Wetlands, swamps, fens Books

Book SynopsisThe story of how Francis Pryor created a haven for people, plants and wildlife in a remote corner of the fens.In 1992, the archaeologists Francis and Maisie Pryor acquired a large field in a remote corner of the Lincolnshire fens. The soil was exhausted by half a century of intensive cultivation; yet within a few years, Francis and Maisie would build a home here, and transform an arable desert into a haven for plants, people and wildlife. Taking their inspiration from different elements of the English gardening tradition, they set about creating a garden that was ambitious in scope but human in scale.A Fenland Garden is shot through with the empirical wisdom of a writer with a special relationship with landscape and the soil. Francis's account of the garden at Inley Drove is counterpointed by nuggets of fenland lore, by walks in the woods with the dogs Pen and Baldwin, and by vignettes of the plantsman's trials and tribulations. Above all, this is the

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Book SynopsisLooking back over 75 years of angling in Lancashire and other areas

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Book SynopsisA thoroughly updated and accessible textbook featuring topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation, restoration and conservation. This third edition is richly illustrated in colour, packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, and features end-of-chapter questions to review and extend students' learning.Trade Review'Keddy's new version of Wetland Ecology is even more readable, not stuffy; it successfully strives for comprehension, not memorization, imbued with questions and principled hypotheses to guide experiments and syntheses. He retrieves both older and newer writings as a scientist first, and also as a citizen-scientist with affection for personal curiosity and society.' R. Eugene Turner, Louisiana State University, USA'This new edition is essential reading for all those around the globe interested in wetlands. The book emphasizes general principles and causal factors responsible for shaping natural wetlands and how they apply to restoration and conservation. Dr Keddy recalls how the old foundational studies contributed to building current understandings of wetland ecology. Numerous illustrations and probing concluding questions at the end of each chapter make the book a valuable teaching resource.' Barry G. Warner, University of Waterloo, Canada'In this third edition of Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation, Dr Paul Keddy has once again shown his strong understanding of how wetlands function. Rather than minor changes and edits to the second edition, this is a reorganized and rewritten expansion, with new sub-sections that delve further into the subject matter. Reference to the classical wetland literature is retained, but wetland science is brought up to date with references through 2022. New examples are included to help explain principles, and a concerted effort was made to use international examples. The effect of humans on wetland functions is prominent in many sections. Most figures are now in colour, and many excellent colour photographs have been added to assist in understanding of the text. Inclusion of insightful questions after each chapter helps to make this book an excellent text for use in undergraduate and graduate courses.' Douglas Wilcox, SUNY Brockport, USA'This is the most comprehensive book in wetland ecology. It explores the diversity and complexity of wetlands, covering a wide range of topics from ecology and functioning to restoration and conservation. These topics are presented clearly, they are superbly illustrated and organized in a way that makes this textbook of equal value to both students and researchers. A must-have book for anyone interested in wetlands.' Vasilis Louca, University of Aberdeen, UKTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Wetlands: an introduction; 2. Flooding; 3. Fertility; 4. Natural disturbance; 5. Competition; 6. Herbivory; 7. Burial; 8. Other factors; 9. Diversity; 10. Zonation; 11. Services and functions; 12. Research: paths forward; 13. Restoration; 14. Conservation and management; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisIn a world filled with breathtaking beauty, we have often overlooked the elusive charm and magic of certain landscapes. A cloudy river flows into a verdant Arctic wetland where sandhill cranes and muskoxen dwell. Further south, cypress branches hang low over dismal swamps. Places like these–collectively known as swamplands or peatlands–often go unnoticed for their ecological splendor. They are as globally significant as rainforests, and function as critical carbon sinks for addressing our climate crisis. Yet, because of their reputation as wastelands, they are being systematically drained and degraded to make way for oilsands, mines, farms, and electricity. In Swamplands, journalist Edward Struzik celebrates these wild places, venturing into windswept bogs in Kauai and the last remnants of an ancient peatland in the Mojave Desert. The secrets of the swamp aren’t for the faint of heart. Ed loses a shoe to an Arctic wolf and finds himself ankle-deep in water during a lightning storm. But, the rewards are sweeter for the struggle: an enchanting Calypso orchid; an elusive yellow moth thought to be extinct; ancient animals preserved in lifelike condition down to the fur. Swamplands highlights the unappreciated struggle being waged to save peatlands by scientists, conservationists, and landowners around the world. An ode to peaty landscapes in all their offbeat glory, the book is also a demand for awareness of the myriad threats they face. It urges us to see the beauty and importance in these least likely of places. Our planet’s survival might depend on it.Table of ContentsPreface Introduction Chapter 1: The Great Dismal Swamp Chapter 2: Central Park Chapter 3: Peat and Endangered Species Chapter 4: Tropical Peat Chapter 5: Ash Meadows, Ancient Bogs, and Desert Fens Chapter 6: Sasquatches of the Swamps Chapter 7: Peat and Reptiles Chapter 8: Mountain Peat Chapter 9: Ring of Fire: The Hudson Bay Lowlands Chapter 10: Pingos, Polygons, and Frozen Peat Chapter 11: Tundra Beavers, Saltwater Trout and Barren Ground Grizzly Bears Chapter 12: Portals to the Otherworld Chapter 13: Growing Peat Conclusion

