Agriculture and farming Books

Book SynopsisMit Agrarholz in die Zukunft: Der Anbau von Bäumen als Nutzpflanzen ist nicht nur klimafreundlich, sondern auch profitabel! Die Intensivnutzung von Bäumen in der Landwirtschaft gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung. Steigende Öl- und Gaspreise machen Holz als Energieträger wirtschaftlich attraktiv und tragen gleichzeitig zum Klimaschutz bei. Die neuesten Erkenntnisse aus drei aktuellen Verbundprojekten (AGROFORST, AGROWOOD, DENDROM) werden für den Praktiker aufbereitet und alle Aspekte des Wirtschaftskreislaufs angesprochen: rechtliche Rahmenbedinungen, Hinweise zu Fördergeldern, Planung, Anlage und den Betrieb der Pflanzung, bis hin zur optimalen Vermarktung der Produkte. Neben betriebswirtschaftlichen Erwägungen steht die ökologische Gesamtbilanz dieser Form des Pflanzenbaus im Vordergrund, die auch den Flächenverbrauch und ein durch neu geschaffene "Baumfelder" verändertes Landschaftsbild mit einbezieht.Trade Review"Neueste Erkenntnisse aus drei Verbundprojekten - Agroforst, Agrowood und Dendrom - werden in diesem Buch für den Praktiker verständlich aufbereitet." Landtechnik (01.06.2011) "... [Das Buch] bietet wertvolles Datenmaterial für jede Fragestellung, die sich im Zusammenhang mit dem Anbau von Energie-, Nutz- oder Wertholz stellt. Landwirten, die sich mit der zukunftsträchtigen Produktionsrichtung befassen und der Herausforderung neuartiger Kulturen und Kulturtechniken stellen wollen, sei das Fachbuch sehr empfohlen." Biothemen.de (07.09.2010) "... Dieses Buch, das als Standardwerk für Mitteleuropa angesehen werden kann, arbeitet ausführlichst alle Fragen ab, von den gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen über Aufbauplanung und Anlage, Pflanzung und Betrieb, Förderungsmöglichkeiten bis hin zur Lagerung und Vermarktung der erzeugten Rohstoffe. ..." Naturschutz-Info der Staatlichen Naturschutzverwaltung BW (Nr. 1/2010) "... Dieses Buch vertieft also die Themen des kostenlosen Leitfadens "Moderne Agroforstsysteme mit Werthölzern" der gleichen Autoren. Damit schließt es eine Lücke auf dem Buchmarkt und bildet zugleich eine wichtige Grundlage zu der weiteren Entwicklung neuer Agroforstsysteme in Deutschland." Agroforst.deTable of ContentsTeil 1: Kurzumtriebsplantagen 1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen – Stand des Wissens 3Christine Knust 2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen – rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen 11Albrecht Bemmann, Peter Lohner, Martina Marx, Dieter Murach, Armin Vetter und Peter Wagner 3 Auswirkungen von absehbarem Klimawandel auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen 19Joachim Rock, Petra Lasch und Chris Kollas 4 Standortsbasierte Leistungsschӓtzung in Agrarholzbestanden in Brandenburg und Sachsen 29Dieter Murach, Holger Hartmann, Yasmin Murn, Mareike Schultze, Ali Wael und Heinz Röhle 5 Leistungsvermögen und Leistungserfassung von Kurzumtriebsbestanden 41Heinz Röhle, Kai-Uwe Hartmann, Christian Steinke und Dieter Murach 6 Begründung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen: Baumartenwahl und Anlageverfahren 57Marek Schildbach, Holger Grünewald, Heino Wolf und Bernd-Uwe Schneider 7 Bewirtschaftungsstrategien von Kurzumtriebsplantagen 73Denie Gerold, Dirk Landgraf, Heino Wolf und Marek Schildbach 8 Abiotische und biotische Schadfaktoren in Kurzumtriebsplantagen 83Christiane Helbig und Michael Müller 9 Technologien der Ernte und Rodung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen 99Volkhard Scholz, Felipe Ruiz Lorbacher und Hendrik Spikermann 10 Logistische Bereitstellung von Agrarholz für regionale Nutzungen am Beispiel von Brandenburg 113Mareike Schultze, Paul Fiedler und Dieter Brӓkow 11 Regionale Wertschöpfungsketten im Rahmen der Nutzung von schnellwachsenden Baumarten im landlichen Raum am Beispiel Südbrandenburgs 125Dirk Landgraf und Lutz Böcker 12 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Einordnung der Holzerzeugung in die Anbaustruktur landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen 135Peter Wagner, Jürgen Heinrich, Mathias Kröber, Jörg Schweinle und Werner Große 13 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz: Verfahrensvergleich mit landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen im regionalen Kontext 147Philipp Grundmann und Jörg Eberts 14 Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes 161Peter A. Schmidt und Thomas Glaser 15 Monetare Bewertung ökologischer Leistungen des Agrarholzanbaus 171Jan Philipp Schagner 16 Wasserhaushalt von Kurzumtriebsplantagen 181Rainer Petzold, Karl-Heinz Feger und Kai Schwӓrzel 17 Modellierung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts von Pappel-Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Brandenburg 193Ansgar Quinkenstein, Hubert Jochheim, Bernd-Uwe Schneider und Reinhard F. Hüttl 18 Ökologische Bewertung des Zukunftsrohstoffs Agrarholz 205Michael Steinfeldt 19 Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus bei Landwirten 217Constance Skodawessely und Jürgen Pretzsch 20 Agrarholzanbau: Quo vadis –Ein Ausblick auf die Zukunft des Agrarholzanbaus 227Dieter Murach Teil 2: Agroforstsysteme 21 Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zu Agroforstsystemen in Deutschland 233Holger Grünewald und Tatjana Reeg 22 Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für Agroforstsysteme 241Anja Chalmin und Alexander Möndel 23 Wertholzproduktion in Agroforstsystemen 251Mathias Brix, Bela Bender und Heinrich Spiecker 24 Kombinierter Anbau von Wertholz- und Kurzumtriebsbaumen 263Rüdiger Unseld 25 Produktionsaspekte in Agroforstsystemen mit Werthölzern –landwirtschaftliche Produktion 275Anja Chalmin 26 Ökonomische Bewertung von Agroforstsystemen 289Alexander Möndel, Mathias Brix und Anja Chalmin 27 Agroforstsysteme aus Sicht des Naturschutzes 301Tatjana Reeg, Jureck Hampel, Frank Hohlfeld, Gerd Mathiak und Evelyn Rusdea 28 Historische Agroforstsysteme in Deutschland 313Werner Konold und Tatjana Reeg 29 Agroforstsysteme mit Wertholzbaumen im Landschaftsbild 325Tatjana Reeg 30 Agroforstsysteme mit Wertholzproduktion –Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 335Werner Konold und Heinrich Spiecker Teil 3: Anhang Anhang 1 341 Anhang 2 343 Anhang 3 345 Index 347

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Book SynopsisProfessor Wolfgang Haber ist Vorkämpfer und seit vier Jahrzehnten wichtigster Exponent des Natur- und Landschaftsschutzes in Deutschland. In dieser umfassenden und aktuellen Übersicht setzt er sich kritisch mit der Wechselbeziehung zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung und dem Schutz von ländlichen Lebensräumen auseinander. Getreu seinem Credo, dass es eine nicht umweltbelastende Landwirtschaft nicht geben kann, entwirft Haber das Leitbild einer multifunktionalen Landwirtschaft – mit einer differenzierten Boden- und Landnutzung, die den Zielen der Erzeugung hochwertiger und sicherer Nahrung ebenso verpflichtet ist wie der Erhaltung der ländlichen Kulturlandschaft und ihrer vielfältigen Biotope. In einem Spannungsbogen vom Beginn der Landwirtschaft im Neolithikum bis hin zur heutigen staatlich gelenkten Agrarindustrie zeichnet er Entwicklungen und Prozesse nach, die unsere heutige Kulturlandschaft geformt haben und analysiert deren Einfluss auf Nachhaltigkeit der Landnutzung, biologische Vielfalt und Leistungsfähigkeit der Ökosysteme von Ackerland, Grünland und Sonderkulturen wie Obst- und Weinbau. Zahlreiche Fallbeispiele aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz sowie eine Vielzahl von aktuellen Daten runden das Werk ab und liefern wertvolles Material für eine sachliche Auseinandersetzung mit einem Thema, welches völlig zu Recht immer stärker in den öffentlichen Diskurs Eingang findet.Trade Review"Das Buch vermittelt fundiert und auf aktuellste Daten gestützt die historische Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft vom Neolithikum bis zur heutigen Agrarindustrie und zeigt Entwicklungen und Prozesse auf, die die heutige Kulturlandschaft über Jahrtausende geformt haben." Allgemeines Ministerialblatt (Februar 2015) "In diesem Buch vermittelt der Autor fundiert und auf aktuellste Daten gestützt die historische Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft vom Neolithikum bis zur heutigen Agrarindustrie und zeigt Entwicklungen und Prozesse auf, die unsere heutige Kulturlandschaft über Jahrtausende geformt haben." B&B Agrar (01.07.2014) "Wolfgang Haber, Vorkämpfer und prominentester Exponent des Naturschutzes in Deutschland, analysiert anhand zahlreicher Fallbeispiele die Prozesse, die unsere heutige Kulturlandschaft geformt haben, und deren Einflüsse auf die landwirtschaftlichen Ökosysteme." AOL-Bücherbrief (01.07.2014) "Im jetzt veröffentlichten Werk zu "Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz" steckt nebst enorm viel Wissen aus beiden Bereichen die Erfahrung seiner lebenslangen Arbeit in diesem Konfliktfeld." P.S. (27.06.2014) "Das bestärkt noch das Gefühl, das sich uns während der zwar dichten, doch bemerkenswert flüssigen Lektüre aufdrängte: Dass wir es hier mit einem zukünftigen Standardwerk zu tun haben." Info-Bulletin Umweltmediathek (01.06.2014) "In seinem neuen Werk zeichnet Wolfgang Haber die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft von ihren Anfängen bis heute mit Bezug auf Natur- und Umweltschutz auf und entwirft ein Leitbild einer multifunktionalen Landwirtschaft." Forstarchiv (01.06.2014) "Zwei Bücher also mit ähnlicher Themenstellung, aber doch sehr unterschiedlicher Blickrichtung ? landschaftsökologisch das eine, artenschützerisch und ökonomisch das andere, und doch blicken beide erfreulich weit über den Tellerrand des eigenen Arbeitsbereichs hinaus. Haber ein Tick visionärer, Hampicke dafür detaillierter als Handreichung für die ökonomische Bearbeitung der "Agrarwende"." Aktuell (01.06.2014) Table of Contents1 Einführung: Aufgaben und Auswirkungen der Landwirtschaft 1 2 Landwirtschaft im Zusammenhang der Menschheits- und Gesellschaftsentwicklung 3 2.1 Eine neue Art der Nahrungsversorgung 3 2.2 Eine neuer Umgang mit der Natur – und ein „neuer Mensch“ 4 2.3 Eine revolutionäre Veränderung in der Menschheit 7 2.4 Land- und Stadtkultur – Ergänzung und Entfremdung 8 3 Die vor- und frühgeschichtliche Landwirtschaft Mitteleuropas – Entstehung von Landnutzungstraditionen 11 3.1 Definition der Landwirtschaft 11 3.2 Die Anfänge landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung in der Jungsteinzeit 11 3.2.1 Erzeugung pflanzlicher Nahrungsmittel 12 3.2.1.1 Vom Pflanzenbau zum Ackerbau – und seine Folgen 12 3.2.1.2 Ackerbauerträge und ihre Sicherung 15 3.2.2 Erzeugung von Nahrungsmitteln tierischer Herkunft 17 3.2.2.1 Viehhaltung und Futterversorgung 17 3.2.2.2 Naturweide, Stallhaltung und Düngergewinnung 19 3.3 Die Entstehung der Kulturlandschaft und ihrer Bestandteile 20 3.4 Von der Jungsteinzeit in das Metallzeitalter (Bronze- und Eisenzeit) 21 3.4.1 Neuerungen in Tierhaltung, Pflanzenbau und Produktverwendung 22 3.4.2 Bodenbearbeitung mit Pflügen 24 3.4.3 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzung auf Extremstandorten 25 3.4.3.1 Landwirtschaft an den Meeresküsten 25 3.4.3.2 Landwirtschaft und Bergbau im