13.2.3. Phase Change Materials 320 13.2.4. Thermochemical and Thermophysical Energy Storage 322 13.2.5. Applications of Thermal Energy Storage 323 13.2.6. Underground Energy Storage 324 13.2.7. Conclusion 326 14. Transportation 327 14.1. Short History of Transportation 327 14.2. Energy and Transportation 329 14.3. Road Transportation 331 14.4. Ship Transportation 336 14.5. Air Transport 337 14.6. Car Dynamics 339 14.7. Fuels for Road Transportation 340 14.8. Co2 Emissions 343 14.9. Hybrid Vehicles 354 14.10. Electric Vehicles 356 14.11. Conclusion 358 15. Housing 359 15.1. Importance of Housing 359 15.2. Toward More Efficient Housing 363 15.3. Different Regions, Different Solutions 367 15.4. Bioclimatic Architecture 369 15.5. Insulation 370 15.6. Glazing 374 15.7. Lighting 376 15.8. Ventilation 379 15.9. Water 380 15.10. Energy Use in a Household 382 15.11. Heat Pumps 384 15.12. Impact on Environment 387 15.13. Conclusion 390 16. Smart Energy Consumption 391 16.1. Housing 392 16.2. Improving the Way we Consume Energy 393 16.3. Cogeneration 394 16.4. Standby Consumption 396 16.5. Lighting 401 16.6. Transportation 402 16.6.1. Technology 404 16.6.2. Individuals 405 16.7. Conclusion 407 17. Hydrogen 409 17.1. From Production To Distribution 409 17.1.1. Properties 409 17.1.2. Production 411 17.1.3. Storage 420 17.1.4. Hydrogen Transport and Distribution 425 17.1.5. Conclusion 428 17.2. Hydrogen: Energetic Applications 428 17.2.1. Fundamentals of Fuel Cells 428 17.2.2. Different Types of Fuel Cells 431 17.2.3. Transportation 439 17.2.4. Direct Use of Hydrogen 446 17.2.5. Direct Combined Heat and Power 447 17.2.6. Hydrogen and Portable Devices 448 17.2.7. Hydrogen Safety 449 17.2.8. Conclusion 450 18. Nanotechnology and Energy 452 18.1. What is New at the Nanoscale? 452 18.1.1. Surface Effects Prevail 453 18.1.2. Quantum Effects 453 18.2. Nanotechnology and Energy Production 456 18.2.1. Fossil Fuels 457 18.2.2. Syngas 458 18.3. New Energy Technologies 459 18.3.1. Solar Energy 460 18.3.2. Wind Energy 462 18.3.3. Hydrogen 462 18.3.4. Fuel Cells 462 18.3.5. Batteries 463 18.3.6. Thermoelectricity 464 18.3.7. Electrical Distribution 464 18.4. Nanotechnology and Housing 464 18.4.1. Construction Engineering 464 18.4.2. Insulation 465 18.4.3. Lighting 466 18.4.4. Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning 468 18.4.5. Surface Materials 468 18.5. Nanotechnology and Transportation 468 18.5.1. Bodywork 469 18.5.2. Interior of the Car 470 18.5.3. Tires 470 18.5.4. Powertrain 471 18.5.5. Electronics 471 18.5.6. Outlook in the Automotive Sector 471 18.6. Conclusion 472 19. Conclusion 474 Exercises 480 Solutions 490 Bibliography 500 Index 505

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a starting point for software professionals to apply artificial neural networks for software reliability prediction without having analyst capability and expertise in various ANN architectures and their optimization. Artificial neural network (ANN) has proven to be a universal approximator for any non-linear continuous function with arbitrary accuracy. This book presents how to apply ANN to measure various software reliability indicators: number of failures in a given time, time between successive failures, fault-prone modules and development efforts. The application of machine learning algorithm i.e. artificial neural networks application in software reliability prediction during testing phase as well as early phases of software development process are presented. Applications of artificial neural network for the above purposes are discussed with experimental results in this book so that practitioners can easily use ANN models for predicting software reliability iTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xv Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Software Reliability Prediction and Its Limitation 6 1.2 Overview of the Book 8 1.2.1 Predicting Cumulative Number of Software Failures in a Given Time 9 1.2.2 Predicting Time Between Successive Software Failures 11 1.2.3 Predicting Software Fault-Prone Modules 13 1.2.4 Predicting Software Development Efforts 15 1.3 Organization of the Book 17 2 Software Reliability Modelling 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Software Reliability Models 20 2.2.1 Classification of Existing Models 21 2.2.2 Software Reliability Growth Models 25 2.2.3 Early Software Reliability Prediction Models 27 2.2.4 Architecture based Software Reliability Prediction Models 29 2.2.5 Bayesian Models 31 2.3 Techniques used for Software Reliability Modelling 31 2.3.1 Statistical Modelling Techniques 31 2.3.2 Regression Analysis 35 2.3.3 Fuzzy Logic 37 2.3.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Model for Early Fault Prediction 38 2.3.3.2 Prediction and Ranking of Fault-prone Software Modules using Fuzzy Logic 39 2.3.4 Support Vector Machine 40 2.3.4.1 SVM for Cumulative Number of Failures Prediction 41 2.3.5 Genetic Programming 45 2.3.6 Particle Swarm Optimization 49 2.3.7 Time Series Approach 50 2.3.8 Naive Bayes 51 2.3.9 Artificial Neural Network 52 2.4 Importance of Artificial Neural Network in Software Reliability Modelling 54 2.4.1 Cumulative Number of Software Failures Prediction 55 2.4.2 Time Between Successive Software Failures Prediction 58 2.4.3 Software Fault-Prone Module Prediction 60 2.4.4 Software Development Efforts Prediction 64 2.5 Observations 67 2.6 Objectives of the Book 70 3 Prediction of Cumulative Number of Software Failures 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 ANN Model 76 3.2.1 Artificial Neural Network Model with Exponential Encoding 77 3.2.2 Artificial Neural Network Model with Logarithmic Encoding 77 3.2.3 System Architecture 78 3.2.4 Performance Measures 80 3.3 Experiments 81 3.3.1 Effect of Different Encoding Parameter 82 3.3.2 Effect of Different Encoding Function 83 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Hidden Neurons 86 3.4 ANN-PSO Model 88 3.4.1 ANN Architecture 89 3.4.2 Weight and Bias Estimation Through PSO 91 3.5 Experimental Results 93 3.6 Performance Comparison 94 4 Prediction of Time Between Successive Software Failures 103 4.1 Time Series Approach in ANN 105 4.2 ANN Model 106 4.3 ANN- PSO Model 113 4.4 Results and Discussion 116 4.4.1 Results of ANN Model 116 4.4.2 Results of ANN-PSO Model 121 4.4.3 Comparison 125 5 Identification of Software Fault-Prone Modules 131 5.1 Research Background 133 5.1.1 Software Quality Metrics Affecting Fault-Proneness 134 5.1.2 Dimension Reduction Techniques 135 5.2 ANN Model 137 5.2.1 SA-ANN Approach 139 5.2.1.1 Logarithmic Scaling Function 139 5.2.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis on Trained ANN 140 5.2.2 PCA-ANN Approach 142 5.3 ANN-PSO Model 145 5.4 Discussion of Results 148 5.4.1 Results of ANN Model 149 5.4.1.1 SA-ANN Approach Results 149 5.4.1.2 PCA-ANN Approach Results 152 5.4.1.3 Comparison Results of ANN Model 155 5.4.2 Results of ANN-PSO Model 162 5.4.2.1 Reduced Data Set 162 5.4.2.2 Comparison Results of ANN-PSO Model 163 6 Prediction of Software Development Efforts 175 6.1 Need for Development Efforts Prediction 178 6.2 Efforts Multipliers Affecting Development Efforts 178 6.3 Artificial Neural Network Application for Development Efforts Prediction 179 6.3.1 Additional Input Scaling Layer ANN Architecture 181 6.3.2 ANN-PSO Model 183 6.3.3 ANN-PSO-PCA Model 186 6.3.4 ANN-PSO-PCA-GA Model 188 6.3.4.1 Chromosome Design and Fitness Function 189 6.3.4.2 System Architecture of ANN-PSOPCA-GA Model 190 6.4 Performance Analysis on Data Sets 192 6.4.1 COCOMO Data Set 194 6.4.2 NASA Data Set 202 6.4.3 Desharnais Data Set 206 6.4.4 Albrecht Data Set 209 7 Recent Trends in Software Reliability 215 References 219 Appendix Failure Count Data Set 231 Appendix Time Between Failure Data Set 235 Appendix CM1 Data Set 241 Appendix COCOMO 63 Data Set 283 Index 289

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Book SynopsisENABLES READERS TO UNDERSTAND THE METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TO SUCCESSFULLY CONDUCT LIFE TESTING TO IMPROVE PRODUCT RELIABILITY This book illustrates how experimental design and life testing can be used to understand product reliability in order to enable reliability improvements. The book is divided into four sections. The first section focuses on statistical distributions and methods for modeling reliability data. The second section provides an overview of design of experiments including response surface methodology and optimal designs. The third section describes regression models for reliability analysis focused on lifetime data. This section provides the methods for how data collected in a designed experiment can be properly analyzed. The final section of the book pulls together all of the prior sections with customized experiments that are uniquely suited for reliability testing. Throughout the text, there is a focus on reliability applications and methods. It addresses bothTable of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xv Part I Reliability 1 1 Reliability Concepts 3 1.1 Definitions of Reliability 3 1.2 Concepts for Lifetimes 4 1.3 Censoring 10 Problems 14 2 Lifetime Distributions 17 2.1 The Exponential Distribution 17 2.2 The Weibull Distribution 22 2.3 The Gamma Distribution 25 2.4 The Lognormal Distribution 28 2.5 Log Location and Scale Distributions 30 2.5.1 The Smallest Extreme Value Distribution 31 2.5.2 The Logistic and Log-Logistic Distributions 33 Problems 35 3 Inference for Parameters of Life Distributions 39 3.1 Nonparametric Estimation of the Survival Function 39 3.1.1 Confidence Bounds for the Survival Function 42 3.1.2 Estimating the Hazard Function 44 3.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 46 3.2.1 Censoring Contributions to Likelihoods 46 3.3 Inference for the Exponential Distribution 50 3.3.1 Type II Censoring 50 3.3.2 Type I Censoring 54 3.3.3 Arbitrary Censoring 55 3.3.4 Large Sample Approximations 56 3.4 Inference for the Weibull 58 3.5 The SEV Distribution 59 3.6 Inference for Other Models 60 3.6.1 Inference for the GAM(θ, α) Distribution 61 3.6.2 Inference for the Log Normal Distribution 61 3.6.3 Inference for the GGAM(θ, κ, α) Distribution 62 3.7 Bayesian Inference 67 3.a Kaplan–Meier Estimate of the Survival Function 80 3.a.1 The Metropolis–Hastings Algorithm 82 Problems 83 Part II Design of Experiments 89 4 Fundamentals of Experimental Design 91 4.1 Introduction to Experimental Design 91 4.2 A Brief History of Experimental Design 93 4.3 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 95 4.4 Introduction to Factorial Experiments 101 4.4.1 An Example 103 4.4.2 The Analysis of Variance for a Two-Factor Factorial 105 4.5 The 2k Factorial Design 114 4.5.1 The 22 Factorial Design 115 4.5.2 The 23 Factorial Design 119 4.5.3 A Singe Replicate of the 2k Design 124 4.5.4 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 129 4.5.5 Adding Center Runs to a 2k Design 133 4.6 Fractional Factorial Designs 135 4.6.1 A General Method for Finding the Alias Relationships in Fractional Factorial Designs 142 4.6.2 De-aliasing Effects 145 Problems 147 5 Further Principles of Experimental Design 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Response Surface Methods and Designs 157 5.3 Optimization Techniques in Response Surface Methodology 160 5.4 Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 165 5.4.1 Classical Response Surface Designs 165 5.4.2 Definitive Screening Designs 171 5.4.3 Optimal Designs in RSM 175 Problems 176 Part III Regression Models for Reliability Studies 185 6 Parametric Regression Models 187 6.1 Introduction to Failure-Time Regression 187 6.2 Regression Models with Transformations 188 6.2.1 Estimation and Confidence Intervals for Transformed Data 189 6.3 Generalized Linear Models 198 6.4 Incorporating Censoring in Regression Models 205 6.4.1 Parameter Estimation for Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Models 205 6.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Method for Log-Location Scale Distributions 206 6.4.3 Inference for Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Models 207 6.4.4 Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Regression Models 208 6.5 Weibull Regression 208 6.6 Nonconstant Shape Parameter 228 6.7 Exponential Regression 233 6.8 The Scale-Accelerated Failure-Time Model 234 6.9 Checking Model Assumptions 236 6.9.1 Residual Analysis 237 6.9.2 Distribution Selection 243 Problems 245 7 Semi-parametric Regression Models 249 7.1 The Proportional Hazards Model 249 7.2 The Cox Proportional Hazards Model 251 7.3 Inference for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model 255 7.4 Checking Assumptions for the Cox PH Model 264 Problems 265 Part IV Experimental Design for Reliability Studies 269 8 Design of Single-Testing-Condition Reliability Experiments 271 8.1 Life Testing 272 8.1.1 Life Test Planning with Exponential Distribution 273 8.1.1.1 Type II Censoring 273 8.1.1.2 Type I Censoring 274 8.1.1.3 Large Sample Approximation 275 8.1.1.4 Planning Tests to Demonstrate a Lifetime Percentile 276 8.1.1.5 Zero Failures 279 8.1.2 Life Test Planning for Other Lifetime Distributions 281 8.1.3 Operating Characteristic Curves 282 8.2 Accelerated Life Testing 286 8.2.1 Acceleration Factor 287 8.2.2 Physical Acceleration Models 288 8.2.2.1 Arrhenius Model 288 8.2.2.2 Eyring Model 289 8.2.2.3 Peck Model 290 8.2.2.4 Inverse Power Model 290 8.2.2.5 Coffin–Manson Model 290 8.2.3 Relationship Between Physical Acceleration Models and Statistical Models 291 8.2.4 Planning Single-Stress-Level ALTs 292 Problems 294 9 Design of Multi-Factor and Multi-Level Reliability Experiments 297 9.1 Implications of Design for Reliability 298 9.2 Statistical Acceleration Models 299 9.2.1 Lifetime Regression Model 299 9.2.2 Proportional Hazards Model 303 9.2.3 Generalized Linear Model 306 9.2.4 Converting PH Model with Right Censoring to GLM 309 9.3 Planning ALTs with Multiple Stress Factors at Multiple Stress Levels 311 9.3.1 Optimal Test Plans 313 9.3.2 Locality of Optimal ALT Plans 318 9.3.3 Comparing Optimal ALT Plans 319 9.4 Bayesian Design for GLM 322 9.5 Reliability Experiments with Design and Manufacturing Process Variables 326 Problems 336 A The Survival Package in R 339 B Design of Experiments using JMP 351 C The Expected Fisher Information Matrix 357 C.1 Lognormal Distribution 359 C.2 Weibull Distribution 359 C.3 Lognormal Distribution 361 C.4 Weibull Distribution 362 D Data Sets 363 E Distributions Used in Life Testing 375 Bibliography 381 Index 387