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Book SynopsisHugh Miller was born in 1802 in Cromarty, North East Scotland. He started his working life as a stonemason's apprentice. A keen interest in fossil collecting followed and he was successful in arousing public interest in geological history. He later became a social commentator and crusader (he was one of the first writers to condemn the Highland Clearances) while his role as a serious religious journalist is highlighted in his discussions on the Disruption of the Church of Scotland and its consequences. As Hugh Miller, a tall man with a shepherd's plaid over his rough tweed suit, walked about Edinburgh he was pointed out with pride. His was a household name in his lifetime, not only in Scotland but also across the English-speaking world. After his death, by his own hand in 1856, his work was mined by historians and anthologists for its acute observations, and geologists continued to love the spirit which imbued his writings, as did the Free Church - but in the 20th century his thoughts on evolutionary biology were sorely obsolete. However, a recent revival in Scots history and culture, and a reassessment of the 19th century debates in science, geology and religion, have all led to a fuller appreciation of the rich and complex stories in which Hugh Miller played a part, and of the man himself. This biography follows the 2003 facsimile edition of Hugh Miller's "The Cruise of the Betsey and Rambles of a Geologist", which Michael Taylor edited. With the benefit of recent research for the 2002 centenary conferences, the book does full justice to a neglected figure whose work and writings continue to give enjoyment and inspiration.Trade Review'This is an excellent, interesting and scholarly biography of Hugh Miller. ... This book is well researched and a pleasure to read. ... effectively brings to life the complex character of Hugh Miller.' Palaeontological Newsletter 'Taylor deftly organizes his immense quantity of research and Miller's complex life into clear and manageable sections. ... The pictures, excerpts and thematic chapters create a comprehensive and enjoyable volume.' IRSS University of Guelph 'Michael Taylor casts much-needed light upon the character of this singular man ... well illustrated and written in short, tube-length chapters that are all perfectly judged. Buy it now.' Geoscientist 'It is well worth reading to understand the context of Miller's life, his impact on Scottish geology, and as an introduction to his writing.' John Muir Trust Journal ' … Taylor's prose streams effortlessly from the page and carries the reader along, rather like a gold thread embroidered through the history of Miller's life. … Anyone with an interest in Miller, or indeed in Victorian era Scotland and its complex social, religious and political history, would doubtless enjoy Taylor's biography.' Hugh's News (review of the reprinted edition 2022)Table of ContentsMap of Scotland; Map of Edinburgh and Leith in the 1850s; Foreword by Marian Allardyce McKenzie Johnston MA MSC; Preface by Dr David Alston; Introduction: One of the living forces of Scotland; A wild insubordinate boy; A Life of manual labour; The literary lion of Gromarty; A sort of Robinson Crusoe in geology; A long, and, in its earlier stages, anxious courtship; A plain working man, in rather humble circumstances; Among the remains of a different creation; Strife, toil and comparative obscurity; His business was to fight; The truth I speak, impugn it whoso list; The landscape was one without figures; The quiet enthusiasm of the true fossil-hunter; He clothed the dry bones of science; Exceedingly plausible and consummately dangerous; A gray maud, buckled shepherd-fashion; These are but small achievements; A tenderly affectionate parent; 19 Dearest Lydia. dear children. farewell; Life itself is a school; Glossary; Index.