Hochgebirge 26 3.5 Landnutzung in der Römerzeit 28 4 Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft vom Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert: Entstehung der „Landschaft“ und der Grundlagen des Naturschutzes 31 4.1 Landwirtschaft unter staatlichem Einfluss 31 4.2 Der Bauernstand zwischen Freiheit und Frondienst 32 4.3 Wachsende Ansprüche an die Landwirtschaft 33 4.3.1 Ausweitung der Landnutzungs- und Siedlungsflächen 33 4.3.2 Fortschritte und Mängel im Acker- und Pflanzenbau 36 4.3.3 Auswirkungen auf Gewässer und Wasserhaushalt 39 4.3.4 Weiterentwicklung der Viehhaltung 41 4.4 Das Erscheinungsbild der landwirtschaftlich genutzten Gebiete – die „Landschaft“ 44 4.5 Festigung und Sicherung der Landwirtschaft der Meeresküsten und Hochgebirge 47 4.5.1 Deichbau und Neulandgewinnung an der Nordseeküste 47 4.5.2 Weiterentwicklung der alpinen Landwirtschaft 47 4.6 Rückschläge und Niedergang seit dem Mittelalter 50 4.6.1 Klimaungunst, Seuchen und Kriege 50 4.6.2 Die tieferen Ursachen des Niedergangs und seine positiven Folgen: Ressourcenerschöpfung bedingt Vielfaltsteigerung 52 5 Ende und Umbruch der vormodernen Landwirtschaft 59 5.1 Notwendigkeit einer Landnutzungsreform 59 5.2 Erste Schritte: Ackerfutterbau und Humuswirtschaft 60 5.3 Erweiterungund Neuordnung derlandwirtschaftlichenNutzflächen 61 5.3.1 Urbarmachungen, Meliorationen, Umlegungen 62 5.3.2 Die Markenteilung und ihre Folgen 63 5.3.3 Landeskultur und Landschaftskultur (Exkurs) 64 5.4 Das Ende der Agrargesellschaft 67 5.4.1 Umstellung der Energieversorgung auf fossile Träger – Verlust des „ländlichen Energiemonopols“ 67 5.4.2 Das Zurückbleiben der Landwirtschaft hinter der allgemeinen Entwicklung 68 6 Modernisierung der Landwirtschaft und Erwachen des Naturschutzes 71 6.1 Von der organischen zur mineralischen Düngung 71 6.2 Weiterentwicklung der Landeskultur, Neuerungen in der Agrarstruktur 72 6.3 Sicherung der Nahrungsversorgung und ihre landwirtschaftliche Problematik 73 6.4 Ländliche Idylle als Ergebnis bäuerlichen Beharrens 74 6.5 Das Erwachen von Heimat- und Naturschutz 75 6.6 Enklaven für die Natur 78 6.7 Im Strudel von Kriegen und Ideologien 79 7 Die moderne Landwirtschaft im Konflikt mit der Natur 83 7.1 Landwirtschaft in der DDR 83 7.2 Die landwirtschaftliche Modernisierung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 85 7.2.1 Landwirtschaftliche Intensivierung: Spezialisierung, Entmischung und Homogenisierung 86 7.2.2 Intensivierung und Flurbereinigung im Acker- und Pflanzenbau 89 7.2.3 Rückgang und Homogenisierung des Grünlands 93 7.2.4 Rückgang der Bauern und Landarbeiter, Wandlungen der Bauernhöfe und der Kulturlandschaft 99 7.3 Das Bewusstwerden landwirtschaftlicher Umweltbelastung 105 7.3.1 Landschaftspflege, Naturparke und „Stummer Frühling“ 105 7.3.2 Verstärkter Naturschutz – aber mit Privilegierung der Landwirtschaft: eine vertane Chance 107 7.3.3 Die landwirtschaftlich verursachte Schädigung von Natur und Umwelt 111 7.3.4 Die Ausnahme: Ökologischer Landbau 113 7.4 Ansehensverlust der Landwirtschaft und Scheitern der Nachkriegs-Agrarpolitik 115 7.5 Der Übergang zur Agrarumweltpolitik 118 7.6 Stärkung von Naturschutzpolitik und Naturschutzrecht 119 8 Die agrarpolitische Wende – zum Vorteil der Natur? 123 8.1 Neue politische Einflussgrößen: Nachhaltige Entwicklung, Biologische Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen 123 8.1.1 Das Prinzip der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung 123 8.1.2 Biologische Vielfalt 128 8.1.3 Ökosystemleistungen 133 8.2 Multifunktionale Landwirtschaft als „neue“ (alte) Idee 135 8.3 Agrarumweltpolitik und Naturschutzpolitik: Gleiche Adressaten, verschiedene Konzeptionen 138 8.3.1 Die reformierte Agrarpolitik und ihre Umsetzung 141 8.3.1.1 Zur Handhabung der 1. Säule – Cross-Compliance und Modulation 143 8.3.1.2 Gute fachliche Praxis, Sonderleistungen und ihre Bezahlung 148 8.3.1.3 Agrarpolitik für den ländlichen Raum – die 2. Säule der EU-Förderung 154 8.3.1.4 Naturschutzverständnis und -beratung der Landwirtschaft 158 8.3.1.4.1 Unterschätzte Hürden, ungenaue Begrifflichkeiten 159 8.3.1.4.2 Arbeitsaufwand und betriebliche Abläufe 160 8.3.1.4.3 Psychologische Gesichtspunkte 160 8.3.1.4.4 Mitsprache und Partizipation 162 8.3.1.4.5 Ausblick 163 8.4 Beiträge verknüpfter Agrar- und Naturschutzforschung 164 8.5 Naturschutz: Erfahrungen und Erwartungen in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis 166 8.5.1 Ackerwildkräuter und Ackerfauna 168 8.5.2 Biologische Vielfalt und Bewirtschaftung der Wiesen und Weiden 174 8.5.2.1 Nutzungs- und Schutzvielfalt, Prioritätenfragen 176 8.5.2.2 Beispiele naturschutzorientierter Grünlandnutzung 177 8.5.2.3 Ökonomische Aspekte 180 8.5.2.4 Grünland der Alpen 184 8.5.2.5 Grünlandbrachen und ihre Behandlung 188 8.5.2.6 Nutzungsalternativen zur Grünlanderhaltung 188 8.5.2.7 Schlussbetrachtung zum Grünland 189 9 Vorschriften, Strategien und Wunschbilder des Naturschutzes 191 9.1 Integration und Segregation (Separierung) 191 9.1.1 Allgemeines zu den Begriffen 191 9.1.2 Anteil der Naturschutzflächen im Agrarland 194 9.2 Flächenstilllegung 196 9.3 Intensivierung und Extensivierung – Naturschutz und landwirtschaftliche Produktionsverfahren 197 9.3.1 Zu den Begriffen 197 9.3.2 Erwartete Wirkungen in Theorie und Praxis 198 9.3.3 Extensivierung und ökologischer Landbau 200 9.3.4 Ökonomische Auswirkungen allgemeiner Extensivierung 202 9.3.5 Extensivierung und Naturschutzflächenbedarf 203 9.3.6 Zusätzliche vom Umwelt- und Naturschutz ausgelöste Intensivierungen 206 9.4 Biotopverbund und „Natura 2000“ 212 9.5 Prozessschutz und Wildnis 218 9.6 Naturschutzvorbehalte gegen Ökonomie und Technik 220 9.6.1 Ökonomisches Denken 221 9.6.2 Technikfeindlichkeit 222 9.7 Zur Erfüllbarkeit von Naturschutzerwartungen im Agrarland 226 10 Grundsätzliche Betrachtungen zum Verhältnis von Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz 229 10.1 Wachsender Rechtfertigungsdruck und Finanzierungsprobleme für Naturschutz 229 10.2 Uneindeutige Naturschutzziele – eindeutige Ziele der Landwirtschaft 231 10.3 Unzureichende Kenntnisse über moderne Landwirtschaft 233 10.4 Zur Stellung der Landwirtschaft innerhalb der Volkswirtschaft 234 10.5 Zur Existenzsicherung der Landwirtschaft 236 10.6 Finanzielle Grundlagen bäuerlicher Existenz – Innen- und Außensicht 239 10.7 Landwirtschaft zwischen gesellschaftlichen Wünschen und Widersprüchen 241 11 Eine Kompromiss-Strategie: Differenzierte agrarische Landnutzung mit flexibler Naturschutzintegration 245 11.1 Grundgedanken differenzierter Landnutzung 246 11.2 Grundregeln, Inhalte und Umsetzungshinweise zur differenzierten Landnutzung 247 11.3 Wissenschaftlich-fachliche Zustimmung zum DLN-Konzept 250 11.4 Geringe oder zögerliche Beachtung seitens Naturschutz- und Landwirtschaftspolitik 252 11.5 Chancen differenzierter Landnutzung 254 12 Schlussbetrachtung 257 13 Literatur 259

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of the current state of this highly relevant topic. An interdisciplinary team of researchers reports on the opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the agriculture and food sector, highlighting the scientific, technical, regulatory, safety, and societal impacts. They also discuss the perspectives for the future, and provide insights into ways of assuring safety so as to obtain confidence for the consumer, as well as an overview of the innovations and applications. Essential reading for materials and agricultural scientists, food chemists and technologists, as well as toxicologists and ecotoxicologists.Table of ContentsSeries Editor Preface VII About the Series Editor IX Foreword XXI Introduction XXV Part One Basic Elements of Nanofunctional Agriculture and Food Science 1 1 Nanotechnologies for Agriculture and Foods: Past and Future 3Cecilia Bartolucci References 13 2 Nanoscience: Relevance for Agriculture and the Food Sector 15Shahin Roohinejad and Ralf Greiner 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Fundamental of Nanoscience 16 2.3 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Agriculture Sector 18 2.4 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Food Sector 23 2.5 Challenges of Using Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Sectors 27 2.6 Conclusions 28 Acknowledgment 28 References 28 3 Naturally Occurring Nanostructures in Food 33Saïd Bouhallab, Christelle Lopez, and Monique A.V. Axelos 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Protein-based Nanostructures 34 3.3 Lipid-Based Nanostructures 44 3.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 46 References 47 4 Artificial Nanostructures in Food 49Jared K. Raynes, Sally L. Gras, John A. Carver, and Juliet A. Gerrard 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Types and Uses of Artificial Organic Nanostructures Found in Food 52 4.3 Conclusion 62 References 63 5 Engineered Inorganic Nanoparticles in Food 69Marie-Hélène Ropers and Hélène Terrisse 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Engineered Inorganic Materials Containing Nanoparticles 69 5.3 Characterization of Engineered Inorganic Nanomaterials 78 5.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 81 References 82 6 Nanostructure Characterization Using Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons 87Francois Boué 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Principles 89 6.3 The Basic Information from a SAS Profile 93 6.4 A Few Examples: From Soft Matter to Agrofood 100 6.5 Other Scattering Techniques 106 6.6 Recommendation and Practical: A Checklist for Scattering 107 6.7 Summary and Conclusion 110 References 110 Part Two Opportunities, Innovations, and New Applications in Agriculture and Food Systems 113 7 Nanomaterials in Plant Protection 115Angelo Mazzaglia, Elena Fortunati, Josè Maria Kenny, Luigi Torre, and Giorgio Mariano Balestra 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Nanotechnology and Agricultural Sector 117 7.3 Applications of Nanomaterials against Plant Pathogens and Pests 125 7.4 Conclusions 129 References 130 8 Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals: Trojan Horse Hydrogel Beads 135Benjamin Zeeb and David Julian McClements 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Overview of Nanoparticles-Based Colloidal Delivery Systems 136 8.3 Designing Particle Characteristics 138 8.4 Trojan Horse Nanoparticle Delivery Systems 140 8.5 Case Study: Alginate Hydrogel Beads as Trojan Horse Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Curcumin 146 8.6 Conclusions 149 References 149 9 Bottom-Up Approaches in the Design of Soft Foods for the Elderly 153José Miguel Aguilera and Dong June Park 9.1 Foods and the Elderly 153 9.2 Rational Design of Soft and Nutritious Gel Particles 155 9.3 Technological Alternatives for the Design of TM Foods 160 9.4 Conclusions 162 Acknowledgments 163 References 163 10 Barrier Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Food Packaging 167Jose M. Lagaron, Luis Cabedo, and Maria J. Fabra 10.1 Introduction 167 10.2 Nanocomposites 168 10.3 Nanostructured Layers 172 10.