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Software Fault Localization A comprehensive analysis of fault localization techniques and strategies In Handbook of Software Fault Localization: Foundations and Advances, distinguished computer scientists Prof. W. Eric Wong and Prof. T.H. Tse deliver a robust treatment of up-to-date techniques, tools, and essential issues in software fault localization. The authors offer collective discussions of fault localization strategies with an emphasis on the most important features of each approach. The book also explores critical aspects of software fault localization, like multiple bugs, successful and failed test cases, coincidental correctness, faults introduced by missing code, the combination of several fault localization techniques, ties within fault localization rankings, concurrency bugs, spreadsheet fault localization, and theoretical studies on fault localization. Readers will benefit from the authors' straightforward discussions of how to aTable of ContentsEditor Biographies xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Software Fault Localization: an Overview of Research, Techniques, and Tools 1 W. Eric Wong, Ruizhi Gao, Yihao Li, Rui Abreu, Franz Wotawa, and Dongcheng li 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Traditional Fault Localization Techniques 14 1.2.1 Program Logging 14 1.2.2 Assertions 14 1.2.3 Breakpoints 14 1.2.4 Profiling 15 1.3 Advanced Fault Localization Techniques 15 1.3.1 Slicing-Based Techniques 15 1.3.2 Program Spectrum-Based Techniques 20 1.3.2.1 Notation 20 1.3.2.2 Techniques 21 1.3.2.3 Issues and Concerns 27 1.3.3 Statistics-Based Techniques 30 1.3.4 Program State-Based Techniques 32 1.3.5 Machine Learning-Based Techniques 34 1.3.6 Data Mining-Based Techniques 36 1.3.7 Model-Based Techniques 37 1.3.8 Additional Techniques 41 1.3.9 Distribution of Papers in Our Repository 45 1.4 Subject Programs 47 1.5 Evaluation Metrics 50 1.6 Software Fault Localization Tools 53 1.7 Critical Aspects 58 1.7.1 Fault Localization with Multiple Bugs 58 1.7.2 Inputs, Outputs, and Impact of Test Cases 60 1.7.3 Coincidental Correctness 63 1.7.4 Faults Introduced by Missing Code 64 1.7.5 Combination of Multiple Fault Localization Techniques 65 1.7.6 Ties Within Fault Localization Rankings 67 1.7.7 Fault Localization for Concurrency Bugs 67 1.7.8 Spreadsheet Fault Localization 68 1.7.9 Theoretical Studies 70 1.8 Conclusion 71 Notes 73 References 73 2 Traditional Techniques for Software Fault Localization 119 Yihao Li, Linghuan Hu, W. Eric Wong, Vidroha Debroy, and Dongcheng li 2.1 Program Logging 119 2.2 Assertions 121 2.3 Breakpoints 124 2.4 Profiling 125 2.5 Discussion 128 2.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 3 Slicing-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 135 W. Eric Wong, Hira Agrawal, and Xiangyu Zhang 3.1 Introduction 135 3.2 Static Slicing-Based Fault Localization 136 3.2.1 Introduction 136 3.2.2 Program Slicing Combined with Equivalence Analysis 137 3.2.3 Further Application 138 3.3 Dynamic Slicing-Based Fault Localization 138 3.3.1 Dynamic Slicing and Backtracking Techniques 144 3.3.2 Dynamic Slicing and Model-Based Techniques 145 3.3.3 Critical Slicing 148 3.3.3.1 Relationships Between Critical Slices (CS) and Exact Dynamic Program Slices (DPS) 149 3.3.3.2 Relationship Between Critical Slices and Executed Static Program Slices 150 3.3.3.3 Construction Cost 150 3.3.4 Multiple-Points Dynamic Slicing 151 3.3.4.1 BwS of an Erroneous Computed Value 152 3.3.4.2 FwS of Failure-Inducing Input Difference 152 3.3.4.3 BiS of a Critical Predicate 154 3.3.4.4 MPSs: Dynamic Chops 157 3.3.5 Execution Indexing 158 3.3.5.1 Concepts 159 3.3.5.2 Structural Indexing 161 3.3.6 Dual Slicing to Locate Concurrency Bugs 165 3.3.6.1 Trace Comparison 165 3.3.6.2 Dual Slicing 168 3.3.7 Comparative Causality: a Causal Inference Model Based on Dual Slicing 173 3.3.7.1 Property One: Relevance 174 3.3.7.2 Property Two: Sufficiency 175 3.3.8 Implicit Dependences to Locate Execution Omission Errors 177 3.3.9 Other Dynamic Slicing-Based Techniques 179 3.4 Execution Slicing-Based Fault Localization 179 3.4.1 Fault Localization Using Execution Dice 179 3.4.2 A Family of Fault Localization Heuristics Based on Execution Slicing 181 3.4.2.1 Heuristic I 182 3.4.2.2 Heuristic II 183 3.4.2.3 Heuristic III 185 3.4.3 Effective Fault Localization Based on Execution Slices and Inter-block Data Dependence 188 3.4.3.1 Augmenting a Bad D(1) 189 3.4.3.2 Refining a Good D(1) 190 3.4.3.3 An Incremental Debugging Strategy 191 3.4.4 Other Execution Slicing-Based Techniques in Software Fault Localization 193 3.5 Discussions 193 3.6 Conclusion 194 Notes 195 References 195 4 Spectrum-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 201 W. Eric Wong, Hua Jie Lee, Ruizhi Gao, and Lee Naish 4.1 Introduction 201 4.2 Background and Notation 203 4.2.1 Similarity Coefficient-Based Fault Localization 204 4.2.2 An Example of Using Similarity Coefficient to Compute Suspiciousness 205 4.3 Insights of Some Spectra-Based Metrics 210 4.4 Equivalence Metrics 212 4.4.1 Applicability of the Equivalence Relation to Other Fault Localization Techniques 217 4.4.2 Applicability Beyond Fault Localization 218 4.5 Selecting a Good Suspiciousness Function (Metric) 219 4.5.1 Cost of Using a Metric 219 4.5.2 Optimality for Programs with a Single Bug 220 4.5.3 Optimality for Programs with Deterministic Bugs 221 4.6 Using Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.1 Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.2 Refinement of Spectra-Based Metrics 227 4.7 Empirical Evaluation Studies of SBFL Metrics 232 4.7.1 The Construction of D ∗ 234 4.7.2 An Illustrative Example 235 4.7.3 A Case Study Using D ∗ 237 4.7.3.1 Subject Programs 237 4.7.3.2 Fault Localization Techniques Used in Comparisons 238 4.7.3.3 Evaluation Metrics and Criteria 239 4.7.3.4 Statement with Same Suspiciousness Values 240 4.7.3.5 Results 241 4.7.3.6 Effectiveness of D ∗ with Different Values of ∗ 247 4.7.3.7 D ∗ Versus Other Fault Localization Techniques 248 4.7.3.8 Programs with Multiple Bugs 251 4.7.3.9 Discussion 255 4.8 Conclusion 261 Notes 262 References 263 5 Statistics-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 271 Zhenyu Zhang and W. Eric Wong 5.1 Introduction 271 5.1.1 Tarantula 272 5.1.2 How It Works 272 5.2 Working with Statements 274 5.2.1 Techniques Under the Same Problem Settings 275 5.2.2 Statistical Variances 275 5.3 Working with Non-statements 283 5.3.1 Predicate: a Popular Trend 283 5.3.2 BPEL: a Sample Application 285 5.4 Purifying the Input 286 5.4.1 Coincidental Correctness Issue 286 5.4.2 Class Balance Consideration 287 5.5 Reinterpreting the Output 288 5.5.1 Revealing Fault Number 288 5.5.2 Noise Reduction 291 Notes 292 References 293 6 Machine Learning-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 297 W. Eric Wong 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 BP Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 298 6.2.1 Fault Localization with a BP Neural Network 298 6.2.2 Reduce the Number of Candidate Suspicious Statements 302 6.3 RBF Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 304 6.3.1 RBF Neural Networks 304 6.3.2 Methodology 305 6.3.2.1 Fault Localization Using an RBF Neural Network 306 6.3.2.2 Training of the RBF Neural Network 307 6.3.2.3 Definition of a Weighted Bit-Comparison-Based Dissimilarity 309 6.4 C4.5 Decision Tree-Based Fault Localization 309 6.4.1 Category-Partition for Rule Induction 309 6.4.2 Rule Induction Algorithms 310 6.4.3 Statement Ranking Strategies 310 6.4.3.1 Revisiting Tarantula 310 6.4.3.2 Ranking Statements Based on C4.5 Rules 312 6.5 Applying Simulated Annealing with Statement Pruning for an SBFL Formula 314 6.6 Conclusion 317 Notes 317 References 317 7 Data Mining-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 321 Peggy Cellier, Mireille Ducassé, Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux, and W. Eric Wong 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Formal Concept Analysis and Association Rules 324 7.2.1 Formal Concept Analysis 325 7.2.2 Association Rules 327 7.3 Data Mining for Fault Localization 329 7.3.1 Failure Rules 329 7.3.2 Failure Lattice 331 7.4 The Failure Lattice for Multiple Faults 336 7.4.1 Dependencies Between Faults 336 7.4.2 Example 341 7.5 Discussion 342 7.5.1 The Structure of the Execution Traces 342 7.5.2 Union Model 343 7.5.3 Intersection Model 343 7.5.4 Nearest Neighbor 343 7.5.5 Delta Debugging 344 7.5.6 From the Trace Context to the Failure Context 344 7.5.7 The Structure of Association Rules 345 7.5.8 Multiple Faults 345 7.6 Fault Localization Using N-gram Analysis 346 7.6.1 Background 347 7.6.1.1 Execution Sequence 347 7.6.1.2 N-gram Analysis 347 7.6.1.3 Linear Execution Blocks 349 7.6.1.4 Association Rule Mining 349 7.6.2 Methodology 350 7.6.3 Conclusion 353 7.7 Fault Localization for GUI Software Using N-gram Analysis 353 7.7.1 Background 354 7.7.1.1 Representation of the GUI and Its Operations 354 7.7.1.2 Event Handler 356 7.7.1.3 N-gram 356 7.7.2 Association Rule Mining 357 7.7.3 Methodology 357 7.7.3.1 General Approach 358 7.7.3.2 N-gram Fault Localization Algorithm 358 7.8 Conclusion 360 Notes 361 References 361 8 Information Retrieval-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 365 Xin Xia and David Lo 8.1 Introduction 365 8.2 General IR-Based Fault Localization Process 368 8.3 Fundamental Information Retrieval Techniques for Software Fault Localization 369 8.3.1 Vector Space Model 369 8.3.2 Topic Modeling 370 8.3.3 Word Embedding 371 8.4 Evaluation Metrics 372 8.4.1 Top-k Prediction Accuracy 372 8.4.2 Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) 373 8.4.3 Mean Average Precision (MAP) 373 8.5 Techniques for Different Scenarios 374 8.5.1 Text of Current Bug Report Only 374 8.5.1.1 VSM Variants 374 8.5.1.2 Topic Modeling 375 8.5.2 Text and History 376 8.5.2.1 VSM Variants 376 8.5.2.2 Topic Modeling 378 8.5.2.3 Deep Learning 378 8.5.3 Text and Stack/Execution Traces 379 8.6 Empirical Studies 380 8.7 Miscellaneous 383 8.8 Conclusion 385 Notes 385 References 386 9 Model-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 393 Birgit Hofer, Franz Wotawa, Wolfgang Mayer, and Markus Stumptner 9.1 Introduction 393 9.2 Basic Definitions and Algorithms 395 9.2.1 Algorithms for MBD 401 9.3 Modeling for MBD 404 9.3.1 The Value-Based Model 405 9.3.2 The Dependency-Based Model 409 9.3.3 Approximation Models for Debugging 413 9.3.4 Other Modeling Approaches 416 9.4 Application Areas 417 9.5 Hybrid Approaches 418 9.6 Conclusions 419 Notes 420 References 420 10 Software Fault Localization in Spreadsheets 425 Birgit Hofer and Franz Wotawa 10.1 Motivation 425 10.2 Definition of the Spreadsheet Language 427 10.3 Cones 430 10.4 Spectrum-Based Fault Localization 431 10.5 Model-Based Spreadsheet Debugging 435 10.6 Repair Approaches 440 10.7 Checking Approaches 443 10.8 Testing 445 10.9 Conclusion 446 Notes 446 References 447 11 Theoretical Aspects of Software Fault Localization 451 Xiaoyuan Xie and W. Eric Wong 11.1 Introduction 451 11.2 A Model-Based Hybrid Analysis 452 11.2.1 The Model Program Segment 452 11.2.2 Important Findings 454 11.2.3 Discussion 454 11.3 A Set-Based Pure Theoretical Framework 455 11.3.1 Definitions and Theorems 455 11.3.2 Evaluation 457 11.3.3 The Maximality Among All Investigated Formulas 461 11.4 A Generalized Study 462 11.4.1 Spectral Coordinate for SBFL 462 11.4.2 Generalized Maximal and Greatest Formula in F 464 11.5 About the Assumptions 465 11.5.1 Omission Fault and 100% Coverage 465 11.5.2 Tie-Breaking Scheme 467 11.5.3 Multiple Faults 467 11.5.4 Some Plausible Causes for the Inconsistence Between Empirical and Theoretical Analyses 468 Notes 469 References 470 12 Software Fault Localization for Programs with Multiple Bugs 473 Ruizhi Gao, W. Eric Wong, and Rui Abreu 12.1 Introduction 473 12.2 One-Bug-at-a-Time 474 12.3 Two Techniques Proposed by Jones et al. 475 12.3.1 J1: Clustering Based on Profiles and Fault Localization Results 476 12.3.1.1 Clustering Profile-Based Behavior Models 476 12.3.1.2 Using Fault Localization to Stop Clustering 478 12.3.1.3 Using Fault Localization Clustering to Refine Clusters 479 12.3.2 J2: Clustering Based on Fault Localization Results 480 12.4 Localization of Multiple Bugs Using Algorithms from Integer Linear Programming 481 12.5 MSeer: an Advanced Fault Localization Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 483 12.5.1 MSeer 485 12.5.1.1 Representation of Failed Test Cases 485 12.5.1.2 Revised Kendall tau Distance 486 12.5.1.3 Clustering 488 12.5.1.4 MSeer: a Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 494 12.5.2 A Running Example 496 12.5.3 Case Studies 499 12.5.3.1 Subject Programs and Data Collections 499 12.5.3.2 Evaluation of Effectiveness and Efficiency 501 12.5.3.3 Results 503 12.5.4 Discussions 510 12.5.4.1 Using Different Fault Localization Techniques 510 12.5.4.2 Apply MSeer to Programs with a Single Bug 510 12.5.4.3 Distance Metrics 512 12.5.4.4 The Importance of Estimating the Number of Clusters and Assigning Initial Medoids 514 12.6 Spectrum-Based Reasoning for Fault Localization 514 12.6.1 Barinel 515 12.6.2 Results 517 12.7 Other Studies 518 12.8 Conclusion 520 Notes 521 References 522 13 Emerging Aspects of Software Fault Localization 529 T.H. Tse, David Lo, Alex Gorce, Michael Perscheid, Robert Hirschfeld, and W. Eric Wong 13.1 Introduction 529 13.2 Application of the Scientific Method to Fault Localization 530 13.2.1 Scientific Debugging 531 13.2.2 Identifying and Assigning Bug Reports to Developers 532 13.2.3 Using Debuggers in Fault Localization 534 13.2.4 Conclusion 538 13.3 Fault Localization in the Absence of Test Oracles by Semi-proving of Metamorphic Relations 538 13.3.1 Metamorphic Testing and Metamorphic Relations 539 13.3.2 The Semi-proving Methodology 541 13.3.2.1 Semi-proving by Symbolic Evaluation 541 13.3.2.2 Semi-proving as a Fault Localization Technique 542 13.3.3 The Need to Go Beyond Symbolic Evaluation 543 13.3.4 Initial Empirical Study 543 13.3.5 Detailed Illustrative Examples 544 13.3.5.1 Fault Localization Example Related to Predicate Statement 544 13.3.5.2 Fault Localization Example Related to Faulty Statement 548 13.3.5.3 Fault Localization Example Related to Missing Path 552 13.3.5.4 Fault Localization Example Related to Loop 556 13.3.6 Comparisons with Related Work 558 13.3.7 Conclusion 560 13.4 Automated Prediction of Fault Localization Effectiveness 560 13.4.1 Overview of PEFA 561 13.4.2 Model Learning 564 13.4.3 Effectiveness Prediction 564 13.4.4 Conclusion 564 13.5 Integrating Fault Localization into Automated Test Generation Tools 565 13.5.1 Localization in the Context of Automated Test Generation 566 13.5.2 Automated Test Generation Tools Supporting Localization 567 13.5.3 Antifragile Tests and Localization 568 13.5.4 Conclusion 568 Notes 569 References 569 Index 581

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Book SynopsisENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Written by a highly respected engineer and prolific author in the energy sector, this is the single most comprehensive, thorough, and up-to-date reference work on renewable energy. The world's energy industry is and has always been volatile, sometimes controversial, with wild swings upward and downward. This has, historically, been mostly because most of our energy has come from fossil fuels, which is a finite source of energy. Every so often, a technology comes along, like hydrofracturing, that is a game-changer. But is it, really? Aren't we just delaying the inevitable with these temporary price fixes The only REAL game-changer is renewable energy. For decades, renewable energy sources have been sought, developed, and studied. Sometimes wind is at the forefront, sometimes solar, and, for the last decade or so, there has been a surge in interest for biofeedstocks and biofuels. There are also the old standbys of nuclear and geothermal energy, which hTable of ContentsIntroduction xxxvii A 1 B 99 C 227 D 329 E 365 F 423 G 481 H 585 I 651 J 681 K 683 L 689 M 741 N 781 O 807 P 835 Q 921 R 923 S 969 T 1057 U 1095 V 1105 W 1111 X 1199 Y 1203 Z 1207 Conversion Factors 1211 Further Reading 1213 About the Author 1215

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Book SynopsisA newly updated guide to the protection of power systems in the 21st century Power System Protection, 2nd Edition combines brand new information about the technological and business developments in the field of power system protection that have occurred since the last edition was published in 1998. The new edition includes updates on the effects of short circuits on: Power quality Multiple setting groups Quadrilateral distance relay characteristics Loadability It also includes comprehensive information about the impacts of business changes, including deregulation, disaggregation of power systems, dependability, and security issues. Power System Protection provides the analytical basis for design, application, and setting of power system protection equipment for today''s engineer. Updates from protection engineers with distinct specializations contribute to a comprehensive work covering all aspects of the fieldTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii List of Symbols xxix Part I Protective Devices and Controls 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power System Protection 3 1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 3 1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8 1.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 9 1.5 System Disturbances 11 1.6 Book Contents 12 Problems 14 References 15 2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17 2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17 2.2 Typical Relay Connections 19 2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 22 2.4 Instrument Transformers 23 2.5 Relay Control Configurations 37 2.6 Optical Communications 38 Problems 42 References 44 3 Protective Device Characteristics 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Fuse Characteristics 48 3.3 Relay Characteristics 61 3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 87 3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 93 3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 98 3.7 Circuit Switchers 100 3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101 Problems 103 References 103 4 Relay Logic 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 110 4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 111 4.4 Analog Relay Logic 125 4.5 Digital Relay Logic 128 4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 139 4.7 Relays as Comparators 140 Problems 153 References 157 5 System Characteristics 163 5.1 Power System Faults 163 5.2 Station Arrangements 176 5.3 Overhead Line Impedances 182 5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 184 5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 188 5.6 The Compensation Theorem 202 5.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205 Problems 210 References 214 Part II Protection Concepts 215 6 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 217 6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 217 6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 219 6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 222 6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 233 6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 236 6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 241 6.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258 Problems 269 References 276 7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 278 7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 285 7.4 Unit Protection 299 7.5 Ground Fault Protection 301 7.6 Summary 310 Problems 311 References 315 8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 317 8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 317 8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 320 8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 327 8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 328 8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 330 8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 333 8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 335 8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 336 8.9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 338 8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 340 8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 341 8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 342 8.13 Impedance at the Relay 346 Problems 348 References 350 9 Impedance at the Relay 351 9.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, ZR 351 9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 353 9.3 The Circle Loci Z = P/(1±YK) 356 9.4 ZR Loci Construction 357 9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 363 9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 371 9.7 Construction of M Circles 375 9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378 Problems 384 References 388 10 Admittance at the Relay 391 10.1 Admittance Diagrams 391 10.2 Input Admittance Loci 392 10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 395 10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 400 10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 404 10.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407 Problems 408 Reference 411 Part III Transmission Protection 413 11 Analysis of Distance Protection 415 11.1 Introduction 415 11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 415 11.3 Impedance at the Relay 429 11.4 Distance Relay Settings 439 11.5 Ground Distance Protection 447 11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 449 Problems 452 References 454 12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 457 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Line Impedances 458 12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 469 12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 476 12.5 Long Transmission Lines 484 12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 493 12.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501 Problems 504 References 507 13 Pilot Protection Systems 509 13.1 Introduction 510 13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 512 13.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 523 13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 536 13.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 548 13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 554 13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 561 13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567 Problems 567 References 569 14 Complex Transmission Protection 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 573 14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 581 14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590 Problems 613 References 617 15 Series Compensated Line Protection 619 15.1 Introduction 619 15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 621 15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 634 15.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 653 15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 674 15.6 Line Protection Experience 678 Problems 680 References 683 Part IV Apparatus Protection 685 16 Bus Protection 687 16.1 Introduction 687 16.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 688 16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 689 16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 691 16.5 Bus Differential Protection 692 16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 708 16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 716 16.8 Summary 717 Problems 717 References 719 17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 721 17.1 Introduction 721 17.2 Transformer Faults 722 17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 729 17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 732 17.5 Protection Against Active Faults 735 17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 748 17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 750 17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 752 17.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755 Problems 759 References 761 18 Generator Protection 763 18.1 Introduction 763 18.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 764 18.3 Stator Protection 766 18.4 Rotor Protection 781 18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 785 18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 789 18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794 Problems 800 References 803 19 Motor Protection 805 19.1 Introduction 805 19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 806 19.3 Induction Motor Heating 824 19.4 Motor Problems 837 19.5 Classifications of Motors 843 19.6 Stator Protection 845 19.7 Rotor Protection 851 19.8 Other Motor Protections 852 19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853 Problems 854 References 858 Part V System Aspects of Protection 861 20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 863 20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 863 20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 864 20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 866 20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 869 20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 886 20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 887 20.7 Underfrequency Protection 889 Problems 903 References 905 21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 909 21.1 Introduction 909 21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 909 21.3 System Transient Behavior 918 21.4 Automatic Reclosing 929 21.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 949 21.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 957 21.7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 960 21.8 Summary 968 Problems 968 References 970 22 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 973 22.1 Introduction 973 22.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 974 22.3 Converter Station Design 992 22.4 Ac Side Protection 999 22.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 1002 22.6 Special HVDC Protections 1012 22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 1015 22.8 Summary 1016 Problems 1016 References 1018 23 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 1021 23.1 Introduction 1021 23.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 1022 23.3 Converter Control Systems 1028 23.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 1030 23.5 Ac System Protection 1031 23.6 Dc Faults 1035 23.7 Multiterminal Systems 1037 23.8 Hybrid LCC–VSC Systems 1037 23.9 Summary 1038 Problems 1038 References 1039 24 Protection of Independent Power Producer Interconnections 1041 24.1 Introduction 1041 24.2 Renewable Resources 1042 24.3 Transmission Interconnections 1042 24.4 Distribution Interconnections 1053 24.5 Summary 1060 Problems 1061 References 1061 25 SSR and SSCI Protection 1063 25.1 Introduction 1063 25.2 SSR Overview 1063 25.3 SSR and SSCI System Countermeasures 1073 25.4 SSR Source Countermeasures 1079 25.5 Summary 1093 Problems 1093 References 1095 Part VI Reliability of Protective Systems 1101 26 Basic Reliability Concepts 1103 26.1 Introduction 1103 26.2 Probability Fundamentals 1103 26.3 Random Variables 1110 26.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 1127 26.5 Reliability Models 1129 Problems 1141 References 1143 27 Reliability Analysis 1145 27.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 1145 27.2 Fault Trees 1154 27.3 Reliability Evaluation 1166 27.4 Other Analytical Methods 1174 27.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1182 Problems 1190 References 1195 28 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 1197 28.1 Introduction 1197 28.2 System Disturbance Models 1197 28.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 1208 28.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1246 Problems 1256 References 1259 29 Fault Tree Analysis of Protective Systems 1261 29.1 Introduction 1261 29.2 Fault Tree Analysis 1262 29.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 1273 29.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1297 Problems 1306 References 1310 30 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 1311 30.1 Introduction 1311 30.2 Testing of Protective Systems 1312 30.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 1317 30.4 Monitoring and Self-testing 1331 30.5 The Unreadiness Probability 1337 30.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 1341 30.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1350 References 1356 Appendix A Protection Terminology 1359 A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1359 A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1361 A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1363 A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1366 References 1368 Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1371 B.1 Device Function Numbers 1371 B.2 Devices Performing More than One Function 1371 B.2.1 Suffix Numbers 1373 B.2.2 Suffix Letters 1373 B.2.3 Representation of Device Contacts on Electrical Diagrams 1374 Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1375 References 1387 Appendix D Transformer Data 1389 Appendix E 500 kV Transmission Line Data 1393 E.1 Tower Design 1393 E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1393 E.3 Total Line Impedance and Admittance 1394 E.4 Nominal Pi 1395 E.5 ABCD Parameters 1395 E.6 Equivalent Pi 1395 E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1397 E.8 Normalization 1399 E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1399 References 1400 Index 1401