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Book SynopsisSilt Sand and Slurry is a visually rich investigation into where, why, and how sediment is central to the future of America’s coasts. Sediment is an unseen infrastructure that shapes and enables modern life. Silt is scooped from sea floors to deepen underwater highways for container ships. It is diverted from river basins to control flooding. It is collected, sorted, managed, and moved to reshape deltas, marshes, and beaches. Anthropogenic action now moves more sediment annually than ‘natural’ geologic processes — yet this global reshaping of the earth’s surface is rarely-discussed and poorly-understood. In four thematic text chapters, four geographic visual studies, and a concluding essay, this book demonstrate why sediment matters now more than ever, given our contemporary context of sea level rise, environmental change, and spatial inequality, through a documentation of the geography of dredging and sediment on the four coasts of the continental United States. The book explores the many limitations of current sediment management practices, such as short-sighted efforts to keep dynamic ecosystems from changing, failure to value sediment as a resource, and inequitable decision-making processes. In response to these conditions, the DRC delineate an approach to designing with sediment that is adaptive, healthy, and equitable.

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Book SynopsisThe unexpected diversity, beauty, and strangeness of life in ancient lakes?some millions of years old?and the remarkable insights the lakes are yielding about the causes of biodiversity.Most lakes are less than 10,000 years old and short-lived, but there is a much smaller number of ancient lakes, tectonic in origin and often millions of years old, that are scattered across every continent but Antarctica: Baikal, Tanganyika, Victoria, Titicaca, and Biwa, to name a few. Often these lakes are filled with a diversity of fish, crustaceans, snails, and other creatures found nowhere else in the world. In Our Ancient Lakes, Jeffrey McKinnon introduces the remarkable living diversity of these aquatic bodies to the general reader and explains the surprising, often controversial, findings that the study of their faunas is yielding about the formation and persistence of species.The first single-authored volume to synthesize studies of ancient lakes, Our Ancient Lakes provides an overview of the lakes and their distinctive geological origins; accounts of the evolutionary processes that have generated the incredible diversity found in the lakes and produced some of the fastest speciation rates known for vertebrates; the surprisingly important role of interspecies mating in the most rapid diversifications; the uniquely complete records of the creatures that inhabited the lakes, which are being extracted from deep lake sediments; the prospects for the lakes as we tumble into the Anthropocene; and much more.Shining a light on a class of biodiversity hot spot that is equivalent to coral reefs in the ocean or tropical rainforests on land, Our Ancient Lakes chronicles in a refreshingly personal and accessible way the often singular wonders of these venerable water bodies.The MIT Press gratefully acknowledges Furthermore: a program of the J.M. Kaplan Fund.

