Aerospace and aviation technology Books

Book SynopsisDr. Smirnova's updated text is devoted to the theoretical studies of radiation effects on mammals. It summarizes 35 years of results the author obtained from analyzing dose rate equivalents for the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and for Solar Particles Events (SPE). This edition also includes two new chapters on skin epidermal epithelium and risk assessment for myeloid leukemia, as well as extended revisions addressing the radiation effects on the blood-forming system. Mathematical models are used to explain the effects of both acute and chronic irradiation on the dynamics of vital body systems, like the hematopoietic system, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the mortality dynamics in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous mammalian populations. The proposed methodology of these studies, the models themselves, and the obtained results are of a great theoretical significance and can find wide practical use.Table of ContentsEffects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System.- Effects of Non-Uniform Acute Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System. - The Small Intestine as a Target for Radiation.- Radiation and Humoral Immunity.- Modeling of Autoimmune Processes.- Individual-Based Approach to Risk Assessment of Radiation-Induced Mortality.- Effects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on Human Hematopoiesis. - Radiogenic Leukemia Risk Assessment. - Radiation and Skin. - Conclusions.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book outlines the structure and activities of companies in the European aviation industry. The focus is on the design, production and maintenance of components, assemblies, engines and the aircraft itself. In contrast to other industries, the technical aviation industry is subject to many specifics, since its activities are highly regulated by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the National Aviation Authorities and by the aviation industry standard EN 9100. These regulations can influence the companies’ organization, personnel qualification, quality management systems, as well as the provision of products and services. This book gives the reader a deeper, up-to-date insight into today's quality and safety requirements for the modern aviation industry. Aviation-specific interfaces and procedures are looked at from both the aviation legislation standpoint as well as from a practical operational perspective.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Authorities and Organizations.- Regulations and Certifications.- Design and Development.- Maintenance Management.- Production Management and Support.- Production.- Maintenance.- Supply Chain Management.- Human Resource and Qualification.- Quality and Safety Management.

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Book SynopsisFollowing on from the epoch-making DC-2 technology, the DC-3 is generally considered the greatest single commercial transport plane in history, and certainly the most famous. Indeed, the DC-3 revolutionized air travel to an extent not equaled until the arrival of the jet age. Many of these revolutions related to safety; thanks to the DC-3’s reputation for reliability, air travel insurance finally became available to the general public in 1937. This is the airliner that not only made flying respectable but enabled the emerging aviation industry to end its reliance on mail subsidies and profit from passenger journeys. DC-3 is still flying eight decades after their first debut - this book is a tribute to its brilliant design.Trade Review'... een zeer kleurrijk boek. (...) Het boek is een prachtig eerbetoon en een mooie momentopname van wat er op dit moment op de wereld nog te zien is van dit ontwerp van voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog.' – De Vliegende Hollander

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Book SynopsisOptimal aircraft design is impossible without a parametric representation of the geometry of the airframe. We need a mathematical model equipped with a set of controls, or design variables, which generates different candidate airframe shapes in response to changes in the values of these variables.Trade Review“The book is generally well written and easy to read, with a pleasing use of aircraft photographs to illustrate the text.” (The Aeronautical Journal , 1 April 2015) “Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization is a practical guide for researchers and practitioners in the aerospace industry, and a reference for graduate and undergraduate students in aircraft design and multidisciplinary design optimization.” (Expofairs.com, 7 January 2015)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Prologue 1 2 Geometry Parameterization: Philosophy and Practice 7 2.1 A Sense of Scale 7 2.1.1 Separating Shape and Scale 7 2.1.2 Nondimensional Coefficients 9 2.2 Parametric Geometries 11 2.2.1 Pre-Optimization Checks 13 2.3 What Makes a Good Parametric Geometry: Three Criteria 15 2.3.1 Conciseness 15 2.3.2 Robustness 16 2.3.3 Flexibility 16 2.4 A Parametric Fuselage: A Case Study in the Trade-Offs of Geometry Optimization 18 2.4.1 Parametric Cross-Sections 18 2.4.2 Fuselage Cross-Section Optimization: An Illustrative Example 22 2.4.3 A Parametric Three-Dimensional Fuselage 27 2.5 A General Observation on the Nature of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Geometry Modelling 29 2.6 Necessary Flexibility 30 2.7 The Place of a Parametric Geometry in the Design Process 31 2.7.1 Optimization: A Hierarchy of Objective Functions 31 2.7.2 Competing Objectives 32 2.7.3 Optimization Method Selection 35 2.7.4 Inverse Design 37 3 Curves 41 3.1 Conics and B´ezier Curves 41 3.1.1 Projective Geometry Construction of Conics 42 3.1.2 Parametric Bernstein Conic 43 3.1.3 Rational Conics and B´ezier Curves 49 3.1.4 Properties of B´ezier Curves 50 3.2 B´ezier Splines 51 3.3 Ferguson’s Spline 52 3.4 B-Splines 57 3.5 Knots 59 3.6 Nonuniform Rational Basis Splines 60 3.7 Implementation in Rhino 64 3.8 Curves for Optimization 65 4 Surfaces 67 4.1 Lofted, Translated and Coons Surfaces 67 4.2 B´ezier Surfaces 69 4.3 B-Spline and Nonuniform Rational Basis Spline Surfaces 74 4.4 Free-Form Deformation 76 4.5 Implementation in Rhino 82 4.5.1 Nonuniform Rational Basis Splines-Based Surfaces 82 4.5.2 Free-Form Deformation 82 4.6 Surfaces for Optimization 84 5 Aerofoil Engineering: Fundamentals 91 5.1 Definitions, Conventions, Taxonomy, Description 91 5.2 A ‘Non-Taxonomy’ of Aerofoils 92 5.2.1 Low-Speed Aerofoils 93 5.2.2 Subsonic Aerofoils 93 5.2.3 Transonic Aerofoils 93 5.2.4 Supersonic Aerofoils 94 5.2.5 Natural Laminar Flow Aerofoils 94 5.2.6 Multi-Element Aerofoils 95 5.2.7 Morphing and Flexible Aerofoils 98 5.3 Legacy versus Custom-Designed Aerofoils 98 5.4 Using Legacy Aerofoil Definitions 99 5.5 Handling Legacy Aerofoils: A Practical Primer 101 5.6 Aerofoil Families versus Parametric Aerofoils 102 6 Families of Legacy Aerofoils 103 6.1 The NACA Four-Digit Section 103 6.1.1 A One-Variable Thickness Distribution 104 6.1.2 A Two-Variable Camber Curve 105 6.1.3 Building the Aerofoil 105 6.1.4 Nomenclature 106 6.1.5 A Drawback and Two Fixes 107 6.1.6 The Distribution of Points: Sampling Density Variations and Cusps 107 6.1.7 A MATLAB® Implementation 109 6.1.8 An OpenNURBS/Rhino-Python Implementation 111 6.1.9 Applications 112 6.2 The NACA Five-Digit Section 113 6.2.1 A Three-Variable Camber Curve 113 6.2.2 Nomenclature and Implementation 116 6.3 The NACA SC Families 118 6.3.1 SC(2) 118 7 Aerofoil Parameterization 123 7.1 Complex Transforms 123 7.1.1 The Joukowski Aerofoil 124 7.2 Can a Pair of Ferguson Splines Represent an Aerofoil? 125 7.2.1 A Simple Parametric Aerofoil 125 7.3 Kulfan’s Class- and Shape-Function Transformation 127 7.3.1 A Generic Aerofoil 128 7.3.2 Transforming a Legacy Aerofoil 130 7.3.3 Approximation Accuracy 132 7.3.4 The Kulfan Transform as a Filter 135 7.3.5 Computational Implementation 137 7.3.6 Class- and Shape-Function Transformation in Optimization: Global versus Local Search 139 7.3.7 Capturing the Shared Features of a Family of Aerofoils 140 7.4 Other Formulations: Past, Present and Future 142 8 Planform Parameterization 145 8.1 The Aspect Ratio 145 8.1.1 Induced Drag 148 8.1.2 Structural Efficiency 150 8.1.3 Airport Compatibility 150 8.1.4 Handling 151 8.2 The Taper Ratio 152 8.3 Sweep 153 8.3.1 Terminology 153 8.3.2 Sweep in Transonic Flight 155 8.3.3 Sweep in Supersonic Flight 157 8.3.4 Forward Sweep 158 8.3.5 Variable Sweep 159 8.3.6 Swept-Wing ‘Growth’ 161 8.4 Wing Area 162 8.4.1 Constraints on the Wing Area 162 8.5 Planform Definition 167 8.5.1 From Sketch to Geometry 167 8.5.2 Introducing Scaling Factors: A Design Heuristic and a Simple Example 168 8.5.3 More Complex Planforms and an Additional Scaling Factor 169 8.5.4 Spanwise Chord Variation 171 9 Three-Dimensional Wing Synthesis 175 9.1 Fundamental Variables 175 9.1.1 Twist 175 9.1.2 Dihedral 176 9.2 Coordinate Systems 177 9.2.1 Cartesian Systems 177 9.2.2 A Wing-Bound, Curvilinear Dimension 181 9.3 The Synthesis of a Nondimensional Wing 181 9.3.1 Example: A Blended Box Wing 183 9.3.2 Example: Parameterization of a Blended Winglet 187 9.4 Wing Geometry Scaling. A Case Study: Design of a Commuter Airliner Wing 189 9.5 Indirect Wing Geometry Scaling 196 10 Design Sensitivities 199 10.1 Analytical and Finite-Difference Sensitivities 199 10.2 Algorithmic Differentiation 201 10.2.1 Forward Propagation of Tangents 201 10.2.2 Reverse Mode 203 10.3 Example: Differentiating an Aerofoil from Control Points to Lift Coefficient 204 10.4 Example Inverse Design 212 11 Basic Aerofoil Analysis: AWorked Example 217 11.1 Creating the .dat and .in files using Python 218 11.2 Running XFOIL from Python 219 12 Human-Powered Aircraft Wing Design: A Case Study in Aerodynamic Shape Optimization 223 12.1 Constraints 225 12.2 Planform Design 225 12.3 Aerofoil Section Design 226 12.4 Optimization 226 12.4.1 NACA Four-Digit Wing 227 12.4.2 Ferguson Spline Wing 229 12.5 Improving the Design 230 13 Epilogue: Challenging Topological Prejudice 237 References 239 Index 243

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Book SynopsisA practical one-volume guide to anechoic chamber designs for electromagnetic measurements The electromagnetic anechoic chamber has been with us since it was invented at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, in the early 1950s. Just about every major aerospace company has large numbers of them located throughout the United States and the world. Now, because of the stringent electromagnetic interference requirements that must be considered in the development of all new electronic products, these facilities are appearing in the automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, computer, and other industries. This handbook provides the designer/procurer of electromagnetic chambers with a single source of practical information on the full range of anechoic chamber designs. It reviews the current state of the art in indoor electromagnetic testing facilities and their design and specifications. You''ll find information on a large variety of anechoic chambers usedTrade Review"...a comprehensive, thorough text...that will not sit on the shelf...it is a text that will be referenced often by those individuals committed to ensuring?the highest quality of test results." (IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, March 2003)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Text Organization. References. 2 Measurement Principles Pertaining to Anechoic Chamber Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields. 2.2.1 Introduction. 2.2.2 Antennas. 2.2.3 Radiated Emissions. 2.2.4 Radiated Susceptibility. 2.2.5 Military Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2.2.6 Antenna System Isolation. 2.2.7 Radar Cross Section. 2.3 Free-Space Test Requirements. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Phase. 2.3.3 Amplitude. 2.3.4 Polarization. 2.3.5 The Friis Transmission Formula. 2.4 Supporting Measurement Concepts. 2.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.2 Coordinate Systems and Device Positioners. 2.4.3 Decibels. 2.4.4 Effects of Reflected Energy. 2.4.5 Effects of Antenna Coupling. 2.5 Outdoor Measurement Facilities. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Design Considerations and Criteria. 2.5.3 Elevated Outdoor Antenna Range. 2.5.4 Ground Reflection Antenna Range. 2.5.5 Open-Area Test Sites (OATS). References. 3 Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Microwave Absorbing Materials. 3.2.1 Pyramidal Absorber. 3.2.2 Wedge Absorber. 3.2.3 Convoluted Microwave Absorber. 3.2.4 Multilayer Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.5 Hybrid Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.6 Walkway Absorber. 3.3 Low-Frequency Absorbing Material. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Ferrite Absorbers. 3.3.3 Hybrid Absorbers. 3.4 Absorber Modeling. 3.5 Absorber Testing. References. 4 The Chamber Enclosure. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electromagnetic Interference. 4.3 Controlling the Environment. 4.4 Electromagnetic Shielding. 4.4.1 Introduction. 4.4.2 The Welded Shield. 4.4.3 The Clamped Seam or Prefabricated Shield. 4.4.4 The Single-Shield Systems. 4.5 Penetrations. 4.6 Performance Verification. 4.7 Shielded Enclosure Grounding. 4.8 Fire Protection. References. 5 Anechoic Chamber Design Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Practical Design Procedures. 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Quick Estimate of Chamber Performance. 5.2.3 Detailed Ray-Tracing Design Procedure. 5.3 Computer Modeling. 5.3.1 Introduction. 5.3.2 Ray Tracing. 5.3.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model. 5.4 Other Techniques. 5.5 Antennas Used In Anechoic Chambers. 5.5.1 Introduction. 5.5.2 Rectangular Chamber Antennas. 5.5.3 Antennas for Tapered Chambers. 5.5.4 EMI Chambers. References. 6 The Rectangular Chamber. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Testing. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 Design Considerations. 6.2.3 Design Example. 6.2.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 6.3.1 Design Considerations. 6.3.2 Design Example. 6.3.3 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.4 Near-Field Testing. 6.4.1 Introduction. 6.4.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.4.3 Design Example. 6.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedure. 6.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing. 6.5.1 Introduction. 6.5.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.5.3 Design Examples. 6.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.6 Immunity Testing. 6.6.1 Introduction. 6.6.2 Mode-Stirred Test Facility. 6.7 EM System Compatibility Testing. 6.7.1 Design Considerations. 6.7.2 Acceptance Testing. References. 7 The Compact Range Chamber. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antenna Testing. 7.2.1 Prime Focus Compact Range. 7.2.2 Dual Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.3 Shaped Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.4 Compact Antenna Range Absorber Layout. 7.2.5 Acceptance Testing of the Compact Antenna Anechoic Chamber. 7.3 Compact RCS Ranges. 7.3.1 Introduction. 7.3.2 Design Example. 7.3.3 Acceptance Testing. References. 8 Incorporating Geometry in Anechoic Chamber Design. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Tapered Chamber. 8.2.1 Introduction. 8.2.2 Antenna Testing. 8.2.3 Radar Cross-Section Measurements. 8.3 The Double Horn Chamber. 8.3.1 Introduction. 8.3.2 Antenna Testing. 8.3.3 Emissions and Immunity Testing. 8.4 The Missile Hardware-in-the-Loop Chamber. 8.4.1 Introduction. 8.4.2 Design Considerations. 8.4.3 Design Example. 8.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.5 Consolidated Facilities. 8.5.1 Introduction. 8.5.2 Design Considerations. 8.5.3 Design Examples. 8.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.6 The TEM Cell. 8.6.1 Introduction. 8.6.2 TEM Principles of Operation. 8.6.3 Typical Performance. References. 9 Test Procedures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Absorber Testing. 9.2.1 Introduction. 9.2.2 Testing of Microwave Absorber. 9.2.3 Low-Frequency Testing. 9.2.4 Compact Range Reflector Testing. 9.2.5 Fire-Retardant Testing. 9.3 Microwave Anechoic Chamber Test Procedures. 9.3.1 Introduction. 9.3.2 Free-Space VSWR Method. 9.3.3 Pattern Comparison Method. 9.3.4 X–Y Scanner Method. 9.3.5 RCS Chamber Evaluation. 9.4 EMC Chamber Acceptance Test Procedures. 9.4.1 Introduction. 9.4.2 Volumetric Site Attenuation. 9.4.3 Field Uniformity. 9.5 Shielding Effectiveness. References. 10 Examples of Indoor Electromagnetic Test Facilities. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Antenna Testing. 10.2.1 Introduction. 10.2.2 Rectangular Test Chamber. 10.2.3 Tapered Anechoic Chamber. 10.2.4 Compact Range Test Chamber. 10.2.5 Near-Field Test Chamber. 10.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 10.3.1 Introduction. 10.3.2 Compact Range Radar Cross-Section Facilities. 10.4 EMC Test Chambers. 10.4.1 Introduction. 10.4.2 Emission Test Chambers. 10.5 Electromagnetic System Compatibility Testing. 10.5.1 Introduction. 10.5.2 Aircraft Systems. 10.5.3 Spacecraft Test Facilities. References. Appendix A: Procedure for Determining the Area of Specular Absorber Treatment. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Fresnel Zone Analysis. Appendix B :Test Region Amplitude Taper. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Antenna Data. Appendix C: Design/Specification Checklists. C.1 Introduction. C.2 The Rectangular Chamber. C.2.1 Introduction. C.2.2 Antenna Testing. C.2.3 RCS Testing. C.2.4 Near-Field Testing. C.2.5 EMI Testing. C.2.6 Isolation Testing. C.2.7 Impedance Testing. C.3 Compact Range. C.3.1 Introduction. C.3.2 Antenna/Radome Testing. C.3.3 RCS Testing. C.4 Shaped Chambers. C.4.1 Introduction C.4.2 Tapered Chamber. C.4.3 Double Horn Chamber. C.4.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing. C.5 Shielding Design Checklist. C.5.1 Introduction. C.5.2 Checklist for Prefabricated Shielding. C.5.3 Checklist for Welded Enclosures. C.5.4 Checklist for Architectural Shielding. C.5.5 Conventional Construction. C.5.6 Fire Protection. References. Glossary. Selected Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisFlexible Multibody Dynamics comprehensively describes the numerical modelling of flexible multibody dynamics systems in space and aircraft structures, vehicles, and mechanical systems. A rigorous approach is followed to handle finite rotations in 3D, with a thorough discussion of the different alternatives for parametrization.Trade Review"a competent offering" (The Aeronautical Journal, November 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Generalized Coordinates for Mechanism Analysis. Kinematics of Finite Motion. Parameterization of Spherical Motion. Rigid Body Dynamics. The Elastic Beam. System Constraints: Modelling of Joints. Substructuring Techniques. Static and Kinematic Analyses of Multibody Systems. Time Integration of Constrained Systems. Automatic Step Size Control. Energy Conserving Time Integration. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFulfilling a need for a work devoted to stability and bifurcation analysis in dissipative media, this book offers a unified presentation of nonlinear problems in solid mechanics and a complete and unitary analysis on stability and bifurcation problems arising in this framework.Table of ContentsBasic Elements of Statics and Dynamics. Constitutive Relations and Thermodynamics. Elements of Mathematics. Elastic Problems in Small Deformation. Elastic-Plastic Problems in Small Deformaton. Stability of an Equilibrium. Static and Dynamic Bifurcation. Bifurcation Analysis of Conservative Systems. Buckling of Elastic Structures. Complements of Conservative Systems. Plastic Buckling of Beams. Rate Problems and Hill's Criteria. Plastic Bifurcation. Materials and Structures in Finite Deformation. Standard Dissipative Systems. Stability of a Quasi-Static Evolution. Crack Propagation and Stability. Plane Cracks. Contact with Friction. Nonlinear Numerical Analysis. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisExamines the fundamentals and practice of both the design and operation of face seals, ranging from washing machines to rocket engine turbopumps. Topics include materials, tribology, heat transfer and solid mechanics. A variety of simple and complex models are proposed and evaluated and specific problems such as heat checking, blistering and instability are considered. Offers 64 tables and 364 references plus useful recommendations regarding the future of seal design.Table of ContentsThe Literature. Metrology, Tribology, and Materials. Seal Interface Tribological Modeling. Mechanical Seal Thermal System. Seal Face Deformation. Seal Systems and System Studies. Experimental Results and Model Validation. Design. Special Problems. Contemporary Design. Conclusions. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA brand-new edition of the classic guide on low-speed wind tunnel testing While great advances in theoretical and computational methods have been made in recent years, low-speed wind tunnel testing remains essential for obtaining the full range of data needed to guide detailed design decisions for many practical engineering problems.Table of ContentsWind Tunnels. Wind Tunnel Design. Pressure, Flow, and Shear Stress Measurements. Flow Visualization. Calibration of the Test Section. Forces and Moments from Balance Measurements. Use of Wind Tunnel Data: Scale Effects. Boundary Corrections I: Basics and Two- Dimensional Cases. Boundary Corrections II: Three-Dimensional Flow. Boundary Corrections III: Additional Applications. Additional Considerations for Aerodynamic Experiments. Aircraft and Aircraft Components. Ground Vehicles. Marine Vehicles. Wind Engineering. Small Wind Tunnels. Dynamic Tests. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA New Edition of the Most Effective Text/Reference in the Field! Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Second Edition Barnes W. McCormick, Pennsylvania State University 57506-2 When the first edition of Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics was published, it quickly became one of the most important teaching and reference tools in the field. Not only did generations of students learn from it, they continue to use it on the job-the first edition remains one of the most well-thumbed guides you''ll find in an airplane company. Now this classic text/reference is available in a bold new edition. All new material and the interweaving of the computer throughout make the Second Edition even more practical and current than before! A New Edition as Complete and Applied as the First Both analytical and applied in nature, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics presents all necessary derivations to understand basic principles and then applies this material to specific eTable of ContentsFluid Mechanics. Lift. Drag. Lift and Drag at High Mach Numbers. The Production of Thrust. Airplane Performance. Helicopters and V/STOL Aircraft. Static Stability and Control. Open-Loop Dynamic Stability and Control. Controlled Motion and Automatic Stability. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers practical coverage of vibration stresses and stress-induced displacements, isolation of sensitive components, and evaluation of elastic instability, fatigue and fracture as potential failure modes that arise in mechanical designs and aerospace. The approach taken is particularly useful in the early design stage--the physical problem is defined via known paramaters and a methodology is given for determining the unknown quantities and relating them to specified limiting values and failure modes to obtain an acceptable design. Many of the calculations can be performed on a PC or programmable calculator.Table of ContentsMechanical Loads and Failure Modes. Natural Frequency of Simple Components. Natural Frequency of Simple Structures. Random Vibration. Shock. Isolation. Fatigue. Fracture. Elastic Instability. Structural Analysis of Mounted Housings. Venting. Thermal Analysis. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book Synopsisunique in its breadth of coverage performance, stability and control, and aerosystems all discussed a companion and complementary text to Padfield : Helicopter Flight Dynamics both authors from Empire Test Pilots' School, well known as a centre for test pilot training.Table of ContentsThe flight test process; Performance theory; Performance testing; Stability and control theory; Stability and control testing; Helicopter systems; Systems testing