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Book SynopsisGAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS An essential reference guide to gas-insulated substations The second edition of Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is an all-inclusive reference guide to gas insulated substations (GIS) and its advanced technologies. Updated to the latest technical developments and applications, the guide covers basic physics of gas insulated systems, SF6 insulating gas and its alternatives, safety aspects and factors to choose GIS. GIS technology, its modular structure, control and monitoring systems, testing, installation rules and guidelines for operation, specification, and maintenance. Detailed information on various types for GIS, with 14 reference project explanations and three extensive case studies give information for the best solutions of practical applications. Special solutions using mobile substations concepts, mixed technology switchgear (MTS) with air and gas insulated technology, underground substations, and the use of special GIS substation buildings e.g., shoppTable of ContentsEditor Biography xxvii Contributors xxix Foreword of Editor xxxi Foreword PES Substations Committee xxxiii Foreword GE Grid Solutions xxxv Foreword Hitachi Energy xxxvii Foreword Siemens Energy xxxix Acknowledgements xli 1 Introduction 1Authors: Hermann Koch, John BrunkeReviewers: Phil Bolin, Devki Sharma, Jim Massura, George Becker, Scott Scharf, and Michael Novev 1.1 General 1 1.2 Definitions 7 1.3 Standards and References 11 1.4 Ratings 16 2 Basic Information 21Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, John H. Brunke, and John Boggess, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Hermann Koch, George Becker, Peter Grossmann, and Pathik PatelReviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, Ed Crocket, Shawn Lav, Jim Massura, Tony Lim, Ricardo Arredondo, Chuck Hand, and Dave Giegel 2nd edition Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Pathik Patel, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Scott Scharf, and Nick Matone 2.1 History 21 2.2 Physics of Gas-Insulated Switchgear 36 2.3 Reliability and Availability 41 2.4 Design 51 2.5 Safety 53 2.6 Grounding and Bonding 61 2.7 Factors for Choosing Gas-Insulated Substations 66 2.8 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 70 2.9 Alternative Gasses to SF6 105 2.10 When to Use Gas-Insulated Substations 120 2.11 Comparison High Voltage and Medium Voltage AIS, MTS and GIS 125 3 Technology 153Authors: 1st edition: Hermann Koch, George Becker, Xi Zhu, Devki Sharma, Arnaud Ficheux, and Dave Lin; 2nd edition: Dave Solhtalab, George Becker, Xi Zhu, and Vipul BhagatReviewers: 1st edition: Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, Patrick Fitzgerald, George Becker, Toni Lin, Chuck Hand, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Giegel, Eduard Crockett, Pravakar Samanta, John Brunke, 2nd edition: Scott Scharf, Michael Novev, and Nick Matone 3.1 General 153 3.2 Modular Components, Design, and Development Process 156 3.3 Manufacturing 169 3.4 Specification Development 179 3.5 Instrument Transformers 205 3.6 Interfaces 207 3.7 Gas-Insulated Surge Arresters 220 3.8 Gas-Insulated Bus 222 3.9 Guidelines for GIS 236 4 Control and Monitoring 243Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Noboru Fujimoto, and Pravakar SamantaReviewers: 1st edition Noboru Fujimoto, Hermann Koch, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Arnaud Ficheux, and Michael Novev, 2nd edition Michael Novev, and Arnaud Ficheux 4.1 General 243 4.2 GIS Monitoring 243 4.3 Local Control Cabinet 251 4.4 Digital Communication 257 5 Testing 271Authors: 1st edition Peter Grossmann, Charles L Hand, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Coboyo Bodjona,Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Jim Massura, Eduard Crockett, Hermann Koch, and 2nd edition Hermann Koch 5.1 General 271 5.2 Type Tests 271 5.3 Routine Tests 276 5.4 Onsite Field Testing 279 5.5 Guidelines for Onsite Tests 282 5.6 Best Practice for On-Site Field Testing 283 6 Installation 293Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Richard Jones, James MassuraReviewers: Phil Bolin, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, 2nd edition John Brunke, Michael Novev, and Pravakar Samanta 6.1 General 293 6.2 Installation 293 6.3 Energization: Connecting to the Power Grid 323 7 Operation and Maintenance 325Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Charles L Hand, Arnaud Ficheux, Richard Jones, Ravi Dhara, 2nd edition Richard Jones,Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Richard Jones, Devki Sharma, George Becker, Dick Jones, Hermann Koch, 2nd edition Ryan Stone, Patrick Fitzgerald, Gerd Ottehenning, Coboyo Bodyona and Hermann Koch 7.1 General 325 7.2 Operation of a Gas-Insulated Substation 326 7.3 Maintenance 344 7.4 SF6 Gas Leakage Repair 345 7.5 Repair 348 7.6 Extensions 349 7.8 Overloading and Thermal Limits 356 7.9 Maintenance and Operations Pointers 361 7.10 Lessons Learned 366 8 Applications 371Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, William Labos, Peter Grossmann, Arun Arora, and Dave Solhtalab, 2nd edition Hermann Koch, and Dave MitchellReviewer: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Ewald Warzecha, George Becker, John Brunke, Peter Grossmann, Arnaud Ficheux, Pravakar Samanta, Scott Scharf, Ravi Dhara, and Chuck Hands, 2nd edition Denis Steyn, Petr Rudenko, Stefan Schedl, Scott Scharf, Mark Kuschel, and Bala Kotharu 8.1 General 371 8.2 Typical GIS Layouts 371 8.3 Reference Projects 374 8.4 GIS Case Studies 418 8.5 Mobile Substations 453 8.6 Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS) 464 8.7 Future Developments 468 8.8 Underground Substations 477 8.9 Special Substation Buildings 502 9 Advanced Technologies 525Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Venkatesh Minisandram, Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, and Jorge Márquez-Sánchez 2nd Edition Hermann Koch, Maria Kosse, George Becker, George Becker, Mark Kuschel, Aron Heck, Dirk Helbig, Uwe RiechertReviewers: 1st Edition George Becker, Devki Sharma, Noboru Fujimoto, Venkatesh Minisandram, Phil Bolin, Pravakar Samanta, Hermann Koch, Linda Zhao, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Dick Jones, Linda Zhao, David Lin, Devki Sharma, and Patrick Fitzgerald, 2nd Edition Michael Novev, Pablo Gonzales Toza, George Becker, Hermann Koch, Dick Jones, Bala Kotharu, Johne Brunke, James Massura, Dirk Helbig, Mark Kuschel, Arnaud Ficheux, Robert Lüscher, and Aron Heck 9.1 General 525 9.2 Environment 526 9.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 537 9.4 Insulation Coordination Study 545 9.5 Very Fast Transients 548 9.6 Project Scope Development 559 9.7 Risk-Based Asset Management of Gas-Insulated Substations and Equipment 563 9.8 Health and Safety Impact 572 9.9 Electromagnetic Field 573 9.10 SF6 Decomposition Byproducts 574 9.11 Condition Assessment 577 9.12 Gas-Insulated Substations for Enhanced Resiliency 618 9.13 Vacuum High Voltage Switching 635 9.14 Low Power Instrument Transformer 654 9.15 Digital Twin of GIS and GIL 664 9.16 Offshore GIS 689 9.17 HVDC GIS 726 9.18 Digital Substation 748 10 Conclusion 765Author: Hermann KochReviewer: Dave Solhtalab Index 767

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Reliability Engineering A complete revision of the classic text on reliability engineering, written by an expanded author team with increased industry perspective Introduction to Reliability Engineering provides a thorough and well-balanced overview of the fundamental aspects of reliability engineering and describes the role of probability and statistical analysis in predicting and evaluating reliability in a range of engineering applications. Covering both foundational theory and real-world practice, this classic textbook helps students of any engineering discipline understand key probability concepts, random variables and their use in reliability, Weibull analysis, system safety analysis, reliability and environmental stress testing, redundancy, failure interactions, and more. Extensively revised to meet the needs of today's students, the Third Edition fully reflects current industrial practices and provides a wealth of new examples and Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reliability Defined 1.2 Performance, Cost and Reliability 1.3 Quality, Reliability and Safety Linkage 1.4 Quality, Reliability and Safety Engineering Tasks 1.5 Preview 2 PROBABILITY AND DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Probability Concepts Sample Space Outcome Event Probability Axioms More than two events Combinations and Permutations 2.3 Discrete Random Variables Properties of Discrete Variables The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution Confidence Intervals Motivation for Confidence Intervals Introduction to Confidence Intervals Binomial Confidence Intervals Cumulative sums of the Poisson Distribution (Thorndike Chart) 3 Exponential Distribution and Reliability Basics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Reliability Characterization Basic definitions The Bathtub curve 3.3 Constant Failure Rate model The Exponential Distribution Demand failures Time determinations 3.4 Time Dependent Failure rates 3.5 Component Failures and Failure Modes Failure mode rates Component counts 3.6 Replacements 3.7 Redundancy Active and Standby Redundancy Active Parallel Standby Parallel Constant Failure Rate Models 3.8 Redundancy limitations Common-mode failures Load sharing Switching & Standby failures Cool, Warm and Hot Standby 3.9 Multiply Redundant Systems 1/N Active Redundancy 1/N Standby Redundancy m/N Active Redundancy 3.10 Redundancy Allocation High and Low level redundancy Fail-safe and Fail-to-Danger Voting Systems 3.11 Redundancy in Complex Configurations Serial-Parallel configurations Linked configurations 4 Continuous Distributions- Part 1 Normal & Related Distributions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of Continuous Random variables Probability Distribution Functions Characteristics of a Probability Distribution Sample Statistics Transformation of Variables 4.3 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function 4.4 Uniform Distribution 4.5 Normal and Related Distributions The Normal Distribution Central Limit Theorem The Central Limit Theorem in Practice The Log Normal Distribution Log Normal Distribution from a Physics of Failure Perspective 4.6 Confidence Intervals Point & Interval Estimates Estimate of the Mean Normal & Lognormal parameters 5 Continuous Distributions- Part 2 Weibull & Extreme Value Distributions 5.1 Introduction The “weakest link” theory from a Physics of Failure point of view Uses of Weibull and Extreme Value Distributions Other Considerations Age parameters and sample sizes Engineering Changes, Maintenance Plan Evaluation and Risk Prediction Weibulls with cusps or curves System Weibulls No failure Weibulls Small sample Weibulls 5.2 Statistics of the Weibull Distribution Weibull “Mathematics” The Weibull Probability Plot Probability Plotting Points—Median Ranks How to do a “Weibull Analysis” Weibull plots and their estimates of b, h The 3-Parameter Weibull didn’t work, what are my choices? The data has a “dogleg” bend or cusp when plotted on Weibull paper. Steep Weibull slopes (β’s) may hide problems. Low Time Failures and close Serial numbers---Batch problems Maximum Likelihood Estimates of β and η Weibayes Analysis Weibayes background Weibull Analysis with failure times only and unknown times on remaining population Shifting Weibull Procedure Confidence bounds and the Weibull Distribution Arbitrary Censored Data The Weibull Distribution in a System of Independent failure modes 5.3 Extreme Value Distributions Smallest & Largest Extreme Value distributions Extreme Value and Weibull Distribution Point Estimates & Confidence Intervals 5.4 Introduction to Risk analysis Risk Analysis “Mathematics” Supplement 1- Weibull derived from weakest link theory Supplement 2: Comparing two distributions using Supersmith™ 6 RELIABILITY TESTING 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attribute Testing (Binomial Testing) The Classical Success Run Zero Failure Attribute Tests Non-ZERO Failure Attribute Tests 6.3 Constant Failure Rate Estimates Censoring on the Right MTTF Estimates Confidence Intervals 6.4 Weibull Substantiation and Reliability Testing Zero-Failure Test Plans for Substantiation Testing Weibull Zero-Failure test Plans for Reliability Testing Designing the Test Plan Total Test Time Why not Simply Test to Failure? 6.5 How to Reduce Test Time Run (simultaneously) more test samples than you intend to fail Sudden Death Testing Sequential Testing 6.6 Normal & Lognormal Reliability Testing 6.7 Accelerated Life Testing Compressed Time Testing Advanced Stress Testing-Linear & Acceleration Models Linear Model Stress testing Advanced Stress Testing – Acceleration Models The Arrhenius Model The Inverse Power Law Model Other Acceleration Models 6.8 Reliability Enhancement Procedures Reliability Growth Modeling & Testing Calculation of Reliability Growth parameters Goodness of Fit tests for Reliability Growth Models Environmental Stress Screening What “Screens” are used for ESS? Thermal cycling Random Vibration Other Screens Highly Accelerated Life Tests Highly Accelerated Stress Screening Supplement 1 Substantiation Testing: Characteristic Life multipliers for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 2 Substantiation Testing Tables for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 3 CRITICAL VALUES FOR CRAMER-VON MISES GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST Supplement 4 Other Reliability Growth Models Supplement 5 Chi-Square Table 7 Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) – Design & Process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Functional FMEA 7.3 Design FMEA Design FMEA Procedure 7.4 Process FMEA(PFMEA) 7.5 FMEA Summary FMEA Outputs FMEA Pitfalls that can be prevented Supplement 1 Shortcut tables for stalled FMEA Teams Supplement 2 Future changes in FMEA Approaches Supplement 3 DFMEA and PFMEA Forms 8 LOADS, CAPACITY, AND RELIABILITY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reliability with a Single Loading Load Application Definitions 8.3 Reliability and Safety Factors Normal Distributions Lognormal Distributions Combined Distributions 8.4 Repetitive Loading Loading Variability Variable Capacity 8.5 The Bathtub Curve—Reconsidered Single Failure Modes Combined Failure Modes Supplement 1: The Dirac Delta Distribution 9 MAINTAINED SYSTEMS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Preventive Maintenance Idealized Maintenance Imperfect Maintenance Redundant Components 9.3 Corrective Maintenance Availability Maintainability 9.4 Repair: Revealed Failures Constant Repair Rates Constant Repair Times 9.5 Testing and Repair: Unrevealed Failures Idealized Periodic Tests Real Periodic Tests 9.6 System Availability Revealed Failures Unrevealed Failures 10 FAILURE INTERACTIONS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Markov Analysis Two Independent Components Load-Sharing Systems 10.3 Reliability with Standby Systems Idealized System Failures in the Standby State Switching Failures Primary System Repair 10.4 Multicomponent Systems Multicomponent Markov Formulations Combinations of Subsystems 10.5 Availability Standby Redundancy Shared Repair Crews Markov Availability-Advantages & Disadvantages 11 SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Product and Equipment Hazards 11.3 Human Error Routine Operations Emergency Operations 11.4 Methods of Analysis Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) Event Trees 11.5 Fault Trees Fault-Tree Construction Nomenclature Fault Classification Fault Tree Examples Direct Evaluation of Fault Trees Qualitative Evaluation Quantitative Evaluation Fault-Tree Evaluation by Cut Sets Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis 11.6 Reliability/Safety Risk Analysis APPENDICES A USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS B BINOMIAL CONFIDENCE CHARTS C STANDARD NORMAL CDF D NONPARAMETRIC METHODS AND PROBABILITY PLOTTING D1 Introduction D2 Nonparametric Methods for Probability Plotting D3 Parametric Methods D4 Goodness-of-Fit Supplement 1 Further Details of Weibull Probability plotting Supplement 2 Median Rank adjustment for SUSPENDED TEST ITEMS Supplement 3 Generating a Probability Plot in MINITAB ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES INDEX

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Book SynopsisSOLAR FUELS In this book, you will have the opportunity to have comprehensive knowledge about the use of energy from the sun, which is our source of life, by converting it into different chemical fuels as well as catching up with the latest technology. The most important obstacle to solar meeting all our energy needs is that solar energy is not always accessible and, therefore, cannot be used when needed. Consequently, the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which has become increasingly important in recent years, is a groundbreaking topic in the field of renewable energy. This type of chemical energy is called solar fuel. Hydrogen, methanol, methane, and carbon monoxide are among the solar fuels, which can be produced via solar-thermal, artificial photosynthesis, photocatalytic or photoelectrochemical routes. Solar Fuels compiles the objectives related to the new semiconductor materials and manufacturing techniques for solar fuel generation. Chapters are written by distinTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 1 1 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3 Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter 1.1 Introduction 4 1.1.1 Hydrogen via Solar Thermolysis 7 1.1.2 Hydrogen via Solar Thermochemical Cycles 8 1.1.3 Thermodynamics 13 1.1.4 Economics 16 1.2 Theoretical Methods 17 1.2.1 Oxygen Vacancy Formation Energy 18 1.2.2 Standard Entropy of Oxygen Vacancy Formation 22 1.2.3 Stability 24 1.2.4 Structure 25 1.2.5 Kinetics 26 1.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 26 1.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 30 1.5 Materials Design Directions 33 1.5.1 Enthalpy Engineering 33 1.5.2 Entropy Engineering 37 1.5.3 Stability Engineering 41 1.6 Conclusions 42 Acknowledgments 42 Appendices 43 Appendix A. Equilibrium Composition for Solar Thermolysis 43 Appendix B. Equilibrium Composition of Ceria 44 References 46 2 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65 Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin 2.1 Introduction 66 2.1.1 Sustainable Strategies to Address Climate Change 66 2.1.2 Circular Economy 66 2.1.3 Sustainable Solar Recycling of Metal Fuels 68 2.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 69 2.2.1 Stabilized Metal-Fuel Flame 70 2.2.2 Combustion Engineering 71 2.2.3 Designing Metal-Fueled Engines 72 2.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 75 2.3.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Oxides Reduction 75 2.3.2 Effect of Some Parameters on the Reduction Yield 77 2.3.2.1 Carbon-Reducing Agent 77 2.3.2.2 Catalysts and Additives 78 2.3.2.3 Mechanical Milling 78 2.3.2.4 CO Partial Pressure 79 2.3.2.5 Carrier Gas 79 2.3.2.6 Fast Preheating 79 2.3.2.7 Progressive Heating 80 2.3.3 Reverse Reoxidation of the Produced Metal Powders 80 2.3.4 Reduction of Oxides Using Concentrated Solar Power 81 2.3.5 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Magnesia 83 2.3.6 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Alumina 86 2.4 Conclusions 89 Acknowledgments 90 References 90 3 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97 Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. Naterer Nomenclature 98 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 System Description 108 3.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 113 3.3.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses 113 3.3.2 Economic Analysis 116 3.3.3 Multiobjective Optimization (MOO) Algorithm 120 3.4 Results and Discussion 121 3.5 Conclusions 130 References 131 4 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3O4 137 Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Materials and Methods 141 4.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 142 4.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co3O4143 4.4.1 Red/Ox Characteristics of Co3O4 Measured by Temperature-Programmed Analysis 145 4.4.2 The Role of Pt as a Reduction Promoter of Co3O4 147 4.4.3 A Critical Analysis of the Solar Thermochemical Cycles of Water Splitting 149 4.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3O4 151 4.5.1 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects During Red/Ox Processes 152 4.5.2 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Co3O4 152 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 161 5 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163 Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 165 5.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 167 5.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 168 5.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 171 5.5.1 Generation of Hydrogen in Scenedesmus obliquus 171 5.5.2 Production of Hydrogen in Chlorella vulgaris 174 5.5.3 Generation of Hydrogen in Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 175 5.6 Concluding Remarks 177 Acknowledgments 177 References 177 6 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185 Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed 6.1 Introduction 186 6.2 C−H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 189 6.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C−H Activation 190 6.4 C−C Functionalization 192 6.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 194 6.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 197 6.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 199 6.8 Conclusion 199 References 200 Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 205 7 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207 Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao 7.1 Introduction 208 7.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 209 7.2.1 Preparation of Graphene (Oxide) 209 7.2.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 210 7.2.2.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 211 7.2.2.2 Sol-Gel Method 212 7.2.2.3 In Situ Growth Method 212 7.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 214 7.3.1 SEM, TEM, and HRTEM 214 7.3.2 X-Ray Techniques: XPS, XRD, XANES, XAFS, and EXAFS 215 7.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 217 7.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 218 7.3.5 Other Technologies 219 7.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 220 7.4.1 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 223 7.4.2 Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 229 7.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 235 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 8 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247 Ashween Virdee and John Andresen 8.1 Introduction 248 8.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 248 8.2.1 Photocatalytic Systems 249 8.2.1.1 Slurry Photoreactor 252 8.2.1.2 Fixed Bed Photoreactor 254 8.2.1.3 Twin Photoreactor (Membrane Photoreactor) 256 8.2.1.4 Microreactor 259 8.2.2 Electrochemical System 260 8.2.2.1 Co2 Electrochemical Reactors 263 8.2.3 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Systems 267 8.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 272 8.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 274 8.5 Conclusions 276 References 277 Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 285 9 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287 Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 289 9.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 290 9.3.1 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Fuel 290 9.3.2 Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Production 291 9.3.3 Photocatalytic Dye/Pollutant Degradation 292 9.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 292 9.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 294 9.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 295 9.6.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods 295 9.6.2 Sol-Gel Methods 300 9.6.3 Wet Chemical and Solution Methods 303 9.6.4 Vapor Phase Deposition Methods 305 9.6.5 Electrospinning Methods 306 9.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 307 9.7.1 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BiFeO3 Nanostructures and Thin Films 307 9.7.2 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LaFeO3 Nanostructures 311 9.7.3 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BaTiO3 Nanostructures 314 9.7.4 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of SrTiO3 Nanostructures 317 9.7.5 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of YFeO3 Nanostructures 319 9.7.6 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of KNbO3 Nanostructures 319 9.7.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of NaNbO3 Nanostructures 322 9.7.8 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LiNbO3 Nanostructures 323 9.7.9 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of PbTiO3 Nanostructures 323 9.7.10 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of ZnSnO3 Nanostructures 325 9.8 Conclusion and Perspective 327 References 329 10 Solar‐Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341 Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi 10.1 Introduction 342 10.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 343 10.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 348 10.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 352 10.4.1 PVE Systems Based on Si PV Cells 353 10.4.2 PVE Systems Based on Group III-V Compound PV Cells 354 10.4.3 PVE Systems Based on Chalcogenide PV Cells 356 10.4.4 PVE Systems Based on Perovskite PV Cells 358 10.4.5 PVE Systems Based on Organic Heterojunction PV Cells 359 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 361 References 361 11 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375 Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu 11.1 Introduction 376 11.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 378 11.2.1 Metal and Non-Metal Cocatalysts 379 11.2.2 Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 380 11.2.3 Metal Sulfides 381 11.2.4 Metal Phosphides and Carbides 382 11.2.5 Molecular Cocatalysts 383 11.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 384 11.3.1 Intrinsic Properties of Cocatalysts 384 11.3.2 Interfacial Coupling of Cocatalysts With Host Semiconductors 388 11.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 393 11.5 Conclusion 395 Acknowledgments 396 References 396 Index 411

