Zoology: fishes (ichthyology) Books

Book SynopsisLaurence A. MoranAfter earning his PhD from Princeton University in 1974, Professor Moran spent four years at the Université dè Geneve in Switzerland. He has been a member of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto since 1978, specializing in molecular biology and molecular evolution. His research findings on heat-shock genes have been published in many scholarly journals. H. Robert HortonDr. Horton, who received his PhD from the University of Missouri in 1962, is William Neal Reynolds Professor Emeritus and Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biochemistry at North Carolina State University, where he served on the faculty for over 30 years. Most of Professor Horton's research was in protein and enzyme mechanisms. K. Gray ScrimgeourProfessor Scrimgeour received his doctorate from the University of Washington in 1961 and has been a faculty member at the University Table of ContentsBrief Contents Introduction. Form and Movement. Respiration. Blood and its Circulation. Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation. Hydronuneral Balance. Feeding, Nutrition, Digestion, and Excretion. Growth. Reproduction. Sensory Perception. Behavior and Communication. Systematics, Genetics and Speciation. Evolution. Hagfishes and Lampreys. Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras. Relict Bony Fishes. Bonytongues, Eels and Herrings. Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes. Smelt, Salmon and Pike. Angler Fish, Barracudinas, Cods, and Dragonfishes. Mullets, Silversides, Flying Fish, and Killifish. Opahs, Squirrelfish, Dories, Pipefish, and Sculpins. Perciformes: Snooks to Snakeheads. Flounders, Puffers, and Molas. Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes. Zoogeography of Marine Fishes. Introduction to Ecology. Temperate Streams. Temperate Lakes and Reservoirs. Tropical Freshwater Lakes and Streams. Estuaries. Coastal Habitats. Tropical Reefs. Epipelagic Zone. Deep Sea Habitats. Polar Regions. Conservation.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe karst landforms of China are renowned around the world for the beauty of their landscapes, but it is less well appreciated that they also contain extensive cave systems with very significant underwater habitats. China also has an extremely high level of biodiversity, including over 1,500 freshwater fish species. Unsurprisingly, some of these species inhabit the karst cave systems and have flourished and diversified under unique environmental conditions. As a result, cave fishes in China are particularly abundant and diverse when compared to those of other countries of the world. These remarkable fishes have received considerable research attention from Chinese ichthyologists and, for the first time, this book makes their resulting findings directly accessible to the English-speaking world through a remarkable endeavour of Sino-British collaboration.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive review of current systems for fish protection and downstream migration. It offers the first systematic description of the currently available technologies for fish protection at hydropower intakes, including accurate and timely data collected by the authors and other researchers. It describes how to design and test them in agreement with the guidelines established from the EU Water Framework Directive. The book includes important information about fish biology, with a special focus on swimming and migration mechanisms. It offers a robust bridge between concepts in applied ecology and civil hydraulic engineering, thus providing biologists and hydraulic engineers with an authoritative reference guide to both the theory and practice of fish protection. It is also of interest for planners, public authorities as well as environmental consultants Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic reqirements of fish protection and downstream passage.- Impact of Downstream passability.- Fish protection facilities.- Fishways for downstream migration.- Fish-friendly turbines.- Fish-friendly operational management.- Species-specific requirements.- Habitat measures.- Open questions and knowledge deficits.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Amazon Basin's rivers, estuaries and tributaries are home to as many as 1000 species of Catfish. In this work, two scientists offer a natural history of the Amazon giant catfish and its central place as a source of food and income within the ecology and economy of the Amazon Basin.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLake Michigan, winding creeks, sprawling swamps, and one of the world's great rivers--Illinois's variety of aquatic habitats makes the Prairie State home to a diverse array of fishes. The first book of its kind in over forty years, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes is a combination of nature guide and natural history. It provides readers with an authoritative resource based on the extensive biological data collected by scientists since the mid-1850s. Each of the entries on Illinois's 217 current and extirpated fish species offers one or more color photographs; maps depicting distributions at three time periods; descriptions of identifying features; notes on habitat preference; and comments on distribution. In addition, the authors provide a pictorial key for identifying Illinois fishes. Scientifically up-to-date and illustrated with over 240 color photos, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes is a benchmark in the study of Illinois's ever-changing fish communities and the habitats that support them.Trade Review"There are identification keys, photos, range maps, conservation information and more. This one fills a welcome need in my fish reference library. Any fish nerd would enjoy it." --Nature"'An Atlas of Illinois Fishes' joins the pantheon on the shelf left of my desk, within easy reach. " -- Dale Bowman, Chicago Sun-Times "The authors have done an excellent job in tracking down a tremendous amount of great information, both published and unpublished, about fish distribution in Illinois, and the thoroughness of their analyses and the detail they provide are impressive."--John Lyons, Curator of Fishes, University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum"What a monumental endeavor--to capture all that has changed in Illinois fish diversity and distribution in recent times. The result is a reference that will be enjoyed by scientist and naturalist alike."--Brant Fisher, Indiana Department of Natural Resources"If you are an amateur naturalist, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes: 150 Years of Change will be a welcome addition to your home library. If you are a professional biologist, the book will be a welcome addition to your office bookshelf. And, that’s just what the authors had in mind when they decided to write the book. It’s the first definitive book written on Illinois fish in 40 years." --Les Winkeler, Southern IllinoisanTable of Contentsxv Acknowledgments1 Purpose and Scope3 Setting the Scene12 A Historical Perspective of Illinois Fishes17 Fish Morphology20 Organization of Illinois Family and Species Accounts21 Methods for Mapping Species Distributions26 Key to the Families of Illinois Fishes41 LAMPREYS (Family Petromyzontidae)42 Key to the Lampreys46 Ohio Lamprey, Itchthyomyzon bdellium47 Chestnut Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus48 Northern Brook Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon fossor49 Silver Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis50 Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera51 American Brook Lamprey, Lethenteron appendix52 Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus53 STURGEONS (Family Acipenseridae)54 Key to the Sturgeons56 Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens57 Pallid Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus58 Shovelnose Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus59 PADDLEFISHES (Family Polyodontidae)60 Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula61 GARS (Family Lepisosteidae)62 Key to the Gars64 Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula65 Spotted Gar, Lepisosteus oculatus66 Longnose Gar, Lepisosteus osseus67 Shortnose Gar, Lepisosteus platostomus68 BOWFINS (Family Amiidae)69 Bowfin, Amia calva70 FRESHWATER EELS (Family Anguillidae)71 American Eel, Anguilla rostrata72 MOONEYES (Family Hiodontidae)73 Key to the Mooneyes74 Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides75 Mooneye, Hiodon tergisus76 SHADS AND HERRINGS (Family Clupeidae)77 Key to the Shad and Herrings79 Alabama Shad, Alosa alabamae80 Skip Jack Herring, Alosa chrysochloris81 Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus82 Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianum83 Threadfin Shad, Dorosoma petenense84 SUCKERS (Family Catostomidae)85 Key to the Suckers94 River Carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio95 Quillback, Carpiodes cyprinus96 Highfin Carpsucker, Carpiodes velifer97 Longnose Sucker, Catostomus catostomus98 White Sucker, Catostomus commersonii99 Blue Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus100 Western Creek Chubsucker, Erimyzon claviformis101 Lake Chubsucker, Erimyzon sucetta102 Northern Hog Sucker, Hypentelium nigricans103 Smallmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus104 Bigmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus105 Black Buffalo, Ictiobus niger106 Spotted Sucker, Minytrema melanops107 Silver Redhorse, Moxostoma anisurum108 River Redhorse, Moxostoma carinaturm109 Black Redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei110 Golden Redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurum111 Shorthead Redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum112 Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi113 BARBS AND CARPS (Family Cyprinidae)114 Key to the Barbs and Carps115 Goldfish, Carassius auratus116 Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio117 SHARPBELLIES (Family Xenocyprididae)118 Key to the Sharpbellies120 Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella121 Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix122 Bighead Carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis123 Black Carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus124 MINNOWS (Family Leuciscidae)125 Key to the Minnows153 Central Stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum154 Largescale Stoneroller, Campostoma oligolepis155 Southern Redbelly Dace, Chrosomus erythrogaster156 Redside Dace, Clinostomus elongatus157 Lake Chub, Couesius plumbeus158 Red Shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis159 Spotfin Shiner, Cyprinella spiloptera160 Blacktail Shiner, Cyprinella venusta161 Steelcolor Shiner, Cyprinella whipplei162 Silverjaw Minnow, Ericymba buccata163 Gravel Chub, Erimystax x-punctatus164 Western Silvery Minnow, Hybognathus argyritis165 Brassy Minnow, Hybognathus hankinsoni166 Cypress Minnow, Hybognathus hayi167 Mississippi Silvery Minnow, Hybognathus nuchalis168 Plains Minnow, Hybognathus placitus169 Bigeye Chub, Hybopsis amblops170 Pallid Shiner, Hybopsis amnis171 Striped Shiner, Luxilus chrysocephalus172 Common Shiner, Luxilus cornutus173 Bleeding Shiner, Luxilus zonatus174 Scarlet Shiner, Lythrurus fasciolaris175 Ribbon Shiner, Lythrurus fumeus176 Redfin Shiner, Lythrurus umbratilis177 Sturgeon Chub, Macrhybopsis gelida178 Shoal Chub, Macrhybopsis hyostoma179 Sicklefin Chub, Macrhybopsis meeki180 Silver Chub, Macrhybopsis storeriana181 Hornyhead Chub, Nocomis biguttatus182 River Chub, Nocomis micropogon183 Golden Shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas184 Pugnose Shiner, Notropis anogenus185 Emerald Shiner, Notropis atherinoides186 River Shiner, Notropis blennius187 Bigeye Shiner, Notropis boops188 Ghost Shiner, Notropis buchanani189 Ironcolor Shiner, Notropis chalybaeus190 Bigmouth Shiner, Notropis dorsalis191 Blackchin Shiner, Notropis heterodon192 Blacknose Shiner, Notropis heterolepis193 Spottail Shiner, Notropis hudsonius194 Taillight Shiner, Notropis maculatus195 Ozark Minnow, Notropis nubilus196 Carmine Shiner, Notropis percobromus197 Silver Shiner, Notropis photogenis198 Rosyface Shiner, Notropis rubellus199 Silverband Shiner, Notropis shumardi200 Sand Shiner, Notropis stramineus201 Weed Shiner, Notropis texanus202 Mimic Shiner, Notropis volucellus203 Channel Shiner, Notropis wickliffi204 Pugnose Minnow, Opsopoeodus emiliae205 Suckermouth Minnow, Phenacobius mirabilis206 Bluntnose Minnow, Pimephales notatus207 Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas208 Bullhead Minnow, Pimephales vigilax209 Flathead Chub, Platygobio gracilis210 Bluehead Shiner, Pteronotropis hubbsi211 Longnose Dace, Rhinichthys cataractae212 Western Blacknose Dace, Rhinichthys obtusus213 Creek Chub, Semotilus atromoculatus214 SPINED LOACHES (Family Cobitidae)215 Oriental Weatherfish, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus216 NORTH AMERICAN CATFISHES (Family Ictaluridae)217 Key to the North American Catfishes224 White Catfish, Ameiurus catus225 Black Bullhead, Ameiurus melas226 Yellow Bullhead, Ameiurus natalis227 Brown Bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus228 Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus229 Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus230 Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus231 Slender Madtom, Noturus exilis232 Stonecat, Noturus flavus233 Tadpole Madtom, Noturus gyrinus234 Brindled Madtom, Noturus miurus235 Freckled Madtom, Noturus nocturnus236 Northern Madtom, Noturus stigmosus237 Flathead Catfish, Pylodictis olivaris238 PIKES AND MUDMINNOWS (Family Esocidae)239 Key to the Pikes and Mudminnows241 Grass Pickerel, Esox americanus242 Northern Pike, Esox lucius243 Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy244 Central Mudminnow, Umbra limi245 TROUTS, SALMONS, AND WHITEFISHES (Family Salmonidae)246 Key to the Trouts, Salmon, and Whitefishes251 Cisco, Coregonus artedi252 Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis253 Bloater, Coregonus hoyi254 Blackfin Cisco, Coregonus nigripinnis255 Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch256 Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss257 Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha258 Round Whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum259 Brown Trout, Salmo trutta260 Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis261 Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush262 SMELTS (Family Osmeridae)263 Rainbow Smelt, Osmerus mordax264 TROUT-PERCHES (Family Percopsidae)265 Trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus266 PIRATE PERCHES (Family Aphredoderidae)267 Pirate Perch, Aphredoderus sayanus268 CAVEFISHES (Family Amblyopsidae)269 Shawnee Hills Cavefish, Forbesichthys papilliferus270 CUSKFISHES (Family Lotidae)271 Burbot, Lota lota272 GOBIES (Family Gobiidae)273 Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus274 NEW WORLD SILVERSIDES (Family Atherinopsidae)275 Key to the New World Silversides276 Brook Silverside, Labidesthes sicculus277 Inland Silverside, Menidia beryllina278 TOPMINNOWS (Family Fundulidae)279 Key to the Topminnows281 Northern Studfish, Fundulus catenatus282 Banded Killifish, Fundulus diaphanus283 Starhead Topminnow, Fundulus dispar284 Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus285 Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus286 LIVEBEARERS (Family Poeciliidae)287 Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis288 MULLETS (Family Mugilidae)289 Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus290 SUNFISHES (Family Centrarchidae)291 Key to the Sunfishes301 Rock Bass, Ambloplites rupestris302 Flier, Centrarchus macropterus303 Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus304 Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus305 Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus306 Orangespotted Sunfish, Lepomis humilis307 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus308 Longear Sunfish, Lepomis megalotis309 Redear Sunfish, Lepomis microlophus310 Northern Sunfish, Lepomis peltastes311 Spotted Sunfish, Lepomis punctatus312 Bantam Sunfish, Lepomis symmetricus313 Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieu314 Spotted Bass, Micropterus punctulatus315 Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides316 White Crappie, Pomoxis annularis317 Black Crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus318 PYGMY SUNFISHES (Family Elassomatidae)319 Banded Pygmy Sunfish, Elassoma zonatum320 WHITE BASSES (Family Moronidae)321 Key to the White Basses323 White Perch, Morone americana324 White Bass, Morone chrysops325 Yellow Bass, Morone mississippiensis326 Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis327 DRUMS AND CROAKERS (Family Sciaenidae)328 Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens329 DARTERS AND PERCHES (Percidae)330 Key to the Darters and Perches345 Western Sand Darter, Ammocrypta clara346 Eastern Sand Darter, Ammocrypta pellucida347 Crystal Darter, Crystallaria asprella348 Mud Darter, Etheostoma asprigene349 Greenside Darter, Etheostoma blennioides350 Rainbow Darter, Etheostoma caeruleum351 Bluebreast Darter, Etheostoma camurum352 Bluntnose Darter, Etheostoma chlorosoma353 Fringed Darter, Etheostoma crossopterum354 Iowa Darter, Etheostoma exile355 Fantail Darter, Etheostoma flabellare356 Slough Darter, Etheostoma gracile357 Harlequin Darter, Etheostoma histrio358 Stripetail Darter, Etheostoma kennicotti359 Least Darter, Etheostoma microperca360 Johnny Darter, Etheostoma nigrum361 Cypress Darter, Etheostoma proeliare362 Orangethroat Darter, Etheostoma spectabile363 Spottail Darter, Etheostoma squamiceps364 Banded Darter, Etheostoma zonale365 Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens366 Logperch, Percina caprodes367 Channel Darter, Percina copelandi368 Gilt Darter, Percina evides369 Blackside Darter, Percina maculata370 Slenderhead Darter, Percina phoxocephala371 Dusky Darter, Percina sciera372 River Darter, Percina shumardi373 Stargazing Darter, Percina uranidea374 Sauger, Sander canadense375 Walleye, Sander vitreum376 STICKLEBACKS (Family Gasterosteidae)377 Key to the Sticklebacks378 Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans379 Threespine Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus380 Ninespine Stickleback, Pungitius pungitius381 SCULPINS (Family Cottidae)382 Key to the Sculpins384 Spoonhead Sculpin, Cottus ricei385 Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii386 Mottled Sculpin, Uranidea bairdii387 Banded Sculpin, Uranidea carolinae388 Slimy Sculpin, Uranidea congnata389 Photo Credits and Locations394 Glossary397 Literature Cited401 Index of Common and Scientific Names