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Book SynopsisA collection of curious tales questioning the ownership of airspace and a reconstruction of a truly novel moment in the history of American law, Banner's book reminds us of the powerful and reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and the law.Trade ReviewBanner claims that with this work he has written an intellectual history of American aviation law in the first half of the 20th century. And he has done exactly that--very well...This book is not only a great repository of the history of the question it poses, but is also a great yarn. Banner's friendly writing style gets one through the stickier details, and one simply feels better--not just better informed--for having read the book. -- James T. Crouse * Times Higher Education *At the heart of this clever, intricate, elegant book is the improbable fact that, for over fifty years, an arcane statute devised by medieval European scholars managed, in the twentieth century, to impede the growth of aviation in the very nation that invented it. -- Alexander Frater * Times Literary Supplement *[An] engaging book...Historically, British and then US common law declared that property in one's land extended from the center of the earth to the heavens. Yet ownership of the sky was all but impossible until the inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries made it accessible. At the very moment that ownership was possible, laws recognizing that property right were challenged. Banner narrates a terrific story, discussing how technology, first with the balloon and then other air travel, challenged the law and eventually changed it. The book weaves together the Wright brothers, legal scholarship, the emergence of the airline industry, and eventually the Supreme Court, offering fascinating details about the law on airspace. These changes climax first in a landmark decision by the Supreme Court clarifying airspace property rights, and then the 1967 Outer Space Treaty declaring the universe a common heritage beyond ownership...This is a fun, well-written, and informative book. -- D. Schultz * Choice *

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Book SynopsisIn Wings for the Rising Sun, scholar and former airline pilot Jürgen Melzer tells the history of Japanese aviation as a story of international cooperation, competition, and conflict. He details how Japan absorbed technologies from abroad, fostered public enthusiasm for aviation at home, and eventually crafted boldly original flying machines.Trade ReviewExtremely well-written and beautifully presented…Melzer’s book has excellently made the case that aviation is worthy of study, not merely for understanding the development of the industry itself but also for gaining a much better understanding of the workings of the Japanese state, media, and public during this period. -- Christopher Hood * Journal of Japanese Studies *Melzer’s history of aviation in Japan speaks to several audiences. For readers interested in the history of aviation, and particularly in the development of aircraft as military technology, the book offers a clear and detailed account that begins with balloon flights in the late nineteenth century and ends with attempts to develop jet engines during the last stages of World War II…[Melzer] brings to his work an intimate knowledge of the engineering of aircraft as well as the pleasures and challenges of flying them…Wings for the Rising Sun surely has a long career ahead of it as the standard, go-to work on the history of flying in Japan. -- David L. Howell * Pacific Historical Review *A fascinating study that delves into the complex dynamics of the time—individual, organizational, social, domestic, and international—that helped shape the process, thinking, and outcomes of technology transfer over the years. This book makes a valuable contribution to the scholarship on technology transfer and aviation history at large. -- Takashi Nishiyama * Technology and Culture *Melzer makes a unique contribution to the extant literature on the history of modern Japanese technology by choosing a subject that has until now been overwhelmingly dominated, at least in the English language, by titles targeting military aircraft buffs. -- M.G. Sheftall * Monumenta Nipponica *

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Book SynopsisIn a critical Cold War moment, Dwight D. Eisenhower’s presidency suddenly changed when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world’s first satellite. What Ike called "a small ball" became a source of Russian pride and propaganda, and it wounded him politically, as critics charged that he responded sluggishly to the challenge of space...Trade ReviewEisenhower's Sputnik Momentrecognizes the President's strength of leadership in the supposed furore immediately after the first Sputnik launch. Indeed the author cleverly uses the Sputnik lens to provide a critique of Eisenhower's overall leadership style.. Mieczkowski's work is highly readable and attractive to historians beyond those simply interested in space.. This work is another important building block in helping historians understand the thirty-fourth President as a rather more nuanced leader. * Journal of American Studies *Mieczkowski deftly explodes the myth of an alleged 'missile gap' between the Soviet Union and the US. He overturns as well equally fallacious perceptions that the US lagged behind the Soviet Union in the technology of launch vehicles, intercontinental missiles, and Earth satellites. Readers will gain a much-needed appreciation of how Eisenhower and his military-civilian-academic team planned and built the administrative and technical infrastructure enabling the US to enter the space age. Mieczkowski's book is thoroughly rooted in primary sources and numerous memoirs, and extends earlier scholarship by space historians R. Cargill Hall, Roger Launius, and Walter McDougall. Summing Up: Highly recommended. * Choice *Yanek Mieczkowski's assessment of Dwight D. Eisenhower's reponse to the Soviet technological feat also has important implications for broader debates over Eisenhower's presidential leadership, the creation of national security organizations, and assessments of the space race. Revealing how this episode altered the course of Eisenhower's presidency, Mieczkowski argues that it also produced some significant, albeit overlooked, accomplishments. All readers will be rewarded with Mieczkowski's superbly written narrative, enlivened with rich anecdotes and lively biographical sketches. Mieczkowski reaffirms that Eisenhower's 'Sputnik moment' remains a complicated aspect of his presidential legacy, which holds spectacular failures and missed opportunities as well as the quiet victories that the author portrays so well. * The Journal of American History *Table of ContentsIntroductionPart One: Sputnik 1. What Was the Sputnik "Panic"? 2. "The Most Fateful Decision of His Presidency" 3. Eisenhower's Reaction to Sputnik 4. Eisenhower's PrinciplesPart Two: Setbacks 5. Cheerleader-in-Chief 6. "Gloom, Gloom, Gloom" 7. Space Highs, Economic Lows 8. Eisenhower's Rival 9. "Radical Moves" 10. Order from Chaos 11. Defeat and a SCORE 12. Priorities and PrestigePart Three: Space 13. Satellites, Saturn, Spacemen 14. Voyages, Mirages, Images 15. Space, Prestige, and the 1960 Race 16. Eisenhower versus KennedyConclusionAcknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisWinner of the Eugene Emme Astronautical Literature Prize from the American Astronautical Society For eight days in October 1984, seven men and women orbitied the Earth on Space Shuttle Mission 41-G. The mission has begun a year earlier; however, with the select of its crew. Before Lift-off is the extraordinary day-to-day story of these astronauts' training and flight-and is as close as most of us will ever come to flying on the space shuttle. New Yorker writer Henry Cooper obtained unprecedented permission from NASA to follow the 41-G crew from its formation through the completion of its mission. He was even given access to the heart of the training program: the crew's sessions in the shuttle mision simulators. More than a chronical of different phases in the astronauts' learning process, Before Lift-off tells the story of the bonding of these men and women. It would be Captain Robert Crippen's fourth space flight, his second command in six months, and Sally Ride's second shuttle voyage. For rookies Davida Leestra, Jon McBride, and Kathy Sullivan, and for two payload specialists, the experience would mark an initiation into the most elite groups-those people who have ventured into space.Trade ReviewWritten in a journalistic style without scholarly apparatus, it is an excellent first person account of the 1984 mission of STS-41G -- Roger D. Launius Space Times 2006Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsForewordAcknowledgmentsPrologueChapter 1. October 4 and 5, 1984Chapter 2. November 1983 and EarlierChapter 3. Week of January 23-27, 1984Chapter 4. Week of February 27-March 2Chapter 5. Week of April 16-20Chapter 6. Week of June 11-15Chapter 7. Week of July 23-27Chapter 8. Week of September 3-7Chapter 9. Week of September 18-21Chapter 10. Fortnight of September 20-October 4Chapter 11. Week of October 5-13Chapter 12. October 13 and AfterwardEpilogueIndex

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Book SynopsisHeralded by Brazilians as the 'Father of Flight', Alberto Santos-Dumont made the first of several spectacular flights in his lighter-than-air dirigible in France in 1901, two years before the Wright brothers' first fixed-wing flight in North Carolina. This illustrated book tells their story.

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Book SynopsisThe fiery destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger on live television moments after launch remains an indelible image in the nation's collective memory. In Truth, Lies, and O-Rings, Allan McDonald, a skilled engineer and executive, relives the tragedy from where he stood at Launch Control Center.Trade ReviewWe all watched in shock and disbelief when Challenger was lost. Probably no one felt more disappointment and regret than Allan McDonald, who had warned us not to launch that day. His story tells of loss, grief, and the eventual rebuilding and recovery."" - Robert ""Hoot"" Gibson, former Space Shuttle pilot and commander""A major contribution to a difficult episode in the history of human spaceflight."" - Roger D. Launius, Division of Space History, Smithsonian Institution""McDonald tells the heartbreaking tale of how he saw his words of warning ignored, and the fateful consequences of that decision."" - Donald C. Elder III, Eastern New Mexico University

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Book SynopsisTells the dramatic story of ILC Industries 's role in the Apollo Program. A fascinating behind-the-scenes history of a vital component of the space program, Lunar Outfitters goes inside the suit that made it possible for human beings to set foot on the Moon.Trade Review“Ayrey, a testing lab manager for the textile manufacturer International Latex Corporation Industries, provides a pleasing insider’s look at the space suits ILC constructed for NASA’s Apollo program. He explains that the Apollo space suit grew out of the stiff pressure suits created for early 20th-century pilots who flew unpressurized planes at high altitudes. ILC’s experience making pressure helmets for the U.S. Air Force formed the foundation for its space suit work, but it was sometimes an uphill battle for the company, with its occasionally laissez-faire culture, to fit into NASA’s highly bureaucratic structure. But, Ayrey notes, the dedication and craftsmanship of ILC’s staff meshed well with the attention to detail and fit each suit required. Ayrey’s details fascinate: made from 15 layers of materials, each suit was custom fitted to its wearer, right down to gloves made from molds of the specific astronaut’s hands. Suit testing included an x-ray to be sure no pins had been left behind while the suits were being sewn—a critical suit check still done today. Black and white photos and engineering design diagrams add helpful visual detail to the text. This accessible, anecdote-packed history will please many an astronomy buff.”—Publishers Weekly

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Book SynopsisLongtime ILC space suit test engineer Bill Ayrey draws on original files and photographs to tell the dramatic story of the company’s role in the Apollo Program. A fascinating behind-the-scenes history of a vital component of the space program, this book goes inside the suit that made it possible for human beings to set foot on the moon.Trade ReviewAn excellent addition to the existing literature on this subject. . . . [We can] hope that current space suit designers are reading Ayrey's book and learning the lessons it has to teach." - Quest: The History of Spaceflight QuarterlyTable of Contents Preface Introduction Part I. Humble Beginnings 1. School of Hard Knocks 2. Developing the State-of-the-Art Space Suit 3. The Turbulent Years, 1962–1965 4. Second Chances: The Model AX-5L and A-5L Suits Part II. Building the Moon Suits 5. The Model A-5L Space Suit Contract 6. The Model A-6L Space Suit: Unveiling the First Moon Suit 7. The Model A-7L Space Suit, 1967–1971 8. The Model A-7LB Space Suit: The Next Generation, 1971–1975 Part III. Post-Lunar Missions 9. Skylab, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Program, and Other Development Suits 10. End of a Historic Era Conclusion: Preserving Our Treasures; The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Acknowledgments Appendix A: Technical Details of the Apollo Space Suits Appendix B: Apollo Part Numbers and Serial Numbers Appendix C: Apollo Contract Details Appendix D: Astronaut Code Names Appendix E: A-7LB Suit Plug Loads and Fabric Stresses Timeline of Significant Events Glossary Notes Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisTells "stories" about a British attempt to build a military aircraft - the TSR2. Offering numerous insights into the way we theorise the working of systems, this title explores the overlaps between singularity and multiplicity and reveals rich new meaning in such concepts as oscillation, interference, fractionality, and rhizomatic networks.Trade Review“Through this lively text, John Law guides us on a tour of the TSR2 that will be a rich resource for anyone interested in the question of how new artifacts come into being. Writers, readers, engineers, and aircraft are inseparable components of the project, which involves simultaneously achieving the singularities and recovering the multiplicities of stories and things. Crafting together a complex architecture of subject/object relations, Aircraft Stories offers a prototype for a new form of technoscience storytelling.”—Lucy Suchman, author of Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication“What is a military aircraft? John Law shows in his beautiful analysis that it is a constant oscillation between multiplicity and singularity. It (sometimes) flies, it (possibly) drops nuclear bombs, it (certainly) reproduces a very conservative social order, it interpellates and entices young men, and yet it still remains a military aircraft. John Law invents what could be a monadology in which there is no longer preestablished harmony.”—Michel Callon, CSI Ecole des mines de Paris"[Law] writes well, sometimes almost poetically, with few of the tortured sentences of much cultural theory. Many readers may disagree with his theses, but few will fail to be stimulated by this brave, challenging book." -- Donald MacKenzie * American Journal of Sociology *"Law's illustration of the singularity/multiplicity of artifacts (especially in the context of the many strands of social theory on which he draws) lends depth to any understanding of the social character of technology. His readers are invited, I think, to pull some of the more valuable jottings from his pinboard and interweave them in their own montages." -- Cyrus C. M. Mody * Contemporary Sociology *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Objects 3. Subjects 4. Cultures 5. Heterogeneities 6. Aesthetics 7. Decisions 8. Arborescences 9. Pinboards Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisPerformance of the Jet Transport Airplane: Analysis Methods, Flight Operations, and Regulations presents a detailed and comprehensive treatment of performance analysis techniques for jet transport airplanes.Table of ContentsForeword xi Series Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions of Performance 1 1.2 Commercial Air Transportation 3 1.3 Jet Transport Airplanes: A Short History 4 1.4 Regulatory Framework 8 1.5 Performance-Related Activities 9 1.6 Analysis Techniques and Idealizations 12 References 14 2 Engineering Fundamentals 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Notation, Units, and Conversion Factors 18 2.3 Mass, Momentum, Weight, and Gravity 21 2.4 Basics of Rigid Body Dynamics 26 2.5 Basics of Fluid Dynamics 33 2.6 Further Reading 43 References 43 3 Aerodynamic Fundamentals 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Standard Definitions and Notation 45 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Conventions 53 3.4 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 55 3.5 Compressibility 63 3.6 Boundary Layers 65 3.7 High Lift Devices 67 3.8 Controls for Pitch, Roll, and Yaw 71 3.9 Further Reading 75 References 75 4 Atmosphere and Weather 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 International Standard Atmosphere 77 4.3 Non-Standard and Off-Standard Atmospheres 85 4.4 The Real Atmosphere 89 4.5 Weather 91 4.6 Stability of the Atmosphere 96 References 98 5 Height Scales and Altimetry 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Height Scales 101 5.3 Altimetry 104 5.4 Flight Levels, Tracks, and Airspace 111 References 114 6 Distance and Speed 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Distance 115 6.3 True Airspeed, Ground Speed, and Navigation 118 6.4 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 120 6.5 Dynamic Pressure and Equivalent Airspeed 121 6.6 Calibrated Airspeed 122 6.7 Indicated Airspeed 127 6.8 Relationship Between Airplane Speeds 128 References 130 7 Lift and Drag 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Airplane Lift 132 7.3 Airplane Drag 137 7.4 Drag Polar 143 7.5 Drag Polar Corrections 150 7.6 Lift-to-Drag Ratio 158 7.7 Minimum Drag Condition 162 7.8 Minimum Drag Power (Required Power) Condition 164 7.9 Minimum Drag-to-Speed Ratio Condition 166 7.10 Summary of Expressions Based on the Parabolic Drag Polar 169 References 171 8 Propulsion 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Basic Description of the Turbofan Engine 176 8.3 Engine Thrust 184 8.4 Fuel Flow and Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption 190 8.5 Thrust Control, Engine Design Limits, and Ratings 194 8.6 Thrust Variation 202 8.7 Fuel Flow and TSFC Variation 209 8.8 Installation Losses and Engine Deterioration 212 8.9 Further Reading 217 References 218 9 Takeoff Performance 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Takeoff Distances 222 9.3 Forces Acting on the Airplane During the Ground Run 227 9.4 Evaluation of the Takeoff Distance from Brake Release to Rotation 232 9.5 Rotation and Climb-Out to Clear the Screen Height 238 9.6 Empirical Estimation of Takeoff Distances 241 9.7 Evaluation of Rejected Takeoff Runway Distances 244 9.8 Wheel Braking 247 9.9 Takeoff on Contaminated Runways 252 References 255 10 Takeoff Field Length and Takeoff Climb Considerations 257 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Takeoff Reference Speeds 258 10.3 Takeoff Weight Limitations 261 10.4 Runway Limitations and Data 265 10.5 Operational Field Length and Runway-Limited Takeoff Weight 268 10.6 Takeoff Climb Gradient Requirements 272 10.7 Takeoff Climb Obstacle Clearance 274 10.8 Derated Thrust and Reduced Thrust Takeoff 277 References 280 11 Approach and Landing 283 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Procedure for Approach and Landing 284 11.3 Forces Acting on the Airplane During the Ground Run 287 11.4 Landing Distance Estimation 291 11.5 Empirical Estimation of the Landing Distance 297 11.6 Landing on Contaminated Runways 298 11.7 Flight Operations 300 11.8 Rejected Landing 307 References 308 12 Mechanics of Level, Climbing, and Descending Flight 311 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Basic Equations of Motion 312 12.3 Performance in Level Flight 315 12.4 Performance in Climbing Flight 319 12.5 Performance in Descending Flight 334 12.6 Further Reading 337 References 338 13 Cruising Flight and Range Performance 339 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Specific Air Range and Still Air Range Determination 340 13.3 Analytical Integration 345 13.4 Numerical Integration 351 13.5 Cruise Optimization Based on Aerodynamic Parameters 354 13.6 Best Cruise Speeds and Cruise Altitudes 360 13.7 Further Details on the Use of the Bre´guet Range Equation 363 13.8 Influence of Wind on Cruise Performance 366 References 370 14 Holding Flight and Endurance Performance 373 14.1 Introduction 373 14.2 Basic Equation for Holding/Endurance 374 14.3 Analytical Integration 375 14.4 Numerical Integration 378 14.5 Flight Conditions for Maximum Endurance 379 14.6 Holding Operations 382 References 384 15 Mechanics of Maneuvering Flight 385 15.1 Introduction 385 15.2 Turning Maneuvers 386 15.3 Level Coordinated Turns 389 15.4 Climbing or Descending Turns 396 15.5 Level Uncoordinated Turns 398 15.6 Limits and Constraints in Turning Maneuvers 400 15.7 Pitching Maneuvers 403 15.8 Total Energy 404 References 409 16 Trip Fuel Requirements and Estimation 411 16.1 Introduction 411 16.2 ICAO Requirements 412 16.3 FAA Requirements 412 16.4 EASA Requirements 414 16.5 Trip Fuel Computational Procedure 416 16.6 Payload–Range Performance 418 16.7 Trip Fuel Breakdown and Fuel Fractions 422 16.8 Trip Fuel Estimation 424 16.9 Estimating Trip Distances (To Be Flown) 428 16.10 Transporting (Tankering) Fuel 429 16.11 Reclearance 430 16.12 Factors That Can Impact Cruise Fuel 432 16.13 Impact of Small Changes on Cruise Fuel 435 References 437 17 En Route Operations and Limitations 439 17.1 Introduction 439 17.2 Climb to Initial Cruise Altitude (En Route Climb) 440 17.3 Cruise Altitude Selection 443 17.4 En Route Engine Failure 446 17.5 En Route Cabin Pressurization Failure 450 17.6 Extended Operations 451 17.7 Continuous Descent Operations 454 References 455 18 Cost Considerations 457 18.1 Introduction 457 18.2 Airplane Operating Costs 458 18.3 Cost Index 461 18.4 Unit Energy Cost 468 References 474 19 Weight, Balance, and Trim 477 19.1 Introduction 477 19.2 Airplane Weight Definitions 477 19.3 Center of Gravity 481 19.4 Longitudinal Static Stability and Stabilizer Trim 485 19.5 Center of Gravity Control 490 19.6 Operational Weights and Dispatch Procedures 491 19.7 Performance Implications 494 References 496 20 Limitations and Flight Envelope 497 20.1 Introduction 497 20.2 Stall 497 20.3 High-Speed Buffet 502 20.4 Altitude–Speed Limitations 505 20.5 Key Regulatory Speeds 507 20.6 Structural Design Loads and Limitations 510 20.7 V–n Diagram (Flight Load Envelope) 512 References 520 21 Noise and Emissions 523 21.1 Introduction 523 21.2 Airplane Noise 523 21.3 Noise Regulations and Restrictions 526 21.4 Noise Abatement and Flight Operations 530 21.5 Airplane Emissions 532 21.6 Mitigating the Effects of Airplane Emissions 537 References 540 22 Airplane Systems and Performance 543 22.1 Introduction 543 22.2 Reliability Requirements for Airplane Systems 543 22.3 Cabin Pressurization System 544 22.4 Environmental Control System 548 22.5 De-Icing and Anti-Icing Systems 549 22.6 Auxiliary Power System 550 22.7 Fuel and Fuel Systems 551 References 559 23 Authorities, Regulations, and Documentation 563 23.1 Introduction 563 23.2 International Civil Aviation Organization 563 23.3 Aviation Authorities 565 23.4 Regulations, Certification, and Operations 567 23.5 Safety Investigation Authorities 571 23.6 Non-Governmental Organizations 572 23.7 Airplane and Flight Crew Documentation 573 23.8 Airplane Performance Data 577 References 578 A International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) Table 583 B Units and Conversion Factors 591 C Coordinate Systems and Conventions 597 D Miscellaneous Derivations 601 E Trim and Longitudinal Static Stability 613 F Regulations (Fuel Policy) 627 G Abbreviations and Nomenclature 629 Index 645