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 174 References 174 11 Nanotechnologies for Active and Intelligent Food Packaging: Opportunities and Risks 177Nathalie Gontard, Stéphane Peyron, Jose M. Lagaron, Yolanda Echegoyen, and Carole Guillaume 11.1 Introduction and Definitions 177 11.2 Nanomaterials in Active Packaging for Food Preservation 178 11.3 Nanotechnology for Intelligent Packaging as Food Freshness and Safety Monitoring Solution 181 11.4 Potential Safety Issues and Current Legislation 187 11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 191 12 Overview of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Food Science Applications 197Xavier Le Guével 12.1 Introduction 197 12.2 Food Packaging, Processing, and Storage 197 12.3 Supplements/Additives 199 12.4 Food Analysis 200 12.5 Conclusion and Perspective 202 Acknowledgment 203 References 203 13 Nanotechnology for Synthetic Biology: Crossroads Throughout Spatial Confinement 209Denis Pompon, Luis F. Garcia-Alles, and Gilles Truan 13.1 Convergence Between Nanotechnologies and Synthetic Biology 209 13.2 Spatially Constrained Functional Coupling in Biosystems 210 13.3 Functional Coupling Through Scaffold-Independent Structures 211 13.4 Spatial Confinement Mediated by Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds 213 13.5 Encapsulated Biosystems Involving Natural or Engineered Nanocompartments 216 13.6 Synthetically Designed Structures for Protein Coupling and Organization 225 13.7 Future Directions 226 References 227 14 Modeling and Simulation of Bacterial Biofilm Treatment with Applications to Food Science 235Jia Zhao, Tianyu Zhang, and Qi Wang 14.1 Introduction 235 14.2 Review of Biofilm Models 237 14.3 Biofilm Dynamics Near Antimicrobial Surfaces 244 14.4 Antimicrobial Treatment of Biofilms by Targeted Drug Release 246 14.5 Models for Intercellular and Surface Delivery by Nanoparticles 248 14.6 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgments 251 References 251 Part Three Technical Challenges of Nanoscale Detection Systems 257 15 Smart Systems for Food Quality and Safety 259Mark Bücking, Andreas Hengse, Heinrich Grüger, and Henning Schulte 15.1 Introduction 259 15.2 Overview 260 15.3 Roadmapping of Microsystem Technologies Toward Food Applications 261 15.4 Microsystem Technology Areas 266 References 275 16 Nanoelectronics: Technological Opportunities for the Management of the Food Chain 277Kris Van De Voorde, Steven Van Campenhout, Veerle De Graef, Bart De Ketelaere, and Steven Vermeir 16.1 Technological Needs and Trends in the Food Industry 277 16.2 Cooperation Model to Stimulate “The Introduction of New Nanoelectronics-Based Technologies in Food Industry”: An Engine for Innovation and Bridging the Gap 279 16.3 Existing Technologies That Can Be Used in a Wide Range of Applications: The Present 282 16.4 New Technology Developments: The Future 285 References 295 Part Four Nanotechnology: Toxicology Aspects and Regulatory Issues 297 17 Quality and Safety of Nanofood 299Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi 17.1 Introduction 299 17.2 Current and Future Application of Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 300 17.3 Food Quality and Food Safety 304 17.4 How Safe is Nanofood? 304 17.5 The Need for Risk Assessment 306 17.6 Regulations for Food Nanotechnology 306 17.7 Conclusion 307 References 307 18 Interaction between Ingested-Engineered Nanomaterials and the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Toxicology Aspects 311Laurie Laloux, Madeleine Polet, and Yves-Jacques Schneider 18.1 Introduction 311 18.2 Influence of the Gastrointestinal Tract on the Ingested Nanomaterials Characteristics 314 18.3 In Vitro Models of the Intestinal Barrier 318 18.4 Cytotoxicity Assessment and Application to Silver Nanoparticles 320 18.5 Conclusion 323 References 324 19 Life Cycle of Nanoparticles in the Environment 333Jean-Yves Bottero, Mark R. Wiesner, Jérôme Labille, Melanie Auffan, Vladimir Vidal, and Catherine Santaella 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 Transport and Bioaccumulation by Plants 334 19.3 Indirect Agricultural Application of NMs through Biowastes 336 19.4 Transformations of NPs in Soils after Application 339 19.5 Conclusion 342 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 Part Five Governance of Nanotechnology and Societal Dimensions 347 20 The Politics of Governance: Nanotechnology and the Transformations of Science Policy 349Brice Laurent 20.1 An Issue of Governance 349 20.2 Operationalizing the Governance of Nanotechnology 352 20.3 The Constitutional Project of Governance 356 References 360 21 Potential Economic Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Agriculture and the Food Sector 363Elke Walz, Volker Gräf, and Ralf Greiner 21.1 Introduction 363 21.2 Potential and Possible Applications of Nanomaterials in the Food Sector and Agriculture 364 21.3 Nanotechnology: Market Research and Forecasts 366 21.4 Critical Considerations and Remarks Concerning Market Reports and Forecasts 367 21.5 Obstacles Regarding Commercialization of Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture 370 21.6 Conclusion 372 References 372 22 Conclusions 377Monique A.V. Axelos and Marcel Van de Voorde Index 381

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Book SynopsisAdhesives and Finishes for Wood Understand the science of joining wood with this comprehensive guide Long seen as an old-fashioned material with narrowing modern applications, wood has seen increased popularity as a material in building and manufacturing in recent years. This has been driven by the need for sustainable resources and environmentally friendly materials. As a result of increased emphasis on wood, however, there is a corresponding need to understand the wood adhesives, the crucial materials in wood-based manufacture and craftsmanship. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood meets this need with a comprehensive but accessible introduction to the chemistry and applications of wood adhesives. Its easy-to-follow presentation nonetheless presents wood adhesives and finishes in significant detail. Ideal for readers without considerable preexisting knowledge in chemistry, this book includes everything the reader needs to understand and apply wood adhesives in their work or industry. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood readers will also find: Coverage ranging from the fundamentals of wood adhesive polymer chemistry to the properties of specific wood structures and resins A presentation suitable for both academic students and wood manufacture professionals An author with decades of experience in both academia and industry Adhesives and Finishes for Wood is a useful reference for advanced students and professionals in industries or manufacturing disciplines that incorporate wood, as well as for chemists, materials scientists, vocational school instructors, and more.Table of ContentsPreface xix Author Biography xxi 1 Introduction to Polymers, Wood Adhesives, and Wood Finishes 1 1.1 Good Wood Adhesives Must Be Optimum Polymers with Optimum Secondary Forces 1 1.2 Polymeric Materials 2 1.3 Synthetic Polymer Preparation Methods 2 1.4 Typical Synthetic Polymer Materials 3 1.5 Typical Natural Polymers 8 1.6 Summary 10 References 11 2 Principles of Polymer Chemistry for Wood Adhesives and Finishes 12 2.1 Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight 12 2.1.1 Determination of Molecular Weight or Degree of Polymerization 12 2.2 Properties of Polymer Solutions or Suspensions 13 2.2.1 Viscosity of Polymer Solutions 13 2.2.2 Dependence of Viscosity on the Shear Rate (Stirring Rate) 14 2.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity of Polymer Solutions 15 2.2.4 Dependence of Viscosity on the Concentration and Molecular Weight of Dissolved Polymers 15 2.2.5 Methods of Viscosity Measurement of Liquid Materials 17 2.3 Polymer Solids Level and Specific Gravity of Polymer Solutions 18 2.4 pH of Polymer Solutions and Buffers 18 2.4.1 pH 18 2.4.2 Acidic Buffers and Buffer Capacity 19 2.5 Solid Properties of Polymer Materials 20 2.5.1 Adhesive Property of Polymer Solids 20 2.5.2 Cohesive Property of Adhesive Polymer Solids 20 2.5.3 Cohesive Strength Measurement and Viscous and Elastic Responses 20 2.5.4 Measurement of the Elasticity of Solid Polymer Materials 21 References 22 3 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives and Practices 23 3.1 Selection Criteria of Wood Adhesives 23 3.2 High Temperature-Curing Thermosetting Adhesives and Curing Conditions 24 3.3 Room Temperature-curing Thermosetting Wood Adhesives and Processes 25 3.4 Room Temperature-curing Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives 25 3.5 Adhesive Application Methods and Loading Rates and Costs 26 3.6 Adhesive Curing by Hot Presses and Other Heating Methods 26 3.7 Evaluation of Adhesive Bonds 28 3.8 Summary 28 References 28 4 Principles of the Curing of Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives 29 4.1 Principles of Curing of Thermosetting Adhesive Resins at Elevated Temperatures 29 4.1.1 Viscosity Changes of Adhesive Layer Before Hot-Pressing 30 4.1.2 Spreading and Penetration of Adhesive Layers in Hot-Pressing 30 4.1.3 Viscosity Decreases by Moisture Content Changes 31 4.1.4 Viscosity Increases and Curing of Adhesive Layer by Polymerization Reaction 31 4.1.5 Flow and Wetting of Adhesive Layers and Molecular Adsorption 31 4.1.6 Gelation of Adhesive Layer 32 4.1.7 Vitrification of Adhesive Layer 32 4.1.8 Post-Curing of Adhesive Layer 33 4.2 Relationship of Temperature and Moisture Content in Hot-Pressing of Wood Composite Mats 33 4.2.1 Platen Pressure, Mat Thickness, and Density Profiles 33 4.2.2 Temperature Changes and Moisture Movements in Board Mat 34 4.2.3 Extents of Resin Cure in Hot-Pressing 35 4.3 Curing of Thermosetting Adhesives at Room Temperature 35 4.4 Curing of Thermoplastic Emulsion Adhesives 36 4.5 Volume Contractions of Adhesive Layers upon Curing 37 4.6 Thermal and Moisture Expansion/Contraction of Adhesive Layers 38 4.7 Summary 38 References 39 5 UF and MUF Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Resin Chemistry) 40 5.1 Raw Materials of UF Resins 40 5.2 Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Resins 42 5.3 Chemistry Occurring in UF Resin Synthesis 46 5.3.1 Second Step of Resin Synthesis 47 5.4 Polymer Chain Branching in UF Resins 50 5.5 Other Reactions Occurring in UF Resin Synthesis 52 5.6 F/U 1 Mole Ratio Effects in the Polymerization Step 53 5.7 Final F/U Mole Ratios and Formaldehyde Emission Problem 54 5.8 Physical and Chemical Tests and Properties of Industrial UF Resins 55 5.9 Resin Changes Occurring After Manufacture of UF Resins 58 5.10 Bond Performances and Durability Tests of UF Resins in Industry 60 5.11 UF Resins vs. Various Operating Parameters in PB, MDF, and Hardwood Plywood Industry 61 5.12 Other UF Resin Synthesis Procedures 62 5.13 Polymeric Chemical Structures of UF Resins 63 5.14 Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Resins 63 5.15 Urea-Melamine-Formaldehyde (UMF) Resins 66 5.16 Summary 69 References 69 6 Urea-Formaldehyde and MUF/UMF Wood Adhesive Resins (Curing) 72 6.1 Typical Latent/External Catalysts Based on Ammonium Salts for UF Resins 72 6.2 Organic Tertiary Amine Salts of Strong Acids and Other Catalysts 73 6.3 Catalyzation of UF Resins by Wood Acids 74 6.4 Buffering of Acidic Catalysts 77 6.5 