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Book SynopsisQUALITY PLANNING AND ASSURANCE Discover the most crucial aspects of quality systems planning critical to manufacturing and service success In Quality Planning and Assurance: Principles, Approaches, and Methods for Product and Service Development, accomplished engineer Dr. Herman Tang delivers an incisive presentation of the principles of quality systems planning. The book begins with an introduction to the meaning of the word quality before moving on to review the principles of quality strategy and policy management. The author then offers a detailed discussion of customer needs and the corresponding quality planning tasks in design phases, as well as a treatment of the design processes necessary to ensure product or service quality. Readers will enjoy explorations of advanced topics related to proactive approaches to quality management, like failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). They???ll discover discussions of issues like supplier quality manTable of ContentsForewords xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction to Quality Planning 1 1.1 Quality Definitions 1 1.1.1 Meaning of Quality 1 1.1.2 End-customer Centricity 3 1.1.3 Dimensions of Product and Service Quality 6 1.1.4 Discussion of Service Quality 10 1.2 Quality System 13 1.2.1 Quality Management System 13 1.2.2 Discussion of QMS 17 1.2.3 Quality Target Setting 19 1.2.4 Cost of Quality 22 1.3 Quality Planning 25 1.3.1 Planning Process Overview 25 1.3.2 Considerations in Quality Planning 29 1.3.3 Quality-planning Guideline (APQP) 31 1.3.4 Service Quality Planning 35 Summary 36 Exercises 37 References 38 2 Strategy Development for Quality 43 2.1 Strategic Management 43 2.1.1 Overview of Strategic Management 43 2.1.2 Hoshin Planning Management 48 2.1.3 Implementation Considerations 52 2.2 Risk Management and Analysis 56 2.2.1 Risk Management Overview 56 2.2.2 Risks and Treatments 59 2.2.3 Risk Evaluation 61 2.2.4 Event Tree, Fault Tree, and Bowtie Analysis 64 2.3 Pull and Push Strategies 68 2.3.1 Pull or Push 68 2.3.2 Innovation-push 70 2.3.3 Challenges to Pull and Push 72 Summary 73 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Customer-centric Planning 81 3.1 Goal: Design for Customer 81 3.1.1 Customer-driven Development 81 3.1.2 Product/Process Characteristics 85 3.2 Quality Category to Customer 89 3.2.1 Must-be Quality and Attractive Quality 89 3.2.2 Kano Model 92 3.3 Quality Function Deployment 95 3.3.1 Principle of QFD 95 3.3.2 QFD Applications 98 3.3.3 More Discussion of QFD 100 3.4 Affective Engineering 103 3.4.1 Introduction to Affective Engineering 103 3.4.2 Discussion of AE 106 3.4.3 Applications of AE 108 Summary 110 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Quality Assurance by Design 119 4.1 Design Review Process 119 4.1.1 Introduction to Design Review 119 4.1.2 Design Review Based on Failure Mode 122 4.1.3 Design Review Applications 124 4.2 Design Verification and Validation 125 4.2.1 Prototype Processes 125 4.2.2 Processes of Verification and Validation 128 4.2.3 Discussion of Verification and Validation 131 4.3 Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.1 Principle of Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.2 Considerations to CE 136 4.4 Variation Considerations 139 4.4.1 Recognition of Variation 139 4.4.2 Target Setting with Variation 141 4.4.3 Propagation of Variation 143 4.4.4 Quality and Variation 146 Summary 149 Exercises 150 References 151 5 Proactive Approaches: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Control Plan 157 5.1 Understanding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.1 Principle of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.2 FMEA Development 162 5.1.3 Parameters in FMEA 164 5.2 Pre- and Post-work of FMEA 168 5.2.1 Pre-FMEA Analysis 168 5.2.2 FMEA Follow-up 172 5.3 Implementation of FMEA 176 5.3.1 Considerations in FMEA 176 5.3.2 Applications of FMEA 179 5.4 Control Plan 183 5.4.1 Basics of Control Plan 183 5.4.2 Considerations in Control Plan 186 5.4.3 Applications of Control Plan 188 Summary 190 Exercises 191 References 193 6 Supplier Quality Management and Production Part Approval Process 197 6.1 Introduction to Supplier Quality 197 6.1.1 Supplier Quality Overview 197 6.1.2 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 200 6.2 PPAP Standardized Guideline 205 6.2.1 Concept of PPAP 205 6.2.2 PPAP Elements 208 6.2.3 PPAP Packages 211 6.3 PPAP Elements in a Package 213 6.3.1 Essential Element (Level 1) 213 6.3.2 Level 2 Elements 215 6.3.3 Level 3 Elements 217 6.3.4 Unique Requirements (Levels 4 and 5) 219 6.4 Supplier Quality Assurance 220 6.4.1 PPAP Preparation and Approval 220 6.4.2 Customer and Supplier Teamwork 222 6.4.3 Supplier Quality to Service 227 Summary 229 Exercises 230 References 232 7 Special Analyses and Processes 235 7.1 Measurement System Analysis 235 7.1.1 Measurement System 235 7.1.2 Analysis in MSA 239 7.2 Process Capability Study 244 7.2.1 Principle of Process Capability 244 7.2.2 Process Capability Assessment 247 7.2.3 Production Tryout 249 7.3 Change Management in Development 253 7.3.1 Process of Change Management 253 7.3.2 Considerations in Change Management 256 7.3.3 Advancement of Change Management 259 7.4 Quality System Auditing 260 7.4.1 Roles and Processes of Quality Auditing 260 7.4.2 Types of Quality Audit and Preparation 263 7.4.3 Considerations in Quality Auditing 264 Summary 267 Exercises 269 References 270 8 Quality Management Tools 275 8.1 Problem-solving Process 275 8.1.1 Plan–Do–Check–Act Approach 275 8.1.2 8D Approach 281 8.1.3 Approaches and Tools 286 8.2 Seven Basic Tools 290 8.2.1 Cause-and-effect Diagram 290 8.2.2 Check Sheet 291 8.2.3 Histogram 292 8.2.4 Pareto Chart 294 8.2.5 Scatter Diagram 295 8.2.6 Control Charts 296 8.2.7 Stratification Analysis 298 8.3 Seven Additional Tools 299 8.3.1 Affinity Diagram 299 8.3.2 Relation Diagram 300 8.3.3 Tree Diagram 304 8.3.4 Matrix Chart (Diagram) 305 8.3.5 Network Diagram 306 8.3.6 Prioritization Matrix 308 8.3.7 Process Decision Program Chart 309 Summary 310 Exercises 311 References 313 Acronyms and Glossary 317 Epilogue 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES With the goal of accelerating the growth of green energy utilization for the sustainability of life on earth, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, goes into the practical applications that can be utilized across multiple disciplines and industries, for both the engineer and the student. Green energy resources are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices for sustainable energy conversion. Due to the energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs, and social issues, green energy resources are being researched, developed, and funded more than ever before. Researchers are facing numerous challenges, but there are new opportunities waiting for green energy resource utilization within the context of environmental and economic sustainability. Efficient energy conversion from solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and others are paramount to this overall mission and the success of Table of ContentsPreface 1. Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized BedSourav Ganguli, Prabhansu and Malay Kr. Karmakar 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mathematical Model 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 2. Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan for Sustainable GrowthHemani Paliwal, Vikramaditya Dave and Sujeet Kumar 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Renewable Energy in India 2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan 2.4 Government Initiatives 2.5 Major Achievements 2.6 Environment Effects 2.7 Conclusion 3. Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges and OpportunitiesJ. N. Roy, Uday Shankar and Ajaykumar Chaurasiya 3.1 Background 3.2 Electricity Access in India 3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy Framework of India 3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System 3.5 Conclusion 4. Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Protection ApplicationsMohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Photocatalysis 4.3 Electrocatalysis 4.4 Supercapacitors 4.5 Conclusions 5. Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction, Working Principle, and Current DevelopmentHirendra Das and Pranayee Datta 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect) 5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells 5.4 Materials for QDSSCs 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 6. Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar StillsSubbarama Kousik Suraparaju and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World 6.3 Significance of Solar Energy -- Indian Scenario 6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy 6.5 Solar Still 6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield in Passive Solar Still 6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity 6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods 6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 7. Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large Windfarms to GridR. Mahalakshmi and K.C. Sindhu Thampatty 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Survey 7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs 7.4 Modeling of System Components 7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance 7.6 Hardware Implementation 7.7 Conclusion 8. Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy ConversionMusademba Downmore, Chihobo Chido H. and Garahwa Zvikomborero 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hydrothermal Processing 8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal Processing (HTP) 8.4 Bio-Methanation Process 8.5 Integrating AD-HTP 8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion 8.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion 8.8 Conclusion 9. Renewable Energy Policies and Standards for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles in IndiaPrateek Srivastava, Shashank Vyas and Nilesh B. Hadiya 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure of the Indian Power System 9.3 Status of RE in India 9.4 Legal Aspects of Electricity and Consumer Rights in India 9.5 Policies, Programs, and Standards Related to Energy Storage and EVs 9.6 Electricity Market-Related Developments for Accommodating More RE 9.7 Conclusion 10. Durable Catalyst Support for PEFC ApplicationP. Dhanasekaran, S. Vinod Selvaganesh and Santoshkumar D. Bhat 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of Fuel Cells and Operating Principle 10.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) 10.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability 10.5 Effect of TiO2 Based Catalysts/Supports for H2-PEFC and DMFC 10.6 Variable Phase of TiO2 Supported Pt Towards Fuel Cell Application 10.7 Influence of Doping in TiO2 Towards ORR 10.8 Influence of Morphology Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction 10.9 Effect of Titania-Carbon Composite Supported Pt Electrocatalyst for PEFC 10.10 PEFC Stack Operation and Durability Studies with Alternate Catalyst Support 10.11 Summary and Way Forward 11. Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: Future of Renewable Energy ResearchDevi Renuka K., Santoshkumar D. Bhat and Sreekuttan M. Unni 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principle of URFC 11.3 Classification of URFCs 11.4 Case Studies on URFCs 11.5 Conclusion 12. Energy Storage for Distributed Energy ResourcesUdaya Bhasker Manthati, Srinivas Punna and Arunkumar C. R. 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 12.3 Power Electronic Interface 12.4 Control of Different HESS Configurations 12.5 Battery Modeling Techniques 12.6 Applications 12.7 Challenges and Future of ESSs 12.8 Conclusions 13. Comprehensive Analysis on DC-Microgrid Application for Remote ElectrificationYugal Kishor, C.H. Kamesh Rao and R.N. Patel 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Background of DC-muG 13.3 DC-μG Architectures 13.4 DC-μG Voltage Polarity 13.5 Single Bus DC-μG 13.6 Radial Architecture of DC-μG 13.7 Ladder Type DC-μG 13.8 Topological Overview of DC-DC Converters 13.9 DC-μG Control Schemes 13.10 Key Challenges and Direction of Future Research 13.11 Conclusions 14. Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air HeaterTabish Alam and Karmveer 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Solar Air Heater (SAH) 14.3 Performance Evaluation of a SAH 14.4 Collector Performance Testing and Prediction 14.5 Performance Enhancement Methods of Solar Air Collector 14.6 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance 14.7 Prediction of Net Effective Efficiency of Conical Protrusion Ribs on Absorber of SAH: A Case Study 14.8 Conclusions 15. Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Load Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrid with Renewable Energy SourcesS. Anbarasi, K. Punitha, S. Krishnaveni and R. Aruna 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources 15.3 Control Strategy for LFC in Micro Grid 15.4 Simulation Results and Discussions: Case Study 15.5 Summary and Future Scope 16. Analysis of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction MachineResmi R. 16.1 Introduction 16.2 A Study on BDFIM 16.3 FEM Analysis of BDFIM Performance 16.4 Fabrication of BDFIM 16.5 Testing of Prototype BDFIM as Motor 16.6 Testing of BDFIM as a Generator 16.7 Conclusion 17. SMC Augmented Droop Control Scheme for Improved Small Signal Stability of Inverter Dominated MicrogridBinu Krishnan U. and Mija S. J. 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Small Signal Model of Droop Controlled MG System 17.3 Droop Controller with SMC 17.4 Conclusion 18. Energy Scenarios Due to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak in HondurasJuan F. Reyez-Meza, Juan G. Elvir-Hernandez, Wilfredo C. Flores, Harold R. Chamorro, Jacobo Aguillon-Garcia, Vijay K. Sood, Kyri Baker, Ameena Al-Sumaiti, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt and Wilmar Martinez 18.1 Introduction 18.2 SPB (Southern Pine Beetle) 18.3 Implementation of Methodology 18.4 Scenario Taking Into Consideration the Energy Demand Conclusions References Appendix Index

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisINTEGRATED GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS This first volume in a two-volume set presents the state of the art for the concepts, practical applications, and future of renewable energy and how to move closer to true sustainability. Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in every country worldwide. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as an important set of growth industries for most governments. World agencies, including the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage these emerging technologies. This book will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering technologies. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their applications. Although the applications are updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and this book will provide a useful platform for those advancing the subject Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Green Economy and the Future in a Post-Pandemic World 1 Luke Gerard Christie and Deepa Cherian 1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 1.2 The Need to Question How we Do Business and the Evolution of Green Policies 3 1.3 The Shift from Fossil Fuels to Nuclear Energy for a Cleaner, Sustainable Environment 4 1.4 Significance of Emergent Technologies in the Reduction of Global Warming and Climate Change 6 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 2 Home Automation System Using Internet of Things for Real-Time Power Analysis and Control of Devices 11 Richik Ray, Rishita Shanker, V. Anantha Krishnan, O.V. Gnana Swathika and C. Vaithilingam 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Methodology 14 2.3 Design Specifications 15 2.3.1 Components Required 15 2.3.2 Circuit Diagram and Working 18 2.3.3 Blynk GUI (Graphical User Interface) for Smartphone 19 2.3.4 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Design 20 2.4 Results and Discussion 20 2.4.1 Prototype Design Completion 20 2.4.2 Testing and Observations 22 2.4.3 Future Prospects 23 2.5 Conclusion 24 References 25 3 Energy Generation from Secondary Li-Ion Batteries to Economical Na-Ion Batteries 27 R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Li-Ion Battery 29 3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 33 3.4 Conclusion 40 References 41 4 Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell 45 R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Operating Principle 48 4.2.1 Types of Fuel Cells 49 4.3 Why Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell? 50 4.3.1 Electrolyte 52 4.3.2 Catalyst Layer (At the Cathode & Anode) 52 4.3.3 Bipolar Plate (Cathode & Anode) 52 4.4 Hydrogen as an Energy-Vector in a Long-Term Fuel Cell 53 4.5 Application 55 4.6 Conclusion 56 References 57 5 IoT and Machine Learning–Based Energy-Efficient Smart Buildings 61 Aaron Biju, Gautum Subhash V.P., Menon Adarsh Sivadas, Thejus R. Krishnan, Abhijith R. Nair, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Methodology 63 5.3 Design Specifications 65 5.3.1 NodeMCU 65 5.3.2 Relay 65 5.3.3 Firebase 66 5.3.4 Raspberry Pi 66 5.3.5 Camera 66 5.4 Results 66 5.5 Conclusion 69 References 69 6 IOT-Based Smart Metering 71 Parth Bhargav, Umar Ansari, Fahad Nishat and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 72 6.1 Introduction 72 6.1.1 Motivation 72 6.1.2 Objectives 73 6.2 Methodology 73 6.2.1 Advent of Smart Meter 73 6.2.2 Modules 77 6.2.3 Energy Meter 77 6.2.4 Wi-Fi Module 78 6.2.5 Arduino UNO 78 6.2.6 Back End 78 6.3 Design of IOT-Based Smart Meter 81 6.3.1 Energy Meter 81 6.3.2 Arduino UNO 82 6.3.3 Wi-Fi Module 83 6.3.4 Calculations 84 6.3.5 Units 84 6.4 Results and Discussion 84 6.4.1 Working 84 6.4.2 Readings Captured in the Excel Sheet 85 6.4.3 Predication Using Statistical Analytics 86 6.4.4 Quantitative Analytics 86 6.4.5 Predication of Missing Data 87 6.4.6 Hardware Output 87 6.5 Conclusion 88 References 89 7 IoT-Based Home Automation and Power Consumption Analysis 93 K. Trinath Raja, Challa Ravi Teja, K. Madhu Priya and Berlin Hency V. 7.1 Introduction 94 7.2 Literature Review 94 7.3 IoT (Internet of Things) 96 7.4 Architecture 96 7.5 Software 97 7.5.1 IFTTT 97 7.5.2 ThingSpeak 97 7.5.3 Google Assistant 98 7.6 Hardware 98 7.6.1 DHT Sensor 98 7.6.2 Motor 98 7.6.3 NodeMCU 99 7.6.4 Gas Sensor 99 7.7 Implementation, Testing and Results 99 7.8 Conclusion 102 References 103 8 Advanced Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems 105 Maheedhar and Deepa T. 8.1 Introduction 106 8.2 Combined Heat and Power 107 8.2.1 Stirling Engines 107 8.2.2 Turbines 108 8.2.3 Fuel Cell 110 8.2.4 Chillers 112 8.2.5 PV/T System 113 8.3 Economic Aspects 114 8.4 Conclusion 115 References 116 9 A Study to Enhance the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) Process Using Organic Base 119 M.J.A. Prince and Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Materials and Methods 121 9.3 Similarity Study of NA in the Saline Water Containing Cations Having a Valency of 2 122 9.4 Results and Discussion 123 9.4.1 Alkalinity Contributed by NA for Intensifying the IFT Characteristics 123 9.4.2 Interfacial Tension Properties 124 9.4.3 The Similarity of NA + Polymer 124 9.4.4 Traits of Adsorption 125 9.4.5 Economics 125 9.4.6 Regular NA Injection Recommendation 125 9.5 Conclusions 126 References 126 10 Flexible Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting Applications 129 K.A. Karthigeyan, E. Manikandan, E. Papanasam and S. Radha 10.1 Introduction 130 10.2 Metamaterials 131 10.2.1 Energy Harvesting Using Metamaterials 132 10.2.2 Solar Energy Harvesting 132 10.2.2.1 Numerical Setup 133 10.2.3 Acoustic Energy Harvesting 135 10.2.4 RF Energy Harvesting 137 10.3 Summary and Challenges 138 References 138 11 Smart Robotic Arm 141 Rangit Ray, Koustav Das, Akash Adhikary, Akash Pandey, Ananthakrishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 141 11.1 Introduction 142 11.1.1 Motivation 142 11.1.2 Objectives 143 11.1.3 Scope of the Work 143 11.1.4 Organization 143 11.2 Design of Robotic Arm with a Bot 144 11.2.1 Design Approach 144 11.2.1.1 Codes and Standards 144 11.2.1.2 Realistic Constraints 144 11.2.2 Design Specifications 149 11.3 Project Demonstration 152 11.3.1 Introduction 152 11.3.2 Analytical Results 153 11.3.3 Simulation Results 153 11.3.4 Hardware Results 154 11.4 Conclusion 155 11.4.1 Cost Analysis 155 11.4.2 Scope of Work 155 11.4.3 Summary 155 References 156 12 Energy Technologies and Pricing Policies: Case Study 157 Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 12.1 Introduction 157 12.2 Literature Review 159 12.3 Non-Linear Pricing 161 12.4 Agricultural Water Demand 162 12.5 Priced Inputs and Unpriced Resources 163 12.6 Proposed Set Up on Paper 164 12.7 Empirical Model 167 12.8 Identification Strategy 168 12.9 Data 170 12.10 Empirical Results 171 12.11 Counterfactual Simulation A 173 12.12 Counterfactual Simulation B 174 12.13 Counterfactual Simulation: Costs of Reduced Groundwater Demand 176 12.14 Conclusion 180 References 181 13 Energy Availability and Resource Management: Case Study 185 Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 13.1 Introduction 185 13.2 Literature Review 187 13.3 Study Area 189 13.3.1 Producer Survey 192 13.4 Empirical Model of Adoption 193 13.5 Material and Methods 196 13.6 Results 198 13.7 Conclusion 203 References 204 14 Energy-Efficient Dough Rolling Machine 207 Nerella Venkata Sai Charan, Abhishek Antony Mathew, Adnan Ahamad Syed, Nallavelli Preetham Reddy, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 14.1 Introduction 208 14.2 Methodology 208 14.3 Specifications 210 14.3.1 Motor 210 14.3.2 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 210 14.3.3 Speed Reduction 211 14.3.4 Coupler 212 14.3.5 Main Base Structure 212 14.3.6 Rotating Platform and Rollers 212 14.3.7 Rotating Platform 213 14.3.8 Rollers 213 14.4 Result and Discussion 215 14.5 Conclusion 215 References 215 15 Peak Load Management System Using Node-Red Software Considering Peak Load Analysis 217 Mohit Sharan, Prantika Das, Harsh Gupta, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, P. Balamurugan and D. Subbulekshmi 15.1 Introduction 218 15.2 Methodology 219 15.2.1 Peak Demand and Load Profile 219 15.2.2 Need of Peak Load Management (PLM) 220 15.2.3 Data Analysis 220 15.2.4 Need to Flatten the Load Curve 221 15.2.5 Current Observations 221 15.2.6 Equations 221 15.3 Model Specifications 221 15.4 Features of UI Interface 225 15.4.1 App Prototype 225 15.5 Conclusions 227 Bibliography 227 16 An Overview on the Energy Economics Associated with the Energy Industry 229 Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman and M.J.A. Prince 16.1 Time Value of Money 230 16.1.1 Present Value of an Asset 230 16.1.2 Future Value of an Investment 230 16.1.3 Rule of 72 231 16.2 Classification of Cost 232 16.2.1 Fixed Cost of an Asset (FCA) 232 16.2.2 Variable Cost of a Plant (VCP) 232 16.2.3 Total Cost of a Plant (TCP) 232 16.2.4 Break-Even Location (BEL) 232 16.3 Economic Specification 233 16.3.1 Return on Cost (ROC) 233 16.3.2 Payback Span 233 16.3.3 Net Present Worth 233 16.3.4 Discounted Money Flow (DMF) 234 16.3.5 Internal Charge of Returns (ICR) 234 16.4 Analysis 234 16.4.1 Incremental Analysis (IA) 234 16.4.1.1 Pertinent Cost (PC) 234 16.4.1.2 Non-Pertinent Cost (NPC) 235 16.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis (SA) 235 16.4.3 Replacement Analysis (RA) 237 16.5 Conclusion 239 Bibliography 240 17 IoT-Based Unified Child Monitoring and Security System 241 A.R. Mirunalini, Shwetha. S., R. Priyanka and Berlin Hency V. 17.1 Introduction 242 17.2 Literature Review 243 17.3 Proposed System 247 17.3.1 Block Diagram 247 17.3.2 Design Approach 249 17.3.3 Software Analysis 249 17.3.4 Hardware Analysis 252 17.3.4.1 Experimental Setup 253 17.4 Result and Analysis 256 17.5 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 259 17.5.1 Conclusion and Inference 259 17.5.2 Future Enhancement 260 References 260 18 IoT-Based Plant Health Monitoring System Using CNN and Image Processing 263 Anindita Banerjee, Ekta Lal and Berlin Hency V. 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Literature Survey 265 18.3 Data Analysis 268 18.3.1 Convolutional Neural Network 268 18.3.2 Phases of the Model 269 18.3.3 Proposed Architecture 269 18.4 Proposed Methodology 271 18.4.1 System Module and Structure 271 18.4.2 System Design and Methods 272 18.4.3 Plant Disease Detection and Classification 272 18.4.3.1 Dataset Used 272 18.4.3.2 Preprocessing and Labelling Methods 273 18.4.3.3 Procedure of Augmentation 273 18.4.3.4 Training Using CNN 273 18.4.3.5 Analysis 275 18.4.3.6 Final Polishing of Results 275 18.4.4 Hardware and Software Instruments 275 18.5 Results and Discussion 275 18.6 Conclusion 286 References 286 19 IoT-Based Self-Checkout Stores Using Face Mask Detection 291 Shreya M., R. Nandita, Seshan Rajaraman and Berlin Hency V. 19.1 Introduction 292 19.2 Literature Review 292 19.2.1 Self-Checkout Stores 292 19.2.2 Face Mask Detection 293 19.3 Convolution Neural Network 295 19.4 Architecture 298 19.5 Hardware Requirements 299 19.5.1 PIR Sensor 299 19.5.2 LCD 299 19.5.3 Arduino UNO 299 19.5.4 Piezo Sensor 299 19.5.5 Potentiometer 300 19.5.6 Led 300 19.5.7 Raspberry Pi 300 19.6 Software 300 19.6.1 Jupyter Notebook 300 19.6.2 TinkerCAD 300 19.7 Implementation 300 19.7.1 Building and Training the Model 301 19.7.2 Testing The Model 302 19.8 Results and Discussions 303 19.9 Conclusion 306 References 306 20 IoT-Based Color Fault Detection Using TCS 3200 in Textile Industry 309 T. Kalavathidevi, S. Umadevi, S. Ramesh, D. Renukadevi and S. Revathi 20.1 Introduction 310 20.2 Literature Survey 311 20.3 Methodology 313 20.3.1 Sensor 314 20.3.2 Microcontroller 315 20.3.3 NodeMCU and Wi-Fi Module 317 20.3.4 Servomotor 317 20.3.5 IoT-Based Data Monitoring 318 20.3.6 IR Sensor 318 20.3.7 Proximity Sensor 319 20.3.8 Blynk 319 20.4 Experimental Setup 321 20.5 Results and Discussion 322 20.6 Conclusion 324 References 324 21 Energy Management System for Smart Buildings 327 Shivangi Shukla, V. Jayashree Nivedhitha, Akshitha Shankar, P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika 21.1 Introduction 328 21.2 Literature Survey 328 21.3 Modules of the Project 331 21.3.1 Data Collection for Accurate Energy Prediction 331 21.3.2 ML Prediction 332 21.3.3 Web Server 332 21.3.4 Hardware Description and Implementation 332 21.4 Design of Smart Energy Management System 334 21.4.1 Design Approach 334 21.4.1.1 ML Algorithm 334 21.4.1.2 EMS Algorithm 334 21.4.2 Design Specifications 336 21.5 Result & Analysis 337 21.5.1 Introduction 337 21.5.2 ML Model Results 337 21.5.3 Web Page Results 337 21.5.4 Hardware Results 339 21.6 Conclusion 346 References 346 22 Mobile EV Charging Stations for Scalability of EV in the Indian Automobile Sector 349 Mohit Sharan, Ameesh K. Singh, Harsh Gupta, Apurv Malhotra, Muskan Karira, O.V. Gnana Swathika and Anantha Krishnan V. 22.1 Introduction 350 22.2 Methodology 350 22.2.1 Design Specifications 351 22.2.2 Block Diagrams 356 22.3 Result 357 22.4 Conclusions 358 Bibliography 358 About the Editors 361 Index 363