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Book SynopsisAlthough the overall appearance of modern airliners has not changed a lot since the introduction of jetliners in the 1950s, their safety, efficiency and environmental friendliness have improved considerably.Trade Review“Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes advances understanding of the initial optimization of civil airplanes and is a must-have reference for aerospace engineering students, applied researchers, aircraft design engineers and analysts.” (Expofairs.com, 13 August 2013)Table of ContentsForeword xv Series Preface xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv 1 Design of theWell-Tempered Aircraft 1 1.1 How Aircraft Design Developed 1 1.1.1 Evolution of Jetliners and Executive Aircraft 1 1.1.2 A Framework for Advanced Design 4 1.1.3 Analytical Design Optimization 4 1.1.4 Computational Design Environment 5 1.2 Concept Finding 6 1.2.1 Advanced Design 6 1.2.2 Pre-conceptual Studies 7 1.3 Product Development 8 1.3.1 Concept Definition 10 1.3.2 Preliminary Design 11 1.3.3 Detail Design 13 1.4 Baseline Design in a Nutshell 13 1.4.1 Baseline Sizing 13 1.4.2 Power Plant 15 1.4.3 Weight and Balance 16 1.4.4 Structure 16 1.4.5 Performance Analysis 17 1.4.6 Closing the Loop 18 1.5 Automated Design Synthesis 19 1.5.1 Computational Systems Requirements 19 1.5.2 Examples 20 1.5.3 Parametric Surveys 21 1.6 Technology Assessment 22 1.7 Structure of the Optimization Problem 25 1.7.1 Analysis Versus Synthesis 25 1.7.2 Problem Classification 26 Bibliography 27 2 Early Conceptual Design 31 2.1 Scenario and Requirements 31 2.1.1 What Drives a Design? 31 2.1.2 Civil Airplane Categories 33 2.1.3 Top Level Requirements 35 2.2 Weight Terminology and Prediction 36 2.2.1 Method Classification 36 2.2.2 Basic Weight Components 37 2.2.3 Weight Limits 39 2.2.4 Transport Capability 39 2.3 The Unity Equation 41 2.3.1 Mission Fuel 43 2.3.2 Empty Weight 44 2.3.3 Design Weights 45 2.4 Range Parameter 46 2.4.1 Aerodynamic Efficiency 47 2.4.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Overall Efficiency 48 2.4.3 Best Cruise Speed 49 2.5 Environmental Issues 51 2.5.1 Energy and Payload Fuel Efficiency 51 2.5.2 ‘Greener by Design’ 54 Bibliography 56 3 Propulsion and Engine Technology 59 3.1 Propulsion Leading the Way 59 3.2 Basic Concepts of Jet Propulsion 60 3.2.1 Turbojet Thrust 60 3.2.2 Turbofan Thrust 61 3.2.3 Specific Fuel Consumption 62 3.2.4 Overall Efficiency 63 3.2.5 Thermal and Propulsive Efficiency 63 3.2.6 Generalized Performance 65 3.2.7 Mach Number and Altitude Effects 66 3.3 Turboprop Engines 67 3.3.1 Power and Specific Fuel Consumption 67 3.3.2 Generalized Performance 68 3.3.3 High Speed Propellers 69 3.4 Turbofan Engine Layout 70 3.4.1 Bypass Ratio Trends 70 3.4.2 Rise and Fall of the Propfan 72 3.4.3 Rebirth of the Open Rotor? 74 3.5 Power Plant Selection 74 3.5.1 Power Plant Location 75 3.5.2 Alternative Fuels 76 3.5.3 Aircraft Noise 77 4 Aerodynamic Drag and Its Reduction 81 4.1 Basic Concepts 81 4.1.1 Lift, Drag and Aerodynamic Efficiency 82 4.1.2 Drag Breakdown and Definitions 83 4.2 Decomposition Schemes and Terminology 84 4.2.1 Pressure and Friction Drag 84 4.2.2 Viscous Drag 85 4.2.3 Vortex Drag 85 4.2.4 Wave Drag 86 4.3 Subsonic Parasite and Induced Drag 87 4.3.1 Parasite Drag 87 4.3.2 Monoplane Induced Drag 90 4.3.3 Biplane Induced Drag 91 4.3.4 Multiplane and Boxplane Induced Drag 94 4.4 Drag Polar Representations 95 4.4.1 Two-term Approximation 95 4.4.2 Three-term Approximation 96 4.4.3 Reynolds Number Effects 97 4.4.4 Compressibility Correction 98 4.5 Drag Prediction 99 4.5.1 Interference Drag 100 4.5.2 Roughness and Excrescences 101 4.5.3 Corrections Dependent on Operation 102 4.5.4 Estimation of Maximum Subsonic L/D 102 4.5.5 Low-Speed Configuration 104 4.6 Viscous Drag Reduction 106 4.6.1 Wetted Area 107 4.6.2 Turbulent Friction Drag 108 4.6.3 Natural Laminar Flow 108 4.6.4 Laminar Flow Control 110 4.6.5 Hybrid Laminar Flow Control 111 4.6.6 Gains, Challenges and Barriers of LFC 112 4.7 Induced Drag Reduction 114 4.7.1 Wing Span 114 4.7.2 Spanwise Camber 115 4.7.3 Non-planar Wing Systems 115 Bibliography 115 5 From Tube and Wing to Flying Wing 121 5.1 The Case for Flying Wings 121 5.1.1 Northrop’s All-Wing Aircraft 121 5.1.2 Flying Wing Controversy 123 5.1.3 Whither All-Wing Airliners? 124 5.1.4 Fundamental Issues 126 5.2 Allocation of Useful Volume 127 5.2.1 Integration of the Useful Load 128 5.2.2 Study Ground Rules 128 5.2.3 Volume Ratio 129 5.2.4 Zero-Lift Drag 130 5.2.5 Generalized Aerodynamic Efficiency 131 5.2.6 Partial Optima 132 5.3 Survey of Aerodynamic Efficiency 134 5.3.1 Altitude Variation 134 5.3.2 Aspect Ratio and Span 135 5.3.3 Engine-Airframe Matching 136 5.4 Survey of the Parameter ML/D 138 5.4.1 Optimum Flight Conditions 138 5.4.2 The Drag Parameter 139 5.5 Integrated Configurations Compared 140 5.5.1 Conventional Baseline 141 5.5.2 Is a Wing Alone Sufficient? 143 5.5.3 Blended Wing Body 144 5.5.4 Hybrid Flying Wing 146 5.5.5 Span Loader 147 5.6 Flying Wing Design 149 5.6.1 Hang-Ups or Showstopper? 149 5.6.2 Structural Design and Weight 150 5.6.3 The Flying Wing: Will It Fly? 151 Bibliography 152 6 Clean Sheet Design 157 6.1 Dominant and Radical Configurations 157 6.1.1 Established Configurations 157 6.1.2 New Paradigms 159 6.2 Morphology of Shapes 159 6.2.1 Classification 160 6.2.2 Lifting Systems 160 6.2.3 Plan View Classification 162 6.2.4 Strut-Braced Wings 163 6.2.5 Propulsion and Concept Integration 164 6.3 Wing and Tail Configurations 165 6.3.1 Aerodynamic Limits 165 6.3.2 The Balanced Design 167 6.3.3 Evaluation 168 6.3.4 Relaxed Inherent Stability 169 6.4 Aircraft Featuring a Foreplane 169 6.4.1 Canard Configuration 170 6.4.2 Three-Surface Aircraft 172 6.5 Non-Planar Lifting Systems 173 6.5.1 Transonic Boxplane 173 6.5.2 C-Wing 175 6.6 Joined Wing Aircraft 177 6.6.1 Structural Principles and Weight 178 6.6.2 Aerodynamic Aspects 179 6.6.3 Stability and Control 180 6.6.4 Design Integration 181 6.7 Twin-Fuselage Aircraft 182 6.7.1 Design Integration 185 6.8 Hydrogen-Fuelled Commercial Transports 186 6.8.1 Properties of LH2 187 6.8.2 Fuel System 188 6.8.3 Handling Safety, Economics and Logistics 189 6.9 Promising Concepts 189 Bibliography 190 7 Aircraft Design Optimization 197 7.1 The Perfect Design: An Illusion? 197 7.2 Elements of Optimization 198 7.2.1 Design Parameters 198 7.2.2 Optimal Control and Discrete-Variable Optimization 199 7.2.3 Basic Terminology 200 7.2.4 Single-Objective Optimization 201 7.2.5 Unconstrained Optimizer 202 7.2.6 Constrained Optimizer 204 7.3 Analytical or Numerical Optimization? 206 7.3.1 Analytical Approach 206 7.3.2 Multivariate Optimization 207 7.3.3 Unconstrained Optimization 209 7.3.4 Constrained Optimization 210 7.3.5 Response Surface Approximation 211 7.3.6 Global Models 212 7.4 Large Optimization Problems 213 7.4.1 Concept Sizing and Evaluation 213 7.4.2 Multidisciplinary Optimization 214 7.4.3 System Decomposition 215 7.4.4 Multilevel Optimization 217 7.4.5 Multi-Objective Optimization 218 7.5 Practical Optimization in Conceptual Design 219 7.5.1 Arguments of the Sceptic 219 7.5.2 Problem Structure 220 7.5.3 Selecting Selection Variables 220 7.5.4 Design Sensitivity 222 7.5.5 The Objective Function 222 Bibliography 223 8 Theory of Optimum Weight 229 8.1 Weight Engineering: Core of Aircraft Design 229 8.1.1 Prediction Methods 230 8.1.2 Use of Statistics 231 8.2 Design Sensitivity 232 8.2.1 Problem Structure 232 8.2.2 Selection Variables 233 8.3 Jet Transport Empty Weight 234 8.3.1 Weight Breakdown 234 8.3.2 Wing Structure (Item 10) 235 8.3.3 Fuselage Structure (Item 11) 236 8.3.4 Empennage Structure (Items 12 and 13) 237 8.3.5 Landing Gear Structure (Item 14) 238 8.3.6 Power Plant and Engine Pylons (Items 2 and 15) 238 8.3.7 Systems, Furnishings and Operational Items (Items 3, 4 and 5) 238 8.3.8 Operating Empty Weight: Example 239 8.4 Design Sensitivity of Airframe Drag 239 8.4.1 Drag Decomposition 240 8.4.2 Aerodynamic Efficiency 242 8.5 Thrust, Power Plant and Fuel Weight 243 8.5.1 Installed Thrust and Power Plant Weight 243 8.5.2 Mission Fuel 245 8.5.3 Propulsion Weight Penalty 245 8.5.4 Wing and Propulsion Weight Fraction 248 8.5.5 Optimum Weight Fractions Compared 249 8.6 Take-Off Weight, Thrust and Fuel Efficiency 249 8.6.1 Maximum Take-Off Weight 249 8.6.2 Installed Thrust and Fuel Energy Efficiency 251 8.6.3 Unconstrained Optima Compared 252 8.6.4 Range for Given MTOW 253 8.6.5 Extended Range Version 254 8.7 Summary and Reflection 254 8.7.1 Which Figure of Merit? 254 8.7.2 Conclusion 256 8.7.3 Accuracy 257 Bibliography 257 9 Matching Engines and Airframe 261 9.1 Requirements and Constraints 261 9.2 Cruise-Sized Engines 262 9.2.1 Installed Take-Off Thrust 262 9.2.2 The Thumbprint 263 9.3 Low Speed Requirements 265 9.3.1 Stalling Speed 265 9.3.2 Take-Off Climb 266 9.3.3 Approach and Landing Climb 266 9.3.4 Second Segment Climb Gradient 267 9.4 Schematic Take-Off Analysis 267 9.4.1 Definitions of Take-Off Field Length 268 9.4.2 Take-Off Run 269 9.4.3 Airborne Distance 270 9.4.4 Take-Off Distance 270 9.4.5 Generalized Thrust and Span Loading Constraint 271 9.4.6 Minimum Thrust for Given TOFL 273 9.5 Approach and Landing 273 9.5.1 Landing Distance Analysis 273 9.5.2 Approach Speed and Wing Loading 274 9.6 Engine Selection and Installation 275 9.6.1 Identifying the Best Match 275 9.6.2 Initial Engine Assessment 276 9.6.3 Engine Selection 277 Bibliography 278 10 Elements of Aerodynamic Wing Design 281 10.1 Introduction 281 10.1.1 Problem Structure 282 10.1.2 Relation to Engine Selection 283 10.2 Planform Geometry 283 10.2.1 Wing Area and Design Lift Coefficient 285 10.2.2 Span and Aspect Ratio 286 10.3 Design Sensitivity Information 286 10.3.1 Aerodynamic Efficiency 287 10.3.2 Propulsion Weight Contribution 288 10.3.3 Wing and Tail Structure Weight 289 10.3.4 Wing Penalty Function and MTOW 290 10.4 Subsonic Aircraft Wing 291 10.4.1 Problem Structure 291 10.4.2 Unconstrained Optima 292 10.4.3 Minimum Propulsion Weight Penalty 294 10.4.4 Accuracy 294 10.5 Constrained Optima 295 10.5.1 Take-Off Field Length 296 10.5.2 Tank Volume 296 10.5.3 Wing and Tail Weight Fraction 297 10.5.4 Selection of the Design 297 10.6 Transonic Aircraft Wing 298 10.6.1 Geometry 298 10.6.2 Wing Drag in the Design Condition 299 10.6.3 Modified Wing Penalty Function 300 10.6.4 Thickness Ratio Limit 301 10.6.5 WPF Affected by Sweep Angle and Thickness Ratio 303 10.7 Lift Coefficient and Aspect Ratio 304 10.7.1 Partial Optima 304 10.7.2 Constraints 306 10.7.3 Refining the Optimization 307 10.8 Detailed Design 309 10.8.1 Taper and Lift Distribution 309 10.8.2 Camber and Twist Distribution 310 10.8.3 Forward Swept Wing (FSW) 311 10.8.4 Wing-Tip Devices 312 10.9 High Lift Devices 313 10.9.1 Aerodynamic Effects 313 10.9.2 Design Aspects 314 Bibliography 315 11 The Wing Structure and ItsWeight 319 11.1 Introduction 319 11.1.1 Statistics can be Useful 319 11.1.2 Quasi-Analytical Weight Prediction 320 11.2 Methodology 321 11.2.1 Weight Breakdown and Structural Concept 321 11.2.2 Basic Approach 323 11.2.3 Load Factors 324 11.3 Basic Wing Box 326 11.3.1 Bending due to Lift 326 11.3.2 Bending Material 331 11.3.3 Shear Material 333 11.3.4 In-Plane Loads and Torsion 334 11.3.5 Ribs 334 11.4 Inertia Relief and Design Loads 335 11.4.1 Relief due to Fixed Masses 336 11.4.2 Weight-Critical UL and Design Weights 337 11.5 Non-Ideal Weight 338 11.5.1 Non-Taper, Joints and Fasteners 339 11.5.2 Fail Safety and Damage Tolerance 340 11.5.3 Manholes and Access Hatches 340 11.5.4 Reinforcements, Attachments and Support Structure 341 11.5.5 Dynamic Over Swing 342 11.5.6 Torsional Stiffness 342 11.6 Secondary Structures and Miscellaneous Items 344 11.6.1 Fixed Leading Edge 345 11.6.2 Leading Edge High-Lift Devices 345 11.6.3 Fixed Trailing Edge 346 11.6.4 Trailing Edge Flaps 346 11.6.5 Flight Control Devices 348 11.6.6 Tip Structures 348 11.6.7 Miscellaneous Items 349 11.7 Stress Levels in Aluminium Alloys 349 11.7.1 Lower Panels 350 11.7.2 Upper Panels 350 11.7.3 Shear Stress in Spar Webs 352 11.8 Refinements 352 11.8.1 Tip Extensions 352 11.8.2 Centre Section 353 11.8.3 Compound Taper 354 11.8.4 Exposed Wing Lift 355 11.8.5 Advanced Materials 355 11.9 Application 357 11.9.1 Basic Ideal Structure Weight 357 11.9.2 Refined Ideal Structure Weight 358 11.9.3 Wing Structure Weight 359 11.9.4 Accuracy 359 11.9.5 Conclusion 360 Bibliography 361 12 Unified Cruise Performance 363 12.1 Introduction 363 12.1.1 Classical Solutions 363 12.1.2 Unified Cruise Performance 364 12.1.3 Specific Range and the Range Parameter 365 12.2 Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency 366 12.2.1 Logarithmic Drag Derivatives 368 12.2.2 Interpretation of Log-Derivatives 369 12.2.3 Altitude Constraint 370 12.3 The Parameter ML/D 371 12.3.1 Subsonic Flight Mach Number 371 12.3.2 Transonic Flight Mach Number 372 12.4 The Range Parameter 374 12.4.1 Unconstrained Optima 374 12.4.2 Constrained Optima 376 12.4.3 Interpretation of ηM 376 12.4.4 Optimum Cruise Condition 378 12.5 Range in Cruising Flight 379 12.5.1 Br´eguet Range Equation 379 12.5.2 Continuous Cruise/Climb 380 12.5.3 Horizontal Cruise, Constant Speed 381 12.5.4 Horizontal Cruise, Constant Lift Coefficient 381 12.6 Cruise Procedures and Mission Fuel 382 12.6.1 Subsonic Flight 382 12.6.2 Transonic Flight 383 12.6.3 Cruise Fuel 384 12.6.4 Mission Fuel 385 12.6.5 Reserve Fuel 387 12.7 Reflection 388 12.7.1 Summary of Results 388 12.7.2 The Design Connection 389 Bibliography 390 A Volumes, Surface and Wetted Areas 393 A.1 Wing 393 A.2 Fuselage 394 A.3 Tail Surfaces 395 A.4 Engine Nacelles and Pylons 395 A.5 Airframe Wetted Area 395 Bibliography 396 B International Standard Atmosphere 397 C Abbreviations 399 Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis book concentrates on modeling and numerical simulations of combustion in liquid rocket engines, covering liquid propellant atomization, evaporation of liquid droplets, turbulent flows, turbulent combustion, heat transfer, and combustion instability. It presents some state of the art models and numerical methodologies in this area. The book can be categorized into two parts. Part 1 describes the modeling for each subtopic of the combustion process in the liquid rocket engines. Part 2 presents detailed numerical methodology and several representative applications in simulations of rocket engine combustion.Table of ContentsPreface x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Basic Configuration of Liquid Rocket Engines 2 1.1.1 Propellant Feed System 2 1.1.2 Thrust Chamber 6 1.2 Internal Combustion Processes of Liquid Rocket Engines 13 1.2.1 Start and Shutdown 13 1.2.2 Combustion Process 15 1.2.3 Performance Parameters in Working Process 18 1.3 Characteristics and Development History of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 19 1.3.1 Benefits of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 19 1.3.2 Main Contents of Numerical Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Operating Process 19 1.3.3 Development of Numerical Simulations of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 21 1.4 Governing Equations of Chemical Fluid Dynamics 22 1.5 Outline of this Book 24 References 25 2 Physical Mechanism and Numerical Modeling of Liquid Propellant Atomization 26 2.1 Types and Functions of Injectors in a Liquid Rocket Engine 27 2.2 Atomization Mechanism of Liquid Propellant 28 2.2.1 Formation of Static Liquid Droplet 28 2.2.2 Breakup of Cylindrical Liquid Jet 29 2.2.3 Liquid Sheet Breakup 36 2.2.4 Droplet Secondary Breakup 43 2.3 Characteristics of Atomization in Liquid Rocket Engines 48 2.3.1 Distribution Function of the Droplet Size 51 2.3.2 Mean Diameter and Characteristic Diameter 53 2.3.3 Measurement of Spray Size Distribution 55 2.4 Atomization Modeling for Liquid Rocket Engine Atomizers 59 2.4.1 Straight-flow Injector 60 2.4.2 Centrifugal Injector 60 2.4.3 Impinging-stream Injectors 64 2.4.4 Coaxial Shear Injector 70 2.4.5 Coaxial Centrifugal Injectors 70 2.5 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Propellant Atomization 75 2.5.1 Theoretical Models of Liquid Propellant Atomization 75 2.5.2 Quasi-fluid Models 80 2.5.3 Particle Trajectory Models 81 2.5.4 Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization Using Interface Tracking Method 85 2.5.5 Liquid Jet Structure – Varying Flow Conditions 91 References 94 3 Modeling of Droplet Evaporation and Combustion 97 3.1 Theory for Quasi-Steady Evaporation and Combustion of a Single Droplet at Atmospheric Pressure 97 3.1.1 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Single Droplet in the Static Gas without Combustion 98 3.1.2 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Droplet in a Static Gas with Combustion 103 3.1.3 Non-Combustion Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Flow 107 3.1.4 Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Medium with Combustion 108 3.2 Evaporation Model for a Single Droplet under High Pressure 109 3.2.1 ZKS Droplet High Pressure Evaporation Theory 110 3.2.2 Application of the Liquid Activity Coefficient to Calculate the Gas–Liquid Equilibrium at a High Pressure 115 3.3 Subcritical Evaporation Response Characteristics of Propellant Droplet in Oscillatory Environments 117 3.3.1 Physical Model 118 3.3.2 Examples and the Analysis of Results 120 3.4 Multicomponent Fuel Droplet Evaporation Model 123 3.4.1 Simple Multicomponent Droplet Evaporation Model 124 3.4.2 Continuous Thermodynamics Model of Complex Multicomponent Mixture Droplet Evaporation 135 3.5 Droplet Group Evaporation 145 3.5.1 Definition of Group Combustion Number 146 3.5.2 Droplet Group Combustion Model 146 References 149 4 Modeling of Turbulence 151 4.1 Turbulence Modeling in RANS 152 4.1.1 Algebraic Model 153 4.1.2 One-Equation Model 154 4.1.3 Two-Equation Models 156 4.1.4 Turbulence Model Modification 161 4.1.5 Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model 165 4.1.6 Reynolds-Stress Model 170 4.1.7 Comments on the Models 173 4.2 Theories and Equations of Large Eddy Simulation 174 4.2.1 Philosophy behind LES 174 4.2.2 LES Governing Equations 175 4.2.3 Subgrid-Scale Model 176 4.2.4 Hybrid RANS/LES Methods 182 4.3 Two-Phase Turbulence Model 187 4.3.1 Hinze–Tchen Algebraic Model for Particle Turbulence 187 4.3.2 Two-Phase Turbulence Model k-ε-kp and k-ε-Ap 188 References 189 5 Turbulent Combustion Model 192 5.1 Average of Chemical Reaction Term 192 5.2 Presumed PDF—Fast Chemistry Model for Diffusion Flame 194 5.2.1 Concepts and Assumptions 195 5.2.2 κ−ε−Z −g Equations 197 5.2.3 Probability Density Distribution Function 197 5.2.4 Presumed PDF 198 5.2.5 Truncated Gaussian PDF 200 5.3 Finite Rate EBU—Arrhenius Model for Premixed Flames 201 5.4 Moment-Equation Model 202 5.4.1 Time-Averaged Chemical Reaction Rate 203 5.4.2 Closure for the Moments 203 5.5 Flamelet Model for Turbulent Combustion 204 5.5.1 Diffusion Flamelet Model 205 5.5.2 Premixed Flamelet Model 206 5.6 Transported PDF Method for Turbulent Combustion 208 5.6.1 Transport Equations of the Probability Density Function 208 5.6.2 The Closure Problem of Turbulence PDF Equation 211 5.6.3 Transport Equation for the Single-Point Joint PDF with Density-Weighted Average 212 5.6.4 Solution Algorithm for the Transport Equation of Probability Density Function 212 5.7 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion 214 5.7.1 Governing Equations of Large Eddy Simulation for Turbulent Combustion 214 5.7.2 Sub-Grid Scale Combustion Models 218 References 226 6 Heat Transfer Modeling and Simulation 228 6.1 Convective Heat Transfer Model of Combustor Wall 228 6.1.1 Model of Gas Convection Heat 229 6.1.2 Convection Cooling Model 232 6.2 Heat Conduction Model of Combustor Wall 235 6.2.1 Fourier Heat Conduction Law 235 6.2.2 1D Steady Heat Conduction 235 6.2.3 2D Steady Heat Conduction 237 6.2.4 Unsteady Heat Conduction 237 6.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Model 238 6.3.1 Basic Law of Radiation 238 6.3.2 Empirical Model of Radiation Heat Flux Density Calculation 245 6.3.3 Numerical Simulation of Combustion Heat Radiation 246 References 254 7 The Model of Combustion Instability 255 7.1 Overview 255 7.1.1 Behavior of Combustion Instability 256 7.1.2 Classification of Combustion Instability 257 7.1.3 Characteristics of Combustion Instability 259 7.2 Acoustic Basis of Combustion Instability 260 7.2.1 Rayleigh Criterion for Acoustic Oscillations Arising from Heat or Mass Supply 260 7.2.2 Acoustic and Acoustic Oscillations 261 7.2.3 Acoustic Modes in the Combustion Chamber 263 7.2.4 Self-Excited Oscillations in Rocket Engines 267 7.3 Response Characteristics of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 269 7.3.1 Response Characteristics of the Propellant Supply System 269 7.3.2 Response Characteristics of Spray Atomization Process 271 7.3.3 Response Characteristics of Droplet Evaporation Process 272 7.4 Sensitive Time Delay Model n−τ 272 7.4.1 Combustion Time Delay 272 7.4.2 Sensitive Time Delay Model 273 7.5 Nonlinear Theory for Combustion Stability in Liquid Rocket Engines 283 7.5.1 Nonlinear Field Oscillator Model 286 7.5.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Acoustic Model 287 7.5.3 Spatio-Temporal Interaction Dynamic Model 291 7.5.4 General Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion Instability 293 7.6 Control of Unstable Combustion 295 7.6.1 Passive Control 295 7.6.2 Active Control 297 7.6.3 A Third Control Method 298 References 300 8 Numerical Method and Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Process 302 8.1 Governing Equations of Two-Phase Multicomponent Reaction Flows 302 8.1.1 Gas Phase Governing Equation 303 8.1.2 Liquid Particle Trajectory Model 305 8.1.3 Turbulence Model 308 8.1.4 Droplets Atomizing Model 309 8.1.5 Droplet Evaporation Model 311 8.1.6 Chemical Reaction Kinetics Model 313 8.2 Numerical Methodology 314 8.2.1 Overview 314 8.2.2 The Commonly-Used Discretization Scheme 315 8.2.3 Discrete Equations 320 8.2.4 Discretization of the Momentum Equation Based on the Staggered Grid 323 8.2.5 The SIMPLE Algorithm of Flow Field Computing 326 8.2.6 PISO Algorithm 329 8.3 Grid Generation Techniques 334 8.3.1 Structured Grid Generation Technology 334 8.3.2 Unstructured Mesh Generation Techniques 338 8.4 Simulations of Combustion in Liquid Rocket Engines and Results Analysis 340 8.4.1 Numerical Analysis of Dual-States Hydrogen Engine Combustion and Heat Transfer Processes 340 8.4.2 Numerical Heat Transfer Simulation of a Three-Component Thrust Chamber 349 8.4.3 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Stability 356 References 376 Index 377