Read more less

Book Synopsis Timely title assembling the combined knowledge of some of the leading authorities in the field of small fish reproduction - an important topic for risk assessment and registration of chemical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical compounds Provides guidance on the microscopic structure of living tissue and evaluation of the reproductive glands of small laboratory fish Includes state-of-the-art science along with sufficient anatomical and physiological background for understanding and interpreting test results Helps standardize the interpretation of results from aquatic bioassays and field observations, which will also clarify inconsistencies in the current scientific literature Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributing Authors xv 1 Introduction 1 References 3 2 Fish Species of Interest 7 2.1 Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) 8 2.2 Medaka (Oryzias latipes) 10 2.3 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 12 2.4 Other Fish Species 13 References 15 3 Sexual Determination, Differentiation, and Gonadal Development 19 3.1 Primordial Germ Cells in the Primordial (Primary) Gonad 22 3.1.1 Differentiation and Number of PGCs 22 3.1.2 Molecular Markers of PGCs 25 3.2 Reproductive Strategies 26 3.3 Differentiation of the Primordial Gonad into Ovary or Testis 27 3.4 Gonadal Duct Formation 32 3.5 Endocrinology: Influence on Gonadogenesis 40 3.6 Critical Period of Sexual Differentiation in Developing Fish 45 3.7 Bi-Potentiality of Germ Cells in Adult Fish 47 References 51 4 Female Gonad Anatomy and Morphology 66 4.1 Gonadogenesis: Ovary 66 4.1.1 Location and Gross Organization 66 4.1.2 Anatomy of the Ovary 67 4.2 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis 69 4.3 Cellular Structure of the Ovary 69 4.3.1 Germ Cells (Oogenesis) 69 4.3.2 Female Somatic Supportive Tissue 78 4.3.2.1 Theca Cells 78 4.3.2.2 Granulosa Cells 81 References 81 5 Male Gonad Anatomy and Morphology 88 5.1 Gonadogenesis: Testes 88 5.1.1 Location and Gross Organization 88 5.1.2 Anatomy of the Testes 89 5.1.3 Germinal Epithelium 93 5.1.4 Male Germ Cells (Spermatogenesis) 95 5.1.5 Male Somatic Supportive Tissue 99 5.1.5.1 Sertoli Cells 99 5.1.5.2 Leydig Cells 103 5.1.5.3 Lobule Boundary Cells 104 5.1.5.4 Sex Steroid Control of Spermatogenesis 104 References 108 6 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds 115 6.1 Individual Effects 117 6.1.1 Inhibition of Gametogenesis 117 6.1.2 Necrosis and Apoptosis (Gamete and Stromal Cells) 119 6.1.3 Atretic Follicles 121 6.1.4 Sertoli Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 123 6.1.5 Leydig Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 129 6.1.6 Fibrosis 129 6.1.7 Gonadal Duct Formation 132 6.2 Effects Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 133 Table 6.1 Overt Testicular Changes in Male Fish, 134 Table 6.2 Testis–Ova in Male Fish, 148 Table 6.3 Testicular Fibrosis in Male Fish, 161 Table 6.4 Germ Cell Effects in Male Fish, 165 Table 6.5 Somatic Cell Effects in Male Fish, 181 Table 6.6 Testicular Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Male Fish, 186 Table 6.7 Overt Ovarian Changes in Female Fish, 187 Table 6.8 Ovo–Testis in Female Fish, 195 Table 6.9 Ovarian Fibrosis in Female Fish, 196 Table 6.10 Germ Cell Effects in Female Fish, 197 Table 6.11 Germ Cell Atresia in Female Fish, 206 Table 6.12 Ovarian Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Female Fish, 214 6.2.1 Effects in Male Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 215 6.2.1.1 Testis Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance 215 6.2.1.2 Testis–Ova 215 6.2.1.3 Fibrosis 216 6.2.1.4 Germ Cell Effects 217 6.2.1.5 Somatic Cell Effects 219 6.2.1.6 Testicular Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration 219 6.2.2 Effects in Female Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 220 6.2.2.1 Ovary Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance 220 6.2.2.2 Ovo–Testis 221 6.2.2.3 Fibrosis 221 6.2.2.4 Germ Cell Effects 222 6.2.2.5 Germ Cell Atresia 223 6.2.2.6 Germ Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration 225 6.3 Population Effects 225 6.3.1 Fecundity and Fertility 226 6.3.2 Breeding and Reproductive Behavior of Fishes 230 6.3.3 Transgenerational Effects 230 References 232 7 Determination of Effects of Exogenous Hormones and Endocrine-like Active Compounds 247 7.1 Histological Processing: Microdissection versus Whole-Fish Sectioning 247 7.2 Optimal Tissue Preparation and Histological Techniques 250 7.3 Plane of Gonad Sectioning for Optimal Organ Representation 251 References 252 8 Evaluation of Effects in Fish Gonads 254 8.1 Qualitative (Semiquantitative) versus Quantitative Evaluation 254 8.2 Gonadal Staging in the Testis 255 8.2.1 Qualitative Staging in the Testis 255 8.2.2 Quantitative Staging in the Testis 257 8.3 Gonadal Staging in the Ovary 262 8.3.1 Qualitative Staging in the Ovary 262 8.3.2 Quantitative Staging in the Ovary 264 8.4 Qualitative Assessment of Histopathological Changes 265 References 267 9 Experimental Design and Statistics 270 9.1 Basic Considerations in Experimental Design 270 9.1.1 Defining the Objectives 271 9.1.2 Asking Precise Questions 271 9.1.3 The Principal Question: Is There an Effect or Is There Not? 272 9.1.4 Basic Mechanistic Research, Risk Assessment, and the NOEC, LOEC, and ECx Question 272 9.2 Variables to be Determined and Their Inherent Biological and Mathematical Characteristics 274 9.2.1 Biological Characteristics 274 9.2.2 Mathematical Characteristics 278 9.3 Prerequisite Statistical Concepts 282 9.3.1 Sample Independence: The Experimental Unit 282 9.3.2 One- or Two-Sided Testing 283 9.3.3 Observable Effect Size: Minimum Observable Effect 283 9.3.4 Power (1 b) to Detect an Effect 284 9.3.5 Replication and Pseudoreplication 286 9.3.6 Minimum Significant Difference 287 9.4 Statistical Tests and Testing Situations Encountered Routinely 288 9.4.1 Significance Level of Multiple Comparisons: Variable-wise Significance 288 9.4.2 Significance Level for Many Different Comparisons: Simultaneous Significance 288 9.4.3 Multivariate Tests 289 9.4.4 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Testing 289 References 289 10 Conclusions 295 References 297 Appendix: Fish Preparation and Microdissection of Organs 301 A.1 Fish Preparation 301 A.2 Microdissection of Organs 302 A.3 Tissue Fixation 303 A.3.1 Neutral Buffered Formalin 304 A.3.2 Bouin’s Fixative 304 A.3.3 Lillie’s Fixative 305 A.3.4 Davidson’s Fixative 305 A.3.5 Dietrich’s Fixative 306 A.3.6 Glutaraldehyde 306 A.4 Embedding 307 A.4.1 Paraffin 307 A.4.2 Glycolmethacrylate (GMA) 309 A.5 Tissue Sectioning 310 A.6 Sample Mounting 311 A.7 Tissue Slide Staining 312 A.7.1 Hematoxylin and Eosin 312 A.7.2 Masson’s Trichrome Stain 314 A.8 Final Processing 315 A.9 Examples 316 A.10 Summary 317 References 318 Index 319

Read more less

Book SynopsisPacific salmon inhabit a vast ecosystem that encompasses the rivers within and the ocean between coastal countries. From steep, cold snowmelt streams to major tributaries, from estuaries to the deep ocean, the range of Pacific salmon includes the Tachia River in Taiwan, the permafrost zone of Chukotka that flows to the Chukchi Sea, the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean between Japan and California, the streams and rivers of the Yukon Territory and British Columbia, and the myriad waterways in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California, as far south as Rio Santo Domingo in Baja California. The North Pacific Rim nations--the United States, Canada, Russia, Japan, China, and the Koreas--enjoy vastly different economic, ecological, and cultural relationships with salmon and, until now, the types of data available to assess the abundance and biodiversity of these fish were almost as varied as the scientists who collect them. Atlas of Pacific Salmon is the first book to apply a common, newly calibrated yardstick to measure, across this broad ecosystem, the state of Pacific salmon, which have suffered precipitous declines in abundance and diversity in recent decades. The only map-based assessment of distribution and risk of extinction for seven species of Pacific salmon at one consistent scale, under one authorship, the Atlas is the result of five years' work by Xanthippe Augerot and other foremost experts in the field. Using state-of-the-art GIS mapping tools, this book offers a multidimensional view of Pacific salmon populations from a watershed perspective, through the natural boundaries in which the fish migrate, spawn, and mature. More than three dozen stunning full-page maps overlay the human, climatic, geological, and environmental impacts on salmon populations.Trade Review"Salmon are the world's most complex fishes, and no other swimming creatures have so affected peoples' view of themselves and their place in the world. This excellent Atlas is the most illuminating overview ever conceived about these miraculous creatures and their human and biological context." - Carl Safina, author of Song for the Blue Ocean "This atlas is no less than a guide to salmon conservation from California to Japan. The maps are works of art and their message is urgent: salmon populations need help everywhere." - Peter B. Moyle, author of Inland Fishes of California "Finally, a book that recognizes the true size and scope of the Pacific salmon ecosystem and the biological, cultural, and economic importance of salmon in that vast area. Such a bold and holistic approach has been needed for a long time." - Jim Lichatowich, author of Salmon without Rivers"