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book presents a detailed account of research and recent developments in the field of green energetic materials, including pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Green Energetic Materials 1 Tore Brinck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials 2 1.3 Green Propellants in Civil Space Travel 5 1.3.1 Green Oxidizers to Replace Ammonium Perchlorate 6 1.3.2 Green Liquid Propellants to Replace Hydrazine 8 1.3.3 Electric Propulsion 10 1.4 Conclusions 10 References 11 2 Theoretical Design of Green Energetic Materials: Predicting Stability, Detection, and Synthesis and Performance 15 Tore Brinck and Martin Rahm 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Computational Methods 17 2.3 Green Propellant Components 20 2.3.1 Trinitramide 20 2.3.2 Energetic Anions Rich in Oxygen and Nitrogen 24 2.3.3 The Pentazolate Anion and its Oxy-Derivatives 27 2.3.4 Tetrahedral N4 33 2.4 Conclusions 38 References 39 3 Some Perspectives on Sensitivity to Initiation of Detonation 45 Peter Politzer and Jane S. Murray 3.1 Energetic Materials and Green Chemistry 45 3.2 Sensitivity: Some Background 46 3.3 Sensitivity Relationships 47 3.4 Sensitivity: Some Relevant Factors 48 3.4.1 Amino Substituents 48 3.4.2 Layered (Graphite-Like) Crystal Lattice 49 3.4.3 Free Space in the Crystal Lattice 50 3.4.4 Weak Trigger Bonds 50 3.4.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potentials 51 3.5 Summary 56 Acknowledgments 56 References 57 4 Advances Toward the Development of “Green” Pyrotechnics 63 Jesse J. Sabatini 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 The Foundation of “Green” Pyrotechnics 65 4.3 Development of Perchlorate-Free Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.1 Perchlorate-Free Illuminating Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.2 Perchlorate-Free Simulators 72 4.4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Pyrotechnic Formulations 75 4.4.1 Barium-Free Green-Light Emitting Illuminants 76 4.4.2 Barium-Free Incendiary Compositions 78 4.4.3 Lead-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 80 4.4.4 Chromium-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 82 4.5 Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds from Pyrotechnic Formulations 83 4.5.1 Chlorine-Free Illuminating Compositions 83 4.6 Environmentally Friendly Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.1 Environmentally Friendly Colored Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.2 Environmentally Friendly White Smoke Compositions 88 4.7 Conclusions 93 Acknowledgments 94 Abbreviations 95 References 97 5 Green Primary Explosives 103 Karl D. Oyler 5.1 Introduction 103 5.1.1 What is a Primary Explosive? 104 5.1.2 The Case for Green Primary Explosives 107 5.1.3 Legacy Primary Explosives 108 5.2 Green Primary Explosive Candidates 110 5.2.1 Inorganic Compounds 111 5.2.2 Organic-Based Compounds 116 5.3 Conclusions 125 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 6 Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 133 Thomas M. Klap€otke and J€org Stierstorfer 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Rationale for the Investigation of Tetrazole N-oxides 133 6.3 Synthetic Strategies for the Formation of Tetrazole N-oxides 136 6.3.1 HOF CH3CN 136 6.3.2 Oxone1 137 6.3.3 CF3COOH/H2O2 138 6.3.4 Cyclization of Azido-Oximes 139 6.4 Recent Examples of Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 139 6.4.1 Tetrazole N-oxides 140 6.4.2 Bis(tetrazole-N-oxides) 150 6.4.3 5,50-Azoxytetrazolates 164 6.4.4 Bis(tetrazole)dihydrotetrazine and bis(tetrazole)tetrazine N-oxides 170 6.5 Conclusion 173 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 7 Green Propellants Based on Dinitramide Salts: Mastering Stability and Chemical Compatibility Issues 179 Martin Rahm and Tore Brinck 7.1 The Promises and Problems of Dinitramide Salts 179 7.2 Understanding Dinitramide Decomposition 181 7.2.1 The Dinitramide Anion 182 7.2.2 Dinitraminic Acid 184 7.2.3 Dinitramide Salts 185 7.3 Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of ADN and KDN 189 7.4 Anomalous Solid-State Decomposition 192 7.5 Dinitramide Chemistry 194 7.5.1 Compatibility and Reactivity of ADN 194 7.5.2 Dinitramides in Synthesis 196 7.6 Dinitramide Stabilization 198 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 201 8 Binder Materials for Green Propellants 205 Carina Elds€ater and Eva Malmstr€om 8.1 Binder Properties 209 8.2 Inert Polymers for Binders 210 8.2.1 Polybutadiene 210 8.2.2 Polyethers 212 8.2.3 Polyesters and Polycarbonates 213 8.3 Energetic Polymers 215 8.3.1 Nitrocellulose 215 8.3.2 Poly(glycidyl azide) 216 8.3.3 Poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane) 220 8.3.4 Poly(glycidyl nitrate) 221 8.3.5 Poly[3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane] 222 8.4 Energetic Plasticisers 223 8.5 Outlook for Design of New Green Binder Systems 223 8.5.1 Architecture of the Binder Polymer 224 8.5.2 Chemical Composition and Crosslinking Chemistries 225 References 226 9 The Development of Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies for Energetic Materials 235 David E. Chavez 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Explosives 236 9.2.1 Sustainable Manufacturing of Explosives 236 9.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Materials for Initiation 240 9.2.3 Synthesis of Explosive Precursors 244 9.3 Pyrotechnics 246 9.3.1 Commercial Pyrotechnics Manufacturing 246 9.3.2 Military Pyrotechnics 248 9.4 Propellants 249 9.4.1 The “Green Missile” Program 249 9.4.2 Other Rocket Propellant Efforts 250 9.4.3 Gun Propellants 251 9.5 Formulation 253 9.6 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 254 Abbreviations and Acronyms 255 References 256 10 Electrochemical Methods for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water 259 Lynne Wallace 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Practical Aspects 260 10.3 Electrosynthesis 262 10.3.1 Electrosynthesis of EM and EM Precursors 262 10.3.2 Electrosynthesis of Useful Reagents 265 10.4 Electrochemical Remediation 266 10.4.1 Direct Electrolysis 267 10.4.2 Indirect Electrolytic Methods 269 10.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils 272 10.4.4 Electrodialysis 273 10.5 Current Developments and Future Directions 273 References 275 Index 281

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Book SynopsisAs the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes. Topics covered include: Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries. Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms. Process synthesis and design: Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. DisTrade Review“In conclusion, this book introduces the reader to the rapidly-developing industry of biorefineries, with a multi-disciplinary approach. It is a good resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students who want to learn about biorefineries; it can also be valuable for researchers who are looking to practically apply these analytical tools in their work.” (Green Process Synth, 4 February 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi CompanionWebsite xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.1.1 Biorefinery Principles 3 1.1.2 Biorefinery Types and Development 4 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5 1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.3.1 Chemical Nature of Biorefinery Feedstocks 8 1.3.2 Feedstock Characterization 10 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5 Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.6.1 Background of Lignin 26 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9 Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.9.1 Performance Indicators 36 1.9.2 Life Cycle Analysis 38 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38 References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.2.1 Capital Cost and Battery Limits 46 2.2.2 Cost Index 46 2.2.3 Economies of Scale 47 2.2.4 Operating Cost 48 2.2.5 Cash Flows 49 2.2.6 Time Value of Money 49 2.2.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis and Net Present Value 50 2.2.8 Profitability Analysis 52 2.2.9 Learning Effect 53 2.3 Methodology 54 2.3.1 Capital Cost Estimation 54 2.3.2 Profitability Analysis 55 2.4 Cost Estimation and Correlation 55 2.4.1 Capital Cost 55 2.4.2 Operating Cost 58 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61 3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch Technology 65 3.3.1 Data Extraction 66 3.3.2 Construction of Temperature–Enthalpy Profiles 69 3.3.3 Application of the Graphical Approach for Energy Recovery 76 3.4 Utility System 83 3.4.1 Components in Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery System for Cogeneration 88 3.5.1 Conventional Approach 88 3.5.2 Heuristic Based Approach 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA: Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.6.1 Global Warming Potential 114 4.6.2 Land Use 115 4.6.3 Resource Use 119 4.6.4 Ozone Layer Depletion 121 4.6.5 Acidification Potential 123 4.6.6 Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential 126 4.6.7 Aquatic Ecotoxicity 127 4.6.8 Eutrophication Potential 127 4.6.9 Biodiversity 128 4.7 LCA: Interpretation 128 4.7.1 Stand-Alone LCA 128 4.7.2 Accounting LCA 129 4.7.3 Change Oriented LCA 129 4.7.4 Allocation Method 129 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References 145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty Analysis 147 5.1.1 Dominance Analysis 148 5.1.2 Contribution Analysis 149 5.1.3 Scenario Analysis 151 5.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 153 5.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 154 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.2.1 Economic Value and Environmental Impact Analysis of Biorefinery Systems 160 5.2.2 Socioeconomic Analysis 163 5.3 Summary 165 References 165 6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production (COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.2.1 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 173 6.3 Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis 176 6.5.1 Value Analysis to Determine Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Streams to be Profitable or Nonprofitable 181 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3 Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204 References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear Optimization 208 8.2.1 Step 1: Rewriting in Standard LP Format 210 8.2.2 Step 2: Initializing the Simplex Method 211 8.2.3 Step 3: Obtaining an Initial Basic Solution 212 8.2.4 Step 4: Determining Simplex Directions 212 8.2.5 Step 5: Determining the Maximum Step Size by the Minimum Ratio Rule 213 8.2.6 Step 6: Updating the Basic Variables 214 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.3.1 Gradient Based Methods 219 8.3.2 Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) Algorithm 226 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.4.1 Branch and Bound Method 240 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.5.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 244 8.5.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) Optimization 246 8.5.3 GA in MATLAB 248 8.6 Summary 248 References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors: Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4 Gasification 258 9.4.1 The Process 258 9.4.2 Types of Gasifier 260 9.4.3 Design Considerations 260 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.5.1 What is Bio-Oil? 262 9.5.2 How Is Bio-Oil Obtained from Biomass? 264 9.5.3 How Fast Pyrolysis Works 265 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References 270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals of Design Calculation 272 10.2.1 Heat of Combustion 272 10.2.2 Higher and Lower Heating Values 276 10.2.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 278 10.2.4 Theoretical Air-to-Fuel Ratio 279 10.2.5 Cold Gas Efficiency 280 10.2.6 Hot Gas Efficiency 281 10.2.7 Equivalence Ratio 281 10.2.8 Carbon Conversion 282 10.2.9 Heat of Reaction 282 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282 10.3.1 Combustion Model 282 10.3.2 Gasification Model 283 10.3.3 Pyrolysis Model 289 10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.2.1 An Example of Lactic Acid Production 299 11.2.2 An Example of Succinic Acid Production 304 11.2.3 Heat Transfer Strategies for Reactors 308 11.2.4 An Example of Ethylene Production 309 11.2.5 An Example of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 311 11.3 Controlled Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive Separation 327 11.4.1 Membrane Based Separations 327 11.4.2 Membrane Filtration 330 11.4.3 Electrodialysis 333 11.4.4 Ion Exchange 334 11.4.5 Integrated Processes 338 11.4.6 Reactive Extraction 341 11.4.7 Reactive Distillation 352 11.4.8 Crystallization 354 11.4.9 Precipitation 360 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.5.1 An Example of Levulinic Acid Production: The Biofine Process 365 11.6 Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts 374 12.1.1 Polymer Classification 375 12.1.2 Polymer Properties 376 12.1.3 From Petrochemical Based Polymers to Biopolymers 379 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.2.1 Starch Polymers 385 12.2.2 Cellulose Polymers 389 12.2.3 Natural Fiber and Lignin Composites 389 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization Reaction Kinetics 391 12.3.1 Chain-Growth or Addition Polymerization 392 12.3.2 Step-Growth Polymerization 396 12.3.3 Copolymerization 398 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and Biopolymers 400 12.4.1 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Design for Reaction in Gaseous Phase 400 12.4.2 Bioreactor Design for Biopolymer Production – An Example of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 402 12.4.3 Catalytic Reactor Design 403 12.4.4 Energy Transfer Models of Reactors 412 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and Separation Functionalities 416 12.5.1 Reactive Distillation Column 416 12.5.2 An Example of a Novel Reactor Arrangement 418 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in Biorefineries 421 12.6.1 Polyesters 421 12.6.2 Polyurethanes 422 12.6.3 Polyamides 422 12.6.4 Polycarbonates 424 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes: Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.3.1 Design and Operating Regions of RectisolTM Process 433 13.3.2 Energy Consumption of a RectisolTM Process 435 13.4 The SelexolTM Technology 446 13.4.1 SelexolTM Process Parametric Analysis 448 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.5.1 Kinetic Modeling of SMR Reactions 458 13.5.2 Adsorption Modeling of Carbon Dioxide 460 13.5.3 Sorption Enhanced Reaction (SER) Process Dynamic Modeling Framework 460 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion 463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer–Tropsch Liquid and Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478 14.2.1 Physical Upgrading 478 14.2.2 Chemical Upgrading 478 14.2.3 Biological Upgrading 480 14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.3.1 The Concept 481 14.3.2 The Economics of Local Distribution of Bio-Oil 482 14.3.3 The Economics of Importing Bio-Oil from Other Countries 483 14.4 Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.4.1 Synthetic Fuel Production 484 14.4.2 Methanol Production 485 14.5 Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil 486 14.5.1 Flowsheet Synthesis and Modeling 486 14.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 488 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2 Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5 Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1 Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536 16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet Implementation 537 16.7.1 Mass Balance 539 16.7.2 Electrochemical Descriptions 540 16.7.3 An air Blower Power Consumption 542 16.7.4 Combustor Modeling 543 16.7.5 Energy Balance 543 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries 547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.1.1 Open Pond Cultivation 548 17.1.2 Photobioreactors (PBRs) 556 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562 17.2.1 Harvesting 562 17.2.2 Extraction 570 17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.3.1 Biodiesel Process 570 17.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification 572 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572 17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579 References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.1.1 Elementary Reaction Mechanism and Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling of the Biodiesel Production System 582 18.1.2 Solution Strategy for the Rate Equations Resulting from the Elementary Reaction Mechanism 590 18.1.3 Correlation between Concentration and Activity of Species Using the UNIQUAC Contribution Method 591 18.1.4 An Example of EXCEL Spreadsheet Based UNIQUAC Calculation for a Biodiesel Production System is Shown in Detail for Implementation in Online Resource Material, Chapter 18 – Additional Exercises and Examples 592 18.1.5 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling Framework 592 18.2 Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.3.1 Dimensionless Physical Parameter Groups 606 18.4 Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1: Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem – LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2: Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP and Agricultural Application System – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturing Index 613

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Book SynopsisEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.Table of ContentsEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.