Thermosetting Curing Reactions, Cured Resin Structures, and Formaldehyde Emission Problem 78 6.6 Control of the Curing Speeds of UF Resins 81 6.7 Side-Reactions Occurring in the Curing of UF Resins 81 6.8 Phenomenological Changes of UF Resins in Curing 82 6.9 Chemical Curing Mechanisms, F/U Mole Ratio, and Cured Resin Structure 84 6.10 Composition of Cured UF Resins 85 6.11 Uses of UF Resins 86 6.12 Properties of UF Resin-Bonded Wood Composite Boards 86 6.13 Formaldehyde Emission Mechanisms, Mole Ratios, and Board Strength Properties 87 6.14 Various Methods Proposed/Practiced for Reducing the Formaldehyde Emissions of Boards 88 6.15 Curing of Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Resins 89 6.16 Curing of Urea-Melamine-Formaldehyde (UMF) Resins 90 6.17 Cost Increases Estimated for Boards with Very Low Formaldehyde Emission Values 91 6.18 Summary 92 References 92 7 Particleboard, MDF, and Hardwood Plywood Bonding with UF Resin Binders 94 7.1 Particleboard 94 7.1.1 Wood Furnishes in Particleboard Manufacture 94 7.1.2 Blending of Resin, Catalyst, and Wax Emulsion in Particleboard Manufacture 95 7.1.3 Mat Formation and Transport 97 7.1.4 Hot-pressing 98 7.1.5 Equilibration and Finishing 100 7.1.6 Bison–Mende process 100 7.1.7 Properties of Commercial Particleboards 100 7.1.8 US Particleboard (PB) Industry 100 7.1.9 Summary 101 7.2 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Bonded with UF Resins 102 7.2.1 Fiber Manufacture and Blowline Resin Blending 102 7.2.2 Paddle Blending System of Resins 104 7.2.3 Comparison of MDF Resin Blenders 105 7.2.4 Mat-Forming and Hot-Pressing Parameters of PB and MDF in Industry 107 7.2.5 Physical Properties of Commercial MDF 108 7.2.6 Medium Density Fiberboard Industry 109 7.2.7 Summary 109 7.3 Hardwood Plywood Bonding with UF Resin Adhesives 109 7.4 Paraffin Wax and Uses in Wood Composites 112 7.4.1 Use of Paraffin Wax 112 7.4.2 Properties of Paraffin Wax 112 7.4.3 Analyses of Wax 113 7.4.4 Wax Application Methods 114 7.4.5 Wax Use Levels 114 7.4.6 Summary 114 7.5 Effects of UF Resins’ Curing Catalysts on Tool Wear in Machining of Boards – An Example of Laboratory PB Manufacturing and Testing 115 7.6 Summary 120 References 120 8 PF Novolac Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Chemistry) 122 8.1 Raw Materials of PF Resins 122 8.2 Reaction Chemistry of Phenol 123 8.3 Synthesis and Chemistry of Novolac Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Resins 124 8.4 Compounding and Curing of Novolac PF Resins 129 8.5 Curing Speed and Testing Methods of Molding Compounds of PF Novolac Resins 130 8.6 Wood Adhesive Uses of Novolac PF Resins 132 8.7 Summary 133 References 134 9 PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Chemistry) 136 9.1 Alkaline PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins 136 9.2 Synthesis Chemistry and Manufacturing Practices of Alkaline PF Resole Resins 136 9.3 Typical Synthesis Procedures of Alkaline PF Resole Resins for Various Uses 140 9.4 Properties and Polymer Structures of Alkaline PF Resole Resins and Measurements 143 9.5 Resin Characteristics and Uses of Various PF Resole Resins 147 9.6 Molecular Weights (Sizes) of Alkaline PF Resole Resins and Wood Cell Wall Penetration 148 9.7 Powder PF Resole Resin Manufacturing by Spray-drying 149 9.8 Curing of Alkaline PF Resole Resins 150 9.8.1 Pre-dry and Pre-cure, Resin Spreading, and Flow 150 9.8.2 Final Curing of Alkaline PF Resole Resins in Wood Bonding 151 9.8.3 Gel Times and Stroke Cure Times of Liquid PF Resins 153 9.8.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Method of Curing Tests for Thermosetting Resins 153 9.8.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis of PF Resole Resins 157 9.9 Good Wood Adhesion and Exterior Durability of PF Resin Adhesives 158 9.10 Formaldehyde Emission Problem of PF Resin-bonded Products 159 9.11 Various Binder Uses of PF Resins in the US Wood Products Industry 159 9.12 Acid-curing PF and PMF Resole Resin and Dispersion Wood Adhesives 162 9.13 Summary 163 References 163 10 PRF Novolac Wood Adhesive Resins and Lumber Lamination 166 10.1 Manufacturing and Chemistry of PRF Resins 167 10.1.1 Chemical Structures of PRF Resins 169 10.1.2 Relationship Between Target Viscosity, Resin-Solids, and Storage Stability of PRF Resins 171 10.1.3 P/R Ratio Measurements from 13 C NMR Spectra 172 10.2 PRF and RF Resin Adhesives Currently Available in Industry 172 10.2.1 Some Nonideal Aspects of PRF Resins 173 10.3 Hardeners for PRF Resin Adhesives 174 10.4 Mixing of a PRF Resin and Hardener, Pot-Lives, Working Life, and Assembly Time 175 10.5 Applying and Curing of PRF Adhesives in Wood Lamination 176 10.6 Curing Chemistry of PRF Resin Adhesives and Industry Practices 179 10.7 Wood Lamination Industry 179 10.8 Recent Developments in PRF Resin Adhesives 182 10.9 Laminating Wood Adhesives Based on Other Resorcinolic Materials 184 10.10 Advanced Reading Materials on Resorcinol–Formaldehyde (RF) Resins 185 10.10.1 Synthesis and Fractionation of an RF Resin and GPC Analysis 185 10.10.2 Assignments of 13 C NMR Chemical Shift Values of RF Resin Fractions 187 10.10.3 Polymer Structures of RF Resins Derived from 13 C NMR Spectra 188 10.10.4 Relationship Between Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weight Values from Equation n 3 190 10.11 Summary 191 References 191 11 Softwood Plywood Adhesives and Manufacturing Technology 194 11.1 Softwood Plywood Manufacturing Technology 194 11.2 PF Resole Resins for Bonding of Softwood Plywood 195 11.3 Veneer, Veneer Drying, and Adhesion Problems 196 11.4 Bond Performance Characteristics of Softwood Plywood Adhesives 197 11.5 Softwood Plywood Adhesive Mixing Procedure 197 11.6 Softwood Plywood Adhesive Formulation and Characteristics 198 11.6.1 Characteristics of PF Resin Adhesive Mixes 198 11.6.2 Gap-Filling Capability of Softwood Plywood Adhesives 199 11.6.3 Viscosity Targets of Softwood Plywood Adhesive Mixes 200 11.6.4 Fillers in Softwood Plywood Adhesives 200 11.6.5 Extenders in Softwood Plywood Adhesives 201 11.6.6 PF Resin Adhesives, Adhesive Spread Rates, and Application Methods 202 11.7 Open and Closed Assembly Times 204 11.8 Pre-pressing of Softwood Veneer Assembly 204 11.9 Hot-Pressing Parameters of Softwood Plywood 204 11.10 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) 207 11.11 Parallel (Veneer) Strand Lumber (PSL) 207 11.12 New Developments in the Softwood Plywood Adhesive Technology 208 11.13 Phenolic Components Present in PF Resin-Bonded Softwood Plywood 209 11.14 Softwood Plywood Manufacturing Industry 209 11.15 Plywood Adhesive Fillers Made from Hydrolysis Residues of Municipal Newsprint Wastes 210 11.15.1 TVA Fillers and a Control Filler 210 11.15.2 Plywood Adhesive mix 211 11.15.3 Plywood Manufacture 211 11.15.4 Plywood Test Results 212 11.16 Conclusion 214 11.17 Summary 214 References 214 12 Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins 217 12.1 Chemical Compositions of Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins 217 12.2 Reactivity, Polymerization, and Curing Reactions of Isocyanate Resins 218 12.3 Mat Moisture Levels in Using pMDI Resins for OSB Bonding 223 12.4 Bond Properties and Uses of pMDI Resins as OSB Binders 224 12.5 pMDI Resins Used in Bonding of Other Wood Composite Products 226 12.6 Summary 227 References 227 13 OSB Manufacturing with PF and Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins 229 13.1 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Manufacturing Processes 229 13.1.1 Wood Species Used in OSB Manufacture 229 13.1.2 Stranding (Flaking) 230 13.1.3 Drying and Screening of Strands 231 13.1.4 Binder Resin Types 231 13.1.5 Blending of Binder Resin and Slack Wax 232 13.1.6 Mat Forming with Strand Orienters 234 13.1.7 Hot-Pressing of Mat 235 13.1.8 Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) 238 13.1.9 Adhesive Improvements Needed in the OSB Industry 239 13.1.10 History of Wafer Board and Flakeboard 239 13.1.11 Durability and Span Ratings of Oriented Strandboard in Use 239 13.2 OSB Bonded with PF Resins with Various Levels of Urea Added at the End of Resin Synthesis 240 13.2.1 Syntheses of PF Resole Resins with Urea Added at the End of Synthesis 241 13.2.2 Testing of Synthesized Resins 242 13.2.3 Resin Curing Rates Determined by DMA 242 13.2.4 Laboratory OSB Manufacturing and Testing 243 13.2.5 Test Results of Manufactured OSB Panels 244 13.2.6 Conclusion 246 13.3 Summary 246 References 247 14 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Emulsion Wood Adhesives 249 14.1 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Emulsion Wood Adhesive Resins 249 14.1.1 Manufacturing of PVAc Emulsion Resins 249 14.1.2 Properties of PVAc Emulsions and Polymers 250 14.1.3 Commercial PVAc Emulsions 250 14.1.4 Additives Used in Formulating PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives 251 14.1.5 Properties of Formulated PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives 252 14.1.6 Various Commercial Formulated PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives 252 14.1.7 Application Methods of PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives 253 14.1.8 Curing Mechanism of PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives 253 14.2 Summary 253 References 254 15 Troubleshooting in Wood Bonding with PVAc Resin Adhesives 255 15.1 Effects of Moisture Content of Wood 255 15.2 Troubleshooting Methods in Various Gluing Operations 259 15.2.1 Troubleshooting in Cold-Press Lamination 260 15.2.2 Troubleshooting in Hot-Press Laminating Process 260 15.2.3 Troubleshooting in Radiofrequency Edge-Gluing 261 15.2.4 Troubleshooting in Edge and Face Gluing by Clamping 261 15.2.5 Troubleshooting in Assembly Gluing by Clamping 262 Reference 262 16 Hot-melt and Other Specialty Wood Adhesives 263 16.1 Introduction to Hot-melt Adhesives 263 16.2 Requirements For Hot-melt Adhesives 263 16.3 Materials Used for Hot-melt Wood Adhesive Formulations 265 16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hot-melt Adhesives 266 16.4.1 Advantages 266 16.4.2 Disadvantages 266 16.4.3 Uses of Hot-melts 267 16.5 Thermosetting Hot-melt Adhesives – Recent Development 267 16.5.1 A Typical Thermosetting Hot-melt Formulation 267 16.5.2 A Comparison of a Thermosetting Hot-melt Against Other Types 267 16.6 Key Variables in Hot-melt Edge-banding Operation 268 16.7 Other Specialty Wood Adhesives 269 16.7.1 Mastic Adhesives 269 16.7.2 Contact Adhesives 270 16.7.3 Epoxy Resin Adhesives 271 References 273 17 Casein, Soybean Flour, Animal Blood, and Lignin Wood Adhesives 275 17.1 Casein Wood Adhesives 275 17.2 Animal Protein-Based Wood Adhesive 276 17.3 Soybean Meal and Soybean Protein Wood Adhesives 276 17.4 Animal Blood-based Wood Adhesives 278 17.5 Various Lignins and Uses in Wood Adhesives 278 References 281 18 Theory and Practices of Adhesive Bonding for Wood 283 18.1 Formation of Interphase in Wood Adhesive Bonds and Failure Modes 283 18.1.1 Interphase Present Between Wood and Adhesive Layer in Adhesive Bond 283 18.1.2 Failure Modes in Mechanical Testing of Wood Bonds 284 18.1.3 Causes of Adhesive-layer or Interphase Failures in Wood Adhesive Bonds 284 18.1.4 Possible Further Divisions of Interphase in Wood Adhesive Bonds 285 18.1.5 Adhesive Failure