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text describes fisheries exploitation, biology, conservation and management, and reflects many recent and important changes in fisheries science, including growing concerns about the environmental impact of fisheries.Trade Review"The book is indeed a boon to both the student and teaching communities." Pashudhan "...this book, better than any other single volume I know at present, covers topics that will be important in future ecosystem-based management of fisheries." Fish and Fisheries "Well-written and thoughtfully put together" Professor Terry Quinn (Alaska, Fairbanks) "This book will be widely read and cited" Professor Jeremy Collie (Rhode Island) "Marine Fisheries Ecology is a work of art that provides a broad, ecosystem-level understanding of the biological, economic, and social factors affecting and motivating diverse fisheries at global scales. This "must-read" is an extremely well-written and expertly organized treatise. It will have significant appeal for the established fisheries professional and the student and lecturer alike, including informed members of the public interested in marine ecology and production processes, patterns of fisheries exploitation, socioeconomics, and the complexities of aquatic resource politics and decisionmaking..." Carl V. Burger Past President, American Fisheries Society -and- Chair of the Executive Committee, 4th World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, B.C. CanadaTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xii 1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fisheries of the world 1 1.2.1 History of fisheries 1 1.2.2 Fishery science 6 1.2.3 Diversity of fisheries 7 1.3 Patterns of exploitation 9 1.3.1 Boom and bust 9 1.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns 14 1.4 Why manage fisheries? 14 1.5 Objectives of management 15 1.5.1 Range of objectives 15 1.5.2 Balancing objectives 16 1.5.3 From objective to action 17 1.6 Meeting management objectives 17 1.7 Structure of this book 18 Summary 20 2 Marine ecology and production processes 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude 21 2.3 Phytoplanktonic production 22 2.3.1 Links between production and physical processes 22 2.3.2 Upwellings and fronts 24 2.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production 25 2.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production 28 2.4.1 Macroalgae 28 2.4.2 Mangroves 29 2.4.3 Coral reef algae 29 2.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants 30 2.4.5 Microphytobenthos 31 2.5 Heterotrophic production 31 2.5.1 The fate of primary production 31 2.5.2 Transfer along the food chain 32 2.5.3 Production of fished species 34 2.5.4 Linking primary production and landings 37 Summary 38 3 Fished species life histories and distribution 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Fishes 39 3.3 Invertebrates 41 3.4 Life histories 55 3.4.1 Sex sex reversal and sex ratios 55 3.4.2 Growth maturity and longevity 56 3.4.3 Egg size fecundity and reproduction 59 3.5 Distribution in space and time 62 3.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures 62 3.5.2 Migration 62 3.5.3 Larval transport retention and dispersal 65 3.5.4 Metapopulations 68 Summary 69 4 Population structure in space and time 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Recruitment 70 4.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships 71 4.2.2 Mortality during the early life history 78 4.2.3 Depensation 83 4.2.4 Regulation in fish populations 85 4.3 Density-dependent habitat use 86 Summary 88 5 Fishing gears and techniques 90 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites 90 5.3 Modern commercial fishing gears 94 5.3.1 Towed fishing gear 95 5.3.2 Static fishing gear 103 5.4 Other fishing techniques 106 5.5 Conservation methods 108 Summary 111 6 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology 112 6.1 Introduction 112 6.2 Motivations for fishing 112 6.2.1 Food 112 6.2.2 Income 113 6.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour 115 6.3.1 Social 115 6.3.2 Religion 117 6.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution 118 6.4.1 Competing for fish 118 6.4.2 Fish wars 121 6.4.3 Fishers in the political process 122 6.4.4 Traditional management systems 123 6.4.5 Customary marine tenure 124 6.4.6 Co-management 125 Summary 126 7 Single-species stock assessment 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Balancing birth and death 127 7.3 Surplus production models 128 7.3.1 Stability 128 7.3.2 Models of population growth 130 7.3.3 Fitting models to data 130 7.3.4 Surplus production models in action 132 7.4 Delay–difference models 135 7.4.1 Delay–difference models in action 137 7.5 Virtual population analysis 138 7.5.1 Age-based cohort analysis 140 7.5.2 Length-based cohort analysis 143 7.6 Statistical catch-at-age methods 144 7.7 Yield-per-recruit models 145 7.7.1 Yield-per-recruit models in action 146 7.8 Incorporating recruitment 149 7.8.1 Replacement lines 149 7.8.2 Replacement lines in action 150 7.9 Confronting risk and uncertainty 152 7.9.1 Bayesian analysis 153 7.9.2 Resampling methods 154 7.10 Biological reference points 155 Summary 157 8 Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling 159 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Multispecies surplus production 159 8.2.1 Multispecies surplus production in action 160 8.3 Multispecies yield per recruit 162 8.3.1 Multispecies yield per recruit in action 162 8.4 Multispecies virtual population analysis 162 8.4.1 Multispecies VPA in action 164 8.4.2 Applying MSVPA data to single-species model 169 8.5 Predators prey and competitors 169 8.5.1 Predator–prey dynamics 169 8.5.2 Competition an unexpected result 170 8.5.3 Management implications 171 8.6 Size spectra 171 8.7 Ecosystem models 173 8.7.1 Ecosystem models in action 174 Summary 177 9 Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics 178 9.1 Introduction 178 9.2 Stock identification 178 9.2.1 The stock concept 178 9.2.2 Methods of stock identification 178 9.3 Stock dynamics 184 9.3.1 Sampling 184 9.3.2 Length weight and age 189 9.3.3 Growth 195 9.3.4 Maturity 199 9.3.5 Fecundity 199 9.3.6 Mortality 201 9.4 The impact of errors 203 Summary 204 10 Getting the data: abundance catch and effort 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Abundance 205 10.2.1 Survey design 205 10.2.2 Visual census methods 206 10.2.3 Acoustic methods 209 10.2.4 Trawl surveys 210 10.2.5 Depletion methods 213 10.2.6 Mark–recapture methods 214 10.2.7 Egg production methods 214 10.3 The fishery 219 Summary 221 11 Bioeconomics 223 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 The value of fisheries 223 11.2.1 Trade in fished species 223 11.2.2 Catch values and employment 224 11.3 Bioeconomic models 225 11.3.1 Descriptive bioeconomics 226 11.3.2 Optimal fishing strategies 230 11.3.3 Bayesian methods 235 11.4 Economic vs. social management objectives 237 11.4.1 Subsidies 237 11.4.2 The case for economic efficiency 237 Summary 238 12 Fishing effects on populations and communities 239 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Vulnerability to fishing 239 12.2.1 Behaviour 239 12.2.2 Life histories 241 12.3 Intraspecific effects 242 12.3.1 Age and size structure 242 12.3.2 Reproduction 243 12.3.3 Genetic structure 244 12.4 Community effects 245 12.4.1 Diversity 245 12.4.2 Community structure 250 12.4.3 Size structure 251 12.4.4 Competition and trophic interactions 252 Summary 256 13 Bycatches and discards 258 13.1 Introduction 258 13.2 Catches discards and bycatches 258 13.2.1 Definitions 258 13.2.2 Reasons for discarding 258 13.3 Alternatives to discarding 260 13.4 Fisheries and bycatches 260 13.5 Incidental captures 262 13.5.1 Seabirds 262 13.5.2 Sea turtles 264 13.5.3 Sea snakes 265 13.5.4 Marine mammals 265 13.6 Methods to reduce bycatches 267 13.7 Ghost fishing 267 13.8 Sociocultural differences 270 Summary 271 14 Impacts on benthic communities habitats and coral reefs 272 14.1 Introduction 272 14.2 Fishing disturbance 272 14.2.1 Fishing vs. natural disturbance 272 14.2.2 Distribution of fishing disturbance 273 14.3 Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed 276 14.3.1 Towed fishing gear 276 14.3.2 Direct effects on the substratum 277 14.3.3 Effects on infauna 277 14.3.4 Effects on epifauna 281 14.3.5 Meta-analysis 284 14.4 Effects of static fishing gears 284 14.5 Long-term effects 285 14.6 Fishing as a source of energy subsidies 288 14.6.1 Have population changes occurred? 290 14.7 Indirect effects on habitats 290 14.7.1 Loose seabeds 290 14.7.2 Coral reefs 291 Summary 293 15 Fishery interactions with birds and mammals 294 15.1 Introduction 294 15.2 Birds 294 15.2.1 Competition between birds and fisheries 296 15.2.2 Benefits of discarding 300 15.2.3 Waders and shellfish 301 15.3 Mammals 303 15.3.1 Competition between mammals and fisheries 304 15.3.2 Prey release 307 Summary 309 16 A role for aquaculture? 310 16.1 Introduction 310 16.2 Aquaculture past and present 310 16.3 What is cultivated? 312 16.4 Production systems 313 16.5 Feeding constraints 314 16.6 Prospects for expansion 314 16.6.1 Cage cultivation 316 16.6.2 Stock enhancement and ranching 318 16.7 Case studies 319 16.7.1 Shrimp farming 319 16.7.2 Bivalve mariculture 322 Summary 326 17 Management and conservation options 327 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Management objectives strategies and actions 327 17.2.1 From objective to action 327 17.2.2 Catch control 328 17.2.3 Effort control 331 17.2.4 Technical measures 331 17.2.5 Management in action 332 17.3 Improving management 335 17.3.1 Enforcement and compliance 335 17.3.2 Co-management 337 17.3.3 Ownership of resources and harvesting rights 338 17.3.4 Uncertainty and the precautionary approach 338 17.3.5 Role of science 339 17.4 Multispecies and ecosystem-based management 341 17.4.1 What are the objectives? 341 17.4.2 What can be achieved? 341 17.5 Managing fisheries for conservation 342 17.5.1 Endangered species 342 17.5.2 Habitats 343 17.5.3 Protected areas and no-take zones 344 17.6 Future trends 346 17.6.1 Fisheries science 346 17.6.2 Fisheries management 346 Summary 347 References 348 Appendices 1 List of symbols 380 2 Fisheries websites 385 3 Geographic index 389 Index 393

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fish Biology, reviews a broad variety of topics from evolutionary relationships and global biogeography to physiology, recrTrade Review"It is a nicely produced book that can be recommended without reservation to both aspiring and established fisheries biologists who wish to learn about modern ideas and findings concerning the biology of fish." Journal of Fish Biology, "...this work is useful as a current, state-of-the-art review source in its field." Library Journal "A must for any library maintaining holdings on fish, fisheries, fish management, or conservation. It is the best review of the state of the art available and should be mandatory review reading for fish managers everywhere." G L Hendrickson, Humboldt State University for CHOICE "...an excellent starting point for graduate students, and a good handbook to have in a reference collection that stresses fish biology and fisheries management." E-Streams "This will be an invaluable reference tool for students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries." Reference ReviewsTable of Contents1. Banishing Ignorance: Underpinning Fisheries with Basic Biology (P. J. B. Hart and J. D. Reynolds). 2. Phylogeny and Systematics of Fishes (A. C. Gill and R.D. Mooi). 3. Historical Biogeography of Fishes (R. D. Mooi and A. C. Gill). 4. The Physiology of Living in Water (O. Brix). 5. Environmental Factors and Rates of Development and Growth (M. Jobling). 6. Recruitment: Understanding Density-dependence in Fish Populations (R. A. Myers). 7. Life Histories of Fish (J. A. Hutchings). 8. Migration (J. Metcalfe, G. Arnold and R. McDowall). 9. Genetics of Fish Populations (R. D. Ward). 10. Behavioural Ecology of Reproduction in Fish (E. Forsgren, J. D. Reynolds and A. Berglund). 11. Fish Foraging and Habitat Choice: A Theoretical Perspective (G. G. Mittelbach). 12. Feeding Ecology of Piscivorous Fishes (F. Juanes, J. A. Buckel and F. S. Scharf). 13. Fish as Prey (J. Krause, E. M. A. Hensor and G. D. Ruxton). 14. Trophic Ecology and the Structure of Marine Food Webs (N. V.C. Polunin and J.K. Pinnegar). 15. Community Ecology of Freshwater Fishes (L. Persson). 16. Comparative Ecology of Marine Fish Communities (K. Martha M. Jones, D. G. Fitzgerald and P. F. Sale). 17. Interactions Between Fish, Parasites and Disease (I. Barber and R. Poulin)