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Flight Testing Introduction to Flight Testing Provides an introduction to the basic flight testing methods employed on general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles Introduction to Flight Testing provides a concise introduction to the basic flight testing methods employed on general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles for courses in aeronautical engineering. There is particular emphasis on the use of modern on-board instruments and inexpensive, off-the-shelf portable devices that make flight testing accessible to nearly any student. This text presents a clear articulation of standard methods for measuring aircraft performance characteristics. Topics covered include aircraft and instruments, digital data acquisition techniques, flight test planning, the standard atmosphere, uncertainty analysis, level flight performance, airspeed calibration, stall, climb and glide, take-off and landing, level turn, static and dynamic longitudinal stability, lateral-dTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Series Preface xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Case Study: Supersonic Flight in the Bell XS-1 3 1.2 Types of Flight Testing 9 1.2.1 Scientific Research 9 1.2.2 Experimental Flight Test 12 1.2.3 Developmental Test and Evaluation 14 1.2.4 Operational Test and Evaluation 14 1.2.5 Airworthiness Certification 15 1.3 Objectives and Organization of this Book 17 Nomenclature 18 Acronyms and Abbreviations 19 References 19 2 The Flight Environment: Standard Atmosphere 22 2.1 Earth’s Atmosphere 23 2.2 Standard Atmosphere Model 24 2.2.1 Hydrostatics 24 2.2.2 Gravitational Acceleration and Altitude Definitions 25 2.2.3 Temperature 26 2.2.4 Viscosity 27 2.2.5 Pressure and Density 28 2.2.6 Operationalizing the Standard Atmosphere 29 2.2.7 Comparison with Experimental Data 30 2.3 Altitudes Used in Aviation 32 Nomenclature 34 Subscripts 34 Acronyms and Abbreviations 35 References 35 3 Aircraft and Flight Test Instrumentation 36 3.1 Traditional Cockpit Instruments 36 3.1.1 Gyroscopic-Based Instruments 38 3.1.2 Pressure-Based Instruments 38 3.1.3 Outside Air Temperature 41 3.1.4 Other Instrumentation 42 3.2 Glass Cockpit Instruments 42 3.3 Flight Test Instrumentation 45 3.3.1 Global Navigation Satellite System 46 3.3.2 Accelerometers 49 3.3.3 Gyroscopes 49 3.3.4 Magnetometers 50 3.3.5 Barometer 51 3.3.6 Fusion of Sensor Data Streams 51 3.4 Summary 52 Nomenclature 54 Subscripts 54 Acronyms and Abbreviations 54 References 55 4 Data Acquisition and Analysis 56 4.1 Temporal and Spectral Analysis 56 4.2 Filtering 61 4.3 Digital Sampling: Bit Depth Resolution and Sample Rate 63 4.4 Aliasing 66 4.5 Flight Testing Example 69 4.6 Summary 69 Nomenclature 70 Subscripts 70 Acronyms and Abbreviations 70 References 71 5 Uncertainty Analysis 72 5.1 Error Theory 73 5.1.1 Types of Errors 73 5.1.2 Statistics of Random Error 76 5.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Propagation 77 5.1.4 Overall Uncertainty Estimate 79 5.1.5 Chauvenet’s Criterion for Outliers 79 5.1.6 Monte Carlo Simulation 80 5.2 Basic Error Sources in Flight Testing 81 5.2.1 Uncertainty of Flight Test Instrumentation 81 5.2.2 Example: Uncertainty in Density (Traditional Approach) 85 5.2.3 Example: Uncertainty in True Airspeed (Monte Carlo Approach) 86 Nomenclature 88 Subscripts 89 Acronyms and Abbreviations 89 References 89 6 Flight Test Planning 90 6.1 Flight Test Process 90 6.2 Risk Management 93 6.3 Case Study: Accept No Unnecessary Risk 96 6.4 Individual Flight Planning 97 6.4.1 Flight Area and Airspace 98 6.4.2 Weather and NOTAMs 99 6.4.3 Weight and Balance 100 6.4.4 Airplane Pre-Flight 103 6.5 Conclusion 105 Nomenclature 105 Acronyms and Abbreviations 105 References 105 7 Drag Polar Measurement in Level Flight 107 7.1 Theory 107 7.1.1 Drag Polar and Power Required for Level Flight 107 7.1.2 The PIW–VIW Method 112 7.1.3 Internal Combustion Engine Performance 114 7.1.4 Propeller Performance 119 7.2 Flight Testing Procedures 124 7.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 125 Nomenclature 127 Acronyms and Abbreviations 129 References 129 8 Airspeed Calibration 132 8.1 Theory 132 8.1.1 True Airspeed 134 8.1.2 Equivalent Airspeed 134 8.1.3 Calibrated Airspeed 135 8.1.4 Indicated Airspeed 137 8.1.5 Summary 137 8.2 Measurement Errors 138 8.2.1 Instrument Error 138 8.2.2 System Lag 138 8.2.3 Position Error 139 8.3 Airspeed Calibration Methods 142 8.3.1 Boom-Mounted Probes 143 8.3.2 Trailing Devices and Pacer Aircraft 143 8.3.3 Ground-Based Methods 145 8.3.4 Global Positioning System Method 145 8.4 Flight Testing Procedures 147 8.5 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 148 Nomenclature 150 Subscripts 151 Acronyms and Abbreviations 151 References 151 9 Climb Performance and Level Acceleration to Measure Excess Power 153 9.1 Theory 153 9.1.1 Steady Climbs 154 9.1.2 Energy Methods 160 9.2 Flight Testing Procedures 165 9.2.1 Direct Measurement of Rate of Climb 165 9.2.2 Measurement of Level Acceleration 166 9.3 Data Analysis 167 9.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 168 Nomenclature 172 Subscripts 173 Acronyms and Abbreviations 173 References 174 10 Glide Speed and Distance 175 10.1 Theory 176 10.1.1 Drag Polar 176 10.1.2 Gliding Flight 179 10.1.3 Glide Hodograph 180 10.1.4 Best Glide Condition 181 10.2 Flight Testing Procedures 183 10.3 Data Analysis 185 10.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 186 Nomenclature 188 Subscripts 188 Acronyms and Abbreviations 189 References 189 11 Takeoff and Landing 190 11.1 Theory 190 11.1.1 Takeoff Ground Roll 191 11.1.2 Landing Ground Roll 193 11.1.3 Rotation Distance 194 11.1.4 Transition Distance 194 11.1.5 Climb Distance 195 11.1.6 Total Takeoff and Landing Distances 195 11.1.7 Simple Estimations 195 11.2 Measurement Methods 196 11.3 Flight Testing Procedures 197 11.3.1 Standard Flight Procedures 197 11.3.2 Flight Test Procedures 199 11.3.3 Data Acquisition 200 11.3.4 Data Analysis 200 11.4 Flight Test Example: Cessna R182 201 Nomenclature 202 Subscripts 203 Acronyms and Abbreviations 204 References 204 12 Stall Speed 205 12.1 Theory 206 12.1.1 Viscous Boundary Layers 207 12.1.2 Flow Separation 208 12.1.3 Two-Dimensional Stall Characteristics 209 12.1.4 Three-Dimensional Stall Characteristics 211 12.1.5 Stall Control 211 12.1.6 Stall Prediction 213 12.2 Flight Testing Procedures 214 12.2.1 Flight Characteristics 214 12.2.2 Data Acquisition 216 12.3 Data Analysis 217 12.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 219 Nomenclature 221 Subscripts 222 Acronyms and Abbreviations 222 References 222 13 Turning Flight 224 13.1 Theory 224 13.2 Flight Testing Procedures 232 13.2.1 Airworthiness Certification 232 13.2.2 Educational Flight Testing 233 13.2.3 Piloting 233 13.2.4 Instrumentation and Data Recording 234 13.3 Flight Test Example: Diamond DA40 235 Nomenclature 236 Subscripts 237 Acronyms and Abbreviations 237 References 237 14 Longitudinal Stability 238 14.1 Static Longitudinal Stability 238 14.1.1 Theory 238 14.1.2 Trim Condition 242 14.1.3 Flight Testing Procedures 244 14.1.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 245 14.2 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 246 14.2.1 Theory 246 14.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures 254 14.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 255 Nomenclature 257 Subscripts 259 Acronyms and Abbreviations 259 References 259 15 Lateral-Directional Stability 261 15.1 Static Lateral-Directional Stability 261 15.1.1 Theory 261 15.1.2 Directional Stability 264 15.1.3 Lateral Stability 265 15.1.4 Flight Testing Procedures 266 15.1.5 Flight Testing Example: Cirrus SR20 267 15.2 Dynamic Lateral-Directional Stability 269 15.2.1 Theory 269 15.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures 272 15.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 272 Nomenclature 274 Acronyms and Abbreviations 275 References 275 16 UAV Flight Testing 277 16.1 Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 277 16.2 UAV Design Principles and Features 279 16.2.1 Types of Airframes 280 16.2.2 UAV System Architecture 281 16.2.3 Electric Propulsion 285 16.2.4 Command and Control (C2) Link 286 16.2.5 Autonomy 287 16.3 Flight Regulations 288 16.4 Flight Testing Principles 288 16.4.1 Air Data Instrumentation 289 16.4.2 UAV Flight Test Planning 290 16.4.3 Piloting for UAV Flight Testing 290 16.5 Flight Testing Examples with the Peregrine UAS 291 16.5.1 Overview of the Peregrine UAS 291 16.5.2 Propulsion System Characterization 293 16.5.3 Specific Excess Power: Level Acceleration and Rate of Climb 294 16.5.4 Glide Flight Tests 296 16.6 Flight Testing Examples with the Avanti UAS 299 16.6.1 Overview of the Avanti UAS 299 16.6.2 Coast-Down Testing for the Drag Polar 301 16.6.3 Radio Range Testing 303 16.6.4 Assessment of Autonomous System Performance 305 16.7 Conclusion 305 Nomenclature 307 Acronyms and Abbreviations 307 References 308 Appendix A Standard Atmosphere Tables 310 Appendix B Useful Constants and Unit Conversion Factors 313 Reference 317 Appendix C Stability and Control Derivatives for a Notional GA Aircraft 318 Reference 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisTheory and Practice of Aircraft Performance aims to provide close to industry standard computations and engineering approaches necessary for success working in industry. Both civil and military aircraft are studied. The book begins with fundamental aerodynamic and aircraft design considerations.Table of ContentsPreface xix Series Preface xxi Road Map of the Book xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Nomenclature xxxi Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Brief Historical Background 1 1.2.1 Flight in Mythology 1 1.2.2 Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries 1 1.2.3 From 1900 to World War I (1914) 3 1.2.4 World War I (1914–1918) 4 1.2.5 The Inter‐War Period: the Golden Age (1918–1939) 7 1.2.6 World War II (1939–1945) 7 1.2.7 Post World War II 8 1.3 Current Aircraft Design Status 8 1.3.1 Current Civil Aircraft Trends 9 1.3.2 Current Military Aircraft Trends 10 1.4 Future Trends 11 1.4.1 Trends in Civil Aircraft 11 1.4.2 Trends in Military Aircraft 13 1.4.3 Forces and Drivers 14 1.5 Airworthiness Requirements 14 1.6 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels 16 1.7 Market Survey 17 1.8 Typical Design Process 19 1.8.1 Four Phases of Aircraft Design 19 1.9 Classroom Learning Process 23 1.10 Cost Implications 25 1.11 Units and Dimensions 26 1.12 Use of Semi‐empirical Relations and Graphs 26 1.13 How Do Aircraft Fly? 26 1.13.1 Classification of Flight Mechanics 27 1.14 Anatomy of Aircraft 27 1.14.1 Comparison between Civil and Military Design Requirements 30 1.15 Aircraft Motion and Forces 30 1.15.1 Motion – Kinematics 31 1.15.2 Forces – Kinetics 33 1.15.3 Aerodynamic Parameters – Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment 34 1.15.4 Basic Controls – Sign Convention 34 References 36 2 Aerodynamic and Aircraft Design Considerations 37 2.1 Overview 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Atmosphere 39 2.3.1 Hydrostatic Equations and Standard Atmosphere 39 2.3.2 Non‐standard/Off‐standard Atmosphere 47 2.3.3 Altitude Definitions – Density Altitude (Off‐standard) 48 2.3.4 Humidity Effects 50 2.3.5 Greenhouse Gases Effect 50 2.4 Airflow Behaviour: Laminar and Turbulent 51 2.4.1 Flow Past an Aerofoil 55 2.5 Aerofoil 56 2.5.1 Subsonic Aerofoil 57 2.5.2 Supersonic Aerofoil 64 2.6 Generation of Lift 64 2.6.1 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 66 2.6.2 Relation between Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 68 2.7 Types of Stall 71 2.7.1 Buffet 71 2.8 Comparison of Three NACA Aerofoils 72 2.9 High‐Lift Devices 73 2.10 Transonic Effects – Area Rule 74 2.10.1 Compressibility Correction 75 2.11 Wing Aerodynamics 76 2.11.1 Induced Drag and Total Aircraft Drag 79 2.12 Aspect Ratio Correction of 2D‐Aerofoil Characteristics for 3D‐Finite Wing 79 2.13 Wing Definitions 81 2.13.1 Planform Area, S W 81 2.13.2 Wing Aspect Ratio 82 2.13.3 Wing‐Sweep Angle 82 2.13.4 Wing Root (c root) and Tip (c tip) Chords 82 2.13.5 Wing‐Taper Ratio, λ 82 2.13.6 Wing Twist 82 2.13.7 High/Low Wing 83 2.13.8 Dihedral/Anhedral Angles 83 2.14 Mean Aerodynamic Chord 84 2.15 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep 86 2.16 Wing‐Stall Pattern and Wing Twist 87 2.17 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics 88 2.17.1 The Square‐Cube Law 88 2.17.2 Aircraft Wetted Area (A W) versus Wing Planform Area (S W)89 2.17.3 Additional Wing Surface Vortex Lift – Strake/Canard 90 2.17.4 Additional Surfaces on Wing – Flaps/Slats and High‐Lift Devices 91 2.17.5 Other Additional Surfaces on Wing 91 2.18 Empennage 92 2.18.1 Tail‐arm 95 2.18.2 Horizontal Tail (H‐Tail) 95 2.18.3 Vertical Tail (V‐Tail) 96 2.18.4 Tail‐Volume Coefficients 96 2.19 Fuselage 98 2.19.1 Fuselage Axis/Zero‐Reference Plane 98 2.19.2 Fuselage Length, L fus 98 2.19.3 Fineness Ratio, FR 99 2.19.4 Fuselage Upsweep Angle 99 2.19.5 Fuselage Closure Angle 99 2.19.6 Front Fuselage Closure Length, L f 99 2.19.7 Aft Fuselage Closure Length, L a 99 2.19.8 Mid‐Fuselage Constant Cross‐Section length, l m 99 2.19.9 Fuselage Height, H 99 2.19.10 Fuselage Width, W 100 2.19.11 Average Diameter, D ave 100 2.20 Nacelle and Intake 100 2.20.1 Large Commercial/Military Logistic and Old Bombers Nacelle Group 101 2.20.2 Small Civil Aircraft Nacelle Position 103 2.20.3 Intake/Nacelle Group (Military Aircraft) 104 2.20.4 Futuristic Aircraft Nacelle Positions 106 2.21 Speed Brakes and Dive Brakes 106 References 106 3 Air Data Measuring Instruments, Systems and Parameters 109 3.1 Overview 109 3.2 Introduction 109 3.3 Aircraft Speed 110 3.3.1 Definitions Related to Aircraft Velocity 111 3.3.2 Theory Related to Computing Aircraft Velocity 112 3.3.3 Aircraft Speed in Flight Deck Instruments 116 3.3.4 Atmosphere with Wind Speed (Non‐zero Wind) 117 3.3.5 Calibrated Airspeed 118 3.3.6 Compressibility Correction (∆V c ) 120 3.3.7 Other Position Error Corrections 122 3.4 Air Data Instruments 122 3.4.1 Altitude Measurement – Altimeter 123 3.4.2 Airspeed Measuring Instrument – Pitot‐Static Tube 125 3.4.3 Angle‐of‐Attack Probe 126 3.4.4 Vertical Speed Indicator 126 3.4.5 Temperature Measurement 127 3.4.6 Turn‐Slip Indicator 127 3.5 Aircraft Flight‐Deck (Cockpit) Layout 128 3.5.1 Multifunctional Displays and Electronic Flight Information Systems 129 3.5.2 Combat Aircraft Flight Deck 131 3.5.3 Head‐Up Display (HUD) 132 3.6 Aircraft Mass (Weights) and Centre of Gravity 133 3.6.1 Aircraft Mass (Weights) Breakdown 133 3.6.2 Desirable CG Position 134 3.6.3 Weights Summary – Civil Aircraft 136 3.6.4 CG Determination – Civil Aircraft 137 3.6.5 Bizjet Aircraft CG Location – Classroom Example 138 3.6.6 Weights Summary – Military Aircraft 138 3.6.7 CG Determination – Military Aircraft 138 3.6.8 Classroom Worked Example – Military AJT CG Location 138 3.7 Noise Emissions 141 3.7.1 Airworthiness Requirements 142 3.7.2 Summary 145 3.8 Engine‐Exhaust Emissions 145 3.9 Aircraft Systems 146 3.9.1 Aircraft Control System 146 3.9.2 ECS: Cabin Pressurization and Air‐Conditioning 148 3.9.3 Oxygen Supply 149 3.9.4 Anti‐icing, De‐icing, Defogging and Rain Removal System 149 3.10 Low Observable (LO) Aircraft Configuration 150 3.10.1 Heat Signature 150 3.10.2 Radar Signature 150 References 152 4 Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 153 4.1 Overview 153 4.2 Introduction 154 4.3 Definitions of Frames of Reference (Flat Stationary E arth) and Nomenclature Used 154 4.3.1 Notation and Symbols Used in this Chapter 157 4.4 Eulerian Angles 158 4.4.1 Transformation of Eulerian Angles 159 4.5 Simplified Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 161 4.5.1 Important Aerodynamic Angles 161 4.5.2 In Pitch Plane (Vertical XZ Plane) 162 4.5.3 In Yaw Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Coordinated Turn 164 4.5.4 In Pitch‐Yaw Plane – Coordinated Climb‐Turn (Helical Trajectory) 165 4.5.5 Discussion on Turn 166 Reference 167 5 Aircraft Load 169 5.1 Overview 169 5.2 Introduction 169 5.2.1 Buffet 170 5.2.2 Flutter 170 5.3 Flight Manoeuvres 171 5.3.1 Pitch Plane (X‐Z) Manoeuvre 171 5.3.2 Roll Plane (Y‐Z) Manoeuvre 171 5.3.3 Yaw Plane (Y‐X) Manoeuvre 171 5.4 Aircraft Loads 171 5.5 Theory and Definitions 172 5.5.1 Load Factor, n 172 5.6 Limits – Loads and Speeds 173 5.6.1 Maximum Limit of Load Factor 174 5.7 V‐n Diagram174 5.7.1 Speed Limits 175 5.7.2 Extreme Points of the V‐n Diagram 175 5.7.3 Low Speed Limit 177 5.7.4 Manoeuvre Envelope Construction 178 5.7.5 High Speed Limit 179 5.8 Gust Envelope 179 5.8.1 Gust Load Equations 180 5.8.2 Gust Envelope Construction 182 Reference 183 6 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Performance 185 6.1 Overview 185 6.2 Introduction 185 6.3 Static and Dynamic Stability 186 6.3.1 Longitudinal Stability – Pitch Plane (Pitch Moment, M)188 6.3.2 Directional Stability – Yaw Plane (Yaw Moment, N)188 6.3.3 Lateral Stability – Roll Plane (Roll Moment, L)189 6.4 Theory 192 6.4.1 Pitch Plane 192 6.4.2 Yaw Plane 195 6.4.3 Roll Plane 196 6.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients197 6.6 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design 198 6.6.1 Short‐Period Oscillation and Phugoid Motion 198 6.6.2 Directional/Lateral Modes of Motion 200 6.7 Spinning 202 6.8 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability 203 6.8.1 Civil Aircraft 203 6.8.2 Military Aircraft – Non‐linear Effects 204 6.8.3 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly‐by‐Wire 205 References 207 7 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration 209 7.1 Overview 209 7.2 Background 209 7.3 Definitions 214 7.4 Air‐Breathing Aircraft Engine Types 215 7.4.1 Simple Straight‐through Turbojets 215 7.4.2 Turbofan – Bypass Engine 216 7.4.3 Afterburner Jet Engines 216 7.4.4 Turboprop Engines 218 7.4.5 Piston Engines 218 7.5 Simplified Representation of Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle 219 7.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case 221 7.6.1 Simple Straight‐through Turbojets 221 7.6.2 Bypass Turbofan Engines 222 7.6.3 Afterburner Jet Engines 224 7.6.4 Turboprop Engines 226 7.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects 226 7.7.1 Subsonic Civil Aircraft Nacelle and Engine Installation 227 7.7.2 Turboprop Integration to Aircraft 229 7.7.3 Combat Aircraft Engine Installation 230 7.8 Intake/Nozzle Design 231 7.8.1 Civil Aircraft Intake Design 231 7.8.2 Military Aircraft Intake Design 232 7.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser 233 7.9.1 Civil Aircraft Exhaust Nozzles 233 7.9.2 Military Aircraft TR Application and Exhaust Nozzles 233 7.10 Propeller 234 7.10.1 Propeller‐Related Definitions 236 7.10.2 Propeller Theory 237 7.10.3 Propeller Performance – Practical Engineering Applications 243 7.10.4 Propeller Performance – Three‐ to Four‐Bladed 246 References 246 8 Aircraft Power Plant Performance 247 8.1 Overview 247 8.2 Introduction 248 8.2.1 Engine Performance Ratings 248 8.2.2 Turbofan Engine Parameters 249 8.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft 250 8.3.1 Turbofans with BPR around 4 252 8.3.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6 252 8.4 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Military Aircraft 254 8.5 Uninstalled Turboprop Engine Performance Data 255 8.5.1 Typical Turboprop Performance 257 8.6 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft 257 8.6.1 Turbofan Engine (Smaller Engines for Bizjets – BPR ≈ 4)257 8.6.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6 (Larger Jets) 260 8.6.3 Military Turbofan (Very Low BPR)260 8.7 Installed Turboprop Performance Data 261 8.7.1 Typical Turboprop Performance 261 8.7.2 Propeller Performance – Worked Example 262 8.8 Piston Engine 264 8.9 Engine Performance Grid 267 8.9.1 Installed Maximum Climb Rating (TFE 731‐20 Class Turbofan) 269 8.9.2 Maximum Cruise Rating (TFE731‐20 Class Turbofan) 270 8.10 Some Turbofan Data 272 Reference 273 9 Aircraft Drag 275 9.1 Overview 275 9.2 Introduction 275 9.3 Parasite Drag Definition 277 9.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic) 278 9.5 Aircraft Drag Formulation 279 9.6 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.7 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.7.1 Geometric Parameters, Reynolds Number and Basic C F Determination 282 9.7.2 Computation of Wetted Area 283 9.7.3 Stepwise Approach to Computing Minimum Parasite Drag 283 9.8 Semi‐Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft Component Parasite Drag 284 9.8.1 Fuselage 284 9.8.2 Wing, Empennage, Pylons and Winglets 287 9.8.3 Nacelle Drag 289 9.8.4 Excrescence Drag 293 9.8.5 Miscellaneous Parasite Drags 294 9.9 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections 295 9.10 Minimum Parasite Drag 296 9.11 ΔCDp Estimation 296 9.12 Subsonic Wave Drag 296 9.13 Total Aircraft Drag 298 9.14 Low‐Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing 298 9.14.1 High‐Lift Device Drag 298 9.14.2 Dive Brakes and Spoilers Drag 302 9.14.3 Undercarriage Drag 302 9.14.4 One‐Engine Inoperative Drag 303 9.15 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Drag 304 9.16 Military Aircraft Drag 304 9.17 Supersonic Drag 305 9.18 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft 306 9.18.1 Geometric and Performance Data 306 9.18.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic C F 309 9.18.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects 310 9.18.4 Summary of Parasite Drag 314 9.18.5 ΔC Dp Estimation 314 9.18.6 Induced Drag 314 9.18.7 Total Aircraft Drag at LRC 314 9.19 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer) 315 9.19.1 AJT Specifications 317 9.19.2 CAS Variant Specifications 318 9.19.3 Weights 319 9.19.4 AJT Details 319 9.20 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer 319 9.20.1 TPT Specification 320 9.20.2 TPT Details 321 9.20.3 Component Parasite Drag Estimation 322 9.21 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft 325 9.21.1 Geometric and Performance Data for the Vigilante RA‐C5 Aircraft 325 9.21.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic C F 326 9.21.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects to Estimate Component C Dpmin 327 9.21.4 Summary of Parasite Drag 329 Estimation 329 9.21.6 Induced Drag 330 9.21.7 Supersonic Drag Estimation 330 9.21.8 Total Aircraft Drag 332 9.22 Drag Comparison 332 9.23 Some Concluding Remarks and Reference Figures 334 References 338 10 Fundamentals of Mission Profile, Drag Polar and Aeroplane Grid 339 10.1 Overview 339 10.2 Introduction 340 10.2.1 Evolution in Aircraft Performance Capabilities 341 10.2.2 Levels of Aircraft Performance Analyses 342 10.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload–Range) 342 10.3.1 Civil Aircraft Classification and Mission Segments 344 10.4 Military Aircraft Mission 345 10.4.1 Military Aircraft Performance Segments 347 10.5 Aircraft Flight Envelope 349 10.6 Understanding Drag Polar 351 10.6.1 Actual Drag Polar 351 10.6.2 Parabolic Drag Polar 351 10.6.3 Comparison between Actual and Parabolic Drag Polar 352 10.7 Properties of Parabolic Drag Polar 354 10.7.1 The Maximum and Minimum Conditions Applicable to Parabolic Drag Polar 354 10.7.2 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft 359 10.8 Classwork Examples of Parabolic Drag Polar 363 10.8.1 Bizjet Market Specifications 363 10.8.2 Turboprop Trainer Specifications 363 10.8.3 Advanced Jet Trainer Specifications 365 10.8.4 Comparison of Drag Polars 366 10.9 Bizjet Actual Drag Polar 366 10.9.1 Comparing Actual with Parabolic Drag Polar 367 10.9.2 (Lift/Drag) and (Mach × Lift/Drag) Ratios 368 10.9.3 Velocity at Minimum (D/V) 369 10.9.4 (Lift/Drag) max , C L @ (L/D)max and V Dmin 369 10.9.5 Turboprop Trainer (TPT) Example – Parabolic Drag Polar 370 10.9.6 TPT (Lift/Drag) max , C L@(L/D)max and V Dmin 370 10.9.7 TPT (ESHP) min_reqd and V Pmin 371 10.9.8 Summary for TPT 372 10.10 Aircraft and Engine Grid 372 10.10.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Jet Aircraft) 373 10.10.2 Classwork Example – Bizjet Aircraft and Engine Grid 374 10.10.3 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Turboprop Trainer) 376 References 378 11 Takeoff and Landing 379 11.1 Overview 379 11.2 Introduction 380 11.3 Airfield Definitions 380 11.3.1 Stopway (SWY) and Clearway (CWY) 381 11.3.2 Available Airfield Definitions 382 11.3.3 Actual Field Length Definitions 383 11.4 Generalized Takeoff Equations of Motion 384 11.4.1 Ground Run Distance 386 11.4.2 Time Taken for the Ground Run S G 388 11.4.3 Flare Distance and Time Taken from V R to V 2 388 11.4.4 Ground Effect 389 11.5 Friction – Wheel Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficients 389 11.6 Civil Transport Aircraft Takeoff 391 11.6.1 Civil Aircraft Takeoff Segments 391 11.6.2 Balanced Field Length (BFL) – Civil Aircraft 395 11.6.3 Flare to 35 ft Height (Average Speed Method) 396 11.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 396 11.7.1 All‐Engine Takeoff 398 11.7.2 Flare from V R to V 2 398 11.7.3 Balanced Field Takeoff – One Engine Inoperative 399 11.8 Takeoff Presentation 404 11.8.1 Weight, Altitude and Temperature Limits 405 11.9 Military Aircraft Takeoff 405 11.10 Checking Takeoff Field Length (AJT)406 11.10.1 AJT Aircraft and Aerodynamic Data 406 11.10.2 Takeoff with 8° Flap 408 11.11 Civil Transport Aircraft Landing 409 11.11.1 Airfield Definitions 409 11.11.2 Landing Performance Equations 412 11.11.3 Landing Field Length for the Bizjet 414 11.11.4 Landing Field Length for the AJT 416 11.12 Landing Presentation 417 11.13 Approach Climb and Landing Climb 418 11.14 Fuel Jettisoning 418 References 418 12 Climb and Descent Performance 419 12.1 Overview 419 12.2 Introduction 420 12.2.1 Cabin Pressurization 421 12.2.2 Aircraft Ceiling 421 12.3 Climb Performance 422 12.3.1 Climb Performance Equations of Motion 423 12.3.2 Accelerated Climb 423 12.3.3 Constant EAS Climb 425 12.3.4 Constant Mach Climb 427 12.3.5 Unaccelerated Climb 428 12.4 Other Ways to Climb (Point Performance) – Civil Aircraft 428 12.4.1 Maximum Rate of Climb and Maximum Climb Gradient 428 12.4.2 Steepest Climb 432 12.4.3 Economic Climb at Constant EAS 433 12.4.4 Discussion on Climb Performance 434 12.5 Classwork Example – Climb Performance (Bizjet) 435 12.5.1 Takeoff Segments Climb Performance (Bizjet) 435 12.5.2 En‐Route Climb Performance (Bizjet) 439 12.5.3 Bizjet Climb Schedule 440 12.6 Hodograph Plot 440 12.6.1 Aircraft Ceiling 443 12.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 443 12.7.1 Bizjet Climb Rate at Normal Climb Speed Schedule 443 12.7.2 Rate of Climb Performance versus Altitude 444 12.7.3 Bizjet Ceiling 444 12.8 Integrated Climb Performance – Computational Methodology 444 12.8.1 Worked Example – Initial En‐Route Rate of Climb (Bizjet) 446 12.8.2 Integrated Climb Performance (Bizjet) 447 12.8.3 Turboprop Trainer Aircraft (TPT) 447 12.9 Specific Excess Power (SEP) – High‐Energy Climb 447 12.9.1 Specific Excess Power Characteristics 450 12.9.2 Worked Example of SEP Characteristics (Bizjet) 450 12.9.3 Example of AJT 453 12.9.4 Supersonic Aircraft 453 12.10 Descent Performance 454 12.10.1 Glide 457 12.10.2 Descent Properties 458 12.10.3 Selection of Descent Speed 458 12.11 Worked Example – Descent Performance (Bizjet) 459 12.11.1 Limitation of Maximum Descent Rate 460 References 462 13 Cruise Performance and Endurance 463 13.1 Overview 463 13.2 Introduction 464 13.2.1 Definitions 465 13.3 Equations of Motion for the Cruise Segment 466 13.4 Cruise Equations 466 13.4.1 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Cruise Equations 467 13.4.2 Jet Engine Aircraft Cruise Equations 469 13.5 Specific Range 470 13.6 Worked Example (Bizjet) 471 13.6.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid at Cruise Rating 471 13.6.2 Specific Range Using Actual Drag Polar 471 13.6.3 Specific Range and Range Factor 473 13.7 Endurance Equations 478 13.7.1 Propeller‐Driven (Turboprop) Aircraft 479 13.7.2 Turbofan Powered Aircraft 480 13.8 Options for Cruise Segment (Turbofan Only) 481 13.9 Initial Maximum Cruise Speed (Bizjet) 487 13.10 Worked Example of AJT – Military Aircraft 488 13.10.1 To Compute the AJT Fuel Requirement 488 13.10.2 To Check Maximum Speed 488 References 489 14 Aircraft Mission Profile 491 14.1 Overview 491 14.2 Introduction 492 14.3 Payload‐Range Capability 493 14.3.1 Reserve Fuel 493 14.4 The Bizjet Payload‐Range Capability 495 14.4.1 Long‐Range Cruise (LRC) at Constant Altitude 496 14.4.2 High‐Speed Cruise (HSC) at Constant Altitude and Speed 500 14.4.3 Discussion on Cruise Segment 501 14.5 Endurance (Bizjet) 502 14.6 Effect of Wind on Aircraft Mission Performance 502 14.7 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb and Cruise – Drift‐Down Procedure 503 14.7.1 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb 503 14.7.2 Engine Inoperative Situation at Cruise (Figure 14.5)504 14.7.3 Point of No‐Return and Equal Time Point 505 14.7.4 Engine Data 505 14.7.5 Drift‐Down in Cruise 505 14.8 Military Missions 506 14.8.1 Military Training Mission Profile – Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) 506 14.9 Flight Planning by the Operators 507 References 508 15 Manoeuvre Performance 509 15.1 Overview 509 15.2 Introduction 509 15.3 Aircraft Turn 510 15.3.1 In Horizontal (Yaw) Plane – Sustained Coordinated Turn 510 15.3.2 Maximum Conditions for Turn in Horizontal Plane 516 15.3.3 Minimum Radius of Turn in Horizontal Plane 517 15.3.4 Turning in Vertical (Pitch) Plane 517 15.3.5 In Pitch‐Yaw Plane – Climbing Turn in Helical Path 519 15.4 Classwork Example – AJT 520 15.5 Aerobatics Manoeuvre 522 15.5.1 Lazy‐8 in Horizontal Plane 523 15.5.2 Chandelle 524 15.5.3 Slow Roll 524 15.5.4 Hesitation Roll 524 15.5.5 Barrel Roll 525 15.5.6 Loop in Vertical Plane 525 15.5.7 Immelmann – Roll at the Top in the Vertical Plane 526 15.5.8 Stall Turn in Vertical Plane 527 15.5.9 Cuban‐Eight in Vertical Plane 527 15.5.10 Pugachev’s Cobra Movement 528 15.6 Combat Manoeuvre 528 15.6.1 Basic Fighter Manoeuvre 528 15.7 Discussion on Turn 530 References 531 16 Aircraft Sizing and Engine Matching 533 16.1 Overview 533 16.2 Introduction 534 16.3 Theory 535 16.3.1 Sizing for Takeoff Field Length – Two Engines 536 16.3.2 Sizing for the Initial Rate of Climb (All Engines Operating) 539 16.3.3 Sizing to Meet Initial Cruise 540 16.3.4 Sizing for Landing Distance 540 16.4 Coursework Exercises: Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet) 541 16.4.1 Takeoff 541 16.4.2 Initial Climb 542 16.4.3 Cruise 542 16.4.4 Landing 543 16.5 Sizing Analysis: Civil Aircraft (Bizjet) 543 16.5.1 Variants in the Family of Aircraft Design 544 16.5.2 Example: Civil Aircraft 545 16.6 Classroom Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT) 546 16.6.1 Takeoff 546 16.6.2 Initial Climb 546 16.6.3 Cruise 547 16.6.4 Landing 548 16.6.5 Sizing for Turn Requirement of 4 g at Sea‐Level 548 16.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft 551 16.7.1 Single Seat Variants 552 16.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses 553 16.8.1 Civil Aircraft Sizing Studies 553 16.8.2 Military Aircraft Sizing Studies 554 16.9 Discussion 554 16.9.1 The AJT 557 References 558 17 Operating Costs 559 17.1 Overview 559 17.2 Introduction 560 17.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost 561 17.3.1 Manufacturing Cost 563 17.3.2 Operating Cost 565 17.4 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC) 567 17.4.1 Formulation to Estimate DOC 569 17.4.2 Worked Example of DOC – Bizjet 571 17.5 Aircraft Performance Management (APM) 574 17.5.1 Methodology 576 17.5.2 Discussion – the Broader Issues 577 References 577 18 Miscellaneous Considerations 579 18.1 Overview 579 18.2 Introduction 579 18.3 History of the FAA 580 18.3.1 Code of Federal Regulations 582 18.3.2 The Role of Regulation 582 18.4 Flight Test 583 18.5 Contribution of the Ground Effect on Takeoff 585 18.6 Flying in Adverse Environments 586 18.6.1 Adverse Environment as Loss of Visibility 586 18.6.2 Adverse Environment Due to Aerodynamic and Stability/Control Degradation 587 18.7 Bird Strikes 590 18.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards and Survivability 591 18.9 Relevant Civil Aircraft Statistics 591 18.9.1 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Operational Empty Mass 591 18.9.2 MTOM versus Fuel Load, M f 592 18.9.3 MTOM versus Wing Area, S W 593 18.9.4 MTOM versus Engine Power 594 18.9.5 Empennage Area versus Wing Area 595 18.9.6 Wing Loading versus Aircraft Span 597 18.10 Extended Twin‐Engine Operation (ETOP) 597 18.11 Flight and Human Physiology 598 References 599 Appendices Appendix A Conversions 601 Appendix B International Standard Atmosphere Table 605 Appendix C Fundamental Equations 609 Appendix D Airbus 320 Class Case Study 615 Appendix E Problem Sets 627 Appendix F Aerofoil Data 647 Index 655