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Book SynopsisThis academic, multi-author reference work serves as a general and non-technical resource for students and teachers to understand the importance of energy; to appreciate the influence of energy on societies around the world; to learn the history of energy; and to initiate educational discussion brought forth by the specific social and topical articles presented in the work. SCOPE AND COVERAGE From Alaska to China to Brazil and around the world, energy is the fuel of modern civilization. The United States alone, which constitutes 5 percent of the world's population, consumes 24 percent of the world's energy. Tracing the routes and roots of energy through history, especially since the Industrial Revolution, and explaining the current levels of energy use and production across the globe, this four-volume encyclopaedia will be the definitive reference to essential energy and power information. From ""clean coal"" to oil to windpower, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, the Encyclopedia of Energy is a world round-up of energy-related curricular disciplines, including: history, sociology, environmentalism, public policy, science, engineering, and business. Especially targeted toward high-school students, this outstanding reference work is edited to tie into the high-school curriculum, making the content readily accessible as well to patrons of public, academic, and university libraries. Pedagogical elements include a Topic Finder, Chronology, Resource Guide, Glossary, Appendix, and thorough index. Presented in four volumes in an A-to-Z format, the Encyclopedia of Energy is richly illustrated with photos, charts, and tables, all comprising a unique resource.

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Book SynopsisWith this third edition, international expert Rolf Kehlhofer leads a team of eminent engineers for the long-awaited update of the 'bible' for combined-cycle plants. Recognized as the foremost technical and economic reference for these complex facilities, Combined-Cycle for Gas & Steam Turbine Power Plants, third edition, still offers the backbone of basics in system layout, details on controls and automation, and operating instructions. New information includes a chapter devoted to the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), in-depth technical information on heat recovery steam generator, and a diverse group of real-world combined-cycle plant case studies.Table of Contents Introduction The electricity market Economics Thermodynamic principles of the combined-cycle plant Combined-cycle concepts Applications of combined cycles Components Control and automation Operating and part load behavior Environmental consideration Developmental trends The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) Carbon dioxide capture and storage Some typical combined-cycle plants Conclusion Appendix A Conversions table Appendix B Calculation of the operating performance of combined-cycle installations Appendix C Symbols used

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Book SynopsisThe latest book by Penni McLean-Conner is an outline for utilities, government agencies and power generators for educating consumers on conservation, better resource management, and a smaller carbon footprint. These techniques are not only of interest to the modern consumer, but also can maximize opportunities for demand-side management. Demand-side management programs are effective methods for reducing peak demand of electricity, helping to curb escalating electricity prices for consumers, allowing power generators greater control of the electrical loads and promoting overall conservation of stretched resources. This book offers proven strategies for creating, delivering and maximizing demand-side management, truly a smart approach for your organization!Table of ContentsForeword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Part One: Create an energy efficiency culture; Build the business case for energy efficiency; Understand the energy efficiency life cycle; Influence policy to support energy efficiency investment; Part Two: Deliver energy efficiency to consumers; Market barriers and assessment; Residential energy efficiency; Commercial and industrial energy efficiency; Demand response; Distributed generation; Part Three: Optimize energy efficiency performance; Participate in organizations that advance energy efficiency; Evaluate programs; Position for the future.

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Book SynopsisFuel cell technology has attracted great interest in recent decades. However, progress in lignocellulosic biomass-energized fuel cells has been slow. This is because that lignocellulosic biomass generally cannot be directly used for electricity generation in a fuel cell with high efficiency. As a renewable resource is available in large quantities in many regions of the world, lignocellulosic biomass can be a promising feedstock for sustainable electricity production using fuel cell technologies. In this monograph, we focus on the electricity generation in fuel cells that are operated at high temperatures with high efficiency using lignocellulosic biomass-derived fuels. More specifically, we discussed biomass conversion coupled solid oxide fuel cell and direct carbon fuel cell. The state of the art in technology development, as well as challenges, is outlined and perspectives on future development are provided.

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Book SynopsisDespite major international investment in biofuels, the invasive risks associated with these crops are still unknown. A cohesive state-of-the-art review of the invasive potential of bioenergy crops, this book covers the identified risks of invasion, distributions of key crops and policy and management issues. Including a section on developing predictive models, this book also assesses the potential societal impact of bioenergy crops and how to mitigate invasive risks.Table of Contents1: The Bioenergy Landscape: Sustainable Resources or the Next Great Invasion? 2: What Would Invasive Feedstock Populations Look Like? Perspectives from Existing Invasions 3: Potential Risks of Algae Bioenergy Feedstocks 4: Gene Flow and Invasiveness in Bioenergy Systems 5: Using Weed Risk Assessments to Separate the Crops from the Weeds 6: Bioenergy and Novel Plants: The Regulatory Structure 7: “Seeded-yet-Sterile” Perennial Grasses: Towards Sustainable and Non-invasive Biofuel Feedstocks 8: Eradication and Control of Bioenergy Feedstocks: What Do We Really Know? 9: Good Intentions vs Good Ideas: Evaluating Bioenergy Projects that Utilize Invasive Plant Feedstocks

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a magisterial account of the history, conceptualization, and institutionalization of the concept of sustainable development in international law and policy-making. It provides helpful and insightful illumination of these issues, both at a general level and specifically through an extended case study of the evolution of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture - a particularly appropriate choice of case study given that agriculture implicates a wide range of divergent values, including the economic benefits of free trade; promoting access to affordable food; protecting small subsistence farmers, especially in developing countries; and minimizing environmental degradation through over-exploitation of natural resources such as fisheries, soil depletion or contamination. An overarching and constructive theme of the book is the need for greater legal coherence in international law making across these various domains which are often fragmented in institutional silos that lack effective integrating mechanisms.'- Michael Trebilcock, University of Toronto, Canada'Sustainable development, now made fully operational thanks to the contribution of Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi, can support policy reforms that will improve global governance, thus ensuring that the trade regime is shaped to support the policy objectives that it is meant to serve. The area of food and agriculture is in many ways a case study of a lack of consistency across policy areas. It is now high time to overcome this failure. I have no doubt that this volume represents a major contribution towards this end.'- Olivier De Schutter, Member of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsThe concept of sustainable development has become a fundamental discourse in international decision making. To enable pragmatic sustainable development governance, legally coherent, mutually supportive multilateral treaties are both necessary and important. This timely book provides an accessible insight into how the concept of sustainable development can be made operational for coherent law making through its translation into legal terms.The book is split into two informative points of inquiry. The first part of the book explores the origins of the sustainable development debate and sheds light on how the international community has inadequately operationalized the concept to utilize its full potential. In this view, Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi illustrates how sustainable development can facilitate coherent international law making when it is understood as a multidimensional legal principle and methodical norm. The second part of the book adopts this notion as an analytical lens on the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, placing the focus specifically on food security and food sustainability. The overarching discussion contributes to one of the most intricate debates of international food governance and investigates the unresolved question of what a sustainable and coherent agricultural trade agreement could look like.Providing a comprehensive overview of sustainable development law, its origins, and its current theories, scholars and students with a background in international public law, trade, and investment law, development and human rights law, international relations, and environmental policy will find this book a valuable reference tool. Practitioners and policy-makers will benefit from the insight into the search for politically coherent and sustainable legal agreements.Trade Review‘This book provides a magisterial account of the history, conceptualization, and institutionalization of the concept of sustainable development in international law and policy making. It provides helpful and insightful illumination of these issues, both at a general level and specifically through an extended case study of the evolution of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture – a particularly appropriate choice of case study given that agriculture implicates a wide range of divergent values, including the economic benefits of free trade; promoting access to affordable food; protecting small subsistence farmers, especially in developing countries; and minimizing environmental degradation through over-exploitation of natural resources such as fisheries, soil depletion or contamination. An overarching and constructive theme of the book is the need for greater legal coherence in international law making across these various domains which are often fragmented in institutional silos that lack effective integrating mechanisms.’ -- Michael Trebilcock, University of Toronto, Canada‘Sustainable development, now made fully operational thanks to the contribution of Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi, can support policy reforms that will improve global governance, thus ensuring that the trade regime is shaped to support the policy objectives that it is meant to serve. The area of food and agriculture is in many ways a case study of a lack of consistency across policy areas. It is now high time to overcome this failure. I have no doubt that this volume represents a major contribution towards this end.’ -- Olivier De Schutter, Member of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights‘Understanding the problems of global food governance through the lens of sustainable development provides an important way of reinvigorating the increasingly fractious debate about how, if at all, the WTO Agreement on Agriculture should be changed to accommodate the contemporary challenges of global food security. Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi’s book is an interesting and very welcome addition to the literature.’ -- Fiona Smith, Warwick University, UK* Following quote should not be used without the express permission of the author‘Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi’s book is a refreshing new look at an established concept. Many believe ‘sustainable development’ need not be explained to them. Think again. By reviewing the concept’s origins and tracking its application in treaty and case-law alike, this book offers a much needed revisit of an issue core to international environmental law.’ -- Geert van Calster, University of Leuven, BelgiumTable of ContentsContents: PART I THE FOUNDATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. History of the Concept of Sustainable Development 2. Conceptual and Institutional Approaches Towards Sustainable Development PART II SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 3. International Sustainable Development Law: A New Branch of Law 4. Notion of Legal Coherence in the Context of Sustainable Development 5. Status of the Principle of Sustainable Development in International Law PART III TRADE IN AGRICULTURE ASSESSED FOR COHERENCE 6. The Legal Foundations of the Assessment 7. Legal Principle of Sustainable Development Applied to the Agreement on Agriculture Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisApplied Reliability for Industry 2 illustrates the multidisciplinary state-of-the-art science of experimental reliability. Many experts are now convinced that reliability is not limited to statistical sciences. In fact, many different disciplines interact in order to bring a product to its highest possible level of reliability, made available through today's technologies, developments and production methods. These three books, of which this is the second, propose new methods for analyzing the lifecycle of a system, enabling us to record the development phases according to development time and levels of complexity for its integration. Experimental reliability, as advanced in Applied Reliability for Industry 2, examines all the tools and testing methods used to demonstrate the reliability of the final mechatronic system.Table of ContentsForeword ix Philippe EUDELINE Preface xi Abdelkhalak EL HAMI, David DELAUX and Henri GRZESKOWIAK Chapter 1 Aggravated Testing 1 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 1.1 Introduction to aggravated (or highly accelerated) testing 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 General approach 3 1.3.1 Robustness and reliability 5 1.4 Types of products affected by aggravated tests 8 1.5 Aeronautical sector example: effect of aging on the SOA (safe operating area) 13 1.6 Typology of precipitated defects in HALT tests 14 1.7 Carrying out tests with HALT machine’s pneumatic hammers: inherent particularities and precautions 16 1.8 Comparing vibration fatigue of HALT versus ALT testing 23 1.8.1 Presentation of the adopted approach 23 1.8.2 The fatigue damage spectrum 24 1.8.3 Automotive case study: inverter/converter failure 28 1.8.4 Comparison of accelerated and aggravated tests 38 1.8.5 The standards 40 1.9 References 41 Chapter 2 Fatigue Damage Analysis and Reliability Optimization of Structures Subjected to Random Vibrations 47 Ahmed YAICH and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Fatigue damage analysis 48 2.2.1 Formulations and developments 48 2.2.2 Fatigue damage analysis strategy 51 2.3 Reliability optimization of structures subjected to random vibrations 52 2.3.1 Deterministic design optimization 52 2.3.2 Reliability-based design optimization 53 2.3.3 Reliability optimization of structures subjected to random vibrations 62 2.4 Applications 64 2.4.1 Description of the problem 64 2.4.2 Results and discussion 67 2.5 Conclusion 71 2.6 References 72 Chapter 3 Accelerated Testing 77 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 3.1 The different types of tests 77 3.1.1 The calculations 78 3.1.2 The simulations 78 3.1.3 The tests 79 3.1.4 Links between the three types of demonstrations 80 3.2 General information on accelerated testing 80 3.2.1 The experimental models 83 3.2.2 Statistical models 83 3.2.3 The physical models 83 3.3 The principle, methodology and implementation of accelerated testing 83 3.3.1 Definition and key concepts 84 3.3.2 Evaluating the predictive reliability of a system by performing tests 86 3.3.3 Accelerated tests (based on the physical model): example of temperature acceleration 88 3.3.4 Evaluating the predicted reliability of a system in relation to an imposed lifetime and environmental constraints 88 3.3.5 Humid heat 90 3.3.6 Temperature 91 3.3.7 Multi-stress laws 92 3.3.8 Accelerated testing in practice 92 3.3.9 Reliability assessment for wear-and-tear related failure mechanisms 93 3.3.10 Conclusion of section 94 3.4 The different phases of building a reliability validation plan 95 3.5 Development of a corrosion environment test for automotive heat exchangers 97 3.6 Accelerated testing standards 107 3.7 Conclusion 109 3.8 References 109 Chapter 4 Collection of Standards NF 50-144-1 to 6: The Consideration of Environment in the Product Lifecycle 113 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Presentation of AFNOR NF 50-144-1 to 6 114 4.3 Focus on NF X50-144-3 119 4.3.1 The four steps of the methodology 120 4.3.2 Focus on step 3: the DBM 126 4.3.3 Focus on step 3: illustrations of the disjointed blocks method 134 4.3.4 Example of test customization for the A400 M aircraft 140 4.5 References 143 Chapter 5 Development of Vibration Specifications for Powertrain Components 145 Marco BONATO 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 Combustion engine vibration 146 5.2 Types of vibration signals for validation testing 148 5.2.1 Conventional signals used in the automotive industry 148 5.2.2 Validation tests for engine mounted heat exchangers 148 5.2.3 Recent developments: customizing vibration specifications 149 5.2.4. The FFT method: test signal in PSD form and sinusoidal sweep 150 5.2.5 The customized test method 151 5.3 Case study: vibratory specification for a water-cooled WCAC 153 5.3.1 Vibration signals: PSD and sinusoidal sweep 154 5.4 Development of a signal more representative of the real-world environment 156 5.4.1 Multi-sine sweeps over noise 157 5.4.2 Comparison with existing methods 159 5.4.3 Subsequent work 160 5.5 References 160 Chapter 6 Improving Accelerated Reliability Testing by Using Optimized Signals 163 Jonathan MARTINO 6.1 Introduction 164 6.2 General considerations 165 6.2.1 Multi-sine signals 166 6.3 Kurtosis and CF 170 6.3.1 Kurtosis 170 6.3.2 Crest factor 171 6.4 Optimization of multi-sine pseudo-random signals 172 6.4.1 Controlling the CF by optimizing the phase shifts 172 6.4.2 Preliminary treatment 173 6.4.3 Analytical determination 174 6.4.4 Numerical methods 174 6.4.5 Stochastic distribution of signals with low CF 175 6.4.6 Use of optimized low-peak signals for environmental testing 176 6.4.7 Kurtosis control through non-linear manipulation 178 6.4.8 Duality between kurtosis and CF 179 6.5 Damage assessment 182 6.5.1 Fatigue damage spectrum 182 6.5.2 Reducing the test duration 186 6.5.3 Influence of signal optimization in damage assessment 186 6.6 Conclusion 192 6.7 References 193 List of Authors 197 Index 199 Summaries of other volumes 203

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Book SynopsisApplied Reliability for Industry 3 illustrates the multidisciplinary state-of-the-art science of operational reliability. Many experts are now convinced that reliability is not limited to statistical sciences. In fact, many different disciplines interact in order to bring a product to its highest possible level of reliability, made available through today’s technologies, developments and production methods. These three books, of which this is the third, propose new methods for analyzing the lifecycle of a system, enabling us to record the development phases according to development time and levels of complexity for its integration. Operational reliability, as presented in Applied Reliability for Industry 3, verifies the reliability performance of the mechatronic system in real life through an analysis of field data.Table of ContentsForeword xi Phillipe EUDELINE Preface xiii Abdelkhalak EL HAMI, David DELAUX, Henri GRZESKOWIAK Chapter 1 Durability Approach: Applied to a Vehicle Lighting Control System 1 Medoune NDIAYE and Caroline RAMUS-SERMENT 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Example of a vehicle lighting control system 2 1.2.1 Risks and reliability requirements 3 1.2.2 From failure modes to failure mechanisms 3 1.2.3 From failure mechanisms to physical damage factors 5 1.2.4 From physical damage factors to mission profiles or customer usage 6 1.2.5 From failure mechanisms to component part strength distribution 7 1.2.6 Resistance distribution chart 11 1.2.7 Proposal and study of a validation plan using the stress–strength method: various real-world examples 14 1.3 Conclusion 19 1.4 References 19 Chapter 2 Structural Diagrams to Validate the Reliability of Mechanical Components 21 Paul SCHIMMERLING 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Choice of methods 22 2.2.1 Criteria selection 22 2.2.2 Four basic methods 23 2.2.3 An applied example: the validation of disc brake pads 24 2.3 Feasibility study on the four methods 25 2.3.1 Animation principle 25 2.3.2 Comparison of Weibull laws under testing and in service 25 2.3.3 Comparing degradation under testing and in service 28 2.3.4 Stress–strength method 30 2.4 Conclusion 34 2.5 References 35 Chapter 3 How to Put an Efficient Methodology to Design Innovative Products in Place 39 Claire SCHAYES, Ludovic NGAVOUKA and Eric MANOUVRIER 3.1 Introduction 39 3.1.1 Reliability 39 3.1.2 Variability 40 3.1.3 “Lean Six Sigma” 40 3.1.4 Quality according to the “Lean Six Sigma” approach “is conforming to requirements” 41 3.2 Dfss 42 3.3 Dmaic 46 3.3.1 Introduction to DMAIC 46 3.3.2 Why launch DMAIC projects? 46 3.4 Feedback 50 3.4.1 Feedback on the define phase 50 3.4.2 Feedback on the measure phase 50 3.4.3 Feedback on the analyze phase 51 3.4.4 Feedback on the innovation phase 52 3.4.5 Feedback on the control phase 53 3.4.6 Can DMAIC be customized? 54 3.5 How to design a reliable welding process with control over the design of experience? 57 3.6 Definition of the objectives 58 3.6.1 Determining the study space 59 3.6.2 Building the DOE 65 3.6.3 Conducting the tests 66 3.6.4 Analyzing the results 67 3.6.5 Process optimization 68 3.6.6 Validation 69 3.7 Big Data and process? 69 3.8 Conclusion 74 3.9 Appendix 1: example of an ANOVA study 74 3.10 Appendix 2: studying the variability of cycle times 79 3.11. Appendix 3: example for the use of traditional statistics in Big Data 87 3.12 References 90 Chapter 4 Reliability Study of the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) 91 Abdelhamid AMAR, Bouchaïb RADI and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 HEMT technology 92 4.3 HEMT thermal modeling 94 4.4 Reliability methods 96 4.4.1 Reliability study 96 4.4.2 Calculating the probability of failure 97 4.5 Thermo-reliability coupling 101 4.6 Calculating HEMT reliability 102 4.7 Conclusion 103 4.8 References 103 Chapter 5 Warranty Cost 107 David DELAUX 5.1 Introduction 107 5.1.1 The evolution of the warranty 107 5.1.2 The warranty cost 108 5.2 Warranty and reliability 111 5.2.1 Qualitative analysis 111 5.2.2 Quantitative analysis 112 5.3 Reliability estimation models 113 5.3.1 Parametric, non-parametric and other models 113 5.3.2 Mixed models 114 5.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages 116 5.4 New models for estimating reliability from warranty costs 117 5.4.1 Assumptions 117 5.4.2 Definition of the transition between “random” and “wear-and-tear” phases 120 5.4.3 New operational reliability model for the “random” phase 125 5.4.4 New operational reliability model for the “wear-and-tear” phase 125 5.5 Applied automotive case studies 126 5.6 Conclusion 128 5.7 References 128 Chapter 6 Reliability Evaluation of a Luxury Watch Product: Application of the Stress–Strength Method to a Mechanical Component 135 Matthieu SALLIN and Anthony PONCET 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Presentation of the watch and its case study 136 6.2.1 The mechanical watch 136 6.2.2 Case study of the barrel spring 137 6.2.3 Identification of failure modes and damaging factors 137 6.3 Evaluation of the customer usage profile 138 6.3.1 Classifying usage typologies 138 6.3.2 Statistical quantification of usage 139 6.4 Characterizing experimental reliability 140 6.4.1 Performance of failure tests 140 6.4.2 Evaluation of the accelerated lifetime law 141 6.4.3 Constructing the law of resistance 142 6.5 Reliability evaluation of customers 143 6.5.1 Reliability calculation using the stress–strength method 143 6.5.2 Transformation of the stress profile 144 6.5.3 Numerical application to the barrel case study 146 6.6 Conclusion 147 6.7 References 148 Chapter 7 RBDO of the High Electron Mobility Transistor 149 Abdelhamid AMAR, Bouchaïb RADI and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Description of the HEMT technology 151 7.3 Electrothermomechanical modeling of HEMT 152 7.3.1 Electrothermal modeling of HEMT 152 7.3.2 Thermomechanical modeling of HEMT 154 7.4 Reliability methods 156 7.5 Reliability analysis of HEMT 156 7.6 Reliability optimization of systems 158 7.6.1 The classic RBDO approach 158 7.6.2 The hybrid RBDO approach 159 7.7 HEMT reliability optimization using the hybrid RBDO approach 160 7.7.1 Description of the optimization problem 160 7.7.2 Results and discussion 160 7.8 Conclusion 161 7.9 References 162 List of Authors 167 Index 169 Summaries of other volumes 171