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fisheries, focuses on a wide range of topics, including the history of fisheries science, methods of capture, marketing, ecTrade Review"...this work is useful as a current, state-of-the-art review source in its field." Library Journal, February 2003 "A must for any library maintaining holdings on fish, fisheries, fish management, or conservation. It is the best review of the state of the art available and should be mandatory review reading for fish managers everywhere." G L Hendrickson, Humboldt State University for CHOICE, May 2003 "...an excellent starting point for graduate students, and a good handbook to have in a reference collection that stresses fish biology and fisheries management." E-Streams, June 2003 "This will be an invaluable reference tool for students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries." Reference Reviews, Volume 17 (5), July 2003Table of Contents1. The Human Dimension Of Fisheries Science: (P. J. B. Hart And J. D. Reynolds). 2. Fish Capture Devices In Industrial And Artisanal Fisheries And Their Influence On Management (O. A. Misund, J. Kolding and P. Freon). 3. Marketing Fish (J. A. Young And J. F. Muir). 4. A History Of Fisheries And Their Science And Management (T. D. Smith). 5. Gathering Data For Resource Monitoring And Fisheries Management (D. Evans and R. Grainger). 6. Surplus Production Models (J. T. Schnute And L. Richards). 7. Dynamic Pool Models I: Interpreting The Past Using Virtual Population Analysis (J. G. Shepherd And J. G. Pope). 8. Dynamic Pool Models II: Short-Term And Long-Term Forecasts Of Catch And Biomass (J. G. Shepherd And J. G. Pope). 9. A Bumpy Old Road: Size-Based Methods In Fisheries Assessment (T. J. Pitcher). 10. Ecosystem Models (D. Pauly And V. Christensen). 11. Individual-Based Models (G. Huse, J. Giske And A. G. V. Salvanes). 12. The Economics Of Fisheries (R. Hannesson). 13. Choosing The Best Model For Fisheries Assessment (P. Sparre And P. J. B. Hart). 14. Marine Protected Areas, Fish And Fisheries (N. V. C. Polunin). 15. Exploitation And Other Threats To Fish Conservation (J. D. Reynolds, N. K. Dulvy And C. M. Roberts). 16. Ecosystem Effects Of Fishing (M. J. Kaiser And S. Jennings). 17. Recreational Fishing (I. G. Cowx)

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras is the final installment of a series by James R. McCranie documenting the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras. The book is thoroughly illustrated by color photographs and maps, with discussion of conservation status and identification keys in both English and Spanish.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIf you travel the open ocean anywhere in the tropics, you are very likely to see flyingfish. These beautifully colored "ocean butterflies" shoot out of the water and sail on majestic, winglike pectoral fins to escape from predators such as dolphins, swordfish, and tuna. This book presents flyingfish.Trade Review"Ornithologist Steve Howell's engrossing natural history is embellished with 90 superb colour photographs of the ornate goldwing and other beauties among these 'ocean butterflies'."--Nature "A mesmerizing natural history."--Scott Shalaway, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette "Beautiful... Informative as Howell's book is, the best thing about it are the photographs. The pictures of the different varieties of flyingfish captured in flight are truly spectacular."--Asbury Park Press "Charming... [A] great book for any fan of natural history and anyone who still remembers they day they discovered some fish can fly!"--Gabriel Thoumi, Mongabay.com "Watching flyingfish is one of my favorite things about pelagic trips. If you'd like to find out more about these strange fish, this tiny, but attractive, book is for you."--Grant McCreary, Birder's Library "This slim book is filled with fascinating facts, interesting anecdotes and lovely photographs about a widespread family of fishes that are almost completely unknown. Fishkeepers, fishermen, globetrotters and nature lovers--whether an adult or a young person--will enjoy this book. Hopefully, it will help inspire both research and conservation efforts focused upon these essential animals."--Devorah Bennu, GrrlScientist, Guardian "Delightful... Answers many questions about these interesting fish."--Gerry Rising, Buffalo News "The Amazing World of Flyingfish ... is amazing. Once I opened it I did not put it down... I now have a strong urge to be back on the bow, looking at the deep blue water, waiting for that mysterious explosion of gossamer and silver. Fish enthusiasts, travelers, naturalists and photographers will love this book, so buy it for friends and family. Most of all buy a copy for yourself."--Roy John, Canadian Field-Naturalist "I highly recommend this wonderful book to anyone interested in the diversity of life and/or sea creatures."--DRK, Wildlife Activist "It is a beautiful little book."--DOB, Flying Fish "This book is the kind of fare that, when consumed at a young age, can instill a lifelong fascination and concern for all things marine--perfect propaganda for seabird biologists to pass along to the nestlings on their gift list. It could easily be a book for children or adults. But make sure you take a look at it before you give it away--you may want to buy another copy!"--Robert Pitman, Marine OrnithologyTable of ContentsPreface ix WHAT IS A FLYINGFISH? 1 WHERE DO FLYINGFISH LIVE? 5 HOW MANY KINDS ARE THERE? 7 HOW BIG ARE THEY? 10 HOW DO THEY FLY? 12 WHY DO THEY FLY? 19 WHAT COLORS ARE THEY? 27 HOW CAN I IDENTIFY THEM? 34 A Note on the Photos 39 Acknowledgments 41 References 43 Index 45

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review"This gem of a book by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi and his son, science writer Anthony Palumbi, finds enough weirdness in the ocean to feed creativity for generations to come. . . . The Palumbis' writing is a wonderful mix of meticulous science and creative panache. . . . A joy whether read at one sitting, or dipped in and out of to prolong the pleasure."---Callum Roberts, Nature"From 'immortal' jellyfish that age in reverse, to zombie bone worms that eat the skeletons of dead whales, the ocean is full of bizarre characters. Biologist Stephen Palumbi and his science writer son, Anthony, profile the most unusual specimens. Chapters cover the smallest, the oldest, the hottest and the coldest species, among others, and the landscape of strange creatures is brought to life by charming writing."---Clara Moskowitz, Scientific American"The Palumbis probe life in the depths of the oceans and in tide waters in successive chapters spotlighting the long-lived Bowhead whale; sea species that adapt to extremely high temperatures and others to cold; clownfish, which change gender, becoming male or female as circumstances dictate; and much more. The authors end with a warning that the oceans contain a complex ecology in which each species 'thrives in its easily disrupted specialized niche.'. . . A sparkling appreciation of the wonderful variety of marine life that also communicates an important message." * Kirkus Reviews *"The book reads like an action-adventure novel. . . . This approach is a pleasant departure from dull textbook prose. It will delight readers who lack scientific credentials but yearn to understand the diversity of life in the oceans. The text demystifies, mystifies, and amazes."---Geraldine Richards, ForeWord Reviews"Highlighting the strangest cases in animate sea life, marine ecologist S.R. Palumbi exudes a palpable and contagious sense of delight as he enlists his writer son's help to fill the 'gap in character development' in the story of the ocean's robust yet fragile ecosystems. . . . By showing how each creature is so tightly tied to its environment, the authors are able to effectively demonstrate how small human-driven changes to the oceans disrupt a complex system developed over millions of years. The Palumbis encourage a childlike curiosity by showing us the amazing diversity of life down below, and perhaps our inner children will pester our grownup selves into doing what needs to be done to keep these habitats intact." * Publishers Weekly *"A giddy scientific tour of weird underwater life."---Richard Conniff, TakePart"The Palumbis give us the sense that although some parts of nature are more romantically wondrous than others--those sponges, giant squids doing epic battle with sperm whales--it is the variety that is wonderful."---Owen Richardson, Sydney Morning Herald"The whole safari is conducted with a verve and joy that only comes from a deep love of the subject, a life-long dedication to its exploration and a true communicator's sense of the mot juste. This experience and range means the Palumbis can write comfortably about research and researchers, and about the physical and mental exploration of the ocean's ecology. . . . [A] splendid book . . . a dynamic text."---Adrian Barnett, New Scientist"Stephen and Anthony Palumbi--father and son; biologist and science writer--are brilliant guides to this realm about which we as a species have been remarkably incurious. . . . The Palumbis père et fils give us the new stories in succinct prose beautifully freighted with apt similes and metaphors."---Peter Forbes, Independent"The Extreme Life of the Sea is less narrative and more an enthusiastic sharing of cool things in the sea, which are loosely tied together in thematic sections. It is not, however, just a collection of 'gee whiz' facts. The compelling vignettes help to convey broader concepts of science and nature with excitement and enthusiasm. . . . It reminds us that science and the natural world are really cool."---Josh Witten, Finch and the Pea"Highlighting the strangest cases of marine life, the authors give us a hint of the ocean's robust yet fragile ecosystems. . . . In their delightful, vivid description about the struggle for existence in the sea, the Palumbis do manage to communicate a vital message: even the extreme conditions in the deep sea are not immune from disruptive and destructive human greed."---Wan Lixin, Shanghai Daily"Who doesn't like reading about the fantastical creatures that stalk the inky depths of the world's oceans? In The Extreme Life of the Sea, it's the marine environment's superlatives that are on display." * Scientist Magazine *"The uniqueness of this book is due to the combination of a novel's flair utilizing figurative language and analogies with scientific concepts. . . . The authors seek to help us understand the value, complexity, and vastness of the ocean and the importance of consequences of their actions. I think that this would be an excellent book in a seminar for high school students and biology majors in college."---Jean Worsley, NSTA Recommends"[The Palumbis] have written about some of the most alien creatures you will ever encounter, and for many of them it is far more pleasant to encounter them on these pages than in real life. Yet as strange as they are, many of them are vital to keeping the oceans in balance, or as indicators of oceans out of balance, and so we ought to know them better. Brightly written, with footnotes but without ponderousness, the Palumbis' book succeeds in inspiring what they say they in their preface that they set out to produce: 'a sense of guiltless wonder about how wonderful the ocean's life actually is.'"---Rob Hardy, Columbus Dispatch"[A] stimulating and enjoyable read." * Diver Magazine *"Steve Palumbi has got a gift for summarizing complicated issues related to his field, making them both relatable and entertaining. . . . The Extreme Life of the Sea plunges readers into the world of 'the fastest and deepest, the hottest and oldest creatures of the oceans.'. . . At the heart of the book, though, the Palumbis stress how marine creatures have managed to adapt and thrive in some of the most punishing environments imaginable. Obviously, there's plenty we can learn from them."---Crystal Chow, San Jose Mercury News"Extremophiles are fun! Basically, they're the biggest, smallest, hardiest and definitely the oddest bunch of beasties to be found anywhere on this planet. The Palumbi father and son team--one scientist and one writer--bring us this fun little book on the extremophiles of the sea. . . . The best part of the book is that the authors do more than just recite oddball trivia, they really tell the stories of the animals in the book. . . . This is a solid book, very informative and very entertaining but with a strong message."---John Dupuis, Confessions of a Science Librarian"This engaging book eloquently captures the long history and immense variety of life in the world's oceans, and provides a glimpse into what makes the seas so special. . . . Better than science fiction, this book is filled with amazing stories about amazing creatures. . . . Sweetly enthusiastic, enlightening and witty and, at times, inspired. . . . Regardless of your level of knowledge, this quietly joyful and informative book has something of value for everyone." * GrrlScientist *"Drawing on decades of scientific research as well as a knack for storytelling, the authors convey what happens at the ocean depths without sugarcoating it. . . . It doesn't just shed light on some of the most mysterious workings of the sea; it does so with vivid prose while managing to convey scientists' current understanding of how and why these phenomena operate. If that doesn't make people more invested in preserving the ocean, it's hard to know what will."---Juliet Eilperin, Washington Post"A rare hybrid: a funny and easy-to-read book full of accurate science."---Susan Scott, Honolulu Star-Advertiser"Marine biologists as well as lay readers with more than a casual interest in marine science will find this an engrossing discussion of what lies beneath the waters, how it's adapted, and threats to this adaptation process."---James A. Cox, California Bookwatch"Simply a tour de force, a splendid must read for any natural history enthusiast."---Gabriel Thoumi, Mongabay.com"This book about sea creatures is perfect for the curious person with limited time for reading. . . . [T]he authors investigate all sorts of oddities, including whale falls, the bizarre sex life of angler fish, and the amazing aerodynamic design of humpback whale fins. They have conducted research in all sorts of odd corners of marine science and are wonderfully up-to-date, and end their text the necessary final chapter on how humans might be affecting all this diversity." * Choice *"While packed with scientific information, this book is an easy read. The average chapter is just over ten pages long, and each is divided into clearly labeled subsections. It is fairly generously illustrated and written in a light, conversational style--as seen by the references to Volkswagen Beetles and the population of India. These characteristics make this an easy book to dip into, but once you get started, you'll probably want to immerse yourself."---Tom Baker, Japan News"The chapters are informative and interesting and altogether well written."---Tom Fenchel, Marine Biology Research"Every page of this wonderful book is filled with nuggets of information. It becomes quite clear that we all must strive to protect this vast pool of life that enables our own lives to continue." * Explorers Journal *"One of the most informative books I've ever read."---Al Ristori, Newark Star-Ledger"Only the strong survive, it is said, but The Extreme Life of the Sea makes a good case for the strange, the efficient, and the ugly. . . . [A]n engaging blend. Stanford professor Stephen serves up the heavier science of DNA and physiology, seasoned with a sprightly narrative, some scene-setting and humor from novelist Anthony. Extreme Life uses Guinness Record-like chapters to discuss the smallest, the deepest, the shallowest and the coldest marine life-forms."---Melissa Davis, Seattle Times"[B]eautifully descriptive and refreshingly free of technical terms. Here is a book that will be enjoyed by anyone with an interest in the biology of the seas, whatever their level of scientific education."---Anthony O'Toole, Sherkin Comment"This is a scientifically rich book that is also a good read and would be appropriate for a wide range of audiences." * AAAS *"Incredibly accessible and frankly a joy to read. . . . It is refreshing to see writing that is trying, successfully, to convey challenging biological concepts with fun and humour. . . . It is a great and enjoyable book that will inspire readers and leave them with an incredible sense of appreciation of the natural world."---Dr. Alan Jamieson, Underwater Technology