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Book SynopsisThorough coverage of space flight topics with self-contained chapters serving a variety of courses in orbital mechanics, spacecraft dynamics, and astronautics This concise yet comprehensive book on space flight dynamics addresses all phases of a space mission: getting to space (launch trajectories), satellite motion in space (orbital motion, orbit transfers, attitude dynamics), and returning from space (entry flight mechanics). It focuses on orbital mechanics with emphasis on two-body motion, orbit determination, and orbital maneuvers with applications in Earth-centered missions and interplanetary missions. Space Flight Dynamics presents wide-ranging information on a host of topics not always covered in competing books. It discusses relative motion, entry flight mechanics, low-thrust transfers, rocket propulsion fundamentals, attitude dynamics, and attitude control. The book is filled with illustrated concepts and real-world examples drawn from the space Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Historical Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Early Modern Period 1 1.3 Early Twentieth Century 3 1.4 Space Age 4 2 Two-Body Orbital Mechanics 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Two-Body Problem 7 2.3 Constants of Motion 11 2.3.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 11 2.3.2 Conservation of Energy 13 2.4 Conic Sections 15 2.4.1 Trajectory Equation 15 2.4.2 Eccentricity Vector 20 2.4.3 Energy and Semimajor Axis 21 2.5 Elliptical Orbit 23 2.5.1 Ellipse Geometry 24 2.5.2 Flight-Path Angle and Velocity Components 24 2.5.3 Period of an Elliptical Orbit 31 2.5.4 Circular Orbit 32 2.5.5 Geocentric Orbits 33 2.6 Parabolic Trajectory 38 2.7 Hyperbolic Trajectory 42 2.8 Summary 46 Further Reading 46 Problems 47 3 Orbit Determination 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Coordinate Systems 55 3.3 Classical Orbital Elements 57 3.4 Transforming Cartesian Coordinates to Orbital Elements 60 3.5 Transforming Orbital Elements to Cartesian Coordinates 66 3.5.1 Coordinate Transformations 68 3.6 Ground Tracks 75 3.7 Orbit Determination from One Ground-Based Observation 79 3.7.1 Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System 79 3.7.2 Inertial Position Vector 81 3.7.3 Inertial Velocity Vector 82 3.7.4 Ellipsoidal Earth Model 85 3.8 Orbit Determination from Three Position Vectors 88 3.9 Survey of Orbit-Determination Methods 95 3.9.1 Orbit Determination Using Angles-Only Measurements 95 3.9.2 Orbit Determination Using Three Position Vectors 97 3.9.3 Orbit Determination from Two Position Vectors and Time 97 3.9.4 Statistical Orbit Determination 98 3.10 Summary 99 References 100 Problems 100 4 Time of Flight 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Kepler’s Equation 107 4.2.1 Time of Flight Using Geometric Methods 107 4.2.2 Time of Flight Using Analytical Methods 108 4.2.3 Relating Eccentric and True Anomalies 112 4.3 Parabolic and Hyperbolic Time of Flight 117 4.3.1 Parabolic Trajectory Flight Time 117 4.3.2 Hyperbolic Trajectory Flight Time 119 4.4 Kepler’s Problem 123 4.5 Orbit Propagation Using Lagrangian Coefficients 127 4.6 Lambert’s Problem 135 4.7 Summary 145 References 145 Problems 146 5 Non-Keplerian Motion 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Special Perturbation Methods 152 5.2.1 Non-Spherical Central Body 153 5.3 General Perturbation Methods 159 5.3.1 Lagrange’s Variation of Parameters 160 5.3.2 Secular Perturbations due to Oblateness ( J2) 164 5.4 Gauss’ Variation of Parameters 174 5.5 Perturbation Accelerations for Earth Satellites 180 5.5.1 Non-Spherical Earth 180 5.5.2 Third-Body Gravity 182 5.5.3 Atmospheric Drag 185 5.5.4 Solar Radiation Pressure 189 5.6 Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem 192 5.6.1 Jacobi’s Integral 194 5.6.2 Lagrangian Points 195 5.7 Summary 203 References 203 Problems 204 6 Rocket Performance 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals 213 6.3 The Rocket Equation 214 6.4 Launch Trajectories 219 6.5 Staging 226 6.6 Launch Vehicle Performance 231 6.7 Impulsive Maneuvers 233 6.8 Summary 234 References 235 Problems 235 7 Impulsive Orbital Maneuvers 241 7.1 Introduction 241 7.2 Orbit Shaping 242 7.3 Hohmann Transfer 245 7.3.1 Coplanar Transfer with Tangential Impulses 248 7.4 General Coplanar Transfer 252 7.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 256 7.6 Three-Dimensional Orbit Transfer 259 7.7 Summary 264 References 264 Problems 264 8 Relative Motion and Orbital Rendezvous 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Linear Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 275 8.3 Homogeneous Solution of the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 280 8.4 Orbital Rendezvous Using the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 288 8.5 Summary 298 References 298 Problems 298 9 Low-Thrust Transfers 303 9.1 Introduction 303 9.2 Electric Propulsion Fundamentals 304 9.3 Coplanar Circle-to-Circle Transfer 306 9.3.1 Comparing Impulsive and Low-Thrust Transfers 313 9.4 Coplanar Transfer with Earth-Shadow Effects 315 9.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 318 9.6 Transfer Between Inclined Circular Orbits 320 9.7 Combined Chemical-Electric Propulsion Transfer 322 9.8 Low-Thrust Transfer Issues 328 9.9 Summary 329 References 329 Problems 330 10 Interplanetary Trajectories 335 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Patched-Conic Method 338 10.2.1 Sphere of Influence 339 10.2.2 Coplanar Heliocentric Transfers between Circular Orbits 341 10.3 Phase Angle at Departure 351 10.4 Planetary Arrival 355 10.5 Heliocentric Transfers Using an Accurate Ephemeris 359 10.5.1 Pork-Chop Plots 367 10.5.2 Julian Date 368 10.6 Gravity Assists 370 10.7 Summary 378 References 379 Problems 379 11 Atmospheric Entry 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Entry Flight Mechanics 386 11.3 Ballistic Entry 390 11.4 Gliding Entry 396 11.5 Skip Entry 404 11.6 Entry Heating 412 11.7 Space Shuttle Entry 418 11.8 Summary 422 References 423 Problems 423 12 Attitude Dynamics 429 12.1 Introduction 429 12.2 Rigid Body Dynamics 430 12.2.1 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 432 12.2.2 Principal Axes 438 12.2.3 Rotational Kinetic Energy 439 12.2.4 Euler’s Moment Equations 441 12.3 Torque-Free Motion 442 12.3.1 Euler Angle Rates 447 12.4 Stability and Flexible Bodies 457 12.4.1 Spin Stability about the Principal Axes 457 12.4.2 Stability of Flexible Bodies 459 12.5 Spin Stabilization 464 12.5.1 Dual-Spin Stabilization 466 12.6 Disturbance Torques 467 12.6.1 Gravity-Gradient torque 467 12.6.2 Aerodynamic Torque 468 12.6.3 Solar Radiation Pressure Torque 469 12.6.4 Magnetic Torque 470 12.7 Gravity-Gradient Stabilization 470 12.8 Summary 476 References 477 Problems 477 13 Attitude Control 485 13.1 Introduction 485 13.2 Feedback Control Systems 485 13.2.1 Transfer Functions 486 13.2.2 Closed-Loop Control Systems 489 13.2.3 Second-Order System Response 490 13.3 Mechanisms for Attitude Control 497 13.3.1 Reaction Jets 497 13.3.2 Momentum-Exchange Devices 497 13.3.3 Magnetic Torquers 501 13.4 Attitude Maneuvers Using Reaction Wheels 501 13.5 Attitude Maneuvers Using Reaction Jets 513 13.5.1 Phase-Plane Analysis of Satellite Attitude Dynamics 513 13.5.2 Reaction Jet Control Law 518 13.6 Nutation Control Using Reaction Jets 527 13.7 Summary 534 References 535 Further Reading 535 Problems 535 Appendix A: Physical Constants 541 Appendix B: Review of Vectors 543 B.1 Introduction 543 B.2 Vectors 543 B.3 Vector Operations 544 B.3.1 Vector Addition 544 B.3.2 Cross Product 545 B.3.3 Dot Product 546 B.3.4 Scalar Triple Product 547 B.3.5 Vector Triple Product 547 Appendix C: Review of Particle Kinematics 549 C.1 Introduction 549 C.2 Cartesian Coordinates 549 C.3 Polar Coordinates 551 C.4 Normal-Tangential Coordinates 552 Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a pioneering textbook on the comprehensive description of AeroMACS technology. It alsopresents the process of developing a new technology based on an established standard, in this case IEEE802.16 standards suite. The text introduces readers to the field of airport surface communications systems and provides them with comprehensive coverage of one the key components of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen); i.e., AeroMACS. It begins with a critical review of the legacy aeronautical communications system and a discussion of the impetus behind its replacement with network-centric digital technologies. It then describes wireless mobile channel characteristics in general, and focuses on the airport surface channel over the 5GHz band. This is followed by an extensive coverage of major features of IEEE 802.16-2009 Physical Layer (PHY)and Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer. The text then provides a comprehensive coverage of the AeroMACS standTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acronyms xxv 1 Airport Communications from Analog AM to AeroMACS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conventional Aeronautical Communication Domains (Flight Domains) 2 1.3 VHF Spectrum Depletion 4 1.4 The ACAST Project 5 1.5 Early Digital Communication Technologies for Aeronautics 7 1.5.1 ACARS 7 1.5.2 VHF Data Link (VDL) Systems 8 1.5.2.1 Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) 8 1.5.2.2 VDL Systems 8 1.5.3 Overlay Broadband Alternatives for Data Transmission 10 1.5.3.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Overlay 11 1.5.3.2 Broadband VHF (B-VHF) 11 1.5.4 Controller–Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) 12 1.6 Selection of a Communications Technology for Aeronautics 14 1.7 The National Airspace System (NAS) 15 1.7.1 Flight Control 16 1.7.2 United States Civilian Airports 17 1.8 The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) 20 1.8.1 The NextGen Vision 22 1.8.2 NextGen Key Components and Functionalities 22 1.9 Auxiliary Wireless Communications Systems Available for the Airport Surface 25 1.9.1 Public Safety Mobile Radio for Airport Incidents 26 1.9.1.1 Public Safety Communications (PSC) Systems Architecture and Technologies 26 1.9.1.2 Public Safety Allocated Radio Spectrum 27 1.9.1.3 700 MHz Band and the First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) 28 1.9.2 Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Systems Applications for Airport Surface 30 1.10 Airport Wired Communications Systems 31 1.10.1 Airport Fiber-Optic Cable Loop System 34 1.10.2 Applications of CLCS in Airport Surface Communications and Navigation 35 1.11 Summary 36 References 36 2 Cellular Networking and Mobile Radio Channel Characterization 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 The Crux of the Cellular Concept 42 2.2.1 The “Precellular” Wireless Mobile Communications Systems 43 2.2.2 The Core of the Cellular Notion 45 2.2.3 Frequency Reuse and Radio Channel Multiplicity 48 2.2.3.1 Co-Channel Reuse Ratio (CCRR), Cluster Size, and Reuse Factor 49 2.2.3.2 Signal to Co-Channel Interference Ratio (SIR) 50 2.2.3.3 Channel Allocation 55 2.2.4 Erlang Traffic Theory and Cellular Network Design 57 2.2.4.1 Trunking, Erlang, and Traffic 58 2.2.4.2 The Grade of Service 60 2.2.4.3 Blocked Calls Handling Strategies 60 2.2.4.4 Trunking Efficiency 62 2.2.4.5 Capacity Enhancement through Cell Splitting 64 2.2.4.6 Capacity Enhancement via Sectorization 67 2.3 Cellular Radio Channel Characterization 69 2.3.1 Cellular Link Impairments 69 2.3.2 Path Loss Computation and Estimation 71 2.3.2.1 Free-Space Propagation and Friis Formula 73 2.3.2.2 The Key Mechanisms Affecting Radio Wave Propagation 74 2.3.2.3 The Ray Tracing Technique 76 2.3.2.4 Ground Reflection and Double-Ray Model 76 2.3.2.5 Empirical Techniques for Path Loss (Large-Scale Attenuation) Estimation 81 2.3.2.6 Okumura–Hata Model for Outdoor Median Path Loss Estimation 82 2.3.2.7 COST 231-Hata Model 84 2.3.2.8 Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model: Erceg Model 85 2.3.2.9 ECC-33 Model 86 2.3.3 Large-Scale Fading: Shadowing and Foliage 87 2.3.3.1 Log-Normal Shadowing 88 2.3.3.2 Estimation of Useful Coverage Area (UCA) within a Cell Footprint 91 2.3.4 Small-Scale Fading: Multipath Propagation and Doppler Effect 94 2.3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 95 2.3.4.2 Double Path Example 97 2.3.4.3 Doppler Shift 99 2.3.4.4 Impulse Response of Multipath Channels 100 2.3.4.5 Delay Spread and Fading Modes 102 2.3.4.6 Methods of Combating Frequency-Selective Fading 103 2.3.4.7 Coherence Bandwidth and Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) 105 2.3.4.8 Frequency Flat Fading versus Frequency-Selective Fading 108 2.3.4.9 Frequency Dispersion and Coherence Time 109 2.3.4.10 Classification of Multipath Fading Channels 110 2.3.4.11 Probabilistic Models for Frequency Flat Fading Channels 112 2.3.4.12 Rayleigh Fading Channels 112 2.3.4.13 Rician Fading Channels 115 2.4 Challenges of Broadband Transmission over the Airport Surface Channel 117 2.5 Summary 118 References 119 3 Wireless Channel Characterization for the 5 GHz Band Airport Surface Area 123 3.1 Introduction 123 3.1.1 Importance of Channel Characterization 123 3.1.2 Channel Definitions 125 3.1.3 Airport Surface Area Channel 127 3.2 Statistical Channel Characterization Overview 129 3.2.1 The Channel Impulse Response and Transfer Function 129 3.2.2 Statistical Channel Characteristics 130 3.2.3 Common Channel Parameters and Statistics 133 3.3 Channel Effects and Signaling 134 3.3.1 Small-Scale and Large-Scale Fading 134 3.3.2 Channel Parameters and Signaling Relations 135 3.4 Measured Airport Surface Area Channels 137 3.4.1 Measurement Description and Example Results 137 3.4.2 Path Loss Results 141 3.5 Airport Surface Area Channel Models 143 3.5.1 Large/Medium-Sized Airports 144 3.5.2 Small Airports 144 3.6 Summary 144 References 147 4 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Multiple Access 151 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 Fundamental Principles of OFDM Signaling 152 4.2.1 Parallel Transmission, Orthogonal Multiplexing, Guard Time, and Cyclic Extension 154 4.2.1.1 Cyclic Prefix and Guard Time 155 4.2.2 Fourier Transform-Based OFDM Signal 156 4.2.3 Windowing, Filtering, and Formation of OFDM Signal 157 4.2.4 OFDM System Implementation 159 4.2.5 Choice of Modulation Schemes for OFDM 160 4.2.6 OFDM Systems Design: How the Key Parameters are Selected 161 4.3 Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing: COFDM 161 4.3.1 Motivation 162 4.3.2 System-Level Functional Block Diagram of a Fourier-Based COFDM 162 4.3.3 Some Classical Applications of COFDM 164 4.3.3.1 COFDM Applied in Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 164 4.3.3.2 COFDM Applied in Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi): The IEEE 802.11 Standard 165 4.4 Performance of Channel Coding in OFDM Networks 167 4.5 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access: OFDMA 169 4.5.1 Multiple Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA 171 4.5.2 Incentives behind Widespread Applications of OFDMA in Wireless Networks 175 4.5.3 Subchannelization and Symbol Structure 176 4.5.4 Permutation Modes for Configuration of Subchannels 178 4.5.4.1 The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem 179 4.6 Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) 179 4.6.1 How to Select the OFDMA Basic Parameters vis-à-vis Scalability 180 4.6.2 Options in Scaling 182 4.7 Summary 183 References 184 5 The IEEE 802.16 Standards and the WiMAX Technology 189 5.1 Introduction to the IEEE 802.16 Standards for Wireless MAN Networks 190 5.2 The Evolution and Characterization of IEEE 802.16 Standards 193 5.2.1 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard 193 5.2.2 IEEE 802.16e-2005 Standard 194 5.2.3 IEEE 802.16-2009 Standard 194 5.2.4 IEEE 802.16j Amendment 194 5.2.5 The Structure of a WirelessMAN Cell 195 5.2.6 Protocol Reference Model (PRM) for the IEEE 802.16-2009 Standard 197 5.3 WiMAX: an IEEE 802.16-Based Technology 200 5.3.1 Basic Features of WiMAX Systems 200 5.3.2 WiMAX Physical Layer Characterization 204 5.3.2.1 OFDMA and SOFDMA for WiMAX 205 5.3.2.2 Comparison of Duplexing Technologies: TDD versus FDD 206 5.3.2.3 Subchannelization for Mobile WiMAX 207 5.3.2.4 WiMAX TDD Frame Structure 211 5.3.2.5 Adaptive (Advanced) Modulation and Coding (AMC) 215 5.3.2.6 ARQ and Hybrid ARQ: Multilayer Error Control Schemes 219 5.3.2.7 Multiple Antenna Techniques, MIMO, and Space-Time Coding 219 5.3.2.8 Fractional Frequency Reuse Techniques for Combating Intercell Interference and to Boost Spectral Efficiency 227 5.3.2.9 Power Control and Saving Modes in WiMAX Networks 230 5.3.3 WiMAX MAC Layer Description 231 5.3.3.1 WiMAX MAC CS; Connections and Service Flows 232 5.3.3.2 The MAC CPS Functionalities 232 5.3.3.3 WiMAX Security Sublayer 233 5.3.3.4 WiMAX MAC Frame and MAC Header Format 234 5.3.3.5 Quality of Service (QoS), Scheduling, and Bandwidth Allocation 235 5.3.4 WiMAX Forum and WiMAX Profiles 239 5.3.4.1 WiMAX System Profiles and Certification Profiles 240 5.3.4.2 WiMAX Mobile System Profiles 241 5.3.5 WiMAX Network Architecture 245 5.3.5.1 WiMAX Network Reference Model as Presented by WiMAX Forum 246 5.3.5.2 Characterization of Major Logical and Physical Components of WiMAX NRM 248 5.3.5.3 Visual Depiction of WiMAX NRM 250 5.3.5.4 The Description of WiMAX Reference Points 250 5.3.6 Mobility and Handover in WiMAX Networks 250 5.3.7 Multicast and Broadcast with WiMAX 253 5.4 Summary 254 References 255 6 Introduction to AeroMACS 259 6.1 The Origins of the AeroMACS Concept 259 6.1.1 WiMAX Salient Features and the Genealogy of AeroMACS 260 6.2 Defining Documents in the Making of AeroMACS Technology 262 6.3 AeroMACS Standardization 267 6.3.1 AeroMACS Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) 268 6.3.2 Harmonization Document 270 6.3.3 Overview of Most Recent AeroMACS Profile 271 6.3.3.1 The AeroMACS Profile Background and Concept of Operations 273 6.3.3.2 AeroMACS Profile Technical Aspects 275 6.3.3.3 Profile’s Key Assumptions for AeroMACS System Design 275 6.3.3.4 AeroMACS Radio Profile Requirements and Restrictions 276 6.3.3.5 AeroMACS Profile Common Part and TDD Format 277 6.3.4 AeroMACS Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) 279 6.3.4.1 AeroMACS Capabilities and Operational Applications 280 6.3.4.2 MOPS Equipment Test Procedures 281 6.3.4.3 Minimum Performance Standard 281 6.3.5 AeroMACS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) 283 6.3.6 AeroMACS Technical Manual 285 6.4 AeroMACS Services and Applications 287 6.5 AeroMACS Prototype Network and Testbed 295 6.5.1 Testbed Configuration 296 6.5.2 Early Testing Procedures and Results 297 6.5.2.1 Mobile Application Testing with ARV 298 6.5.2.2 The Results of AeroMACS Mobile Tests with Boeing 737–700 299 6.5.2.3 AeroMACS Performance Validation 300 6.6 Summary 301 References 302 7 AeroMACS Networks Characterization 305 7.1 Introduction 305 7.2 AeroMACS Physical Layer Specifications 306 7.2.1 OFDM and OFDMA for AeroMACS 309 7.2.2 AeroMACS OFDMA TDD Frame Configuration 309 7.2.3 AeroMACS Modulation Formats 312 7.2.3.1 How to Select a Modulation Technique for a Specific Application 313 7.2.3.2 General Characteristics of Modulation Schemes Supported by AeroMACS 315 7.2.4 AeroMACS Channel Coding Schemes 318 7.2.4.1 Mandatory Channel Coding for AeroMACS 318 7.2.4.2 Optional CC–RS Code Concatenated Scheme 320 7.2.4.3 Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) Technique 321 7.2.5 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) for AeroMACS Link Adaptation 323 7.2.6 AeroMACS Frame Structure 325 7.2.7 Computation of AeroMACS Receiver Sensitivity 326 7.2.8 Fractional Frequency Reuse for WiMAX and AeroMACS Networks 327 7.2.9 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Configurations for AeroMACS 328 7.3 Spectrum Considerations 329 7.4 Spectrum Sharing and Interference Compatibility Constraints 332 7.5 AeroMACS Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 334 7.5.1 Quality of Service for AeroMACS Networks 336 7.5.2 Scheduling, Resource Allocation, and Data Delivery 338 7.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Protocols 341 7.5.4 Handover (HO) Procedures in AeroMACS Networks 344 7.5.4.1 MS-Initiated Handover Process 345 7.6 AeroMACS Network Architecture and Reference Model 347 7.6.1 AeroMACS Network Architecture 347 7.6.2 AeroMACS Network Reference Model (NRM) 349 7.7 Aeronautical Telecommunications Network Revisited 353 7.8 AeroMACS and the Airport Network 355 7.9 Summary 356 References 358 8 AeroMACS Networks Fortified with Multihop Relays 361 8.1 Introduction 361 8.2 IEEE 802.16j Amendment Revisited 362 8.3 Relays: Definitions, Classification, and Modes of Operation 365 8.3.1 A Double-Hop Relay Configuration: Terminologies and Definitions 366 8.3.2 Relay Modes: Transparent versus Non-Transparent 368 8.3.3 Time Division Transmit and Receive Relays (TTR) and Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Relays (STR) 371 8.3.4 Further Division of Relay Modes of Operation 372 8.3.5 Relays Classification Based on MAC Layer Functionalities: Centralized and Distributed Modes 373 8.3.6 Physical Classification of IEEE 802.16j Relays: Relay Types 374 8.3.6.1 Relay Type and Latency 375 8.3.7 Modes of Deployment of IEEE 802.16j Relays in Wireless Networks 376 8.3.8 Frame Structure for Double-Hop IEEE 802.16j TDD TRS 377 8.3.8.1 The Detail of IEEE 802-16j Operation with Transparent Relays 380 8.3.9 The Frame Structure for TTR–NTRS 381 8.3.10 The Frame Structure for STR–NTRS 382 8.3.10.1 STR Implementation in Different Layers 384 8.4 Regarding MAC Layers of IEEE 802.16j and NRTS 385 8.4.1 Data Forwarding Schemes 385 8.4.1.1 Routing Selection and Path Management 386 8.4.1.2 Initial Ranging and Network Entry 387 8.4.2 Scheduling 388 8.4.3 Security Schemes 390 8.4.4 Quality of Service (QoS) in Relay-Augmented Networks 390 8.4.4.1 The Impact of Scheduling and Relay Mode on AeroMACS Network Parameters 391 8.5 Challenges and Practical Issues in IEEE 802.16j-Based AeroMACS 392 8.5.1 Latency 392 8.5.2 The Number of Hops 392 8.5.3 The Output Power and Antenna Selection 393 8.6 Applications and Usage Scenarios for Relay-Augmented Broadband Cellular Networks 394 8.6.1 Some Applications of Relay-Fortified Systems 395 8.6.1.1 The European REWIND Project 395 8.6.1.2 Vehicular Networks 396 8.6.1.3 4G and 5G Cellular Networks 396 8.6.1.4 Cognitive Femtocell 397 8.6.2 Potential Usage Scenarios of IEEE 802.16j 397 8.6.2.1 Radio Outreach Extension 397 8.6.2.2 The Concept of “Filling a Coverage Hole” 399 8.6.2.3 Relays for Capacity and Throughput Improvement 399 8.6.2.4 The Case of Cooperative Relaying 399 8.6.2.5 Reliable Coverage for In-Building and In-Door Scenarios 400 8.6.2.6 The Mobile Relays 401 8.6.2.7 The Temporary Relay Stations 401 8.7 IEEE 802.16j-Based Relays for AeroMACS Networks 401 8.7.1 Airport Surface Radio Coverage Situations for which IEEE 802.16j Offers a Preferred Alternative 402 8.8 Radio Resource Management (RRM) for Relay-Fortified Wireless Networks 403 8.9 The Multihop Gain 405 8.9.1 Computation of Multihop Gain for the Simplest Case 405 8.10 Interapplication Interference (IAI) in Relay-Fortified AeroMACS 407 8.11 Making the Case for IEEE 802.16j-Based AeroMACS 411 8.11.1 The Main Arguments 411 8.11.1.1 Supporting and Drawback Instants 412 8.11.2 The Second Argument 412 8.11.3 How to Select a Relay Configuration 413 8.11.4 A Note on Cell Footprint Extension 413 8.12 Summary 414 References 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisMECHANICS OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Explore the most up-to-date overview of the foundations of aircraft structures combined with a review of new aircraft materials The newly revised Third Edition of Mechanics of Aircraft Structures delivers a combination of the fundamentals of aircraft structure with an overview of new materials in the industry and a collection of rigorous analysis tools into a single one-stop resource. Perfect for a one-semester introductory course in structural mechanics and aerospace engineering, the distinguished authors have created a textbook that is also ideal for mechanical or aerospace engineers who wish to stay updated on recent advances in the industry. The new edition contains new problems and worked examples in each chapter and improves student accessibility. A new chapter on aircraft loads and new material on elasticity and structural idealization form part of the expanded content in the book. Readers will also benefit from the Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Characteristics of Aircraft Structures and Materials 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Types of Aircraft Structures, 1 1.2.1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft, 2 1.2.2 Rotorcraft, 2 1.2.3 Lighter-than-Air Vehicles, 2 1.2.4 Drones, 2 1.3 Basic Structural Elements in Aircraft Structure, 3 1.3.1 Fuselage, 3 1.3.2 Wing, 3 1.3.3 Landing Gear, 4 1.3.4 Control Surfaces, 4 1.4 Aircraft Materials, 5 1.4.1 Steel Alloys, 5 1.4.2 Aluminum Alloys, 6 1.4.3 Titanium Alloys, 6 1.4.4 Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 6 Problems, 7 2 Loads on Aircraft Structures 9 2.1 Introduction, 9 2.2 Basic Structural Elements, 9 2.2.1 Axial Member, 9 2.2.2 Shear Panel, 11 2.2.3 Bending Member (Beam), 12 2.2.4 Torsion Member, 13 2.3 Wing and Fuselage, 15 2.3.1 Load Transfer, 15 2.3.2 Wing Structure, 16 2.3.3 Fuselage, 17 Problems, 20 3 Introduction to Elasticity 23 3.1 Introduction, 23 3.2 Concept of Displacement, 24 3.3 Strain, 26 3.3.1 Rigid Body Motion, 28 3.4 Stress, 30 3.5 Equations of Equilibrium in a Uniform Stress Field, 31 3.6 Equations of Equilibrium in a Nonuniform Stress Field, 33 3.7 Stress Vector and Stress Components Relations, 35 3.8 Principal Stress, 37 3.9 Shear Stress, 40 3.10 Stress Transformation, 41 3.11 Linear Stress–Strain Relations, 44 3.11.1 Strains Induced by Normal Stress, 45 3.11.2 Strains Induced by Shear Stress, 47 3.11.3 Three-Dimensional Stress–Strain Relations, 47 3.11.3.1 Orthotropic Materials, 49 3.11.3.2 Isotropic Materials, 50 3.12 Plane Elasticity, 51 3.12.1 Stress–Strain Relations for Plane Isotropic Solids, 52 3.12.1.1 Plane Strain, 52 3.12.1.2 Plane Stress, 53 3.12.2 Stress–Strain Relations for Orthotropic Solids in Plane Stress, 54 3.12.3 Governing Equations, 55 3.12.3.1 Equilibrium Equations, 55 3.12.3.2 Boundary Conditions, 55 3.12.3.3 Compatibility Equation, 56 3.12.4 Solution by Airy Stress Function for Plane Isotropic Solids, 57 3.12.5 Plane Elasticity Solutions in Polar Coordinate System, 59 3.12.5.1 Strain–Displacement Relations, 59 3.12.5.2 Stresses in Polar Coordinates and Equilibrium Equations, 60 3.12.5.3 Stress–Strain Relations, 61 3.12.5.4 Stress Function Formulations, 61 3.13 Formulations Beyond 2-D Plane Elasticity, 62 Problems, 64 References, 71 4 Torsion 73 4.1 Introduction, 73 4.2 Torsion of Uniform Bars With Arbitrary Cross-Section, 73 4.2.1 Governing Equations, 74 4.2.2 Boundary Conditions, 76 4.2.3 Torque–Stress Relations, 77 4.2.4 Warping Displacement, 78 4.2.5 Torsion Constant, 79 4.3 Bars With Circular Cross-Sections, 79 4.3.1 Elasticity Approach Using Prandtl Stress Function, 79 4.3.2 Mechanics of Solid Approach, 82 4.4 Bars With Narrow Rectangular Cross-Sections, 85 4.5 Closed Single-Cell Thin-Walled Sections, 88 4.5.1 The s–n Coordinate System, 88 4.5.2 Prandtl Stress Function, 90 4.5.3 Shear Flow q, 91 4.5.4 Shear Flow–Torque Relation, 91 4.5.5 Twist Angle, 93 4.5.5.1 Method 1, 93 4.5.5.2 Method 2 for Constant Shear Flow, 94 4.5.6 Torsion Constant J, 95 4.6 Multicell Thin-Walled Sections, 98 4.7 Warping in Open Thin-Walled Sections, 102 4.8 Warping in Closed Thin-Walled Sections, 106 4.9 Effect of End Constraints, 108 Problems, 114 References, 119 5 Bending and Flexural Shear 121 5.1 Introduction, 121 5.2 Bernoulli–Euler Beam Theory, 121 5.2.1 Unidirectional Bending on Beams with a Symmetric Section, 121 5.2.2 Bidirectional Bending on Beams with an Arbitrary Section, 127 5.3 Structural Idealization, 131 5.4 Transverse Shear Stress Due to Transverse Force in Symmetric Sections, 139 5.4.1 Narrow Rectangular Cross-Section, 139 5.4.2 General Symmetric Sections, 141 5.4.3 Thin-Walled Sections, 142 5.4.4 Shear Deformation in Thin-Walled Sections, 143 5.5 Timoshenko Beam Theory, 146 5.6 Saint-Venant’s principle, 149 5.7 Shear Lag, 152 Problems, 155 Reference, 160 6 Flexural Shear Flow in Thin-Walled Sections 161 6.1 Introduction, 161 6.2 Flexural Shear Flow in Open Thin-Walled Sections, 161 6.2.1 Symmetric Thin-Walled Sections, 161 6.2.1.1 Stringer–Web Sections, 164 6.2.2 Unsymmetric Thin-Walled Sections, 166 6.2.3 Multiple Shear Flow Junctions, 168 6.2.4 Selection of Shear Flow Contour, 169 6.3 Shear Center in Open Sections, 169 6.4 Closed Thin-Walled Sections and Combined Flexural and Torsional Shear Flow, 175 6.4.1 Shear Center, 176 6.4.2 Statically Determinate Shear Flow, 179 6.5 Closed Multicell Sections, 182 Problems, 186 7 Failure Criteria for Isotropic Materials 193 7.1 Introduction, 193 7.2 Strength Criteria for Brittle Materials, 193 7.2.1 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion, 193 7.2.2 Coulomb–Mohr Criterion, 194 7.3 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials, 196 7.3.1 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca Yield Criterion) in Plane Stress, 196 7.3.2 Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (von Mises Yield Criterion), 197 7.4 Fracture Mechanics, 203 7.4.1 Stress Concentration, 203 7.4.2 Concept of Cracks and Strain Energy Release Rate, 204 7.4.3 Fracture Criterion, 205 7.4.3.1 Strain Energy in Structural Members, 205 7.4.3.2 Axial Element, 206 7.4.3.3 Beam Element, 206 7.4.3.4 Torsion Member, 206 7.5 Stress Intensity Factor, 210 7.5.1 Symmetric Loading (Mode I Fracture), 210 7.5.2 Antisymmetric Loading (Mode II Fracture), 212 7.5.3 Relation between K and G, 213 7.5.4 Mixed Mode Fracture, 217 7.6 Effect of Crack Tip Plasticity, 218 7.7 Fatigue Failure, 220 7.7.1 Constant Stress Amplitude, 220 7.7.2 S–N Curves, 221 7.7.3 Variable Amplitude Loading, 221 7.8 Fatigue Crack Growth, 222 Problems, 224 References, 228 8 Elastic Buckling 229 8.1 Introduction, 229 8.2 Eccentrically Loaded Beam-Column, 229 8.3 Elastic Buckling of Straight Bars, 230 8.3.1 Pinned–Pinned Bar, 232 8.3.2 Clamped–Free Bar, 235 8.3.3 Clamped–Pinned Bar, 236 8.3.4 Clamped–Clamped Bar, 237 8.3.5 Effective Length of Buckling, 238 8.4 Initial Imperfection, 239 8.5 Postbuckling Behavior, 241 8.6 Bar of Unsymmetric Section, 246 8.7 Torsional–Flexural Buckling of Thin-Walled Bars, 248 8.7.1 Nonuniform Torsion, 248 8.7.2 Torsional Buckling of Doubly Symmetric Section, 249 8.7.3 Torsional–Flexural Buckling, 252 8.8 Elastic Buckling of Flat Plates, 256 8.8.1 Governing Equation for Flat Plates, 256 8.8.1.1 Boundary Conditions, 257 8.8.1.2 Clamped Edge, 258 8.8.1.3 Simply Supported Edge, 258 8.8.1.4 Free Edge, 258 8.8.2 Cylindrical Bending, 258 8.8.3 Buckling of Rectangular Plates, 259 8.8.3.1 Simply Supported Edges, 259 8.8.3.2 Other Boundary Conditions, 262 8.8.4 Buckling Under Shearing Stresses, 262 8.9 Local Buckling of Open Sections, 263 Problems, 265 9 Analysis of Composite Laminates 271 9.1 Plane Stress Equations for Composite Lamina, 271 9.2 Off-Axis Loading, 276 9.3 Notation for Stacking Sequence in Laminates, 278 9.3.1 Symmetry, 279 9.3.2 Repetition, 279 9.4 Symmetric Laminate Under In-Plane Loading, 279 9.5 Effective Moduli for Symmetric Laminates, 281 9.5.1 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate, 283 9.6 Laminar Stresses, 284 9.7 [±45 ] Laminate, 286 9.7.1 Determination of G 12 Using ±45 Laminates, 287 Problems, 288 Index 291