vs. Wood Failure in Testing of Adhesive Bonds 285 18.1.6 Monitoring is a Must: Adhesive Quality, Adhesion Operation, and Bonded Products 286 18.2 Wettability of Solid Surface, Contact Angle, and Surface/Interface Tensions 287 18.3 Work of Adhesion 291 References 291 19 Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Adhesive Bonding for Wood 292 19.1 Adsorption (Secondary Bond Forces) Theory of Adhesion 292 19.2 Mechanical Interlocking Theory of Adhesion 296 19.3 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion 297 19.4 Primary Chemical Bond (Covalent Bond) Theory 298 19.5 Summary of Adhesion Mechanisms 299 19.6 Glueline Layer Thickness and Bond Strengths 299 19.7 Summary 301 References 301 20 Evaluation of Wood Adhesive Bonds, Quality Control, and Bond Durability 302 20.1 Mechanical Testing Modes and Methods for Measuring the Adhesive Bond Strength 302 20.1.1 Shear Strength Test 302 20.1.2 Tensile Strength Tests 303 20.1.3 Cleavage and Peel Strength Tests 306 20.1.4 Bending Strength Tests 307 20.2 Quality Control, Certification Tests, and Adhesive Bond Durability 309 20.2.1 Objectives and Scope of Quality Control Processes 309 20.2.2 Durability Evaluation of Wood Composite Boards and Certification 309 20.2.3 Certification of Exterior-Use Wood Composite Products 310 20.2.4 Certification of Exterior-Use Wood-Based Structural Panels (PS2-92) 311 20.2.5 Cyclic Delamination Test Procedure (AITC Test 110) 312 20.2.6 Other Common Laboratory Aging Test Methods Used in the Industry 312 20.2.7 Testing and Certification Organizations Involved 313 20.3 Comparison of Various Wood Adhesive Bonds by Accelerated Aging or Exterior Exposure Tests 313 20.4 Nondestructive Testing of Wood and Wood Adhesive Bonds 315 20.5 In-situ Adhesion Testing 315 References 316 21 Introduction to Coatings Technology for Wood 317 21.1 Three Components of Coatings 317 21.2 Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC) 317 21.3 Various Kinds of Vehicle Polymers 319 21.3.1 Fatty Oils and Modified Fatty Oils 319 21.3.2 Alkyd Resins 320 21.3.3 Polyester – Unsaturated and Saturated Polyesters 321 21.3.4 Cellulosics 322 21.3.5 Acrylic Resins 323 21.3.6 Vinyl Resins 324 21.3.7 Epoxy Resins 325 21.3.8 Isocyanate Resins (urethane resins) 326 21.3.9 Silicone Resins 327 21.3.10 PF, MF, UF Resin Derivatives 327 References 328 22 Introduction to Coatings Technology for Wood. II 329 22.1 Pigments and Fillers 329 22.2 Manufacturing and Kinds of Pigments and Fillers 329 22.3 Color Control Methods 329 22.4 Color Scales – Hunter L, a, b, and CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB) Color Scales 331 22.5 Carriers of Coatings 332 22.6 Additives to Coatings 332 22.7 Manufacturing Procedures of Coatings 332 22.8 Film Formation Mechanisms 333 22.9 Water-Borne Coatings and Coatings for Less VOC Emissions 334 22.10 Exterior Coatings for Wood 336 22.10.1 Stains 336 22.10.2 Varnishes 336 22.10.3 Paints 337 22.11 Summary 337 References 338 23 Industrial Coating Application Processes 339 23.1 Application Methods of Coatings 339 23.2 Sanding Processes 342 23.3 Sanding Abrasives, Construction, and Flexing 344 23.4 Typical Furniture Finishing Procedures and Materials 344 23.5 Flat Line Finishing Procedures of Wood Composite Boards for Furniture Production 346 23.6 Kitchen Cabinet Finishing Procedures 347 23.7 Hardwood Plywood Panel Prefinishing 348 23.8 Hardboard Panel Finishing Procedures 349 23.9 Summary 350 References 350 24 Advanced Reading Materials on UF Wood Adhesive Resins 351 24.1 Introduction to the 13 C NMR Spectroscopic Analysis Method 351 24.2 Introduction to 13 C NMR Analysis Methods of UF and UMF Wood Adhesive Resins 356 24.3 13 c NMR Analysis Results of Reaction Intermediates Taken in UF Resin Syntheses 360 24.4 13 c NMR Analysis Results of Reaction Intermediates Taken in UF Resin Syntheses with a Higher Power Instrument 366 24.4.1 Effects of the Addition of Second Urea and Mild Heat Treatments 369 24.4.2 Polymerization in the Acidic Polymerization Step Observed with Second Urea Addition 370 24.4.3 Polymerization In the Acidic Reaction Step Observed Without the Second Urea Addition 372 24.4.4 Summary 373 24.5 Chemical Changes Occurring in UF Resins on heat/stirring and Room-temperature Storage Treatments by 13 C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests of Particleboard 374 24.5.1 Effects of Mild and Intermediate Level Heat/Stirring Treatments (Samples A 2 –a 6) 374 24.5.2 Effects of Room-temperature Storage Treatments of UF Resins 378 24.5.3 Formaldehyde Emission Test Results of Particleboard (PB) 381 24.5.4 Summary 382 24.6 Effects of Mild Heating/Stirring Treatments on UF Resins Synthesized with Different F/U 1 Mole Ratios by 13 CNMR 382 24.6.1 Syntheses of UF Resins with Varying F/U 1 Mole Ratios 382 24.6.2 Heat/Stirring Treatments of Synthesized UF Resins 383 24.6.3 Viscosity and Turbidity Changes in Heat Treatments 383 24.6.4 F/U 1 Mole Ratio Effects on UF Resin Structures in Heat Treatments Observed by 13 CNMR 384 24.6.5 Summary 388 24.7 Effects of Room-temperature Storage Treatments on UF Resins Synthesized with Various F/U 1 Mole Ratios by 13 C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests of Particleboard 388 24.7.1 F/U 1 Mole Ratio Effects on Viscosity/Turbidity Changes in Room-temperature Storage Treatments 389 24.7.2 Functional Group Changes of UF Resins in 7–50-day Room Temperature Storage 392 24.7.3 Test Results of Particleboards Bonded with Various UF Resins 393 24.7.3.1 Internal Bond and Bending Strengths of Particleboards (PBs) 393 24.7.3.2 F/U 1 Mole Ratio Effects on Formaldehyde Emission Values of Particleboards 394 24.7.4 Applications to the UF Resin and PB Manufacturing Industry 396 24.7.5 Summary 397 24.8 Effects of Mild Heat/Stirring and Room-temperature Storage Treatments of UF Resins Synthesized with Various F/U 1 Mole Ratios by 13 C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests 397 24.8.1 Resin Synthesis and Treatment Procedures 398 24.8.2 Collection of Data 398 24.8.3 Heat Treatment Effects of UF Resins Made with Various F/U 1 Mole Ratios 402 24.8.4 Heat Treatments at 60 ∘ C for 2.5 hours Followed by Storage at Room Temperature for up to 27 days 405 24.8.5 Reaction Mechanisms of Methylene and Methylene-ether Group Forming Ractions 406 24.8.6 Viscosity and Phase Changes of UF Resins During Heating/Storage Treatments 408 24.8.7 F/U 1 Mole Ratio and Posttreatment Effects on Resin Polymeric Structures and Compositions 409 24.8.8 F/U 1 Mole Ratio and Heat Treatment Effects on Particleboard Strength Properties 411 24.8.9 Particleboards Bonded with Resins of 2.5-hours Heat and Followed Room-temperature Storage Treatments 415 24.8.10 Summary 417 References 418 25 Advanced Reading Materials on UMF Resins Modified with 6–12% Melamine 420 25.1 Introduction and Synthesis and Analysis Results of UF and UMF Resins 420 25.1.1 Background and Known Resin Synthesis Methods of UMF Resins 420 25.1.2 Reaction Chemistry of MF and UMF Resins 421 25.1.3 Resin Syntheses of UF and UMF Resins 422 25.1.4 characteristics of UMF Resins and Resin Intermediates Determined by 13 c NMR Spectra 422 25.1.5 General Resin Characteristics of Synthesized UMF Resins 429 25.1.6 Conclusion 432 25.2 DMA Curing Properties of UF and UMF Resins 432 25.2.1 Past Research Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Method on Wood Adhesive Resins 432 25.2.2 DMA Sample Preparation and Experiments 433 25.2.3 Three Curing Segments of DMA Curing of Resin UFA 1.15 433 25.2.4 Curing Chemistry of Resin UFA 1.15 435 25.2.5 Effects of Catalyst Level and Mix Time and Temperature on DMA Curing of Resin UFA 1.15 438 25.2.6 Comparison of Resins UFA 1.15 and UMF 1.15 by DMA at Three Different Temperatures 439 25.2.7 Effects of Three Different F/(U + M) Mole Ratios on Curing Rates at 150 ∘ c 441 25.2.8 Summary 441 25.3 Bond Performance of UMF Resins as Particleboard Binders 443 25.3.1 Preparation and Tests of Laboratory Particleboards 443 25.3.2 Test results of Particleboards Bonded with Resins at an F/(U + M) Ratio of 1.15 443 25.3.3 Summary 445 References 445 26 Advanced Reading Materials on UMF Resins Modified with 2.5% and 5.0% Melamine 447 26.1 UMF Resins Synthesized with 2.5% and 5.0% Melamine Levels 447 26.1.1 Experimental Procedures 447 26.1.2 Resin Chemical Structures Determined by 13 C-NMR 449 26.1.3 Storage Stability of UF and UMF Resins 451 26.1.4 Properties of Catalyzed Resins 451 26.1.5 Particleboard Test Results 453 26.1.6 Summary 456 26.2 UMF Resins Synthesized by Adding Melamine at Different Points 456 26.2.1 Syntheses of UMF Resins 457 26.2.2 Physical Properties of Synthesized UMF Resins 458 26.2.3 Resins’ Chemical Structures From 13 C NMR Results 458 26.2.4 Storage Stability of Un-catalyzed Resins 459 26.2.5 Properties of Catalyzed UMF Resin 461 26.2.6 Particleboard (PB) Test Results 462 26.2.7 Summary 466 References 467 27 Advanced Reading Materials on Diethylene Tricarbamide-Formaldehyde Resins 468 27.1 Introduction 468 27.2 A Higher Functionality Urea Analogue – Diethylene Tricarbamide 469 27.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Diethylene Tricarbamide 469 27.4 An Efficient Synthesis Method of Diethylene Tricarbamide 470 27.5 Synthesis Chemistry and Procedure and Properties of D-formaldehyde (DF) and Copolymer Resins 470 27.6 Synthesis Formulations of DF Resins vs. UF Resins 471 27.7 Room Temperature Storage Properties of DF and Copolymer Resins 472 27.8 Pot-lives and Curing Characteristics of DF and Copolymer Resins 472 27.9 Preparation of Laboratory Particleboards and Testing 473 27.10 Test Results of Prepared Laboratory Particleboards 473 27.11 Summary 475 References 475 28 Advanced Reading Materials on PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins 476 28.1 Chemical Structures of PF Resole and Novolac Resins by 13 CNMR Spectroscopy 476 28.1.1 PF Resin Model Compounds 476 28.1.2 An Example Spectrum of a PF Resole Resin 479 28.1.3 A Second Example Spectrum of a PF Resole Resin 480 28.1.4 A Third Example 13 C NMR Spectrum of a Novolac PF Resin 480 28.1.5 Summary 481 28.2 Reaction Rates and Structures of a PF Resole Resin Synthesized at 70 ∘ c 482 28.2.1 Introduction 482 28.2.2 Peak Intensity Changes of Aromatic Carbons Due to Polymerization During Resin Synthesis 483 28.2.3 Peak Intensity Changes of Aliphatic Carbons due to Polymerization Reaction 484 28.2.4 Polymerization of PF Resole Resins Observed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) 487 28.2.5 Summary 488 28.3 Polymer Structures of a PF Resole Resin Synthesized at 102 ∘ C vs. a Commercial Resin 490 28.3.1 Introduction 490 28.3.2 Acetylation of PF Resin Samples and Fractionation 491 28.3.3 13 c NMR chemical Shift Values of Model compounds and PF Resin Fractions 492 28.3.4 13 c NMR Results of PF Resin Model compounds and Resin Fractions 492 28.3.5 Intrinsic Viscosity ([ŋ]), Vapor Phase Osmometric (VPO) Analysis, and M–H Equation 496 28.3.6 Conclusion 499 28.4 Polymer Structures of High Molecular Weight Fractions of a PF Resole Resin 500 28.4.1 Synthesis of an Oriented Strand Board Binder-type PF Resin and GPC Analysis 500 28.4.2 Acetylation and Fractionation 501 28.4.3 Instrumental Analyses of Acetylated PF Resin Fractions 501 28.4.4 Results and Discussion 502 28.4.5 Conclusion and Summary 508 28.5 Polymer Structures of Cured PF Resole Resins by Solid-state 13 CNMR 508 28.5.1 PF Resin Synthesis and Curing Procedures 508 28.5.2 Curing Mechanisms of PF Resole Resins and Loss of Some Formaldehyde? – a Review 510 28.5.3 Solid-state CP/MAS 13 C NMR Spectra 511 28.5.4 Solid-state CP/MAS 13 C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments of Aliphatic Carbons 511 28.5.5 Solid-state CP/MAS 13 C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments of Phenolic Ring Carbons 513 28.5.6 Solid-state CP/MAS 13 C NMR Chemical Shift Assignment of Quinone Structures 513 28.5.7 Results and Discussion 514 28.5.8 Conclusion and Summary 517 References 518 Index 521