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Book SynopsisThis timely research review discusses a selection of key articles on the economics of renewable energy. From a modest role as a backstop technology in the 1970s to a central role in low carbon transitions today, the review reveals the emergence and growing importance of this sub-field of economics. Topics covered include the costs of renewable power (taking account of issues related to technological development, intermittency and interconnection), policies that promote renewable energy development, its public and private demand, and its impact on the environment and the economy. This comprehensive and indispensible review serves as an essential source of reference for students and researchers.Trade Review‘Roger Fouquet has assembled an All-Star Team of energy economists whose impressive body of work extends from the beginning of the theory of optimal extraction of exhaustible natural resources, all the way through the emergence of exciting new technologies for renewable generation. Along with the honor of appearing here, however, the authors should know that I’ll use this terrific collection every time I go looking for the best possible reviewers of new research in renewable energy.’ -- Don Fullerton, Editor, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource EconomistsTable of ContentsContents Introduction Roger Fouquet PART I RENEWABLE ENERGY AS A ‘BACKSTOP TECHNOLOGY’ 1. Robert M. Solow (1974), ‘The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 64 (2), May, 1–14 2. Partha Dasgupta and Geoffrey Heal (1974), ’The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resources’, Review of Economic Studies: Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, 41 (5), December, 3–28 3. Ujjayant Chakravorty, James Roumasset and Kinping Tse (1997), ‘Endogenous Substitution among Energy Resources and Global Warming’, Journal of Political Economy, 105 (6), December, 1201–34 4. Olli Tahvonen and Seppo Salo (2001), ‘Economic Growth and Transitions between Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources’, European Economic Review, 45 (8), August, 1379–98 5. Yacov Tsur and Amos Zemel (2003), ‘Optimal Transition to Backstop Substitutes for Nonrenewable Resources’, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 27 (4), February, 551–72 6. Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Leonardo Bursztyn and David Hemous (2012), ‘The Environment and Directed Technical Change’, American Economic Review, 102 (1), February, 131–66 PART II THE ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 7. Severin Borenstein (2012), ‘The Private and Public Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1), Winter, 67–92 8. Geoffrey Heal (2010), ‘Reflections – The Economics of Renewable Energy in the United States’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4 (1), Winter, 139–54 9. Paul L. Joskow (2011), ‘Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity Generating Technologies’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 101 (3), May, 238–41 10. Gautam Gowrisankaran, Stanley S. Reynolds and Mario Samano (2016), ‘Intermittency and the Value of Renewable Energy’, Journal of Political Economy, 124 (4), August, 1187–234 11. Richard Green, Danny Pudjianto, Iain Staffell and Goran Strbac (2016), ‘Market Design for Long-Distance Trade in Renewable Electricity’, Energy Journal: Bollino-Madlener Special Issue, 37 (SI2), 5–22 12. Erin Baker, Meredith Fowlie, Derek Lemoine and Stanley S. Reynolds (2013), ‘The Economics of Solar Electricity’, Annual Review of Resource Economics, 5, 387–426 PART III POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONCEPTS, THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 13. Ryan Wiser, Steven Pickle and Charles Goldman (1998), ‘Renewable Energy Policy and Electricity Restructuring: A California Case Study’, Energy Policy, 26 (6), May, 465–75 14. Eirik S. Amundsen and Jørgen Birk Mortensen (2001), ‘The Danish Green Certificate System: Some Simple Analytical Results’, Energy Economics, 23 (5), September, 489–509 15. Stefan Boeters and Joris Koornneef (2011), ‘Supply of Renewable Energy Sources and the Cost of EU Climate Policy’, Energy Economics, 33 (5), September, 1024–34 16. Harrison Fell and Joshua Linn (2013), ‘Renewable Electricity Policies, Heterogeneity, and Cost Effectiveness’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66 (3), November, 688–707 PART IV POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 17. Catherine Mitchell (1995), ‘The Renewables NFFO: A Review’, Energy Policy, 23 (12), December, 1077–91 18. Richard Schmalensee (2012), ‘Evaluating Policies to Increase Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 6 (1), Winter, 45–64 19. Steffen Jenner, Gabriel Chan, Rolf Frankenberger and Mathias Gabel (2012), ‘What Drives States to Support Renewable Energy?’, Energy Journal, 33 (2), 1–12 20. Thilo Grau (2014), ‘Responsive Feed-In Tariff Adjustment to Dynamic Technology Development’, Energy Economics, 44, July, 36–46 21. Jonathan E. Hughes and Molly Podolefsky (2015), ‘Getting Green with Solar Subsidies: Evidence from the California Solar Initiative’, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2 (2), June, 235–75 PART V INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 22. Michael J. Grubb (1988), ‘The Potential for Wind Energy in Britain’, Energy Policy, 16 (6), December, 594–607 23. Gregory F. Nemet (2006), ‘Beyond the Learning Curve: Factors Influencing Cost Reductions in Photovoltaics’, Energy Policy, 34 (17), November, 3218–32 24. David Popp, Ivan Hascic and Neelakshi Medhi (2011), ‘Technology and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy’, Energy Economics: Special Issue on The Economics of Technologies to Combat Global Warming, 33 (4), July, 648–62 25. Kenneth Gillingham, Hao Deng, Ryan Wiser, Naïm Richard Darghouth, Gregory Nemet, Galen Barbose, Varun Rai and Changgui Dong (2016), ‘Deconstructing Solar Photovoltaic Pricing: The Role of Market Structure, Technology, and Policy’, Energy Journal, 37 (3), 231–50 26. Birte Pfeiffer and Peter Mulder (2013), ‘Explaining the Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology in Developing Countries’, Energy Economics, 40, November, 285–96 PART VI THE DEMAND FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY 27. Roger Fouquet (1998), ‘The United Kingdom Demand for Renewable Electricity in a Liberalised Market’, Energy Policy, 26 (4), March, 281–93 28. Ryan H. Wiser (2007), ‘Using Contingent Valuation to Explore Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy: A Comparison of Collective and Voluntary Payment Vehicles’, Ecological Economics, 62 (3–4), May, 419–32 29. Marcello Graziano and Kenneth Gillingham (2015), ‘Spatial Patterns of Solar Photovoltaic System Adoption: The Influence of Neighbors and the Built Environment’, Journal of Economic Geography, 15 (4), July, 815–39 30. Naïm R. Darghouth, Galen Barbose and Ryan Wiser (2011), ‘The Impact of Rate Design and Net Metering on the Bill Savings from Distributed PV for Residential Customers in California’, Energy Policy, 39 (9), September, 5243–53 PART VII THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 31. Brian C. Murray, Maureen L. Cropper, Francisco C. de la Chesnaye and John M. Reilly (2014), ‘How Effective are US Renewable Energy Subsidies in Cutting Greenhouse Gases?’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 104 (5), May, 569–74 32. Joseph Cullen (2013), ‘Measuring the Environmental Benefits of Wind-Generated Electricity’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5 (4), November, 107–33 33. Kevin Novan (2015), ‘Valuing the Wind: Renewable Energy Policies and Air Pollution Avoided’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7 (3), August, 291–326 34. Kenneth Lee, Edward Miguel and Catherine Wolfram (2016), ‘Appliance Ownership and Aspirations among Electric Grid and Home Solar Households in Rural Kenya’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 106 (5), May, 89–94 PART VIII THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 35. Esther Duflo and Rohini Pande (2007), ‘Dams’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (2), May, 601–46 36. Carl Kitchens (2014), ‘The Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development: The Experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1929–1955’, Journal of Economic History, 74 (2), June, 389–419 37. Molly Lipscomb, A. Mushfiq Mobarak and Tania Barham (2013), ‘Development Effects of Electrification: Evidence from the Topographic Placement of Hydropower Plants in Brazil’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5 (2), April, 200–31 38. Hunt Allcott, Allan Collard-Wexler and Stephen D. O’Connell (2016), ‘How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Industry? Evidence from India’, American Economic Review, 106 (3), March, 587–624 39. Samuel R. Dastrup, Joshua Graff Zivin, Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn (2012), ‘Understanding the Solar Home Price Premium: Electricity Generation and “Green” Social Status’, European Economic Review: Green Building, the Economy, and Public Policy, 56 (5), July, 961–73 40. Christopher R. Knittel and Aaron Smith (2015), ‘Ethanol Production and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious Correlation’, Energy Journal, 36 (1), 73–113 PART IX THE TRANSITION TO A RENEWABLE ENERGY ECONOMY 41. Penny Street and Ian Miles (1996), ‘Transition to Alternative Energy Supply Technologies: The Case of Windpower’, Energy Policy, 24 (5), May, 413–25 42. Karsten Neuhoff (2005), ‘Large-Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21 (1), Spring, 88–110 43. Richard Green and Nicholas Vasilakos (2010), ‘Market Behaviour with Large Amounts of Intermittent Generation’, Energy Policy, Special Section: Large-Scale Wind Power in Electricity Markets, 38 (7), July, 3211–20 44. Roger Fouquet (2011), ‘The Sustainability of “Sustainable” Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy’, in Ibon Galarraga, Mikel González-Eguino and Anil Markandya (eds), Handbook of Sustainable Energy, Part I, Chapter 1, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1–12 Index

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Book SynopsisThe solar photovoltaic sector is moving forward very fast, both in terms of its own technological advancement and its standing among global renewable energy technologies. Rapid increases in solar cell efficiencies, fast technical change in solar batteries and solar glass, and economies of scale in production fuel its rapid adoption and it is becoming clear that existing forecasts about its adoption need to be updated extensively. This timely and distinctive examination of the economic side of the field takes into account solar PV's recent and growing lead among renewable energies competing to replace fossil fuels.The Revolution in Energy Technology examines the birth of this technology in the United States, where the main innovators are still located, the emergence of China as a main production hub, and new and growing contributions to the innovation cascades from other countries including Germany, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The participation of universities as investors and the role of venture capital are discussed, and particular emphasis is given to the domination of the sector by large firms.The book is interesting for both academics and graduate students as well as policy makers, technicians, engineers and companies involved in the field.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Some Key Points of the Solar Photovoltaic Sector 3. Sector Evolution Under Innovation Cascade 4. The Catch-Up of the Chinese Solar PV Sector 5. Anchored Clusters: The Rise and Fall of Solar PV 6. Star Scientists in PV Technology and the Limits of Academic Entrepreneurship 7. The Limited Innovation of Small Businesses in the Solar Photovoltaic Sector in the US: Is the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program a Boon for Small Businesses in the US? 8. A Sector with Innovations Driven by Demand 9. Grand Challenges and Innovation Cascades in the Solar Sector 10. Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Chen Gang examines the real-world effectiveness of China's approach to the promotion of green technologies and practices, and discusses the political landscape in which it is situated.Politics of Renewable Energy in China questions the wisdom of hailing China as a model for authoritarian environmental governance with an up-to-date examination of the subject. It provides readers with a thorough and timely account of recent developments in China's low-carbon energy industries. Disclosing how energy interest groups are lobbying members of central government, and shedding light on disputes between pro-development and pro-environmental groups, this book explores the ideological and bureaucratic inconsistency and confusion which surrounds China's environmental policies. Emphasizing China's renewable energy policies, related enforcement issues and local political concerns over wind and solar generation, this book examines the extent to which China's centralised, top down approach has been effective in ensuring local actors reach policy targets.This up-to-date account of recent developments in Chinese low-carbon industries will be useful for readers with an interest in China's model of renewable energy industries, in particular students of Chinese and international politics. It will also be a valuable tool for researchers and professors of public and environmental policy, Chinese and climate studies.Trade Review'This book presents a solid reflection on a range of core topics which not only relate to the processes of, and interactions with, politics in energy markets, but more fundamentally that it outlines key players and institutions as well as many major evolutions of recent Chinese energy policy. The book usefully draws together a core summary of key evolutions in Chinese energy policy, and reflects on issues pertaining to the political economy of energy markets - a subject area one might argue is due a renewal in the academic literature.' -- David C Broadstock, Economics of Energy & Environmental PolicyTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. China’s Mercantile Strategy to Boost Renewable Sectors 3. Central Authorities’ Top-down Approach of Promoting Renewable Energy 4. Challenges from the Local: Geographic and Industrial Barriers 5. Interest Groups and the Bureaucracy 6. Disputes over How to Go Low-Carbon 7. Five-Year Plans and Energy Policy Priorities 8. Discussion: Energy Policy Priorities in a Fragmented Authoritarian State 9. Conclusion: Policy Priorities Reshaped by Central–Local Relationship and Interest Groups Index

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Book SynopsisThis innovative book explores the adoption of energy-saving technologies and their impact on energy efficiency improvements. It contains a mix of theoretical and empirical contributions, and combines and compares economic and physical indicators to monitor and analyze trends in energy efficiency. The authors pay considerable attention to empirical research on the determinants of energy-saving investment including uncertainty, energy-price volatility and subsidies. They also discuss the role of energy modeling in policy design and the potential effect of energy policies on technology diffusion in energy-extensive sectors. Written from a multi-disciplinary perspective, this book will appeal to academics and graduates in the areas of energy-saving technologies, energy economics and natural resource economics as well as policy makers - particularly those in energy policy. Contributors: K. Blok, H.L.F. de Groot, R.J.G.M. Florax, M. Harmelink, G.W. Hunter, S. Joosen, M.J. Koetse, P. Mulder, M.K. Patel, A. Ramirez, W.J.H. van Groenendaal, D.P. van Soest, H.R.J. VolleberghTrade Review’Increasing energy-efficiency is important because it offers the prospect of partly solving our climate change and energy security problems without pain. This book sheds further light on the issue, focusing on energy-extensive economic activities which, by sheer volume, collectively use a substantial amount of energy. That simple fact alone makes this book worthwhile, but there are many other gems.’- Richard Tol, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Ireland ’This book rightly focuses on energy efficiency for the less energy-intensive sectors of our economy. In many industrialized countries the share of these sectors is growing, yet little attention is paid to energy, either by companies themselves, or by policy-makers or scientists. While focusing mainly on experiences in the Netherlands, this book makes an excellent contribution to the study of these sectors and, most importantly, initiates more comprehensive multi-disciplinary analyses.’-Ernst Worrell, Utrecht University, The NetherlandsTable of ContentsContents: Preface INTRODUCTION 1. Energy Efficiency and Technological Change Raymond J.G.M. Florax, Henri L.F. de Groot and Peter Mulder PART I: TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY 2. A Spatial Perspective on Global Energy Productivity Trends Peter Mulder, Raymond J.G.M. Florax and Henri L.F. de Groot 3. Energy-Productivity Performance Across 14 OECD Countries: The Role of Energy-Extensive Sectors Peter Mulder and Henri L.F. de Groot 4. Using Physical Indicators to Monitor Energy Efficiency in Energy-Extensive Sectors Andrea Ramírez, Martin K. Patel and Kornelis Blok 5. Monitoring Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in the Dutch Service Sector Andrea Ramírez, Martin K. Patel and Kornelis Blok PART II: TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR 6. Adoption Criteria, Diffusion and Firm Size: The Role of Learning in Reconciling Theories of Endogenous Technical Change with Empirical Evidence Greg W. Hunter 7. A Meta-Regression Analysis of the Investment–Uncertainty Relationship Mark J. Koetse, Henri L.F. de Groot and Raymond J.G.M. Florax 8. The Effects of Uncertainty on Investments: Analysing the Environmental Impact of Energy Market Liberalization Daan P. van Soest and Henri L.F. de Groot PART III: ENERGY POLICY DESIGN 9. Energy Investment Behaviour: Firm Heterogeneity and Subsidy Design Daan P. van Soest and Herman R.J. Vollebergh 10. Effectiveness of Energy Policies in the Service Sector Kornelis Blok, Suzanne Joosen and Mirjam Harmelink 11. Energy Model and Policy Advice: The Effect of Model Choice Willem J.H. van Groenendaal EPILOGUE 12. Conclusions and Future Research Raymond J.G.M. Florax, Henri L.F. de Groot and Peter Mulder Index

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Book SynopsisProviding the world's growing population with its increasing demands for energy is a major challenge for science, business and society alike. Energy can be generated from many sources, but not all sources are suitable for every application. Much of today's technology has been built on solid, liquid and gaseous fuels derived from fossil sources. However, the supply of these is finite and their combustion produces carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for global warming. Therefore, alternative sources of energy are required which are renewable, sustainable and carbon neutral. This textbook explores the production of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels, focusing on the technological issues that need to be addressed for any new fuel source. Each type of biofuel currently in production is considered in detail, covering the benefits and problems with production and use and the potential for biological material to provide sufficient energy for the world's population - the principles on which future fuel development are based.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Energy and fossil fuel use Chapter 2: Consequences of burning fossil fuels Chapter 3: Mitigation of global warming Chapter 4: Biological solid fuels Chapter 5: Gaseous biofuels Chapter 6: Liquid biofuels to replace petrol Chapter 7: Liquid biofuels to replace diesel Chapter 8: Benefits and deficiencies of biofuels

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Book SynopsisEvery day there are news reports that highlight spiralling energy costs, accelerating energy consumption, serious concerns over fuel security and fears that oil production may soon decline. All such reports are set against a background of the most serious threat to the world today - global warming and the devastating impact of climate change.Trade Review'This user-friendly title written by an expert in power engineering provides a clearly illustrated guide to renewable energy, its benefits and applications' * The Environmentalist *

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to present a systemic perspective to energetic transition to a discarbonated society implying an increase of energetic efficiency of current production process, new way of energy production - integration of renewable energies, re-use of wastes. Main societal functions are analyzed in order to highlight the ongoing process of technological and non-technological innovations: transport and mobility, food, building. The purpose of this book is to analyze from a global perspective the energetic innovative system on building and to understand the limits of its development and potential new actions.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. A Necessary Transition? 1 1.1. Socio-technical systems facing their limits 2 1.1.1. Meeting global demographic pressures 3 1.1.2. Limiting the depletion of natural resources 4 1.1.3. Restrain environmental degradation 5 1.2. An analytical framework under construction: the Transition Studies 7 1.2.1. The emergence of “Transition Studies” 7 1.2.2. The transition as a process of socio-technical systems transformation 8 1.2.3. A transition supported by a systemic vision of innovation 11 1.3. Eco-innovations: facilitators of the transition? 19 1.3.1. Innovation for the environment 19 1.3.2. New management and innovation practices 22 Chapter 2. Energy Transitions 27 2.1. A socially structuring energy model 29 2.2. Fundamentals and characterization of the current energy system 31 2.2.1. Energy and the energy system 31 2.2.2. From primary energy to final energy 32 2.3. The limits of the current energy system 34 2.3.1. An evolution of the world’s energy consumption… 35 2.3.2. …which shrinks fossil energy reserves… 36 2.3.3. …and generates local and global environmental damage 38 2.4. Innovation in the energy transition 40 2.4.1. Improving the current system of energy production and adapting existing technologies to new constraints 41 2.4.2. Producing energy differently from non-carbon resources 43 2.4.3. Using energy differently: electromobility 47 2.4.4. Transition to a radically new energy system: the hydrogen economy 50 2.5. Barriers of the energy transition 55 2.5.1. Market failures 55 2.5.2. Systemic failures 56 Chapter 3. Agro-ecological Transitions 59 3.1. The notion of agro-ecology 60 3.1.1. Towards an ecologically intensive agriculture… 60 3.1.2. … and a sustainable food regime 61 3.2. The implementation of the agro-ecological transition 61 3.2.1. Changing agricultural production systems 62 3.2.2. Eco-innovations in agribusiness companies: a recent and moderate development 63 3.2.3. Consumers committed to the environment 65 3.3. Obstacles and levers for the agro-ecological transition 69 3.3.1. Process of locking and unlocking 69 3.3.2. Obstacles to the development of new agricultural practices 71 3.3.3. Blockages on the side of the agri-food sector 77 3.4. The levers for agro-ecological transition: the role of public policies 79 Conclusion 87 Bibliography 91 Index 115

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Book SynopsisTranslating wind energy research into useable technology Wind Energy Conversion 1997: From Theory to Practice offers a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the field. A compilation of papers from the British Wind Energy Association's 19th Annual Conference, this book details the recent advances and projects from industry, academic institutions, government institutions, and private investors from around the world. This year's conference emphasized the translational aspect of wind energy research, focusing on advances that contribute directly to marketable technology.Table of ContentsPart 1 Keynote session: conference welcoming address, R. Hunter; conference opening address, J. Battle; wind energy industry and environmental bodies - friends not foes!, M. Mathers. Part 2 Overviews and perspectives: windfarms of the UK - a 1997 update, P. Hannah; UK DTI wind programme area - review and current priorities, J.W. Craig; winning the communications war, A. Hyde. Part 3 Windfarm design and construction: logistical problems with constructing windfarms in remote Scottish locations, R.P. Blunden and A. Schimidt; road construction at Novar windfarm, P.C. McLellan et al; WINDOPS - a new PC-based approach for windfarm design and optimization, N.G. Douglas et al. Part 4 Windfarm power quality: experience of windfarm electrical issues in Europe and further afield, P. Gardner; the use of advanced static VAR compensators to improve the power quality of windfarms, Z. Saad-Saoud and N. Jenkins. Part 5 Wind turbine philosophies: light can be tough, P.H. Geraets et al; common fallacies in wind turbine design, P. Jamieson; a 20kW grid-connected wind turbine for rural electicity users, G. Jenkins et al; aerodynamic damping for flexible structures, K. Kaiser. Part 6 Autonomous systems: an improved model for estimating the yearly performance of photo-voltaic, wind and hybrid energy systems, A.N. Celik and R. Marshall; control of an integrated wind turbine generator and photo-voltaic system for battery charging, S. Arul Daniel et al; computer modelling of a large-scale stand-alone wind-powered desalination plant, Z. Rahal and D.G. Infield. Part 7 Standards, design methods and technical tools: identification of low-cycle effects on wind turbine component lifetime estimation, F. Mouzakis and E. Morfiadakis; inspection of a lightning-damaged wind turbine blade, G.M. Smith and B.R. Clayton; the mast on the house, L. Landberg; examining the relationship between wind turbine blade performance and tip vortex behaviour in the wake, J. Whale. Part 8 Components: development of blade test facility to accommodate flexible blade assembly for the new MS4 wind turbine, K. McLernon et al; high-current and high-voltage testing of wind turbine blades and bearings, I. Cotton et al; mass savings in wind turbine towers, M. Johnston and J. Twidell. Part 9 Planning: "developing planning for renewables" for Scotland, C. Revie; life-cycle assessment of wind energy - a case study based on Baix Ebre windfarm, Spain, T.M. Waters et al. Part 10 Visual and aesthetic considerations: computer-generated video fly-through - an aid to visual impact assessment for windfarms, G. Neilson et al; assessing the impact of windfarms - the learning curve in Cornwall, A. Hull; winds of change, C. Palmer and L. Short. (Part contents)

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Book SynopsisIt has been frequently stated that energy storage is an essential requirement if significant generation by renewables is to be achieved, but are the present systems likely to be adequate? This text reviews the present status and future potential of the different systems of energy storage, their role in power generation by renewables specifically, and the electricty market generally.Table of ContentsIncreasing the value of renewable sources with energy storage; the Regenesys energy storage system; the costs and benefits of electrical energy storage; the use of flywheel energy storage in electrical energy management; superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES); hydrogen storage - technically viable and economically sensible?