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Book SynopsisScramjet Propulsion Explore the cutting edge of HAP technologies with this comprehensive resource from an international leader in her field Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction delivers a comprehensive treatment of hypersonic air breathing propulsion and its applications. The book covers the most up-to-date hypersonic technologies, like endothermic fuels, fuel injection and flameholding systems, high temperature materials, and TPS, and offers technological overviews of hypersonic flight platforms like the X-43A, X-51A, and HiFIRE. It is organized around easy-to-understand explanations of technical challenges and provides extensive references for the information contained within. The highly accomplished author provides readers with a fulsome description of the theoretical underpinnings of hypersonic technologies, as well as critical design and technology issues affecting hypersonic air breathing propulsion technologies. The book's combination of inTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgment xvii 1 Introduction to Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 1 1.1 Hypersonic Flow and Hypersonic Flight 3 1.2 Chemical Propulsion Systems 5 1.3 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles 12 1.4 Scramjet Engine–Vehicle Integration 15 1.5 Chemical Propulsion Performance Comparison 17 1.6 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Historical Overview 19 1.7 Scramjet Flight Demonstration Programs 23 1.8 New Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Programs 30 1.9 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Critical Technologies 33 1.10 Critical Design Issues 36 Questions 37 References 38 2 Theoretical Background 41 2.1 Atmospheric Flight 41 2.2 Air Thermodynamic Models 50 2.3 Fundamental Equations 53 2.4 Thermodynamic Cycle of Air-Breathing Propulsion 56 2.5 Air-Breathing Propulsion Performance Measures 61 2.6 Shock Waves in Supersonic Flow 65 2.7 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition 69 2.8 Closing Remarks 73 Questions 74 References 74 3 Aerothermodynamics of Vehicle-Integrated Scramjet 77 3.1 Aerothermodynamic Environment 78 3.2 Hypersonic Viscous Flow Phenomena 83 3.3 Laminar to Turbulent Transition in Hypersonic Flows 88 3.4 Hypersonic Flowfield for Propulsion-Integrated Vehicles 92 3.5 Convective Heat Transfer or Aerodynamic Heating 104 3.6 NASA X-43A Leading-Edge Flight Hardware 111 3.7 Inlet Blunt Leading-Edge Effects and Entropy Layer Swallowing 113 3.8 Inlet Shock-On-Lip Condition or Inlet Speeding 114 3.9 Shock–Boundary Layer Interactions in the Propulsion Flowpath 116 3.10 Inlet Unstart 118 3.11 Closing Remarks 119 Questions 120 References 120 4 Scramjet Inlet/Forebody and Isolator 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Engine Inlet Function and Design Requirements 123 4.3 Inlet Types 129 4.4 Inlet Compression System Performance 132 4.5 Hypersonic Inlet Designs 143 4.6 Inlet Operation: Start and Unstart 152 4.7 Inlet Aerodynamics 154 4.8 Isolator 157 Questions 161 References 161 5 Scramjet Combustor 165 5.1 Combustor Process Desired Properties 166 5.2 Combustor Entrance Conditions 167 5.3 Combustion Stoichiometry 172 5.4 Combustion Flowfield 174 5.5 Scramjet Combustor Geometry 192 5.6 Scramjet Combustor Design Issues 197 5.7 Closing Remarks 198 Questions 199 References 199 6 Fuels for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 203 6.1 Introduction 204 6.2 Endothermic Fuels 208 6.3 Heat Sink Capacity of Hydrogen and Endothermic Fuels 210 6.4 Fuel Heat Sink Requirements 212 6.5 Ignition Characteristics of Fuels 214 6.6 Mixing Characteristics of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels 217 6.7 Structural and Heat Transfer Considerations 218 6.8 Fuel System Integration and Control 219 6.9 Combustion Technical Challenges with Hydrocarbon Fuels 219 6.10 Impact of Fuel Selection on Hypersonic Vehicle Design 221 6.11 Fuels Research for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 223 Questions 224 References 225 7 Dual-Mode Combustion Scramjet 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Phenomenological Description of Dual-Mode Scramjet 229 7.3 Heat Addition to Flow in Constant Area Duct 230 7.4 Divergent Combustor and Heat Release 231 7.5 Combustor Mode Transition Studies 236 7.6 Closing Remarks 247 Questions 247 References 248 8 Scramjet Nozzle/Aftbody 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Nozzle Geometric Configurations 255 8.3 Nozzle Performance Parameters 260 8.4 Nozzle Flow Losses 265 8.5 SERN Design Approach 266 8.6 Nozzle Ground Testing Issues 268 8.7 Special Topics for Further Research 270 8.8 Closing Remarks 274 Questions 275 References 275 9 Materials, Structures, and Thermal Management 279 9.1 Hypersonic Flight Mission Characteristics 280 9.2 Aerodynamic Heating 281 9.3 Hypersonic Integrated Structures 285 9.4 High-Temperature Materials Requirements and Properties 295 9.5 Selected Materials for Hypersonics 296 9.6 Examples of Vehicle Development Structure and Materials 306 9.7 Materials and Structures Technical Challenges 312 Questions 315 References 315 10 Scramjets and Combined Cycle Propulsion 319 10.1 Aerospace Propulsion 320 10.2 Combined Cycle Propulsion Concepts 322 10.3 From Takeoff to Hypersonic Cruise 324 10.4 Ideal Cycle Analysis of Turbojet and Ramjet Engines 325 10.5 Single-Stage-To-Orbit and Two-State-To-Orbit Vehicles 342 10.6 Propulsion for Spaceplanes 343 10.7 Hydrogen for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 352 10.8 Technical Challenges of Combined Cycle Propulsion 359 10.9 Closing Remarks 362 Questions 363 References 364 11 Ground Testing and Evaluation 367 11.1 Introduction 367 11.2 Airframe/Propulsion-Integrated Vehicle Design Requirements 367 11.3 Ground Testing Overview 369 11.4 Ground Testing for the NASA Hyper-X Program 376 11.5 Ground Testing for the USAF X-51A Waverider 390 11.6 ONERA Ground Testing for the European LAPCAT2 Combustor 392 11.7 Vitiated versus Clean Air Hypersonic Wind Tunnel 393 11.8 Diagnostics and Measurements for Scramjet Combustion 394 Questions 396 References 397 12 Analysis, Computational Modeling, and Simulation 401 12.1 Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence 403 12.2 Surrogate-Based Analysis and Optimization (SBAO) 414 12.3 Flowfield in Highly Integrated Hypersonic Air-breathing Vehicle 416 12.4 NASA Hyper-X Program Computational Modeling Requirements 423 12.5 Overview of Selected CFD Analysis Cases 426 12.6 Closing Remarks 432 Questions 434 References 434 13 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Flight Testing 439 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 Flight Operational Envelope 439 13.3 Flight Test Technique Concepts 440 13.4 X-43A: Air-lifted, Rocket-boosted Approach 444 13.5 Australia/USA Flight Experiments with Sounding Rockets 449 13.6 Russia CIAM and NASA Partnership for Scramjet Flight Testing 452 13.7 Hypersonic Flight Demonstration Program (HyFly) 453 13.8 Phoenix Air-Launched Small Missile (ALSM) 454 13.9 Gun-Launched Scramjet Missile Testing 455 13.10 X-43A Flight Test Mishap 455 13.11 Closing Remarks 457 References 458 Powering the Future of Transcontinental Flight and Access to Space 461 Glossary 469 Nomenclature 485 Index 489