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Book SynopsisUrban agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has gained momentum in recent years in terms of research and policy, as well as in practical terms. The paradox of accelerated urbanisation and the increase in urban agriculture in developing countries is widely recognised. More than ever before, urban residents all over the developing world are cultivating urban plots and/or keeping animals to sustain their livelihoods. This volume looks at urban farming in the Kenyan town of Nakuru and is based on surveys and in-depth studies carried out by various researchers, including Kenyan Masters students. It considers farming techniques, the socio-economic aspects of urban farming and the environmental issues involved, and there is also a chapter on school farming. Specific attention is paid to urban farming in relation to poverty, with the conclusion being that those who depend on urban agriculture the most are, in fact, benefiting the least from it.

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Book SynopsisIn Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 SHI Zhihong offers for the first time an overview of agricultural development in Qing China in the English language. Being by far the largest sector in one of the largest economies in the world, understanding its development is crucial not only for agricultural studies, but also to advance economic debates such as on the Great Divergence. Combining the recent quantitative paradigm with the more traditional scholarly approach, this book uses a great number of primary sources to arrive at new and revised estimates of crucial indicators such as land acreage, crop yield, pasture, and total output. Its main conclusion is that a serious economic and social problem occurred since the mid-Qing, where agriculture was increasingly less able to feed a growing population, which was a major factor contributing to the growing crisis in the rule of the dynasty.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures and Tables Emperors of the Qing Dynasty Chinese Terms Weights and Measures Used during the Qing Dynasty Maps of China 0 Introduction  0.1 Origins of this Book  0.2 Historical Data Used  0.3 Research Approach  0.4 Previous Studies 1 Cultivated Land Area  1.1 Why Official Qing Records are Not Accurate  1.2 Actual Area of Land Cultivated during the Qing Dynasty 2 Grain Production: Per Unit Yield and Total Output  2.1 Average Yield of Grain Crops  2.2 Total Output of Grain 3 Grain Output Value  3.1 Grain Price Data Used in this Study  3.2 Value of Grain Output in Various Periods of the Qing Dynasty  3.3 Production Cost and Value Added from Grain Production 4 Non-Grain Output Values and Total Agricultural Value  4.1 Cash-Crop Output Value  4.2 Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agricultural Production and Gross Added Values of Overall Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty 5 Development and Underdevelopment of Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty  5.1 The Zenith of Traditional Agriculture in China  5.2 Limitations of Agricultural Development in the Qing Dynasty Appendix A: Population Appendix B: Cultivated Area Appendix C: Yield Per Unit Area Appendix D: Agrarian Structure, Rural Actors and Their Interaction in the System of Agricultural Production During the Qing Dynasty: Land Ownership, Peasants, Landlords and the State References Index

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Book SynopsisMediterranean inhabitants depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Livestock production and forestry are key sources of income yet are carried out under harsh conditions such as limited land resources, marginal agricultural conditions, isolation, and scant equipment and infrastructure. Livestock is of particular importance in mountain production systems as they convert plant biomass into useful products for humans such as milk, meat and draught power. These products are key to the regions' sustainability. The main topics discussed in this book are: Human geography of Mediterranean mountain territories. Livestock production and natural resources. Improving the efficiency of livestock systems in Mediterranean mountain areas. Applications of new technologies for environmentally sound management of livestock and natural resources. The role livestock plays in rural development and in safeguarding natural resources.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Session 1: Human geography of Mediterranean mountain areas Theatre presentations 5 Posters 33 Session 2: Sustainable Utilization of Forest Areas Livestock Land Use and Landscape Sub-session 2.1: Sustainable utilisation of forest areas Theatre presentations 47 Poster presentations 99 Session 2: Sustainable utilization of forest areas livestock land use and landscape Session 2.2: Livestock, land use and landscape Theatre presentations 151 Posters 199 Session 3: Improving the efficiency of livestock systems in Mediterranean mountains Session 3.1: Dairy sheep systems / Dairy goats systems / Small ruminant meat systems Theatre presentations 235 Posters 279 Session 3: Improving the efficiency of livestock systems in Mediterranean mountains Session 3.2: Cattle, pigs and poulytry systems Theatre presentations 395 Posters 427 Session 4: Application of new technologies for environmentally sound management of livestock and natural resources in mountain areas Theatre presentations 455 Posters 483 Session 5: Livestock as a fundamental factor for rural development and safeguard of natural resources in mountain areas Theatre presentations 505 Posters 597

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Book Synopsis"This book brings together a rich collection of material on management and organization in agri-food chains and networks. Producers, processors, traders and retailers of agricultural and food products operate in an economic and institutional environment that is increasingly dominated by global developments. Therefore, organizing efficient and effective supply chains as well as managing collaboration among participating firms requires an international perspective. This book presents theoretical and practical insights from many different parts of the world. Topics covered include classical supply chain management issues like logistics, information exchange (e.g. tracking and tracing), quality control, safety assurance, and chain performance. Other timely issues covered are joint innovation, and shared responsibility for sustainability in agri-food supply chains. Special attention is given to issues of governance and organization of chains and networks, for example, by focussing on the role of producer organisations (such as farmer cooperatives) in their effort to combine horizontal and vertical collaboration in the international upply chain. This book is relevant for both academics and managers interested in the latest advances in research on management and organization of international agri-food chains and networks."Table of ContentsPreface, 7; Part 1. Introduction; Management and organization in international agri-food chains and networks, 15; J. Bijman, S.W.F. Omta, J.H. Trienekens, J.H.M. Wijnands and E.M.F. Wubben; Part 2. Governance; Does guanxi matter for vegetable supply chains in China? A case study approach, 31; H. Lu, J.H. Trienekens and S.W.F. Omta; Is more vertical integration the future of food supply chains? Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations from German pork production, 49; B. Schulze, A. Spiller and L. Theuvsen; Contracts in agribusiness: A survey in the Hungarian dairy sector, 65; G.G. Szabo and K. Bardos; Part 3. Horizontal collaboration; Producer groups as a form of entrepreneurship and a tool for strengthening the competitive position of private farms in Poland, 83; M. Adamowicz and M. Lemanowicz; The role of producer organizations in the process of developing an integrated supply chain; experiences from Quinoa chain development in Bolivia, 97; G. Ton and J. Bijman; Horizontal cooperation among small and medium-sized supermarkets as a tool for strengthening competitivenes, 113; F.A. Ghisi, D.P. Martinelli and T. Kristensen; Part 4. Supply Chain Management; Logistics outsourcing in food supply chain networks: Theory and practices, 135; H.I. Hsiao, J.G.A.J. van der Vorst and S.W.F. Omta; About the preparedness of dairy companies for ECR, 151; T. Obersojer and H. Weindlmaier. Using data mining to improve operations management in food supply networks, 163; Y. Li, M.R. Kramer, A.J.M. Beulens and J.G.A.J. van der Vorst; Tailored improvement of supply chain processes in agri-food networks, 179; M. Fritz and T. Hausen; Part 5. Power; A power-based approach to the analysis of the food system, 199; V. Sodano; Chain management challenges and market power in the Chinese fresh produce sector, 217; B.J. Revell and X. Liu; Bargaining power in mango supply chains: An experimental gaming approach, 231; G. Zuniga-Arias, S. Meijer, R. Ruben and G.J. Hofstede; Part 6. Performance; Modelling the recall costs of consumption milk in relation to time, 259; A.G.J. Velthuis, C. van Erve and M.P.M. Meuwissen; Alliances between wholesalers and retailers in the fresh vegetable industry, 269; J.H.M. Wijnands, W.B. Koot and S. Rosenkranz; Part 7. Quality, safety and sustainability; Hybrid forms in the supply of safe food, 287; G. Martino and C. Perugini; Quality assurance and vertical alliances: Case studies in the UK and Brazilian beef chains, 303; M.D. de Barcellos, G.C. Ferreira and L.M. Vieira; Vertical coordination, quality management and firm performance of the pork processing industry in China, 319; J. Han, J.H. Trienekens, T. Tan, S.W.F. Omta and K. Wang; Improving quality and ecological sustainability of natural resources in international supply chains: The role of market-based incentives, 333; E. Kambewa, P. Intenbleek, A. van Tilburg and I. van der Lans; Assessing and stimulating environmental pro-activeness in food supply chains, 343; D.J. Haverkamp, H.J. Bremmers and S.W.F. Omta. Part 8. Case studies; Mapping and quantification of the milk chain in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 359; M.F. Neves, M.A. Consoli, F.F. Lopes, E.M. Campos and H.A.B. Paiva; Impacts of the rapid development of supermarkets on China's dairy industry, 373; D. Hu, F. Fuller and T. Reardon; Organizational learning in the context of an agri-food chain, 387; A.J. Dunne; Authors and affiliations, 403.