Read more less

Book SynopsisPacific Salmon Life Histories gives detailed descriptions of the different life phases through which each of the seven species pass.Trade ReviewGroot and Margolis have compiled a timely classic, beautifully illustrated with 21 color plates. The text is the current, ultimate review of the life histories of the seven Pacific salmon species. Anyone wanting the definitive word in one volume, this is it - right now. -- Charlie Powell * Pullman Daily News *This is a timely, up-to-date synthesis of our knowledge of the life histories of the seven species of Pacific salmon. * Canadian Society of Zoologists *The quantity of information contained within this volume is immense, and the book is unrivalled as a compendium of data and references on Pacific salmon life histories ... it is an excellent review and the culmination of a major effort by acknowledged experts on each of the species ... This book is destined to become a classic library reference and will probably also adorn the personal shelves of most salmon researchers and many others besides. -- John Armstrong * Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology *Table of ContentsPreface / C. Groot and L. MargolisLife History of Sockeye Salmon / Robert L. Burgner, University of WashingtonLife History of Pink Salmon / William R. Heard, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, AlaskaLife History of Chum Salmon / E.O. Salo, University of WashingtonLife History of Chinook Salmon / M.C. Healey, University of British ColumbiaLife History of Coho Salmon / F.K. Sandercock, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, CanadaLife Histories of Masu and Amago Salmon / Fumihiko Kato, National Institute of Fisheries Science, JapanIndexes

Read more less

Book SynopsisA home aquarium seems a peaceful place. Gazing at its inhabitants as they swim slowly through their small universe is a soothing, even hypnotic, experience. But this seeming tranquillity is only surface deep. Like their wild counterparts, these tiny...Trade Review'A book written for hobbyists that is also useful for professionals.' Well, yes, this might be one: written by an ethnologist to popularize facts from the scientific literature. * Fisheries *Although serious and scientific in tone, the book is written in a way that even high school students working on a science project could understand. Reebs also describes some experiments that could be replicated in a home aquarium... Recommended for all public libraries as well as high school and college libraries where there is interest in behavioral ecology or fishes. * Library Journal *Stephan Reebs provides a delightful, brief, and accessible answer to any who may doubt the complexity and sophistication of the behavior of fishes.... I found the book thoroughly enjoyable and highly educational. I imagine it will appeal to both aquarists and academicians and to anyone else captivated by the behavior of our aquatic relatives. Reebs does an excellent job of describing the academic research that has generated our current knowledge and does so with an infectious sense of wonder at the remarkable behavior of fishes. -- Tamra C. Mendelson, University of Maryland * Copeia *Another top book for inquisitive anglers. Reebs is a professor of biology at the Universite de Moncton, Canada, and an avid fish collector, experimenter, and aquarium hobbyist. Through Reebs describes the sensory systems of fish, he dwells primarily on social aspects of fish behavior, including their learning abilities, feeding behavior, and spawning. Though directed to a broad audience of fish fans, this book hold many insights into understanding game fish. -- Steve Quinn * In-Fisherman *The acoustic world of fishes, their sense of touch at a distance and the ability of some to interpret and exploit electric and geo-magnetic fields will be unfamiliar to many, but no longer to anyone with access to this book... Many reading Reebs's book will be struck by the parallels between the behavior of fish and those of 'higher' organisms such as birds and mammals. Fish Behavior is a fine and well-referenced book; it teaches us to look at our fellow vertebrates with a new respect. -- Richard Shelton * Times Literary Supplement *This attractive little book was written by Reebs primarily for the benefit of aquarium owners and other fish fanciers.... Reebs, through his superb writing ability and clever illustrations, has done an outstanding job. * Choice *

Read more less

Book SynopsisReaders who want answers to specific questions or just want to expand their knowledge about these unique and interesting animals will find the information they seek in this essential reference.Trade ReviewA good general introduction to turtle biology and ecology. -- Ian Paulsen Birdbooker Report 2009 The wide ranging questions are answered in a very readable style, with specific scientific explanations where necessary. -- Christine Tilley British Chelonia Group Newsletter 2010 Gibbons and Greene have done a masterful job of assembling questions of great interest to many readers and providing detailed, interesting, and informative answers... Highly recommended. Choice 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Introducting TurtlesWhat are turtles?What is the difference between turtles, terrapins, and tortoises?How many kinds of turtles are there?Why are turtles important?Why should people care about turtles?Where do turtles live?What is the current classification of turtles?What characterizes the major groups of turtles?When did turtles first evolve?What is the oldest fossil turtle?What is the largest fossil turtle?2. Form and FunctionWhat are the largest and smallest living turtles?What is the metabolism of a turtle?Do turtles have teeth?Do turtles sleep?Can turtles see color?Do all turtles have hard shells?Can a turtle emerge from its shell?Can turtles run?Can all turtles swim?Do all aquatic turtles have flippers?Can turtles breathe under water?Can you tell whether a fossil turtle lived in the sea, in freshwater, or on land?3. Turtle ColorsWhy do so many turtles have yellow stripes on their neck?What causes the different shell and skin colors of turtles?What color are a turtle's eyes?Is there a reason for the patterns on the shell?Do a turtle's colors change as it grows?Do a turtle's colors change in different seasons?Is there much geographic variation within a single turtlespecies?4. Turtle BehaviorAre turtles social?Do turtles fight?Are snapping turtles the only ones that bite?How smart are turtles?Do turtles play?Do turtles talk?How do turtles avoid predators?5. Turtle EcologyWhere do turtles sleep?Do turtles migrate?How many turtle species live in rivers?How many turtle species live in lakes?How many turtle species live in the ocean?Which geographic regions have the most species of turtles?How do turtles survive in the desert?How do turtles survive the winter?How do turtles survive droughts?What is hibernation?Do all turtles bask?Do turtles have enemies?Do turtles get sick?How can you tell if a turtle is sick?Are turtles good for the environment?6. Reproduction and DevelopmentHow do turtles reproduce?Do all turtles lay eggs?Why do sea turtles lay so many eggs but box turtles lay only afew?How long do female turtles hold eggs in their body?Where do turtles lay their eggs?Does a turtle nest at the same time and in the same place every year?Do turtles nest only one time per year?How many eggs do turtles lay?Are all hatchlings in a turtle nest full siblings?How is the sex of a turtle determined?Do turtles care for their young?How fast do turtles grow?How can you tell the age of a turtle?How long do turtles live?7. Foods and FeedingWhat do turtles eat?Do turtles chew their food?How do turtles find food?Are any turtles scavengers?How do turtles eat hard-shelled animals?Do turtles store their food?8. Turtles and HumansDo turtles make good pets?How do you take care of a pet turtle?Are turtles dangerous?Do turtles feel pain?What should I do if I find an injured turtle?What should I do if I find a turtle crossing the road?What should I do if I find a turtle laying eggs?What should I do if I find a baby turtle?How can I see turtles in the wild?Should people feed turtles in lakes?9. Turtle Problems (from a human viewpoint)Are turtles pests?Do turtles reduce the number of fish in lakes and rivers?Do turtles kill ducks in ponds?Do turtles have diseases and are they contagious?Is it safe to eat turtles?What should I do if I get bitten by a turtle?10. Human Problems (from a turtle's viewpoint)Are any turtles endangered?Will turtles be affected by global warming?Are turtles affected by pollution?Why do people hunt and eat turtles?Are "tortoiseshell" items actually made from turtle shells?Why do so many turtles get hit by cars?Are boats dangerous for aquatic turtles?How are turtles affected by litter?What can an ordinary citizen do to help turtles?11. Turtles in Stories and LiteratureWhat roles do turtles play in religion and mythology?Are turtles depicted at all in the Christian religion?Did any early philosophers/naturalists mention turtles in their writings?What are the roles turtles have played in children's literature?What roles do turtles play in popular culture?What about turtles and math?What roles have turtles played in poetry and famoussayings?12. "Turtleology"Who studies turtles?Which species are best known?Which species are least known?How do scientists tell turtles apart?Appendix A: Scientific and Common Names of Living TurtlesAppendix B: Organizations and Societies for Turtle ConservationBibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisTilapia culture is currently practised in 95 countries all over the world and the number is expected to increase. This book discusses in detail the principles and practices of tilapia culture in the world. It covers all the vital issues of farmed tilapia including: the biology, environmental requirements, semi-intensive culture, intensive culture systems, feed and feeding, reproduction and breeding, spawning and larval rearing, stress and diseases, harvesting and marketing and the role of tilapia culture in rural development. It also highlights and presents the experiences of leading countries in tilapia culture.Trade Review"Tilapia Culture does a very good job of covering all aspects of the subject and should quickly become the standard reference work on the topic." R R Stickney, Texas A&M University, USA"Table of Contents1: Current State and Future Potential 2: Basic Biology and Ecology 3: Environmental Requirements 4: Semi-intensive Culture 5: Intensive Culture 6: Nutrition and Feeding 7: Reproduction and Seed Production 8: Stress and Diseases 9: Harvesting, Processing and Economics 10: The role of Tilapia Culture in Rural Development 11: Recent Technological Innovations 12: Environmental Impacts

Read more less

Book SynopsisGood nutrition is fundamental to the success and sustainability of the aquaculture industry in terms of economics, fish health, high quality product production and minimizing environmental pollution. This book provides a unique, complete coverage of current information on nutrient requirements, feed formulations and feeding practices of commercially important aquaculture species cultured around the world. Each chapter contains detailed feeding information on specific species and is written by an expert nutritionist on that species. The book is of interest to those working professionally in the industry, graduate level students and researchers.Table of Contents1: Introduction to Fish Nutrition, C D Webster and C Lim 2: Marine Fish 3: European seabass, Dicentrachus labrax, S J Kaushik 4: Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, M Boonyaratpalin and K Williams 5: Red sea bream, Pagrus major, S Koshio 6: Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, W Koven 7: Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, T Storebakken 8: Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, B Grisdale-Helland and S J Helland 9: Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, K Kikuchi and T Takeuchi 10: North American flounders, H V Daniels and M L Gallagher 11: Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, T Masumoto 12: Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, D M Gatlin, III 13: Southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, B Glencross, C Carter, J Gunn, R van Barneveld, K Rough and S Clarke 14: Milkfish, Chanos chanos, C Lim, I G Borlongan and F P Pascual 15: Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, R W Hardy 16: Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, T A Dick and X Yang 17: Percids, P B Brown and F T Barrows 18: Coregonids, K Dabrowski, S Czesny and M Matusiewicz 19: Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, T Takeuchi, S Satoh and V Kiron 20: Indian major carps, H S Murthy 21: Tilapia, Oreochromis spp., S Y Shiau 22: Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, E H Robinson and M H Li 23: Eel, Anguilla spp., S Satoh 24: Hybrid striped bass, C D Webster 25: Sturgeon, Acipenser spp., S S O Hung and D-F Deng 26: Silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, G L Allan and S J Rowland 27: Centrarchids: Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, J H Tidwell, S D Coyle and C D Webster 28: Centrarchids: Hybrid bluegill, Lepomis cyanellus X L. macrochirus, C D Webster and J H Tidwell 29: Brazilian species, D M Fracalossi 30: Snakehead and Pangassius catfish, T Paripatananont 31: Baitfish, R Lochmann and H Phillips"