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Acknowledgements xi Sources of Background Information xiii Glossary xv 1 Introduction 1 Further Reading 4 2 The Airframe and Systems Overview 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The Airframe 6 2.3 The Aircraft Systems 10 2.4 Classification of Aircraft Roles 14 2.5 Classification of Systems 25 2.6 Stakeholders 26 2.7 Example Architectures 27 2.8 Data Bus 29 2.9 Summary and Conclusions 34 References 34 Exercises 35 3 Vehicle Systems 37 3.1 Propulsion System 38 3.2 Fuel System 44 3.3 Electrical Power Generation and Distribution 49 3.4 Hydraulic Power Generation and Distribution 53 3.5 Bleed Air System 56 3.6 Secondary Power Systems 59 3.7 Emergency Power Systems 61 3.8 Flight Control System 65 3.9 Landing Gear 68 3.10 Brakes and Anti-skid 71 3.11 Steering System 73 3.12 Environmental Control System 76 3.13 Fire Protection System 79 3.14 Ice Detection 82 3.15 Ice Protection 84 3.16 External Lighting 86 3.17 Probe Heating 89 3.18 Vehicle Management System (VMS) 91 3.19 Crew Escape 93 3.20 Canopy Jettison 97 3.21 Oxygen 99 3.22 Biological and Chemical Protection 102 3.23 Arrestor Hook 104 3.24 Brake Parachute 107 3.25 Anti-spin Parachute 110 3.26 Galley 112 3.27 Passenger Evacuation 115 3.28 In-Flight Entertainment 117 3.29 Toilet and Water Waste 119 3.30 Cabin and Emergency Lighting 122 References 123 Exercise 126 4 Avionic Systems 127 4.1 Displays and Controls 127 4.2 Communications 131 4.3 Navigation 134 4.4 Example Navigation System Architecture 135 4.5 Flight Management System (FMS) 138 4.6 Weather Radar 140 4.7 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder 143 4.8 Traffic Collision and Avoidance System (TCAS) 146 4.9 Terrain Avoidance and Warning System (TAWS) 149 4.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/TACAN 152 4.11 VHF Omni-Ranging (VOR) 154 4.12 Automatic Flight Control System 156 4.13 Radar Altimeter (Rad Alt) 160 4.14 Automated Landing Aids 163 4.15 Air Data System (ADS) 168 4.16 Accident Data Recording System (ADRS) 172 4.17 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) 174 4.18 Prognostics and Health Management System (PHM) 178 4.19 Internal Lighting 181 4.20 Integrated Modular Architecture (IMA) 183 4.21 Antennas 185 References 189 5 Mission Systems 191 5.1 Radar System 192 5.2 Electro-optical System 197 5.3 Electronic Support Measures (ESM) 200 5.4 Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) 202 5.5 Acoustic System 205 5.6 Mission Computing System 207 5.7 Defensive Aids 209 5.8 Station Keeping System 212 5.9 Electronic Warfare System 214 5.10 Camera System 217 5.11 Head Up Display (HUD) 220 5.12 Helmet Mounted Systems 222 5.13 Data Link 224 5.14 Weapon System 227 5.15 Mission System Displays and Controls 230 5.16 Mission System Antennas 234 References 237 Further Reading 239 Exercises 239 6 Supporting Ground Systems 241 6.1 Flight Test Data Analysis 243 6.2 Maintenance Management System 246 6.3 Accident Data Recording 248 6.4 Mission Data Management (Mission Support System) 250 6.5 UAV Control 252 References 254 Exercises 255 7 Modelling of Systems Architectures 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Literature Survey of Methods 259 7.3 Avionics Integration Architecture Methodology 277 7.4 Avionics Integration Modelling of Optimisation 292 7.5 Simulations and Results for a Sample Architecture 297 7.6 Conclusion 300 References 300 8 Summary and Future Developments 305 8.1 Introduction 305 8.2 Systems of Systems 305 8.3 Architectures 314 8.4 Other Considerations 315 8.5 Conclusion 323 8.6 What’s Next? 323 Exercise 327 Index 329

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Book SynopsisAutonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs for Communication, Surveillance and Delivery Authoritative resource offering coverage of communication, surveillance, and delivery problems for teams of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Autonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs for Communication, Surveillance and Delivery studies various elements of deployment of networks of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) base stations for providing communication to ground users in disaster areas, covering problems like ground traffic monitoring, surveillance of environmental disaster areas (e.g. brush fires), using UAVs in rescue missions, converting UAV video surveillance, and more. The work combines practical problems, implementable and computationally efficient algorithms to solve these problems, and mathematically rigorous proofs of each algorithm's convergence and performance. One such example provided by the authors is a novel biologically inspired motion camouflage algorithm to covert video surveillTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Applications of UAVs 1 1.2 Problems of Autonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs 2 1.3 Overview and Organization of the Book 4 1.4 Some Other Remarks 5 References 6 2 Deployment of UAV Base Stations for Wireless Communication Coverage 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Related Work 14 2.3 UAV-BS Deployment for Maximizing Coverage 17 2.3.1 Problem Statement 17 2.3.2 Proposed Solution 19 2.3.3 Evaluation 21 2.4 UAV-BS Deployment for Maximizing Coverage and Minimizing Interference 24 2.4.1 System Model and Problem Statement 24 2.4.2 Proposed Solution 27 2.4.3 Simulation Results 31 2.4.3.1 Dataset and Simulation Set-Up 31 2.4.3.2 Comparing Approaches 32 2.4.3.3 Simulation Results 32 2.5 Voronoi Partitioning-Based UAV-BS Deployment 36 2.5.1 Problem Statement and Main Results 36 2.5.2 Simulation Results 41 2.6 Range-Based UAV-BS Deployment 43 2.6.1 Problem Statement and Main Results 43 2.6.2 Simulation Results 49 2.7 Summary 52 References 52 3 Deployment of UAVs for Surveillance of Ground Areas and Targets 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Related Work 60 3.3 Asymptotically Optimal UAV Deployment for Surveillance of a Flat Ground Area 61 3.3.1 Problem Statement 61 3.3.2 Deployment Algorithm 63 3.3.3 Evaluation 67 3.4 UAV Deployment for Surveillance of Uneven Ground Areas 71 3.4.1 Problem Statement 71 3.4.2 Deployment Algorithm 73 3.4.3 Evaluation 78 3.5 2D UAV Deployment for Ground Target Surveillance 80 3.5.1 Problem Statement 80 3.5.2 Proposed Solution 82 3.5.3 Evaluation 85 3.6 3D UAV Deployment for Ground Target Surveillance 87 3.6.1 Problem Statement 87 3.6.2 Proposed Solution 89 3.6.3 Evaluation 95 3.7 Summary and Future Research 99 References 100 4 Autonomous Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Ground Areas and Targets 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 RelatedWork 108 4.3 Asymptotically Optimal Path Planning for Surveillance of Ground Areas 110 4.3.1 Problem Statement 110 4.3.2 Path Planning Algorithm 111 4.3.3 Simulation Results 114 4.4 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of a Moving Ground Area 117 4.4.1 Problem Statement 117 4.4.2 Navigation Law 119 4.4.2.1 Available Measurements 120 4.4.3 Simulation Results 122 4.5 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Moving Targets on a Road Segment 125 4.5.1 Problem Statement 125 4.5.2 Proposal Solution 126 4.5.2.1 Monitoring Mode 126 4.5.2.2 Initial Mode 127 4.5.2.3 Searching Mode 128 4.5.2.4 Accumulating Mode 129 4.5.3 Simulation Results 130 4.6 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Moving Targets along a Road 134 4.6.1 Problem Statement 134 4.6.2 Navigation Algorithm 137 4.6.3 Simulation Results 139 4.7 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Groups of Moving Ground Targets 142 4.7.1 Problem Statement and Proposed Approach 143 4.7.2 Navigation Method 146 4.7.3 Simulation Results 150 4.8 Summary and Future Research 153 References 154 5 Autonomous UAV Navigation for Covert Video Surveillance 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Related Work 160 5.3 Optimization-Based Navigation 162 5.3.1 System Model 162 5.3.2 Problem Statement 165 5.3.3 Predictive DP Based Trajectory Planning Algorithm 166 5.3.3.1 Aeronautic Trajectory Refinement 169 5.3.4 Evaluation 174 5.4 Biologically Inspired Motion Camouflage-based Navigation 181 5.4.1 Problem Statement 182 5.4.1.1 Available Measurements 182 5.4.2 Motion Camouflage Guidance Law 183 5.4.3 Evaluation 185 5.5 Summary and Future Work 188 References 189 6 Integration of UAVs and Public Transportation Vehicles for Parcel Delivery 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Related Work 199 6.3 System Model 203 6.4 One-way Path Planning 204 6.4.1 Problem Statement 204 6.4.2 Proposed Solution 207 6.4.2.1 Path Traversal Time 207 6.4.2.2 Reliable Path Construction 210 6.4.2.3 Energy-aware Reliable Path 213 6.4.3 Evaluation 215 6.5 Round-trip Path Planning in a Deterministic Network 218 6.5.1 Deterministic Model 218 6.5.1.1 Extended Multimodal Network 220 6.5.2 Problem Statement 222 6.5.2.1 Shortest UAV Path Problem 222 6.5.3 Proposed Solution 223 6.5.3.1 The Dijkstra-based Algorithm 223 6.5.3.2 Reliable UAV Path 225 6.5.3.3 Extended Coverage 228 6.5.4 Evaluation 228 6.6 Round-trip Path Planning in a Stochastic Network 232 6.6.1 Problem Statement 233 6.6.2 Proposed Solution 235 6.6.2.1 Proposed Algorithm 235 6.6.2.2 Robust Round-trip Planning Algorithm 240 6.6.3 Evaluation 243 6.7 Summary and Future Work 246 References 246 Abbreviations 252 Index 253