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Book Synopsis"This book is the fourth in the series of Food Safety Assurance and Veterinary Public Health, which presents the latest findings in research on the topics of food safety in the entire agrifood chain from stable to table. The themes in this volume cover a range of topics, including epidemiological monitoring and surveillance in primary production and processing of foods of animal origin, antimicrobial resistance and transfer in these foods, and risk modelling and management strategies. Finally, recent food legislation aspects are discussed. This volume is targeted to scientists in academia and industry, graduate students in veterinary and food science as well as to governmental officials in veterinary public health and food safety. The other publications in the Food safety assurance and veterinary public health series are: - Food safety assurance in the pre-harvest phase - Safety assurance during food processing - Risk management strategies: monitoring and surveillance"

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Book SynopsisChanges in market organisation, climatic conditions and societal demands on food quality, animal welfare and environmental quality have created new conditions for farming families as well as for researchers and policy makers. New social, technical and economic solutions are needed for farming and rural areas. This book presents new perspectives for farms, farm products and rural areas, many of which were collectively developed by coalitions of farmers, farmer representatives, researchers, civilians and/or policy makers. Contributions are made from those involved in crop and animal production worldwide offering sections on natural resources management, development of sustainable rural systems, future perspectives for farming families, knowledge systems in transition and learning processes in multi-stakeholder processes. This unique collection of contributions, presenting insights from bio-physical as well as social sciences, shows where practice meets analysis and reflection and offers new perspectives for rural areas throughout the world.Table of ContentsPreface 7; General introduction 19; Hans Langeveld, Niels Roling and Janice Jiggins; How sustainable can agriculture be in an EU-scenario of free market & social policy? 23; P.H. Vereijken and C.M.L. Hermans; Section 1 - Learning as a process; Introduction to section 1 - Learning as a process: Understanding one's role in the new learning demands of multifunctional land use systems, working with different actors, tools and scales 27; Nadarajah Sriskandarajah, Marianne Cerf and Egon Noe; Where do participatory approaches meet social learning systems in the context of environmental decision making? 29; Chris Blackmore; The action researcher as a reflective partner to a core group 35; Dorthe Christensen and Nadarajah Sriskandarajah; New futures for traditional regions: A dairy farming systems response to regional development in Australia 40; Anne Crawford, Mark Paine, Howard Smith and Tom Davison; Learning from participatory research with organic farmers in the UK and Sweden 45; David Gibbon, Cheney Longville and Karin Eksvard; Setting a research agenda to support change in agriculture: Learning processes, stakeholder participation, R&D policy making 49; Bernard Hubert; Sustainable rural development and communicative learning 54; Egon Noe and Anne-Mette S. Langvad; Landscapes and sugar boxes for learning in rural areas management 59; Richard Raymond, Salma Loudiyi and Sylvie Lardon; Farmer stable schools: A fruitful way for Danish organic dairy farmers with the goal to phase out antibiotics from their herds 64; Mette Vaarst; The changing perception of expert advice in nature conservation: A case of the Drentsche Aa 69; Severine van Bommel. Lessons learned about instigating change towards an AKIS/RD in Brandenburg, Germany 74; Kirsten von der Heiden; Building the capacity of the Australian dairy RD&E continuum: How do we create a learning platform? 79; Jane M. Weatherley and Mark S. Paine; The learning potential of farmers' market 84; Lotten Westberg, Johanna Bjorklund, Ulrika Geber and Rebecka Milestad; Project setup and learning processes in participative systems oriented research initiatives 89; J.W.A. Langeveld, A. Crawford, M. Paine, S. Pinheiro, W. de Boef, I.S. Kristensen, J. Hermansen, B. Dedieu, P. Hildebrand, V. Cabrera, D. Jansen and J. Dixon; Constructing new appreciative frameworks: Self inspiring from multi-agent systems 91; H. Morales, J.F. Tourrand and P. Bommel; Labor market competencies and agricultural extension and education undergraduates 92; Reza Movahedi and Uwe Jens Nagel; Building effective learning networks among researchers and stakeholders in the Danish context 93; Nadarajah Sriskandarajah, Dorthe Christensen, Sofie Kobayashi and Henrik Sonksen; Use of the nutrient cycle tool in developing sustainable dairy production systems 94; Willem van Weperen; Section 2 - Agriculture, land use and sustainable development; Introduction to section 2 - Agriculture, land use and sustainable development 97; Artur Cristovao, Ken Giller, Luigi Omodei Zorini and Philippe Perrier-Cornet; Towards sustainable farming: Regional pilots on changing land use under the European Water Framework Directive 101; Sarie Buijze and Frank van Lamoen; Sustainable dairy farming systems for a deregulated market in northern Australia 106; R.G. Chataway, R.G. Walker, M.N. Callow and H.L. Todd; Network analysis of farming and non-farming activities for sustainable development 111; Caterina Contini, Luigi Omodei Zorini and Roberto Polidori; Local organizations in the Douro-Duero region of Portugal and Spain: Towards a pluralistic local animation system 116; Artur Cristovao, Alberto Baptista and Raquel Miranda; Is there a place for small-scale production and local food systems? 121; Artur Cristovao, Manuel Luis Tiberio, Sonia Abreu and Alberto Baptista. Marvao polyculture mosaic's fate: Searching the way for a rural area in transition 126; Milena Andrade Dneboska, Teresa Pinto-Correia and Patricia Pedro-Rego; Organic manure availability, food security and poverty relationships at farm level in the old cotton basin of Mali 132; M.S. Keita, J.F. Belieres, J. Coulibaly, B. Rapidel and R. Poccard-Chapuis; Modelling environmental benefits of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe 138; J.H.N. Palma, A.R. Graves, R.G.H. Bunce, P.J. Burgess, R. de Filippi, K.J. Keesman, H. van Keulen, F. Liagre, M. Mayus, G. Moreno, Y. Reisner and F. Herzog; Biomass production, transformation and allocation at the village scale in Southern Mali: Development of a conceptual model 144; Bruno Rapidel, Rene Poccard-Chapuis, Jean-Francois Belieres, Bouba S. Traore, Jacob Coulibaly, Drissa Diallo and Matthieu Lessnoff; Institutions for anthropogenic nature: Case study from Brabant 149; Niels Roling and Janice Jiggins; The construction of a coherent vision for territorial development 154; Markus Schermer; Urban oriented agriculture: The case of Almere (The Netherlands) 159; Derk Jan Stobbelaar, Marleen Warnaar, Jan Eelco Jansma and Walter A.H. Rossing; The contribution of non-farm small-medium enterprises to rural development 164; H. Theodoropoulou and S. Kyriakopoulou; Agrobiodiversity as driving force of sustainable rural development 169; Menko Wiersema and Frans van Alebeek; Reconnecting conservation & livelihood objectives through non-timber forest product certification 174; David S. Wilsey; Socio-cultural issues of dairy production systems in the Netherlands: Results of farm visits with six citizen panels 179; B.K. Boogaard, S.J. Oosting and B.B. Bock; Socio-cultural values of Dutch dairy systems: Case study in the Krimpenerwaard and the Alblasserwaard on farm and landscape level 180; Daniel de Jong, S.J. Oosting and B.K. Boogaard; Carbon stocks in smallholder agroecosystems in Malawi: A farming systems approach 181; Peter Hildebrand and Paul Thangata; Evaluation of landscape preferences of Montado in southern Portugal as a contribution for management 182; Diana Jezova and Teresa Pinto. Towards a dairy system that produces more than milk 183; Jan J.H.M. Ketelaars, Frits K. van Evert and Ben Rutgers; Organic and integrated farming systems in Greece: A comparative analysis 184; Eleni Oxouzi, Athanasios Theocharopoulos, Vasilis Bagiatis and Evangelos Papanagiotou; The socioeconomic integration of expatriates in the rural prefecture of Rodopi, Greece 185; H. Theodoropoulou and E. Pastrapa; Rural policy in Europe: Experiences with the LEADER approach in the Netherlands 186; Anouk van Gils; Sustainable development in Polish agriculture: Main streams and development directions 188; Jadwiga Ziolkowska; Section 3 - The future of farming; Introduction to section 3 - The future of farming 191; Benoit Dedieu, Colin Newsham and Rebecka Milestad; Farmer relationship to nature conservation and biodiversity 195; Johan Ahnstrom and Lars Hallgren; Future prospects of the average Norwegian farm 200; Hilde Bjorkhaug; Diversity of women's role and motivation in Norwegian farms 206; Hilde Bjorkhaug, Reidun Heggem and Kjersti Melberg; Multifunctional farms and rural development: A study of four Swedish rural areas 212; Johanna Bjorklund and Rebecka Milestad; What is the future for farming inside the agri-food chain? 217; Sylvie Bonny; Farming systems under saline conditions 223; Willem A. Brandenburg; How do dairy farmers face work problems? Some elements about the adaptation of the technical systems in Central France 227; Sylvie Cournut and Benoit Dedieu; Can family farmers be understood as adaptive managers? 232; Ika Darnhofer; Interests and policies for becoming farmers: The case of young women farmers in Greece 237; I. Gidarakou, L. Kazakopoulos and A. Koutsouris; Exploring the multifunctional role of farming systems 242; John E. Hermansen, Egon Noe and Niels Halberg. The labour organization of small-scale breeders in the Brazilian Amazon is a key point for sustainable development 247; Nathalie Hostiou, Jean-Francois Tourrand, Jonas Bastos da Veiga, Alice Margarida Negreiros Alves and Tienne Barbosa; Commercial flexibility of beef cattle farms 252; Stephane Ingrand, Eduardo Chia, Charles-Henri Moulin and Julie Cessieux; How are European farmers dealing with global environmental changes? 257; C. Macombe; The future of farming in Norway: Processes of recruitment and intergenerational transitions 262; Kjersti Melberg and Christin Berg; Farmers' new participation in food supply chains: Making horizontal and vertical progress by networking 267; Minna Mikkola and Laura Seppanen; Working conditions: A challenge for sustainability of mountain family farming systems diagnosis at farm level and responses designed by farmers in the Alps 272; Sandrine Petit, Laurent Dobremez and Philippe Fleury; What technical changes are needed for traditional dairy farming systems in less favoured regions? 277; Vincent Thenard, Jean-Pierre Theau, Olivier Therond and Michel Duru; Structure and operation of small scale farming in the oasis in southern Algeria 282; Salah Eddine BenZiouche; Developing organic farming in Norway through systemic action research 283; H.W. Carlsen, T.A. Breland, G. Lieblein and C. Francis; Farming styles and the future of pig farming in Midi Pyrenees 284; Monica A.M. Commandeur and Francois Casabianca; Transformation of livestock farming in Cameroon: Changes in breeding practices and evolution of farmer profiles 285; Patrice Djamen, Jean Lossouarn and Michel Havard; Farming future in China: Has time come for financial transfers? 