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisBrown Trout is an iconic species inhabiting a diversity of habitats from mountain streams of transparent waters to lakes and oceans and is sought after by thousands of passionate anglers worldwide. This book summarizes the important aspects of brown trout s biology and ecology.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword xiii Preface xv Malcolm Elliott 1 Introduction 1 Javier Lobón‐cerviá ix Section 1 Phylogeography and Genetic Structure 15 2 Phylogeographic History of Brown Trout: A Review 17 Nuria Sanz 3 Genetics of the Genus Salmo in Italy: Evolutionary History, Population Structure, Molecular Ecology and Conservation 65 Andreas Meraner and Andrea Gandolfi 4 Understanding the Brown Trout Population Genetic Structure in the Iberian Peninsula 103 J.L. García‐Marín, R.M. Araguas, M. Vera, and Nuria Sanz 5 Understanding Brown Trout Population Genetic Structure: A Northern‐European Perspective 127 L. Asbjørn Vøllestad Section 2 Reproductive Traits and Early Ontogeny 145 6 The Velocity of Love. The Role of Female Choice in Salmonine Reproduction 147 Manu Esteve 7 Observations of Male Choice in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) from Lar National Park, Iran 165 Manu Esteve, Asghar Abdoli, Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo, Kiavash Golzarianpour, and Amir Abbas Ahmadi 8 Energetic Trade‐Offs Faced by Brown Trout During Ontogeny and Reproduction 179 Ole Kristian Berg and Ian A. Fleming 9 Impact of Embeddedness on Salmo trutta at Different Periods of their Early Ontogenesis 201 V. Bolliet and A. Bardonnet Section 3 Life‐History 227 10 Habitat as Template for Life‐Histories 229 Bror Jonsson and Nina Jonsson 11 Life‐history Plasticity in Anadromous Brown Trout: A Norwegian Perspective 251 Jan Henning L’Abée‐Lund and L. Asbjørn Vøllestad 12 Life‐History of the Adfluvial Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Eastern Fennoscandia 267 A. Huusko, A. Vainikka, J.T. Syrjänen, P. Orell, P. Louhi, and T. Vehanen Section 4 Population Dynamics 297 13 Discharge‐Dependent Recruitment in Stream‐Spawning Brown Trout 299 Javier Lobón‐Cerviá, Gorm Heilskov Rasmussen, and Erik Mortensen 14 Population Dynamics of Juvenile Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.), Recruitment, Mortality, Biological Production and Smolt Yield in Two Danish Baecks 319 Gorm Heilskov Rasmussen 15 Foraging Behaviour of Brown Trout: A Model Species For Linking Individual Ecology to Population Dynamics? 369 John J. Piccolo and Johan Watz 16 Competition Within and Between Year Classes in Brown Trout; Implications of Habitat Complexity on Habitat Use and Fitness 383 J. Höjesjö 17 Brown Trout on the Move – Migration Ecology and Methodology 401 Kim Aarestrup, Niels Jepsen, and Eva B. Thorstad 18 Sea Trout (Salmo trutta) in Galicia (NW Spain) 445 Pablo Caballero Javierre, Rufino Vieira‐Lanero, and Fernando Cobo Gradín 19 Sea Trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Denmark 483 Gorm Heilskov Rasmussen and Stig Pedersen Section 5 Brown Trout as a Global Invader 523 20 Brown Trout as an Invader: A Synthesis of Problems and Perspectives in North America 525 Phaedra Budy and Jereme W. Gaeta 21 The Introduction of Brown Trout to New Zealand and their Impact on Native Fish Communities 545 Peter Jones and Gerard Closs 22 The Effects of Brown Trout on the Trophic Webs of New Zealand Streams 569 Phillip G. Jellyman, Peter A. McHugh, Kevin S. Simon, Ross M. Thompson, and Angus R. McIntosh 23 Brown Trout in Argentina: History, Interactions and Perspectives 599 Miguel A. Casalinuovo, Marcelo F. Alonso, Patricio J. Macchi , and Jorge A. Kuroda 24 Africa: Brown Trout Introductions, Establishment, Current Status, Impacts and Conflicts 623 Olaf L.F. Weyl, Bruce R. Ellender, Phillip Ivey, Michelle C. Jackson, Denis Tweddle, Ryan J. Wasserman, Darragh J. Woodford, and Tsungai A. Zengeya Section 6 Conservation and Management 641 25 Why Conserve Native Brown Trout? 643 John J. Piccolo, Günther Unfer, and Javier Lobón‐Cerviá 26 Fisheries Management of Stream‐Resident Brown Trout Populations – Possibilities and Restrictions 649 Günther Unfer and Kurt Pinter 27 Ecology and Management of Stream‐Resident Brown Trout in Michigan (USA) 667 Troy G. Zorn 28 History, Conservation and Management of Adfluvial Brown Trout Stocks in Finland 697 J.T. Syrjänen, A. Vainikka, P. Louhi, A. Huusko, P. Orell, and T. Vehanen 29 Brown Trout Management for the 21st Century 735 Kyle A. Young, P. Gaskell, T. Jacklin, and J.E. Williams Index 771