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Acronyms xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Entities Involved in Air Crash Investigations 5 1.2.1 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 5 1.2.2 National Transportation Board (NTSB) 6 1.2.3 Operator (Airline) 6 1.2.4 Equipment Manufacturer 7 1.3 Existing Traditional FDR/CVR 7 1.3.1 Traditional FDR/CVR History 8 1.3.2 Flight Data Recorder (FDR) 9 1.3.3 The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) 12 1.3.4 Other Types of Recorders 13 1.3.4.1 Deployable Recorders 13 1.3.4.2 Combined Recorders 14 1.3.4.3 Image Recorders 14 1.4 Real-Time Data Transmission as a Solution 14 1.5 System Capacity Requirements 15 1.6 Summary 15 2 State of the Art 19 2.1 Preceding Research 19 2.2 Wireless FDR/CVR Products in Market 22 2.2.1 Honeywell Connected Recorder 22 2.2.1.1 Honeywell Connected Recorder (HCR-25) Specifications 23 2.2.2 FLYHTStream 23 2.2.2.1 FLYHT AFIRS 228 Family Specifications 25 2.3 Wireless FDR/CVR Challenges 26 2.3.1 The Cost Aspect 26 2.3.2 Industry Factors 26 2.3.3 Lack of Regulations 27 2.4 Summary 27 3 Aviation Communication Overview 31 3.1 History 31 3.1.1 Wireless Telegraphy Era 32 3.1.2 Analog Radio Communication Era 33 3.1.3 Digital Radio Communication Era 34 3.1.4 Digital Data Link Era 34 3.2 Communication Traffic Classes 35 3.3 Main Actors and Organizations 37 3.3.1 Aviation Authorities 37 3.3.2 Air Transport Industry 37 3.3.3 Aviation Datalink Service Providers 38 3.3.4 Aviation Stakeholders 38 3.3.4.1 ANSPs 38 3.3.4.2 Airlines 38 3.3.4.3 Meteorological Centers 39 3.4 Spectrum Allocation to Aeronautical Services 39 3.5 Air-to-Air Communications 41 3.5.1 TCAS Communications 41 3.5.2 VHF Communications 42 3.5.3 ADS-B Air-to-Air Communications 42 3.6 Air-to-Ground Communications 43 3.6.1 HF Air-to-Ground Communications 43 3.6.2 Satellite Communications (SATCOM) 45 3.6.3 VHF Data Broadcast (VDB) Communications 46 3.6.4 ADS-B/ADS-R/TIS-B Air-to-Ground Communications 47 3.7 Summary 48 4 Satellite Data Transfer Implementation 51 4.1 The Iridium Satellite System 51 4.2 Iridium First Generation 52 4.2.1 Technical Description 52 4.2.2 Channels 55 4.2.3 Channel Data Rate 56 4.3 Second Generation 58 4.3.1 Orbit 60 4.3.2 Spacecraft 61 4.3.3 Characteristics and Communication Links 62 4.3.3.1 The Subscriber Links 63 4.3.3.2 The Feeder Links 64 4.3.3.3 The Inter-Satellite Links 64 4.3.3.4 The Telemetry, Tracking, and Commanding (TT&C) Links 65 4.3.4 Band Frequency Reuse 65 4.3.4.1 TDMA Frame Structure 65 4.4 PSTN-Based Data Transfer Implementation: One Channel per Aircraft 66 4.5 Alternative Satellite Transmission Implementations 68 4.5.1 Fixed Slot Allocation per Aircraft per Burst 68 4.5.1.1 Slots per Burst Data Transfer 70 4.5.2 Single Second Bursts with Variable Slot Assignment per Frame 74 4.5.2.1 Single Second Burst Data Transmission 76 4.6 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol over Satellite Link Data Transmission 79 4.6.1 The Iridium Data Channel 80 4.6.2 Packet and Frame Structure 80 4.6.3 Data Transfer with Internet Protocols 82 4.6.3.1 Setup and Control 82 4.6.3.2 Data Packet Transmissions 83 4.7 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes 84 4.8 Expected Availability of Spectrum 86 4.9 Emerging LEO Satellite Constellations 86 4.9.1 Problem Formulation 87 4.9.2 Results 89 4.10 Discussion 90 4.11 Summary 91 5 VHF Digital Link Implementation 95 5.1 VHF Communications System 95 5.2 VDL Modes 96 5.2.1 VDL Mode 0 97 5.2.2 VDL Mode 2 97 5.2.3 VDL Mode 3 98 5.2.4 VDL Mode 4 98 5.3 Data Transfer – VDL Mode 4 Implementation 100 5.3.1 Consecutive Time Slot Bursts 101 5.3.2 Alternative VDL Mode 4 Transmission Scenarios 103 5.3.2.1 No Buffer and Burst 103 5.3.2.2 Two Second Buffer and Burst 104 5.3.2.3 Three Second Buffer and Burst 104 5.4 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol Over VDL Transmission 107 5.4.1 Data Transfer with Internet Protocols 108 5.4.1.1 Setup and Control 108 5.4.2 Packet and Frame Structure 109 5.4.3 Data Packet Transmissions 109 5.5 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes 110 5.6 Expected Availability of Spectrum 110 5.7 Summary 111 6 Cooperative Data Transmission Implementations 113 6.1 VDL System-Based Relaying 114 6.2 VHF and Satellite System Cooperation 117 6.3 Aeronautical Ad-hoc Network (AANET) 118 6.4 Software-Defined Networking 121 6.5 Summary 123 7 UAV Wireless Networks and Recorders 127 7.1 UAV Communication Networks 127 7.2 Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network for 5G/B5GWireless Communications 130 7.3 Integrating UAVs Into Aviation Communication 132 7.4 UAV Recorders 132 7.5 Summary 133 8 Future Aviation Communication 135 8.1 SystemWide Information Management (SWIM) 135 8.1.1 SWIM Definition 136 8.1.2 SWIM Principles 137 8.1.3 SWIM Layers 138 8.2 Air-to-Ground (A2G) Future Communication 139 8.3 Advancements in Air-to-Air (A2A) Communication for Aviation 140 8.3.1 Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) 140 8.3.2 Airborne Separation Assurance Systems (ASAS) 140 8.3.3 L-DACS1 A2A Mode 141 8.3.4 Free-Space Optical (FSO) Communications 141 8.4 Emerging Technologies Shaping Aviation Communication 141 8.4.1 Single-Pilot Operations (SPOs) 141 8.4.2 Troposcatter Communications 142 8.4.3 Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) Communications 142 8.5 Machine Learning in Future Communications 142 8.6 Summary 143 References 144 Appendix A 145 A.1 Useful MATLAB Codes 145 A.1.1 Iridium Satellite Constellation Viewer 145 A.1.2 Iridium Satellite Constellation Footprints 145 A.1.3 Large Satellite Constellation Implementation for Ground-Based FDR/CVR Recorders 146 Index 153

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Book SynopsisThis book explains aircraft structures so as to provide a basic understanding of the subject and the terminology used, as well as illustrating some of the problems. It provides a brief historical background, and covers parts of the aeroplane, loads, structural form, materials, processes, detail design, quality control, stressing, and the documentation associated with modification and repairs. The Fourth Edition takes account of new materials and the new European regulatory system.Trade Review‘one of the most useful reference books that a budding designer or airline engineer could have available [it has] an aura of practical experience about it’ – Aerospace ‘contains a wealth of examples of good practice in the design and repair of metal aircraft. It also provides a good basic understanding of materials’ – Journal of the General Aviation Safety CouncilTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1 Introduction;. Chapter 2 History; 2.1 Outline; 2.2 Wire-braced structures; 2.3 Semi-monocoque structures; 2.4 Sandwich structures; 2.5 Review of the key points. Chapter 3 Parts of the Aircraft; 3.1 Terms connected with flight; 3.2 Terms connected with control; 3.3 Terms connected with high-lift devices; 3.4 Terms associated with the shape and dimensions of the aircraft; 3.5 Review of the key points. Chapter 4 Loads on the Aircraft; 4.1 General flight forces; 4.2 Acceleration loads 4.3 Further aerodynamic loads; 4.4 Other loads; 4.5 Further load factors; 4.6 Loads acting on the whole aircraft; 4.7 Review of the key points; 4.8 References. Chapter 5 The form of structures; 5.1 Structure relative to aircraft design; 5.2 Historic form of structure; 5.3 General form of structure; 5.4 The basic load systems in structures; 5.5 The forms of stress in materials; 5.6 Bending and torsion; 5.7 Compression; 5.8 The whole structure; 5.9 Review of the key points; 5.10 References. Chapter 6 Materials; 6.1 Choice of materials; 6.2 Material properties; 6.3 Smart structures (and materials); 6.4 Cost as a property of a material; 6.5 Heat treatment; 6.6 Reference numbers for materials; 6.7 Review of the key points; 6.8 References. Chapter 7 Processes; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Manufacturing;7.3 Jointing; 7.4 Review of the key points; 7.5 References. Chapter 8 Corrosion and protective treatments; 8.1 Nature of corrosion; 8.2 Causes of corrosion; 8.3 Protection against corrosion; 8.4 Review of the key points; 8.5 References. Chapter 9 Detail design; 9.1 Sheet-metal components; 9.2 Machined components and large forgings; 9.3 Notching and stress raisers; 9.4 Rivets and bolts; 9.5 Joggling; 9.6 Clips or cleats; 9.7 Stringer/frame intersections; 9.8 Lugs; 9.9 The ‘stiff path’; 9.10 Review of the key points. Chapter 10 Composite materials in aircraft structures; 10.1 What are composites?; 10.2 The strength of composite materials; 10.3 Types of structures; 10.4 Joining composites; 10.5 Fibres; 10.6 Resins; 10.7 Working safely with composites; 10.8 Review of the key points. Chapter 11 Quality and airworthiness; 11.1 Quality assurance; 11.2 Control; 11.3 Procedures and systems; 11.4 Further notes on quality control functions; 11.5 Airworthiness engineering; 11.6 Maintenance schedule; 11.7 References; 11.8 Review of the key points. Chapter 12 Stressing; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 The stressman’s work; 12.3 Stressing methods; 12.4 Stress reports; 12.5 Review of the key points; 12.6 References. Chapter 13 Presentation of modifications and repairs; 13.1 Definitions; 13.2 The essential paperwork associated with modifications; 13.3 Review of the key points; 13.4 Conclusion; 13.5 References. Appendices

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Book SynopsisNOMINATED AND SHORT LISTED FOR THE SURVEILLANCE STUDIES BOOK PRIZE 2011! This theoretically informed research explores what the development and transformation of air travel has meant for societies and individuals. Brings together a number of interdisciplinary approaches towards the aeroplane and its relation to society Presents an original theory that our societies are aerial societies, or ''aerealities'', and shows how we are both enabled and threatened by aerial mobility Features a series of detailed international case studies which map the history of aviation over the past century - from the promises of early flight, to World War II bombing campaigns, and to the rise of international terrorism today Demonstrates the transformational capacity of air transport to shape societies, bodies and individual identities Offers startling historical evidence and bold new ideas about how the social and material spaces of the aeroplane aTrade Review“These books could serve as a starting point from which to further develop this concept of aerial space and how it fits with or challenges other theories of space that are emerging in geography and the social sciences more broadly, such as those drawing on network and complexity theory.” (The AAG Review of Books, 1 March 2014) ''Peter Adey is a clear, strong, inventive, unique voice in human geography. In Aerial Life, he brings together a fascinating set of theoretical concerns and empirical cases in his inimitable style, with a gravity of purpose and a lightness of touch that makes for an incredibly rich book.' —Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa ‘By extending critical human geography to the complex verticalities of airspace, Peter Adey offers a vitally important riposte to the long neglect of aerial cultural politics in the social sciences. Aerial Life is a brilliant tour de force. Incisive, comprehensive, fresh and, above all, topical - this is the book which can guide us as we address the geographies of the aerial.’ —Stephen Graham, Newcastle University "He presents a compelling study of the processes involved in the social and psychological shaping of what he calls "the aerial subject." (Times Literary Supplement, 15 October 2010) Table of ContentsFigures and Tables ix Series Editors’ Preface x Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Prologue 1 Overview 6 Aerial Life 8 Powering Up Aerial Geographies 13 The Organization of the Book 21 Part One Becoming Aerial 23 2 Birth of the Aerial Body 25 Introduction 25 Beginnings 28 ‘Handsome Is as Handsome Does’: Disassembling the Aerial Body 30 The Flesh of the Aerial Youth 41 Simulation 45 Conclusion 52 3 The Projection and Performance of Airspace 54 Introduction 54 Building a Political Space: Identity, Boundedness and the Sanctity of Territory 57 Undoing Aerial Space: Post-nationalism and Projective Power 70 Conclusion 80 Part Two Governing Aerial Life 83 4 Aerial Views: Bodies, Borders and Biopolitics 85 Introduction 85 Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Targeting, Administering and Managing Populations 86 Techniques of the Observer/Observed 103 Three-Dimensional Vision 109 Conclusion 113 5 Profiling Machines 114 Introduction 114 Imagining the Pilot/Passenger 117 Sorting 124 Modifying 132 Conclusion 144 Part Three Aerial Aggression 145 6 Aerial Environments 147 Introduction 147 The Emergence of a Target 149 Systems, Circulations and Ecological Warfare 161 Air Conditioning 170 Conclusion 177 7 Subjects under Siege 179 Warning 179 Introduction 181 The Anatomy of Panic 185 Imaginations and Urgencies 189 Vigilance and the Social as Circuit 191 Entrainment 198 Conclusion 205 8 Conclusion 206 Environments 207 Futures 208 Aerial Turns 209 Notes 211 Bibliography 228 Index 255

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Book SynopsisNOMINATED AND SHORT LISTED FOR THE SURVEILLANCE STUDIES BOOK PRIZE 2011! This theoretically informed research explores what the development and transformation of air travel has meant for societies and individuals. Brings together a number of interdisciplinary approaches towards the aeroplane and its relation to society Presents an original theory that our societies are aerial societies, or ''aerealities'', and shows how we are both enabled and threatened by aerial mobility Features a series of detailed international case studies which map the history of aviation over the past century - from the promises of early flight, to World War II bombing campaigns, and to the rise of international terrorism today Demonstrates the transformational capacity of air transport to shape societies, bodies and individual identities Offers startling historical evidence and bold new ideas about how the social and material spaces of the aeroplane aTrade Review''Peter Adey is a clear, strong, inventive, unique voice in human geography. In Aerial Life, he brings together a fascinating set of theoretical concerns and empirical cases in his inimitable style, with a gravity of purpose and a lightness of touch that makes for an incredibly rich book.' —Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa ‘By extending critical human geography to the complex verticalities of airspace, Peter Adey offers a vitally important riposte to the long neglect of aerial cultural politics in the social sciences. Aerial Life is a brilliant tour de force. Incisive, comprehensive, fresh and, above all, topical - this is the book which can guide us as we address the geographies of the aerial.’ —Stephen Graham, Newcastle University Table of ContentsFigures and Tables ix Series Editors’ Preface x Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Prologue 1 Overview 6 Aerial Life 8 Powering Up Aerial Geographies 13 The Organization of the Book 21 Part One Becoming Aerial 23 2 Birth of the Aerial Body 25 Introduction 25 Beginnings 28 ‘Handsome Is as Handsome Does’: Disassembling the Aerial Body 30 The Flesh of the Aerial Youth 41 Simulation 45 Conclusion 52 3 The Projection and Performance of Airspace 54 Introduction 54 Building a Political Space: Identity, Boundedness and the Sanctity of Territory 57 Undoing Aerial Space: Post-nationalism and Projective Power 70 Conclusion 80 Part Two Governing Aerial Life 83 4 Aerial Views: Bodies, Borders and Biopolitics 85 Introduction 85 Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Targeting, Administering and Managing Populations 86 Techniques of the Observer/Observed 103 Three-Dimensional Vision 109 Conclusion 113 5 Profiling Machines 114 Introduction 114 Imagining the Pilot/Passenger 117 Sorting 124 Modifying 132 Conclusion 144 Part Three Aerial Aggression 145 6 Aerial Environments 147 Introduction 147 The Emergence of a Target 149 Systems, Circulations and Ecological Warfare 161 Air Conditioning 170 Conclusion 177 7 Subjects under Siege 179 Warning 179 Introduction 181 The Anatomy of Panic 185 Imaginations and Urgencies 189 Vigilance and the Social as Circuit 191 Entrainment 198 Conclusion 205 8 Conclusion 206 Environments 207 Futures 208 Aerial Turns 209 Notes 211 Bibliography 228 Index 255

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Book SynopsisChris Petty has written a book that covers much of the unheralded research into high-speed flight that helped set the stage for human spaceflight. I recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in the early history of rocket flight.-Al Worden, command module pilot for Apollo 15In 1945 some experts still considered the so-called sound barrier an impenetrable wall, while winged rocket planes remained largely relegated to science fiction. But soon a series of unique rocket-powered research aircraft and the dedicated individuals who built, maintained, and flew them began to push the boundaries of flight in aviation's quest to move ever higher, ever faster, toward the unknown. Beyond Blue Skies examines the thirty-year period after World War II during which aviation experienced an unprecedented era of progress that led the United States to the boundaries of outer space. Between 1946 and 1975, an ancient dry lakebed in California's High Desert played host to a series of rocket-powered research aircraft built to investigate the outer reaches of flight. The western Mojave's Rogers Dry Lake became home to Edwards Air Force Base, NASA's Flight Research Center, and an elite cadre of test pilots. Although one of them-Chuck Yeager-would rank among the most famous names in history, most who flew there during those years played their parts away from public view.The risks they routinely accepted were every bit as real as those facing NASA's astronauts, but no magazine stories or free Corvettes awaited them-just long days in a close-knit community in the High Desert. The role of not only the test pilots but the engineers, aerodynamicists, and support staff in making supersonic flight possible has been widely overlooked. Beyond Blue Skies charts the triumphs and tragedies of the rocket-plane era and the unsung efforts of the men and women who made amazing achievements possible.Trade Review"Chris Petty's Beyond Blue Skies: The Rocket Plane Programs That Led to the Space Age transports readers to Edwards Air Force Base, where, from 1946 to 1975, experimental rocket planes carried engineers' knowledge to higher altitudes and into the supersonic and hypersonic realms. . . . Any reader interested in the history of aviation and space programs will enjoy learning how they made it all work."—Kevin Castro, H-Environment“Chris Petty has written a book that covers much of the unheralded research into high-speed flight that helped set the stage for human spaceflight. I recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in the early history of rocket flight.”—Al Worden, command module pilot for Apollo 15“Beyond Blue Skies captures the period, the place, and best of all the people who made the rocket-plane era at Edwards so successful, providing a solid basis for the space shuttle. Chris Petty has captured our soul.”—Robert W. Kempel, retired experimental flight research engineer“Beyond Blue Skies is a deeply researched and thoughtful history of the X-planes that flew across the skies of California’s High Desert between 1946 and the 1970s. While rich in detail, it is approachable by the general reader and will prove to be as engaging as the exploits of the daring pilots who continually ‘pushed the envelope.’ Chris Petty’s new book capably fills a gap in the available literature, and for that reason along with its enjoyability, it deserves a place on your shelf.”—Rod Pyle, author, journalist, and editor in chief of Ad Astra magazine for the National Space Society“Chris Petty takes us on an exciting journey further than the usual treatments on this subject. He provides unique, personal accounts and rare insights from the engineers and technicians who built, modified, maintained, and controlled the most advanced research aircraft and their milestone flights. These stories are an essential addition to chronicling the remarkable achievements of the pioneering test pilots.”—Col. Mark Pestana, NASA research pilotTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Abbreviations and Definitions Part 1. Breaking Barriers 1. A New Breed of Aircraft 2. Like a Speeding Bullet 3. A New Pretender 4. The Race to Mach 2 5. Facing the Heat 6. The End of the Beginning Part 2. America's First Spaceship 7. The Hypersonic Challenge 8. Higher and Faster 9. The Follow-On 10. Failure to Launch Part 3. The Lifting Bodies 11. Look Ma, No Wings! 12. The Heavyweights 13. Racehorses and Unrealized Plans Epilogue Sources Index

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Book SynopsisIn the years between the historic first moon landing by Apollo 11 on July 20,1969, and his death at age 82 on August 25, 2002, Neil Armstrong received hundreds of thousands of cards and letters from all over the world, congratulating him, praising him, requesting pictures and autographs, and asking him what must have seemed to him to be limitless— and occasionally intrusive— questions. Of course, all the famous astronauts received fan mail, but the sheer volume Armstrong had to deal with for more than four decades after his moon landing was staggering. Today, the preponderance of those letters— some 75,000 of them— are preserved in the archives at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. Dear Neil Armstrong publishes a careful sampling of these letters —roughly 400— reflecting the various kinds of correspondence that Armstrong received along with representative samples of his replies. Selected and edited by James R. Hansen, Armstrong’s authorized biographer and author of the New YorkTimes best seller First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, this collection sheds light on Armstrong’s enduring impact and offers an intimate glimpse into the cultural meanings of human spaceflight. Readers will explore what the thousands of letters to Neil Armstrong meant not only to those who wrote them, but as a snapshot of one of humankind’s greatest achievements in the twentieth century. They will see how societies and cultures projected their own meanings onto one of the world’s great heroes and iconic figures.Table of Contents FOREWORD PREFACE 1. FIRST WORDS 2. CONGRATULATIONS AND WELCOME HOME 3. THE SOVIETS 4. FOR ALL MANKIND 5. FROM ALL AMERICA 6. RELUCTANTLY FAMOUS 7. THE PRINCIPLED CITIZEN APPENDIX: SECRETARIES, ASSISTANTS, AND ADMINISTRATIVE AIDES FOR NEIL ARMSTRONG, 1969–2012 NOTES

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Book SynopsisFeaturing over seventy images from the heroic age of space exploration, Through Astronaut Eyes presents the story of how human daring along with technological ingenuity allowed people to see the Earth and stars as they never had before. Photographs from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs tell powerful and compelling stories that continue to have cultural resonance to this day, not just for what they revealed about the spaceflight experience, but also as products of a larger visual rhetoric of exploration. The photographs tell us as much about space and the astronauts who took them as their reception within an American culture undergoing radical change throughout the turbulent 1960s. This book explores the origins and impact of astronaut still photography from 1962 to 1972, the period when human spaceflight first captured the imagination of people around the world. Photographs taken during those three historic programs are much admired and reprinted, but rarely seriously studied. This book suggests astronaut photography is particularly relevant to American culture based on how easily the images were shared through reproduction and circulation in a very visually oriented society. Space photography's impact at the crossroads of cultural studies, the history of exploration and technology, and public memory illuminates its continuing importance to American identity.Table of Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION: Interpreting Astronaut Photography CHAPTER 1: Why an Amateur Needs a Better Camera than a Professional CHAPTER 2: Photographs for Every Audience CHAPTER 3: Images of Exploration CHAPTER 4: The Afterlife of Astronaut Photography EPILOGUE: Continuing Resonance Notes Archival and Bibliographic Sources Index

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Book SynopsisArtfully curated by James R. Hansen, A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong is a companion volume to Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind, collecting hundreds more letters Armstrong received after first stepping on the moon until his death in 2012. Providing context and commentary, Hansen has assembled the letters by the following themes: religion and belief; anger, disappointment, and disillusionment; quacks, conspiracy theorists, and ufologists; fellow astronauts and the world of flight; the corporate world; celebrities, stars, and notables; and last messages.Taken together, both collections provide fascinating insights into the world of an iconic hero who took that first giant leap onto lunar soil willingly and thereby stepped into the public eye with reluctance. Space enthusiasts, historians, and lovers of all things related to flight will not want to miss this book.Table of Contents PREFACE 1. RELIGION AND BELIEF 2. ANGER, DISAPPOINTMENT, AND DISILLUSIONMENT 3. QUACKS, CONSPIRACY THEORISTS, AND UFOLOGISTS 4. FELLOW ASTRONAUTS AND THE WORLD OF FLIGHT 5. THE CORPORATE WORLD 6. CELEBRITIES, STARS, AND NOTABLES 7. LETTERS FROM A GRIEVING WORLD NOTES

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