286; Michel A.C. Fok, Weili Liang, Guiyan Wang and Yuhong Wu; Rural transport and development: Case of the agro-pastors of the djebel Amour (Algeria) 287; Bennoui Foudil; The LIFESCAPE approach: Identity and landscape as an incentive for economic development 288; Rob Maessen and Peter Nowicki. The influence of climatic and socio-economic conditions on farm performance in Europe 289; Pytrik Reidsma and Frank Ewert; Greek agricultural sector: Facing the challenges 290; Athanasios Theocharopoulos, Eleni Oxouzi, Venetia Kourkouta and Evangelos Papanagiotou; It Frysk Boerespul: Historical farmhouses with modern agrarian functions 291; Luitzen Walstra and Marit de Vries; Section 4 - Agricultural knowledge and innovation systems in transition; Introduction to section 4 - Agricultural knowledge and innovation systems in transition 295; Kirsten von der Heiden, Cees Leeuwis and Uwe Jens Nagel; Farming with future: Implementation of sustainable agriculture through a network of stakeholders 299; Harm Brinks and Stefanie de Kool; Knowledge development for weed management in organic farm systems in the UK 304; G. Davies, R.J. Turner and D. Gibbon; Social construction of knowledge: A leading perspective in a participatory research training programme in Santa Catarina, Brazil 309; Walter S. de Boef and Sergio L.G. Pinheiro; Participative approaches and extension practices towards sustainable agriculture: A methodological approach based on sociology of translation 314; Philippe Fleury, Christoph Kirchengast, Valerie Mieville-Ott, Nathalia Magnani and Sandrine Petit; Creating a Nordic regional research network in agroecology: Links to MSc education 320; Charles Francis, Tor Arvid Breland, Geir Lieblein, Lennart Salomonsson, Ulrika Geber, Nadarajah Sriskandarajah, Vibeke Langer, John Porter and Juha Helenius; Extension as a knowledge partner in farming systems research: Early lessons from "FutureDairy" Australia 325; Sean Kenny and Ruth Nettle; Technological innovation in extension services and institutional change: Learning from a historical comparison between France and the Netherlands 330; Pierre Labarthe; (Re)-innovating tools for decision-support in the light of farmers' various strategies 335; Anne-Mette S. Langvad and Egon Noe; New knowledge arrangements in the Dutch agro-ecological innovation system: Tensions between privatisation and innovation discourses 340; Cees Leeuwis and Laurens Klerkx. Immaterial resources: A new concept to formalize information mobilized by beef cattle farmers in their husbandry activity 345; M.-A. Magne, S. Ingrand and M. Cerf; Farming systems and its cousins: Including and transcending to make a difference 350; C.L. Neely and J.M. Dixon; How to lay the golden eggs? Experiences from collaboration between industry and research in socially accepted poultry meat production in The Netherlands 355; Jet Proost, Ferry Leenstra, Kees Lokhorst, Hilde van Dijkhorst and Cees Leeuwis; "Ownership" in trans-disciplinary projects 361; S.F. Spoelstra, P.W.G. Groot Koerkamp and A.P. Bos; Coupling goal-based modelling to farm innovation 366; Barbara Sterk and Martin K. van Ittersum; Chances of success in investing all AKIS/RD's efforts in informal linkages under privatised extension conditions 370; Kirsten von der Heiden; Improving leaders' skills and competencies: The challenge for farming systems in the beginning of the millennium 376; Ana Alice Vilas Boas and Milton Bernardes Ferreira; Intermediate roles in privatised extension systems: The Dutch case 381; Eelke Wielinga; The development of a monitoring method for innovation projects 386; Barbara van Mierlo and Cees Leeuwis; Applied research for organic dairy farming 387; J.B. Pinxterhuis; Section 5 - Management of natural resources; Introduction to section 5 - Management of natural resources 391; Chris Stoate, Andrea Knierim and Jacques Baudry; Can earth observation technology improve efficient water use in irrigation systems? A case study of an irrigation scheme in Chaves 393; Alberto Baptista and Vicente Sousa; Supporting discussions on land use: A design instrument that integrates nature conservation, economic performance and landscape quality in agricultural areas 399; Jeroen C.J. Groot, Walter A.H. Rossing, Derk Jan Stobbelaar, Henk Renting and Martin K. van Ittersum. Nutrient recycling potential of linked components in wetland and rainfed farming systems of western zone of Tamil Nadu, India 405; C. Jayanthi, S. Marimuthu, G. Vivek and B. Sivakami; Improving natural resource management by "thinking industry and acting regionally": Introduction and successes of dairy Australia's multi-scaled natural resource management strategy 409; J. Jennings, P. Day, C. Phelps and R. Packham; New ways in the management and valorisation of natural resources? Results of a comparative analysis of a sample of agriculture-environment projects of the Regional Action pilot programme in Germany 414; Karlheinz Knickel, Melanie Kroger and Sarah Peter; Activating farmers' interests: Action research for biodiversity conservation and enhancement in Brandenburg 419; Andrea Knierim and Harald Kachele; Structural development in Danish agriculture and its implications for farmland nature 424; Gregor Levin, Vibeke Langer and Pia Frederiksen; The livestock commodity chain: A lever for monitoring pioneer dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon Region? 430; Rene Poccard-Chapuis, Marcelo Thales, Adriano Venturieri, Marie-Gabrielle Piketty, Benoit Mertens, Jonas Bastos da Veiga and Jean-Francois Tourrand; Re-inventing sustainable cropping systems in Costa Chica, Mexico 435; Diego Flores Sanchez, Jobert Kleine Koerkamp, Walter A.H. Rossing, Egbert A. Lantinga and Ariena H.C. van Bruggen; Differentiation of territories according to the location of agricultural activities: Methods for regional scale approaches 440; V. Souchere, C. Mignolet, C. Schott, E. Bienaime and M. Benoit; Opportunities and constraints of farming styles to meet the landscape preferences of rural inhabitants 445; Derk Jan Stobbelaar, Florien Kuijper, Henk Renting, Jeroen C.J. Groot, Andre Jellema and Walter A.H. Rossing; Farmer-driven protection of meadow birds in the Friesian Woodlands (northern Netherlands) 450; Paul Swagemakers; Linking landowner type and landscape functions: A proposal for an integrated approach from southeast Portugal 455; Anne van Doorn. Why and how design monitoring processes of farmer practices in European landscape? 461; Marc Benoit, Michel Passouant, Claudine Thenail, Laurence Hubert-Moy, Pierre Dupraz, Christian Brassac, Florence Le Ber, Jean-Francois Marie, Christian Bockstaller, Olivier Barriere, Dominique King, Christine Le Bas and Pierre Ruelle; Interactive Technology Assessment: The ideal and the unruly practice 463; S. Goddijn, M. van Bavel, B. Bos and G. van der Peet; Farmer's choice and land productivity between direct seeding and transplanting in rainfed lowlands in Northeast Thailand and Northwest Cambodia 464; A. Kamoshita, S. Hayashi, H. Ikeda, J. Yamagishi, A. Kotchasatid, B. Jongdee, S. Chea, M. Ouk, S. Leang, S. In, C.C. Sophorn, N. Kojima, M. Hamano and K. Tokida; Improving nitrogen management on arable farms in a participative project in The Netherlands 465; J.W.A. Langeveld, F.J. de Ruijter, P. Dekker, O.A. Clevering and B.M.A. Kroonen-Backbier; Analysing the link between technical practices and social organisations: The example of a French rare breed management set up, the "Landais" sheep breed 466; A. Lauvie, A. Audiot, F. Casabianca and E. Verrier; Final section - Perspectives for participative systems oriented research; Introduction to final section - Perspectives for participative systems oriented research 471; Jan Verhagen, Hans Langeveld and John Dixon; A Farmer Field School approach for learning and exchanging knowledge on animal health and production: Results from action research in Kenya, Uganda, Vietnam and Denmark 473; M. Vaarst, J.C. Riise, P. Rasmussen and C.E.S. Larsen; Author index 475.

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Book Synopsis"The Farmer Field School (FFS) originated in the 1980s in the context of integrated pest management in Indonesian rice farming. With the hope that it is the remedy for agricultural extension system, FFS has been promoted as a tool for participatory learning and experimentation all over the world. This work results from a critical analysis of the introduction of the FFS concept into the agricultural innovation system in Uganda. Ideally, an FFS produces new technical knowledge in the context of application through the input of local human resources. The analysis, framed as a technography, shows that implementation and operation of an FFS is hugely complex. This detailed study of institutional factors, from the level of international donor organizations down to the level of local leadership and gender relations, and analysis of technical factors in different rural areas of Uganda makes clear that and FFS is more than a local tool for farmer participation in agricultural improvement. Implementation of a FFS requires adjustment of the agricultural innovation system at all levels and an integrated tackling of agricultural problems in order to meet its objectives. Isubikalu shows that it is imperative to 'demolish' existing organizational structures and create new ones, which align scientific with local structures to produce an appropriate people-centered system that is more responsive to agricultural and rural development. She provides stepping stones in redesigning FFS to fit the specific conditions in Uganda."

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Book Synopsis"Sustainability has become an issue widely debated in many countries. Given the central role of food supply and the emotional relationship that modern mankind still has to its food, sustainability is seen as a value which has to be maintained throughout food supply chains. The complexity of modern food systems invokes a variety of ethical implications which emerge from contrasts between ideals, perceptions and the conditions of technical processes within food systems, and the concerns connected to this. This book covers a broad range of aspects within the general issue of sustainable food production and ethics. Linking different academic disciplines, topics range from reflections about the roots of sustainability and the development of concepts and approaches to globalisation and resilience of food systems as well as specific ethical aspects of organic farming and animal welfare. Modern technologies which are intensely advocated by certain stakeholder groups and their societal challenges are addressed, as are many other specific cases of food production and processing, consumer perception and marketing."

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Book Synopsis"This book discusses the links between land access, property rights, and economic development, analyzing the results and limitations of a public intervention- Land Titling and Registration- that constitutes one of the main instruments for contemporary land policy in Peru. It attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the importance of institutions, like land property rights, in the context of market liberalization reforms. In operational terms, this means verifying whether land titling constitutes a necessary and/or sufficient condition to promote investments and increase land values. This book reveals that titling and registration can be considered as a necessary condition to improve investment opportunities when its implementation procedure is based on the recognition of previous informal land rights and community networks, because its effect on the reduction of transaction costs at a regional level improves the dynamics of land markets and facilitates the entrance of formal financial institutions. A decentralized program is more likely to understand and correctly assess local conditions, as well as to concentrate its work on poorer farmers confronting stronger limitations to acquire tenure security by other means. Targeting must be applied also at the regional level, identifying less-developed areas that can benefit from the externality effects provided by increased levels of titling density. The presence of other limitations that constrain the participation of small farmers in the formal credit market, and the inability of titling to solve them by itself, makes it difficult to consider this policy as a sufficient condition to improve the livelihood of poorer farmers. Complementary policies that provide small farmers with the opportunity to increase their land-holdings, as well as the possibility to acquire insurance against negative shocks, need urgent implementation."

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