Read more less

Book SynopsisAtlantic Salmon is a cultural icon throughout its North Atlantic range; it is the focus of probably the World's highest profile recreational fishery and is the basis for one of the World's largest aquaculture industries. Despite this, many wild stocks of salmon are in decline and underpinning this is a dearth of information on the nature and extent of population structuring and adaptive population differentiation, and its implications for species conservation. This important new book will go a long way to rectify this situation by providing a thorough review of the genetics of Atlantic salmon. Sponsored by the European Union and the Atlantic Salmon Trust, this book comprises the work of an international team of scientists, carefully integrated and edited to provide a landmark book of vital interest to all those working with Atlantic salmon.Trade Review'One of the main objectives of this book was to discuss the latest developments in salmon genetics, conservation and management in a comprehensible manner as far as non-geneticists are concerned. This objective has been achieved and achieved well. This book is sure to find a big following among those involved with Atlantic salmon culture in every respect. It will also be enormously useful to anyone involved with every other type of cage aquaculture.' Cision Ausmarine, July 2007 Work Boat World, October 2007 “This book comprises the work of an international team, carefully integrated to provide a landmark book of vital interest to those working with Atlantic salmon.” -Seafood InternationalTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. E. Verspoor. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Genetics, management and conservation. 1.2 Purpose of this book. 1.3 Organisation of this book. 1.4 Summary and conclusions. Part I Background. 2 The Atlantic Salmon. J. Webb, E. Verspoor, N. Aubin-Horth, A. Romakkaniemi and P.Amiro. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Taxonomy and geographic range. 2.3 Life history variation. 2.4 Biology of anadromous populations. 2.4.1 Distribution and life in fresh water. 2.4.2 Reproduction. 2.4.3 Egg size, development and survival. 2.4.4 Emergence and dispersal of fry. 2.4.5 Free-swimming juvenile life and production. 2.4.6 Sexual maturation of parr. 2.4.7 Movements of parr. 2.4.8 Smolt migration. 2.4.9 Marine life and distribution. 2.4.10 Homing and return marine migration. 2.5 Biology of non-anadromous populations. 2.5.1 Geographic distribution. 2.5.2 Life history and behaviour. 2.5.3 Maturation and reproduction. 2.6 Summary and conclusions. 3 The Atlantic Salmon Genome. P. Moran, E. Verspoor and W. S. Davidson. 3.1 DNA. 3.2 Chromatin and chromosomes. 3.2.1 Nature and structure. 3.2.2 Replication, cell division and growth. 3.2.3 Number and ploidy level. 3.3 Genes and genome organisation. 3.3.1 Molecular nature and structure. 3.3.2 Number and molecular distribution. 3.3.3 Extragenic DNA. 3.4 Genes and development. 3.4.1 Genotypes, alleles and loci. 3.4.2 Genes and traits. 3.4.3 Gene expression. 3.5 Variation among individuals. 3.5.1 Origin. 3.5.2 Scope. 3.5.3 Detection. 3.6 Summary and conclusions. 4 Investigating the Genetics of Populations. M. M. Hansen, B. Villanueva, E. E. Nielsen and D. Bekkevold. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Population genetics. 4.2.1 Basic concepts. 4.2.2 Models of population structure. 4.2.3 Population differentiation. 4.3 Quantitative genetics. 4.3.1 How does it differ from population genetics. 4.3.2 Quantitative genetic variation. 4.3.3 Genotype by environment interaction. 4.3.4 Integration of molecular and quantitative genetics. 4.4 The genetic characterisation of wild populations. 4.4.1 Allozyme electrophoresis. 4.4.2 Mitochondrial DNA. 4.4.3 Microsatellite DNA. 4.4.4 Other types of molecular markers. 4.5 Studying populations: issues and limitations. 4.5.1 Types of studies and their limitations. 4.5.2 Mixed-stock analysis and assignment tests. 4.5.3 Estimating effective population size and detecting population declines. 4.5.4 Parentage assignment. 4.5.5 Relatedness estimation. 4.6 Future perspectives: going beyond quantifying genetic differentiation and understanding local adaptation. 4.7 Summary and conclusions. . Part II Population Genetics. 5 Biodiversity and Population Structure. T. L. King, E. Verspoor, A. P. Spidle, R. Gross, R. B. Phillips, M.-L. Koljonen, J. A. Sanchez and C. L. Morrison. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Evolutionary relatedness to other salmonids. 5.3 Phylogeographic diversity. 5.3.1 Range-wide. 5.3.2 Eastern Atlantic. 5.3.3 Western Atlantic. 5.3.4 Resident (non-anadromous) salmon. 5.3.5 Historical Origins. 5.4 Regional and local population structure. 5.4.1 Spatial scale and boundaries. 5.4.2 Metapopulation structure and gene flow. 5.5 Overview. 5.6 Summary and conclusions. 5.7 Management recommendations. . 6 Mating System and Social Structure. W. C. Jordan, I. A. Fleming and D. Garant. 6.1 Introduction. 6.1.1 Definitions, approach and organisation. 6.1.2 Genetic markers in the analysis of mating system and social structure. 6.2 Mating system. 6.2.1 Effective population size. 6.2.2 Factors affecting the variance in reproductive success of male alternative reproductive tactics. 6.2.3 Reproductive success estimates and mate choice under natural conditions. 6.2.4 Hybridisation. 6.3 Social structure. 6.3.1 Kin recognition and kin-biased behaviour. 6.3.2 Patterns of relatedness in nature and fitness. 6.4 Summary and conclusions. 6.5 Management recommendations. . 7 Local Adaptation. C. García de Leániz, I. A. Fleming, S. Einum, E. Verspoor, W. C. Jordan, S. Consuegra, N. Aubin-Horth, D. L. Lajus, B. Villanueva, A. Ferguson, A. F. Youngson, T. P. Quinn. 7.1 Introduction. 7.1.1 Phenotypic diversity and fitness in a changing world. 7.2 Scope for local adaptations in Atlantic salmon. 7.2.1 Genetic variation in fitness-related traits. 7.2.2 Environmental variation and differential selective pressures. 7.2.3 Reproductive isolation. 7.3 Evidence for the existence of local adaptations in Atlantic salmon. 7.3.1 Indirect, circumstantial evidence for local adaptations. 7.3.2 Direct evidence for local adaptations. 7.3.3 Challenges to the local adaptation hypothesis. 7.4 Summary and conclusions. 7.5 Management recommendations. . Part III Management Issues. 8 Population Size Reductions. S. Consuegra and E.E. Nielsen. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Loss of genetic variabilition in small populations. 8.2.1 Importance of the genetic diversity in natural populations. 8.2.2 Measuring loss of genetic variation in small populations: heterozygosity and allelic diversity. 8.3 Effective population size. 8.3.1 Minimum effective population size. 8.3.2 Relationship between census and effective population sizes (Ne/Nc). 8.3.3 Factors influencing genetically effective population size in Atlantic salmon. 8.3.4 Calculating effective population size. 8.4 The effects of genetic drift and selection in small populations. 8.5 The effects of inbreeding in small populations: inbreeding depression. 8.6 Population reductions, gene flow and local adaptation. 8.6.1 Small populations of Atlantic salmon and the metapopulation models. 8.7 Summary and conclusion. 8.8 Management recommendations. . 9 Genetic Identification of Individuals and Populations. M.-L. Koljonen, T. L. King and E. E. Nielsen. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Assignment of individuals. 9.2.1 Application to Atlantic salmon. 9.2.2 Background to Methodology. 9.3 Identification of population contributions. 9.3.1 Application to Pacific salmon fisheries. 9.3.2 Application to Atlantic salmon fisheries. 9.3.3 Background to Methodology. 9.4 Resolving power of different markers. 9.5 Summary and conclusions. 9.6 Management recommendations. . 10 Fisheries Exploitation. K. Hindar, C. García de Leániz, M.-L. Koljonen, J. Tufto and A. F. Youngson. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 A historical perspective on fisheries exploitation. 10.2.1 Catch statistics. 10.2.2 Exploitation rates. 10.2.3 Potential for selection. 10.3 Fisheries exploitation as an ecological and evolutionary force. 10.3.1 Undirected genetic erosion. 10.3.2 Directed genetic change. 10.4 Fishing and effective population size: the evidence. 10.5 Phenotypic and evolutionary changes in exploited populations. 10.6 Future management of salmon fisheries. 10.7 Summary and conclusions. 10.8 Management recommendations. . 11 Stocking and Ranching. T. F. Cross, P. McGinnity, J. Coughlan, E. Dillane, A. Ferguson, M.-L. Koljonen, N. Milner, P. O’Reilly and A. Vasemagi. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Genetic characteristics of wild salmon populations. 11.3 Nature of strains reared for stocking and ranching. 11.4 Approach based on numbers of salmon present. 11.5 Scenario 1 - Where salmon are extinct in a river (re-introduction). 11.6 Scenario 2 - Where small to near optimal numbers of local population(s) remain (rehabilitation). 11.7 Scenario 3 - Attempting to achieve productivity in excess of naturally-constrained production (enhancement). 11.8 Scenario 4 - Mitigation programmes and conservation hatcheries to counter irreversible loss of natural production (mitigation). 11.8.1 Example 1 – Mitigation programme started simultaneously with the introduction of the constraint to salmon production. 11.8.2 Example 2 – Genetic considerations when the ranching programme begins some years after the construction of the dam and when a large proportion or all of the upstream genetic legacy has been extirpated. 11.9 Summary and conclusions. 11.10 Management recommendations. . 12 Farm Escapes. A. Ferguson, I. Fleming, K. Hindar, Ø. Skaala, P. McGinnity, T. Cross and P. Prodøhl. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Magnitude of farm salmon escapes. 12.2.1 Identifying escaped farm salmon. 12.2.2 Escapes from sea cages. 12.2.3 Juvenile escapes. 12.3 Genetic differences between wild and farm salmon. 12.3.1 Founder effects. 12.3.2 Differences due to domestication. 12.3.3 Genetic marker differences between wild and farm salmon. 12.3.4 Phenotypic differences between wild and farm salmon. 12.4 Potential impact of farm escapes on wild populations. 12.4.1 Fate of adult escapes. 12.4.2 Juvenile escapes. 12.4.3 Indirect genetic effects of farm escapes. 12.4.4 Direct genetic effects of farm escapes. 12.5 Breeding of escaped farm salmon in the wild. 12.5.1 Evidence for breeding of escaped farm fish in the wild. 12.5.2 Differences in breeding behaviour of farm and wild salmon. 12.5.3 Increased hybridization with brown trout as a result of farm. escapes. 12.6 Experimental studies of the impact of farm escapes. 12.6.1 Imsa experiment. 12.6.2 Burrishoole experiment. 12.7 Discussion of genetic implications of farm escapes. 12.8 How can the genetic impact of farm escapes be reduced?. 12.9 Summary and conclusions. 12.10 Management recommendations. . 13 Habitat Management. E. Verspoor, C. García de Leániz and P. McGinnity. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Genetic issues. 13.3.1 Habitat reduction. 13.3.2 Habitat fragmentation. 13.3.3 Habitat expansion. 13.3.4 Habitat degradation. 13.3.5 Loss of biodiversity. 13.3.6 Global climate change. 13.4 Summary and conclusions. 13.5 Management recommendations. . 14 Live Gene Banking of Endangered Populations. P. O’Reilly and R. Doyle. 14.1 Introduction. 14.1.1 Genetic concerns associated with the long-term captive rearing of salmonids. 14.1.2 Impact of long-term genetic changes on captive populations. 14.2 Live gene banking of inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon: a case study. 14.2.1 Collection of founder broodstock. 14.2.2 Captive rearing of broodstock. 14.2.3 Spawning. 14.2.4 Captive rearing and river release of offspring. 14.2.5 Ongoing founder broodstock collection and. recovery of wild-exposed live gene bank salmon. 14.3 Conservation and management of small remnant populations of Atlantic salmon. 14.3.1 Prioritising rivers for conservation measures. 14.3.2 Should very small populations be combined or managed separately?. 14.4 Use of cryopreserved sperm in the conservation of Atlantic salmon. 14.4.1 Methods for the cryopreservation of milt. 14.4.2 Use of cryopreserved milt in the restoration of wild salmon populations. 14.4.3 Addition of genetic variation to impoverished future populations. 14.4.4 Minimising genetic change between founder and subsequent generations of live gene bank populations. 14.5 Research. 14.5.1 Monitoring the loss of genetic variation and accumulation of inbreeding. 14.5.2 Identification of individuals, and evaluation of the relative efficacy of alternate management strategies. 14.6 Summary and conclusions. 14.7 Management recommendations. . 15 Atlantic Salmon Genetics: Past, Present and what’s in the Future?. J. L. Nielsen. 15.1 Past. 15.2 Present. 15.3 Future. Glossary of terms. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThey will continue to grace our coastlines only if we care enough to understand them.Trade ReviewThere is so much information in this book, accompanied by well thought-out and stunning images, that this is a publication that any shark lover will want on their shelves.—ScubaverseThe introductory material is one of the best overviews of shark natural history and the issues facing sharks I have read... the book is also scientifically rigorous and highly readable without ever being sensational. As with all Johns Hopkins University Press books, the photographs are top notch and the design is beautiful enough to sit on your coffee table.—Nature Conservancy's Cool Green Science blogThe introductory material is one of the best overviews of shark natural history and the issues facing sharks I have read. Written by shark researcher Jeffrey Carrier, the book is also scientifically rigorous and highly readable without ever being sensational.—Cool Green ScienceTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPART ONEPART TWOAtlantic Sharpnose SharkBasking SharkBlacknose SharkBlacktip SharkBonnethead SharkBull SharkCaribbean Reef SharkDusky SharkFinetooth SharkGreat White SharkHammerhead SharksLemon SharkMako SharkNurse SharkOceanic Whitetip SharkSandbar SharkSandtiger SharkSilky SharkSmoothhound SharksSpinner SharkTiger SharkWhale SharkPART THREEAtlantic Stingray and Southern StingrayClearnose SkateCownose RayMantas and Mobulid RaysRoughtail StingraySawfishSpotted Eagle RayYellow StingrayAppendixReferencesIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisA deep-dive into the evolutionary biology, biogeography, and conservation of the most elusive subterranean creatures in the world. Far from the austere, sparsely populated ecosystems often conjured in the imagination, caves host some of the most mysterious and biodiverse natural systems in the world. Subterranean environments, however, are the least explored terrestrial habitats, contributing to misconceptions about their inhabitants. Edited by cave scientist and conservation ecologist Dr. J. Judson Wynne, Cave Biodiversity explores both the evolution and the conservation of subterrestrial-dwelling fauna. Covering both vertebrates and invertebrates, including mollusks, fishes, amphibians, arthropods, and other troglobionts, this volume brings together ichthyologists, entomologists, ecologists, herpetologists, and conservationists to provide a nuanced picture of life beneath the earth's surface. Broad chapters covering biotic and abiotic factors that influence evolution and support biTable of ContentsList of ContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter 1. Influence of the Physical Environment on Terrestrial Cave DiversityChapter 2. Evolutionary Models Influencing Subterranean SpeciationChapter 3. Biology and Ecology of Subterranean MolluscaChapter 4. The Subterranean Cholevinae of ItalyChapter 5. Cave Trechine (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Radiation and Biogeography in Eastern North America,Chapter 6. Subterranean Colonization and Diversification of Cave-dwelling SalamandersChapter 7. Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation of Cavefishes in ChinaIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the second edition of this fascinating book an international team of experts have been brought together to explore all major areas of fish learning, including: Foraging skills Predator recognition Social organisation and learning Welfare and pain Three new chapters covering fish personality, lateralisation, and fish cognition and fish welfare, have been added to this fully revised and expanded second edition. Fish Cognition and Behavior, Second Edition contains essential information for all fish biologists and animal behaviorists and contains much new information of commercial importance for fisheries managers and aquaculture personnel. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences, fisheries and aquaculture are studied and taught will find it an important addition to their shelves.Trade Review“With the inclusion of new aspects and the update of the content of the first edition this book is a must for all researchers in the field of fish behaviour and interaction.” (Bulletin of Fish Biology, 1 October 2011) “Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 March 2012)Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements xv Series Foreword xvi List of Contributors xix 1 Fish Cognition and Behaviour 1 Brown, Laland and Krause 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Contents of this book 3 References 9 2 Learning of Foraging Skills by Fish 10 Warburton and Hughes 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Some factors affecting the learning process 12 2.2.1 Reinforcement 12 2.2.2 Drive 12 2.2.3 Stimulus attractiveness 12 2.2.4 Exploration and sampling 14 2.2.5 Attention and simple association 14 2.2.6 Cognition 15 2.2.7 Memory systems and skill transfer 18 2.3 Patch use and probability matching 19 2.4 Performance 21 2.5 Tracking environmental variation 23 2.6 Competition 26 2.7 Learning and fish feeding: some applications 27 2.8 Conclusions 27 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 3 Learned Defences and Counterdefences in Predator–Prey Interactions 36 Kelley and Magurran 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 The predator–prey sequence 38 3.2.1 Encounter 39 3.2.1.1 Avoiding dangerous habitats 39 3.2.1.2 Changing activity patterns 40 3.2.2 Detection 41 3.2.2.1 Crypsis 42 3.2.2.2 Sensory perception 42 3.2.3 Recognition 43 3.2.3.1 Associative learning 43 3.2.3.2 Learning specificity 44 3.2.3.3 Search images 45 3.2.3.4 Aposematism and mimicry 46 3.2.4 Approach 47 3.2.4.1 Pursuit deterrence 47 3.2.4.2 Gaining information about the predator 47 3.2.4.3 Social learning 47 3.2.4.4 Habituation 49 3.2.5 Evasion 49 3.2.5.1 Reactive distance and escape speed and trajectory 50 3.2.5.2 Survival benefits/capture success 50 3.3 Summary and discussion 51 Acknowledgements 52 References 53 4 Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat-Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes 59 Brown, Ferrari and Chivers 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Chemosensory cues as sources of information 60 4.2.1 Learning, innate responses and neophobia 60 4.2.2 Learned predator recognition through conditioning with alarm cues 62 4.3 Variable predation risk and flexible learning 62 4.3.1 Assessing risk in time 64 4.3.2 Sensory complementation and threat-sensitive learning 65 4.4 Generalisation of risk 66 4.4.1 Generalising of predator cues 66 4.4.2 Generalisation of non-predator cues 67 4.5 Predator recognition continuum hypothesis 68 4.5.1 Ecological selection for innate versus learned recognition of predators 69 4.5.2 Ecological selection for generalised learning 69 4.6 Retention: the forgotten component of learning 70 4.7 Conservation, management and learning 72 4.7.1 Conditioning predator recognition skills 72 4.7.2 Anthropogenic constraints 73 4.7.3 Field-based studies 73 4.8 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 74 References 74 5 Learning and Mate Choice 81 Witte and Nöbel 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Sexual imprinting 82 5.2.1 Does sexual imprinting promote sympatric speciation in fishes? 82 5.3 Learning after reaching maturity 83 5.4 Eavesdropping 84 5.4.1 Eavesdropping and mate choice 84 5.4.2 Benefits of eavesdropping 84 5.4.3 The audience effect 85 5.5 Mate-choice copying 87 5.5.1 Mate-choice copying – first experimental evidence and consequence 88 5.5.2 Mate-choice copying – evidence from the wild 89 5.5.3 Mate-choice copying when living in sympatry or allopatry 91 5.5.4 Mate-choice copying – the role of the early environment 92 5.5.5 Quality of the model fish 93 5.6 Social mate preferences overriding genetic preferences 94 5.6.1 Indications from guppies 94 5.6.2 Indications from sailfin mollies 95 5.7 Cultural evolution through mate-choice copying 96 5.8 Does mate-choice copying support the evolution of a novel male trait? 96 5.8.1 Theoretical approaches 97 5.8.2 Experimental approaches 98 5.9 Is mate-choice copying an adaptive mate-choice strategy? 99 5.9.1 Benefits of mate-choice copying 99 5.9.2 Costs of mate-choice copying 100 5.10 Outlook 101 5.11 Conclusions 102 References 102 6 Aggressive Behaviour in Fish: Integrating Information about Contest Costs 108 Hsu, Earley and Wolf 6.1 Introduction 108 6.2 Information about resource value 110 6.3 Information about contest costs 110 6.3.1 Assessing fighting ability 111 6.3.2 Information from past contests 113 6.3.2.1 Winner and loser effects 113 6.3.2.2 Individual recognition 117 6.3.2.3 Social eavesdropping 117 6.3.3 Integrating different types of cost-related information 118 6.4 Physiological mechanisms 119 6.5 Conclusions and future directions 126 Acknowledgements 128 References 128 7 Personality Traits and Behaviour 135 Budaev and Brown 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Observation and description of personality 137 7.2.1 Current terminology 137 7.2.1.1 Shyness–boldness 138 7.2.1.2 Coping styles 140 7.2.1.3 Behavioural syndromes 140 7.2.2 Objectivity 140 7.2.3 Labelling personality traits; construct validity 142 7.2.4 Objective and subjective measurements of personality 142 7.2.5 Modern terminology and statistical approaches 145 7.3 Proximate causation 146 7.4 Ontogeny and experience 149 7.5 Is personality adaptive? 150 7.5.1 Frequency- and density-dependent selection 150 7.5.2 State-dependent models 151 7.6 Evolution 153 7.7 Wider implications 155 7.7.1 Fish production and reproduction 155 7.7.2 Personality and population dynamics 155 7.8 Conclusions 156 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 8 The Role of Learning in Fish Orientation 166 Odling-Smee, Simpson and Braithwaite 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Why keep track of location? 166 8.3 The use of learning and memory in orientation 167 8.4 Learning about landmarks 168 8.5 Compass orientation 171 8.6 Water movements 172 8.7 Inertial guidance and internal ‘clocks’ 173 8.8 Social cues 174 8.9 How flexible is orientation behaviour? 174 8.9.1 When to learn? 174 8.9.2 What to learn? 175 8.9.3 Spatial learning capacity 176 8.10 Salmon homing – a case study 177 8.11 Conclusion 179 Acknowledgements 179 References 180 9 Social Recognition of Conspecifics 186 Griffiths and Ward 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Recognition of familiars 186 9.2.1 Laboratory studies of familiarity 187 9.2.2 Mechanisms of familiarity recognition 187 9.2.3 Functions of associating with familiar fish 191 9.2.4 Familiarity in free-ranging fishes 194 9.2.5 Determinants of familiarity 195 9.3 Familiarity or kin recognition? 196 9.3.1 Kin recognition theory 196 9.3.2 Evidence for kin recognition from laboratory studies 200 9.3.3 Advantages of kin discrimination 201 9.3.4 Kin association in the wild 201 9.3.5 Explaining the discrepancies between laboratory and field 203 9.3.6 Kin avoidance 205 9.4 Conclusion 206 References 207 10 Social Organisation and Information Transfer in Schooling Fish 217 Ioannou, Couzin, James, Croft and Krause 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Collective motion 218 10.3 Emergent collective motion in the absence of external stimuli 219 10.4 Response to internal state and external stimuli: Information processing within schools 220 10.4.1 Collective response to predators 220 10.4.2 Mechanisms and feedback in information transfer 222 10.4.3 Information transfer during group foraging and migration 225 10.5 Informational status, leadership and collective decision-making in fish schools 225 10.6 The structure of fish schools and populations 227 10.7 Social networks and individual identities 229 10.8 Community structure in social networks 232 10.9 Conclusions and future directions 233 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 11 Social Learning in Fishes 240 Brown and Laland 11.1 Introduction 240 11.2 Antipredator behaviour 241 11.3 Migration and orientation 244 11.4 Foraging 247 11.5 Mate choice 248 11.6 Aggression 249 11.7 Trade-offs in reliance on social and asocial sources of information 250 11.8 Concluding remarks 252 Acknowledgements 252 References 252 12 Cooperation and Cognition in Fishes 258 Alfieri and Dugatkin 12.1 Introduction 258 12.2 Why study cooperation in fishes? 259 12.3 Cooperation and its categories 261 12.3.1 Category 1 – kin selection 261 12.3.1.1 Cognition and kin selection 261 12.3.1.2 Example of kin selected cooperation: Cooperative breeding 262 12.3.1.3 Example of kin selected cooperation: Conditional territory defence 262 12.3.2 Category 2 – reciprocity 263 12.3.2.1 Cognition and reciprocity 264 12.3.2.2 Example of reciprocity: Egg trading 265 12.3.2.3 Example of reciprocity: Predator inspection 266 12.3.2.4 Example of reciprocity: Interspecific cleaning behaviour 267 12.3.3 Category 3 – by-product mutualism 268 12.3.3.1 Cognition and by-product mutualism 268 12.3.3.2 Example of by-product mutualism: Cooperative foraging 269 12.3.4 Category 4 – trait group selection 270 12.3.4.1 Cognition and trait group selection 270 12.3.4.2 Example of trait group selected cooperation: Predator inspection 270 12.4 Conclusion 271 Acknowledgements 272 References 272 13 Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes 277 Bshary 13.1 Introduction 277 13.2 Evidence for functional aspects of Machiavellian intelligence 279 13.2.1 Information gathering about relationships between other group members 279 13.2.2 Predator inspection 280 13.2.3 Group-living cichlids 281 13.2.4 Machiavellian intelligence in cleaning mutualisms 283 13.2.4.1 Categorisation and individual recognition of clients 283 13.2.4.2 Building up relationships between cleaners and resident clients 284 13.2.4.3 Use of tactile stimulation by cleaners to manipulate client decisions and reconcile after conflicts 284 13.2.4.4 Audience effects in response to image scoring and tactical deception 285 13.2.4.5 Punishment by males during pair inspections 285 13.3 Evidence for cognitive mechanisms in fishes 286 13.3.1 What cognitive abilities might cleaners need to deal with their clients? 286 13.3.2 Other cognitive mechanisms 287 13.4 Discussion 288 13.4.1 Future avenues I: How Machiavellian is fish behaviour? 289 13.4.2 Future avenues II: Relating Machiavellian-type behaviour to brain size evolution 290 13.4.3 Extending the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis to general social intelligence 291 Acknowledgements 291 References 291 14 Lateralization of Cognitive Functions in Fish 298 Bisazza and Brown 14.1 Introduction 298 14.2 Lateralized functions in fish 300 14.2.1 Antipredator behavior 300 14.2.1.1 Predator inspection 301 14.2.1.2 Predator evasion 302 14.2.1.3 Fast escape response 303 14.2.2 Mating behavior 304 14.2.3 Aggression 304 14.2.4 Shoaling and social recognition 304 14.2.5 Foraging behavior 306 14.2.6 Exploration and response to novelty 306 14.2.7 Homing and spatial abilities 307 14.2.8 Communication 307 14.3 Individual differences in lateralization 308 14.3.1 Hereditary basis of lateralization 308 14.3.2 Sex differences in lateralization 309 14.3.3 Environmental factors influencing development of lateralization 310 14.3.4 Lateralization and personality 311 14.4 Ecological consequences of lateralization of cognitive functions 312 14.4.1 Selective advantages of cerebral lateralization 312 14.4.2 Costs of cerebral lateralization 314 14.4.3 Maintenance of intraspecific variability in the degree of lateralization 316 14.4.4 Evolutionary significance of population biases in laterality 316 14.5 Summary and future research 317 Acknowledgements 318 References 319 15 Brain and Cognition in Teleost Fish 325 Broglio, Gómez, Durán, Salas and Rodríguez 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Classical conditioning 327 15.2.1 Delay motor classical conditioning and teleost fish cerebellum 328 15.2.2 Role of the teleost cerebellum and telencephalic pallium in trace motor classical conditioning 330 15.3 Emotional learning 331 15.3.1 Role of the medial pallium in avoidance conditioning and taste aversion learning 332 15.3.2 Teleost cerebellum and fear conditioning 334 15.4 Spatial cognition 336 15.4.1 Allocentric spatial memory representations in teleost fishes 337 15.4.2 Role of the teleost telencephalon in egocentric and allocentric spatial navigation 340 15.4.3 Map-like memories and hippocampal pallium in teleost fishes 345 15.4.4 Neural mechanisms for egocentric spatial orientation 347 15.5 Concluding remarks 349 Acknowledgements 350 References 350 16 Fish Behaviour, Learning, Aquaculture and Fisheries 359 Fernö, Huse, Jakobsen, Kristiansen and Nilsson 16.1 Fish learning skills in the human world 359 16.2 Fisheries 362 16.2.1 Spatial dynamics 362 16.2.1.1 Learning skills and movement 362 16.2.1.2 Social learning of migration pattern 363 16.2.1.3 Implications of learning for fisheries management 366 16.2.2 Fish capture 367 16.2.2.1 Natural variations in spatial distribution and behaviour 369 16.2.2.2 Avoidance and attraction before fishing 369 16.2.2.3 Before physical contact with the gear 369 16.2.2.4 After physical contact with the gear 371 16.2.2.5 Behaviour after escaping the gear and long-term consequences 372 16.2.3 Abundance estimation 374 16.3 Aquaculture 375 16.3.1 Ontogeny 375 16.3.2 Habituation, conditioning and anticipation 376 16.3.3 Pavlovian learning – delay and trace conditioning 378 16.3.4 Potential use of reward conditioning in aquaculture 379 16.3.5 Operant learning 382 16.3.6 Individual decisions and collective behaviour 383 16.4 Stock enhancement and sea-ranching 384 16.5 Escapees from aquaculture 388 16.6 Capture-based aquaculture 389 16.7 Conclusions and perspectives 389 Acknowledgements 391 References 391 17 Cognition and Welfare 405 Sneddon 17.1 Introduction 405 17.1.1 Fish welfare 406 17.1.2 Preference and avoidance testing 407 17.1.3 Behavioural flexibility and intraspecific variation 408 17.2 What is welfare? 408 17.2.1 Sentience and consciousness 409 17.2.2 Cognition and welfare 410 17.3 What fishes want 410 17.3.1 Preference tests 411 17.3.1.1 Physical habitat 411 17.3.1.2 Breeding 413 17.3.1.3 Diet 413 17.3.1.4 Social interactions 414 17.4 What fishes do not want 416 17.5 Pain and fear in fish 417 17.6 Personality in fish 420 17.7 Wider implications for the use of fish 420 17.7.1 Aquaculture 421 17.7.2 Fisheries 425 17.7.3 Recreational fishing 425 17.7.4 Research 426 17.7.5 Companion fish 427 17.8 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgements 429 References 429 Species List 435 Index 443