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Book SynopsisHydropower development, design, and implementation cases Hydropower Developments is a collection of papers curated from the November, 2000 conference hosted by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Showcasing the latest advances from international companies, these papers highlight specific cases that illustrate current challenges and solutions in the field. Details on the refurbishment of Rannoch Power Station in Scotland and the new hydroelectric unit at Kenya's Gitaru Underground Power Station provide up-to-date guidance on design considerations and technological improvements, shedding new light on ongoing work and suggesting directions for future research.Table of ContentsContract and research models: detailed pressure survey of a lattice valve seal under high-flow conditions. Component development: fit for pressure - an investigation into the behaviour of "Piano Note" elastoneric seals; high-pressure components review at Ffestiniog pump storage power station; generator motor air cooler improvements within hydroelectric power generation. New projects: design and supply of mechanical equipment for the Muela Power Station, Lesotho; Gitaru Unit No 1 - 80MW in three years; Beeston Hydroelectric Power Station development. Rehabilitation in Scotland: a strategy for the refurbishment of a 1080MW generaiton portfolio; the refurbishment of Rannoch Power Station including replacement of the spiral casing.

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Book SynopsisDesign and Manufacture for Sustainable Development brings together a collection of papers from a conference held at the University of Liverpool in June 2002 that inspire the interchange of ideas on the theory, technology, tools, and methodology for the entire product life cycle within the framework of sustainable development. It also embraces key subjects including strategy, design, materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, disposal, recycling, and auditing. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE: Philosophy of, and strategy for, sustainable technologies Design principles for sustainable development Sustainable manufacturing technologies Use of recycling/bio-degradable materials Re-use and recycling design and technologies Tools for sustainable product design Measurement and auditing Best practices and case studies Impact of emerging legislation International trends and future development. Sustainable development will have a fundamental impact on the engineering community since, through design and manufacture, we are responsible for the use of energy, materials, and processes for the complete product life cycle. This is an essential volume for the bookshelves of those wanting to be well informed about this evolving technology.Table of ContentsPart 1 Keynote papers: concept, context and co-operation for sustainable technology, J.C. van Weenen; methods and elements towards sustainable products - BMW's strategy in design for recycling and the environment, W. Fried et al; sustainability in fast-moving consumer goods, M. Shaw; sustainable development -professional practice and systems thinking, A. Hall and S. Martin. Part 2 Overviews: evaluation of effective improvement strategies and successful measures for sustainable product design, R. Zust and W. Wimmer; sustainable product development - a view from the front line, G. Kane et al; implications of the integrated product policy (IPP) in new products design and development, M. Sorli et al; CIAM and North-eastern industry - the road to sustainability, T.D. Short et al; standardizing sustainability, R. Valentine. Part 3 New approaches and ideas: taking public perceptions of risk into account in engineering design for sustainable development - a multi-attribute decision making framework, J. Harvey et al; incorporating life-cycle cost into early product development, J.-H. Park and K.-K. Seo; a methodology to support the implementation of product recovery, A. Rahimifard et al; method and tools for the development of environmentally sound products, S. Leibrecht and R. Anderl; a web-based tool for design for sustainability of made-to-order products, P. Norman. Part 4 Manufacturing focus: object-oriented modelling of deep drawn tailored blanks, J. Ullrich and P. Groche; applications for eco-sufficient surface machining with dry ice blasting, E. Uhlmann et al; innovative machining technologies and tools for the disassembly of consumer goods, E. Uhlmann et al; dry machining of cast aluminium automotive wheels -innovative cutting tool design for improved machining performance and environmentally conscious manufacturing, I.S. Jawahir et al. Part 5 Advances in the electronics sector: development of a generic model for life-cycle inventory (LCI) of upstream processes in life-cycle assessment (LCA) of electronic products, A.S.G. Androe and J. Liu; the recycling of telecommunication products - a case study in a Brazilian company, A.C.C. Marques et al; telephone re-manufacture - sustainable development in action, K. Snowdon et al. Part 6 Educational issues: a case study approach to the teaching of design for sustainability - the Royal Academy of Engineering scheme for visiting professors, P. Norman et al; educational challenges of web-based case studies in sustainable development, M. Hutchings et al.

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Book SynopsisUnderground coal gasification (UCG) is an important technique for future coal utilization. It has the potential to be a clean technology and to tap un-mineable, deep coal deposits across the world. Commercialization of UCG has been riddled with a variety of issues, including public perception and a lack of clear comprehension about underlying physicochemical phenomena. This book will bridge the gap in knowledge and highlight the modern findings related to the complex interactions in UCG. With a focus on the chemical reactions in UCG and treating the underground coal cavity as ""nature's own chemical reactor"", various mathematical modeling studies that serve to unravel some of the mysteries of this decades-old technique will be revealed.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental pollution has been one of the main challenges for sustainable development. Piezoelectric materials can be used as a means of transforming ambient vibrations into electrical energy to power devices. The focus is on an alternative approach to scavenge energy from the environment This book presents harvesting methodologies to evaluate the potential effectiveness of different techniques and provides an overview of the methods and challenges of harvesting energy using piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric energy harvesters have many applications, including sensor nodes, wireless communication, microelectromechanical systems, handheld devices, and mobile devices. It also presents a new approach within piezoelectric energy harvesting using the impact of raindrops. The energy-harvesting model presented is further analyzed for single-unit harvester and an array of multiple harvesters to maximize the efficiency of the device.

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Book SynopsisWind energy is often framed as a factor in rural economic development, an element of the emerging “green economy” destined to upset the dominant greenhouse- gas-emitting energy industry and deliver conscious capitalism to host communities. The bulk of wind energy firms, however, are subsidiaries of the same fossil fuel companies that wrought havoc in shale-gas and coal-mining towns from rural Appalachia to the Great Plains. On its own, wind energy development does not automatically translate into community development.In Governing the Wind Energy Commons, Keith Taylor asks whether revenue generated by wind power can be put to community well-being rather than corporate profit. He looks to the promising example of rural electric cooperatives, owned and governed by the 42 million Americans they serve, which generate $40 billion in annual revenue. Through case studies of a North Dakota wind energy cooperative and an investor-owned wind farm in Illinois, Taylor examines how regulatory and social forces are shaping this emerging energy sector. He draws on interviews with local residents to assess strategies for tipping the balance of power away from absentee-owned utilities.Trade ReviewThis is a groundbreaking work that addresses the potential and limitations of alternative economic models for delivery of a key service: electricity."" - Cornelia Flora, Iowa State UniversityTable of Contents Introduction Community Development & Institutional Fit Case Study - The Investor-Owned Wind Farm Case Study - The Co-operative-Owned Wind Farm Comparing the Investor & Co-operative Owned Firms Why Not Policy From Below?

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Book SynopsisOn Petrocultures brings together key essays by Imre Szeman, a leading scholar in the field of energy humanities and a critical voice in debates about globalization and neoliberalism. Szeman’s most important and influential essays, in dialog with exciting new pieces written for the book, investigate ever-evolving circuits of power in the contemporary world, as manifested in struggles over space and belonging, redefinitions of work and individual autonomy, and the deep links between energy use and climate change.These essays explore life lived in the twenty-first century by examining critically the vocabulary through which capitalism makes sense of itself, focusing on concepts like the nation, globalization, neoliberalism, creativity, and entrepreneurship. At the heart of the volume is the concept of “petrocultures,” which demands that we understand a fundamental fact of modern life: we are shaped by and through fossil fuels. Szeman argues that we cannot take steps to address global warming without fundamentally changing social, cultural, and political norms and expectations developed in conjunction with the energy riches of the past century. On Petrocultures maps the significant challenge of our dependence on fossil fuels and probes ways that we might begin to leave petrocultures behind.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic power systems are becoming a significant source of energy in our energy resource mix today. It is essential these systems are reliable, safe and secure. Precise engineering design is required to insure these new power systems meet these requirements. In particular, interconnected systems with existing utility power systems must operate in synchronism and improve overall quality of the electrical power grid. This book is intended to identify and explain engineering procedures for the design and operation of photovoltaic systems. It includes a review of conventional electrical power systems as implemented in the United States and common to all electrical systems throughout the world and introduces other types of renewable energy systems. The heart of the book is focused on the design of interconnected and stand-alone PV systems–battery storage is becoming an integral part of PV systems, and a significant portion of the text is dedicated to energy storage for stand-alone and back-up power systems. The author also highlights how economics and structural considerations are an essential part of the engineering design process.

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Book SynopsisClimate change has shifted from future menace to current event. As eco-conscious electricity consumers, we want to do our part in weening from fossil fuels, but what are we actually a part of? Committed environmentalists in one of North America’s most progressive regions desperately wanted energy policies that address the climate crisis. For many of them, wind turbines on Northern New England’s iconic ridgelines symbolize the energy transition that they have long hoped to see. For others, however, ridgeline wind takes on a very different meaning. When weighing its costs and benefits locally and globally, some wind opponents now see the graceful structures as symbols of corrupted energy politics. This book derives from several years of research to make sense of how wind turbines have so starkly split a community of environmentalists, as well as several communities. In doing so, it casts a critical light on the roadmap for energy transition that Northern New England’s ridgeline wind projects demarcate. It outlines how ridgeline wind conforms to antiquated social structures propping up corporate energy interests, to the detriment of the swift de-carbonizing and equitable transformation that climate predictions warrant. It suggests, therefore, that the energy transition of which most of us are a part, is probably not the transition we would have designed ourselves, if we had been asked. Trade Review"Well-written, incredibly informative, and sharply argued, Electric Mountains will be an important contribution to critical environmental scholarship on energy transitions." -- Jesse Goldstein * author of Planetary Improvement: Cleantech Entrepreneurship and the Contradictions of Green Capitali *"Electric Mountains is a timely and well researched book. Grounding an array of sociological thought about the environment and environmental behavior in rich ethnographic narrative, the book is both insightful and artfully written. Electric Mountains is a must read by anyone seeking to understand the social complexities surrounding wind energy." -- Brent Z. Kaup * College of William & Mary *"The Real Problem With Michael Moore’s New Film: Planet of the Humans," by Shaun Golding https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/05/05/real-problem-michael-moores-new-film-planet-humans * Common Dreams *"The world’s quickening energy transition is heralded by iconic changes to our landscapes and exciting new modes of transit, heating, and cooling. And yet society’s shift away from climate-harming energy is far from the urgent transformation warranted by climate change predictions. Electric Mountains explores the dissonance between electricity transition and energy transformation through the story of a region’s renewable energy policies and the popular backlash against them. Contextualizing narratives commonly dismissed as NIMBYism, Electric Mountains engages with the themes of rurality, risk, justice, and Ecological Modernization in predominantly white and ecologically progressive Northern New England. It encourages students and practitioners of Environmental Sociology to discern nuance across different regional political economies of energy and to recognize the imprints of energy hegemons, as well as our own biases and privileges, in our energy realities and energy transition roadmaps." * ASA Environmental Newsletter *Table of Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1. Introduction 2. Windy Ridgelines, Social Fault Lines 3. For the Love of Mountains: The Green Politics of Place 4. But What If…? Wind and the Discourse of Risk 5. Following Power Lines: A Regional Political Economy of Renewables Part I. The Money Part II. The People 6. Scripted in Chaos 7. Why We Follow the Slow Transition Road Map 8. Ecological Modernizations or Capitalists Treadmills? 9. Energy and “Justice” in the Mountains 10. Reimagining Energy Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of plasma catalysis, regarded as a promising alternative to thermal processes for energy and environmental applications. It bridges the gap between the plasma and catalysis research communities, covering both the fundamentals of plasma catalysis and its application in environmental and energy research. The first section of the book offers a broad introduction to plasma catalysis, covering plasma-catalyst systems, interactions, and modeling. The core of the book then focuses on different applications, describing a wide range of plasma-catalytic processes in catalyst synthesis, environmental clean-up, greenhouse gas conversion and synthesis of materials for energy applications. Chapters cover topics ranging from removal of NOx and VOCs to conversion of methane, carbon dioxide and the reforming of ethanol and methanol.Written by a group of world-leading researchers active in the field, the book forms a valuable resource for scientists, engineers and students with different research backgrounds including plasma physics, plasma chemistry, catalysis, energy, environmental engineering, electrical engineering and material engineering.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis exhaustive Handbook covers the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials that can be used in energy and environmental science applications. Given the pressing need for more efficient energy sources at lower costs, this book will help to provide a more cohesive understanding of nanocomposites and nanomaterials. Each chapter in this handbook is written by an expert in his or her field, and topics ranging from energy efficiency to material performance are presented. Catalysis, ceramic science, metallurgy, coatings, and green, sustainable materials are included. This Handbook provides a comprehensive guide to the field of applied nanomaterials. It will drive interest and research in the use of nanocomposites and nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications.Table of ContentsAdvanced Oxidation Processes leading to nanomaterials.- Environmental Photocatalysis.- Photocatalytic Decontamination.- Water Splitting.- Hydrogen Generation.- Hydrogen Production.- P Photocatalysts.- Water Treatment using nanomaterials.- Photolysis and Photoelectrochemistry.- Heterogeneous Catalysis.- Photochemical Processes.- Nanomaterials Synthesis.- Wastewater Treatment and Purification Technologies.- Thin Films and Nanotechnology.- Porous Materials.- Artificial photosynthesis.- Hydrogen storage.- Materials with noise-reduction properties.- Construction materials reinforced with natural products.- Nano-Catalysis.- Degradation of pollutants.- Mesoporous Materials.- Oil Pollutants Degradation.- Titanium Dioxide Films.- Photochemical Oxidants.- Biomass.- Glass ceramics from wastes.- Recycled plastics.- Silica fertilizer.- Wood ceramics.- Non-Metallic Building Materials.- Marine block.- Soil ceramics.- Stabilization of heavy metals from industrial wastes into ceramic matrices.- Biobased & biodegradable plastics.- Wear resistant metals and composites.- Pre-paint steel and alloys.- Hydrogen absorbing alloys and materials.- Gas separation membranes.- Ion-exchange resin for wastes treatment.- Microbial enzymes.- Absorbents for oil and grease removal.- Catalysts for fuel cells.- Coating materials for construction.- Functionally graded materials.- Lead-free solders.- Halogen flame retardant-free plastics.- Chromium-free steel.- Heavy metal free polyesters.- Vibration dumping steels.- Antibacterial coating materials.- Bone-cream for orthopedic and brain surgery.- Ultra-light steels.- Light-weight alloys.- Heat resistant alloys.- Heat mirror films.- Chromophobic fibers.- Endothermic steels.- High magnetic induction steels.- Silicon for solar cells.- Thermoelectric conversion materials.- Special glasses.- Sealing sheets for solar cells.- Materials for CO2, SOx, NOx emission reduction.- Materials for fixation and removal of radioactive wastes.- Sensors for nanoparticle detection.- Sensors for hazardous gases detection.- “Greener” aspects of materials synthesis.- “Greener” fabrication of nanomaterials.- Energy Harvesting.- Solar Fuel Production from CO2 and Water.- Lithium-Ion Batteries.- Electrochemical Capacitor Applications.- Catalysts in Biofuel Production.

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Book SynopsisDue to the huge quantity and diverse nature of their metabolic pathways, fungi have great potential to be used for the production of different biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel. This book presents recent advances, as well as challenges and promises, of fungal applications in biofuel production, subsequently discussing plant pathogenic fungi for bioethanol and biodiesel production, including their mechanisms of action. Additionally, this book reviews biofuel production using plant endophytic fungi, wood-rotting fungi, fungal biocontrol agents, and gut fungi, and it investigates highly efficient fungi for biofuel production and process design in fungal-based biofuel production systems. Finally, life cycle assessment of fungal-based biofuel production systems are discussed in this volume.Table of ContentsPreface1. Biofuels: challenges and the promises of fungi in biofuel productionMeisam Tabatabaei and Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani 2. Plant pathogenic fungi for bioethanol production: mechanisms of actionsPaul Christakopoulos, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden3. Plant pathogenic fungi for biodiesel productionAkihiko Kondo, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan4. Plant pathogenic fungi for VOCs productionJoan W. Bennett, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA5. Plant probiotic fungi as a new source for Bioethanol ProductionRibo Huang, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China6. Endophytic fungi for biofuel productionRanjan Kumar Bhagobaty, Oil India Limited, Noida, India7. Brown and white rot fungi for biofuel productionJonathan S. Schilling, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA8. Gut fungi for biofuel productionMichelle A. O’Malley, University of California Santa Barbara, California, USA9. Consolidated bioprocessing: highly efficient fungi for biofuel production Gholamreza Salehi JouzaniMohammad J. Taherzadeh, University of Borås, Borås, SwedenMeisam Tabatabaei10. Process design in fungal-based biofuel production systemsKeikhosro Karimi, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran11. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of fungal-based biofuel production systemsMohammad Ali Rajaeifar, University of Tabriz, Tabrīz, IranReinout Heijungs, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands12. Thermodynamics aspects of fungal-based biofuel production systemsMortaza Aghbashlo Arun S. Mujumdar, McGill University, Quebec, Canada13. Modeling and optimization to enhance fungal-based biofuel productionSulyman Hosseinpour, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMortaza AghbashloS Venkata Mohan, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, IndiaIndex

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides broad coverage of energy supply and use. It discusses how energy is produced, transformed, delivered to end users, and consumed. The author discusses all of this at an undergraduate level, accessible to students of varying backgrounds. High-level and human-scale perspectives are included. As a high-level example, the book discusses the shares of global primary energy that are provided by oil, gas, coal, hydroelectricity, and renewables, as well as trends in energy consumption and supply over time. Human-scale examples will resonate with readers’ every day experiences. The link between economic development and energy consumption is presented, which facilitates understanding of how global energy consumption growth is inevitable as economic development occurs. Coverage includes separate chapters on the oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity sectors. Each of these provides high-level descriptions of the technology involved in the production of that type of energy as well as the processing and transportation that occurs to bring the energy to end users. The book discusses the technological implications of energy transitions such as increased use of renewables or changes in the use of nuclear energy using Germany and Japan as examples. It closes with a discussion of future energy use.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Fundamentals of Energy.- Energy Use.- Oil.- Natural Gas.- Coal.- Electricity.- Petrochemicals.- Energy Industries.- Technological Change.

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