Read more less

Book SynopsisAmphibians of Costa Rica is the first in-depth field guide to all 206 species of amphibians known to occur in Costa Rica or within walking distance of its borders.Trade ReviewAmphibians of Costa Rica: a Field Guide is one of the best books of this kind published thus far for Costa Rica. * HERPETOLOGICAL REVIEW *

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor years Albert Hazen Wright and Anna Allen Wright traveled extensively, attempting to observe every species of snake in North America in its natural surroundings and collecting data and live specimens. Their exhaustive research resulted in a famous two-volume sourcebook, first published in 1957. Abundantly and painstakingly illustrated by the authors, this personalized natural history organizes for ready reference a wealth of information on American and Canadian snakes.Across the two volumes of Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada are accounts of more than three hundred species and subspecies, accompanied by photographs, drawings, and distribution maps. Generous excerpts from the authors'' field journals give the reader a vivid feeling of some of the satisfactions and conclusions of the Wrights'' search.Volume I features an introductory section in which the Wrights cover snake names and such features of their biology and behavior as range, size, longevity, disTrade ReviewThoroughness, precision, and enthusiasm are traits that shine through the pages of this inspiring summation of a lifetime of experience. * Nature *

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a landmark volume in South Carolina marine biology for specialists and sportsmen alike. A scientific milestone, this comprehensive illustrated guide to the characteristics, distribution, and ecology of freshwater fishes in South Carolina marks the first such endeavor since 1860 to document this aspect of the Palmetto State's diverse natural history. ""Freshwater Fishes of South Carolina"" is the result of longterm collaboration between a quartet of leading experts on the state's freshwater fishes - Fred C. Rohde, Rudolf G. Arndt, Jeffrey W. Foltz, and Joseph M. Quattro. From mudminnows and sunfishes to lampreys and sturgeons, the guide describes more than one hundred fifty species of freshwater and coastal estuarine fishes that spend all or major portions of their lives in the fresh waters of South Carolina. For each species the authors provide diagnostic characteristics including size, markings, similar species, and sexual dimorphism as well as information on biology, habitat, and distribution. Color photographs and detailed distribution maps accompany each description. The volume also includes a history of ichthyology in South Carolina, a chapter on methods for the collection and identification of fishes, and a chapter on conservation biology documenting species of concern for the state and reasons for their decline. This handsome reminder of the rich biodiversity in South Carolina's rivers, streams, and lakes serves not only as a vital scientific tool for marine researchers, students, resource managers, ecologists, and state policy makers but also as a valuable resource for sportsmen and natural history enthusiasts across the region.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile on vacation in 1980, biologist Barbara Brennessel and her family came across an amazing sight: hundreds of small silver fish migrating from the Atlantic Ocean, across a channel connecting two ponds in the town of Wellfleet on Cape Cod. She later learned that these tiny river herring were important for the ecology and economy of the region and that volunteers were counting fewer and fewer fish migrating each year.The Alewives’ Tale describes the plight of alewives and blueback herring, two fish species that have similar life histories and are difficult to distinguish by sight. Collectively referred to as river herring, they have been economically important since colonial times as food, fertilizer, and bait. In recent years they have attracted much attention from environmentalists, especially as attempts are being made, on and beyond Cape Cod, to restore the rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, and estuaries that are crucial for their reproduction and survival.Brennessel provides an overview of the biology of the fish—from fertilized eggs to large schools of adults that migrate in the Atlantic Ocean—while describing the habitats at different stages of their life history. She explores the causes of the dramatic decline of river herring since the mid-twentieth century and the various efforts to restore these iconic fish to the historic populations that treated many onlookers to spectacular inland migrations each spring.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe second edition of Fishes of Arkansas, in development for more than a decade, is an extensive revision and expansion of the first edition, including reclassifications, taxonomic changes, and descriptions of more than thirty new species. An invaluable reference for anyone interested in the state's fish population-from professional ichthyologists, fisheries biologists, and managers of aquatic resources, to amateur naturalists and anglers-this new edition provides updated taxonomic keys as well as detailed descriptions, photographs, and line drawings to aid identification of the state's 241 fish species. There is also much information on the distribution and biology of each species, including descriptions of habitat, foods eaten, reproductive biology, and conservation status.This project and the preparation of this publication was funded in part by a grant from the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.

Read more less