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Book SynopsisExplores the adequacy of science and technology for replacing wetland function and the effectiveness of the federal program of compensatory mitigation in accomplishing the nation's goal of clean water. This book examines the regulatory framework for permitting wetland filling and requiring mitigation.Table of Contents1 Front Matter; 2 Executive Summary; 3 1 Introduction; 4 2 Outcomes of Wetland Restoration and Creation; 5 3 Watershed Setting; 6 4 Wetland Permitting: History and Overview; 7 5 Compensatory Mitigation Mechanisms Under Section 404; 8 6 Mitigation Compliance; 9 7 Technical Approaches Toward Achieving No Net Loss; 10 8 Institutional Reforms for Enhancing Compensatory Mitigation; 11 References; 12 Appendix A Survey of Studies: Comparison of Mitigation and Natural Wetlands; 13 Appendix B Case Studies; 14 Appendix C Analyses of Soil, Plant, and Animal Communities for Mitigation Sites Compared with Reference Sites; 15 Appendix D California Department of Fish and Game, South Coast Region; Guidelines for Wetland Mitigation; 16 Appendix E Examples of Performance Standards for Wetland Creation and Restoration in Section 404 Permits and an Approach to Developing Performance Standards; 17 Appendix F Memorandum for Commanders, Major Subordinate Commands, and District Commands, April 8, 1999; 18 Appendix G Army Corps of Engineers Standard Operating Procedures for the Regulatory Program; 19 Appendix H Selected Attributes of 40 Common Wetland Functional Assessment Procedures; 20 Appendix I Functions, Factors, and Values Considered in Section 404 Permit Reviews; 21 Appendix J Biographical Sketches of Committee Members; 22 Glossary; 23 Index

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Book SynopsisA collection of otherworldly photographs of Southern wetlands featuring an original ghost story. Southern wetlands, with their moss-draped trees and dark water obscuring mysteries below, are eerily beautiful places, home to ghost stories and haunting, ethereal light. The newest collection from award-winning photographer Keith Carter, Ghostlight captures the otherwordly spirits of swamps, marshes, bogs, baygalls, bayous, and fens in more than a hundred photographs. From Ossabaw Island, Georgia, to his home ground of East Texas, Carter seeks “the secretive and mysterious” of this often-overlooked landscape: wisps of fog drifting between tree branches; faceless figures contemplating a bog; owls staring directly at the camera lens; infinite paths leading to unknown parts. Similarly, spectral images are evoked in the original short story that opens this book. Ghostlight, writes best-selling author Bret Anthony Johnston, “hovers, darts, disappears. It can be as mean as a cottonmouth, as mischievous aes a child. The closer you get, the farther the light recedes.” A masterpiece of “Bayou Gothic,” Ghostlight challenges our perceptions and invites us to experience the beauty of this elusive world. Trade ReviewA stunning new book...[Ghostlight] conveys the strange allure of these brackish backwaters and their biological menagerie...Carter’s playful approach can be seen in nearly every photograph. Drawing from a deep bag of tricks, he can make photographs that resemble still-life paintings, chiaroscuro portraits, or carefully etched Japanese woodblock prints. His sepia-toned images have a timeless quality emphasized by their vignetting—an old-fashioned darkroom technique that subtly darkens the edges of a print. * Texas Monthly *Writer Bret Anthony Johnston sets the murky, mysterious tone in Ghostlight with a gothic short story that offers a haunting intonation to Keith Carter’s otherworldly wet-plate B&W photographs. Whispering, humid southern wetlands of moss-draped cypress trees and dark waters breathe spectral light, divulging ghostly apparitions and the gators, owls and other wild things secreted within. Carter’s caressing imagery is a stunning, atmospheric impression of southern mythology. * What Will You Remember? *Keith Carter’s monochromatic masterpiece Ghostlight uses stark contrasts to convey profound emotional depth. The interplay of light and shadow within its frames serves as a silent poetry, inviting readers to immerse themselves in the quiet narratives embedded in each photograph. * Smithsonian Magazine *

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Book SynopsisProvides students and researchers with the information about the ecology of freshwater and estuarine wetlands. This title helps students understand both general concepts of different wetland types as well as complex topics related to these dynamic physical environments.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS PREFACE 1. ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER AND ESTUARINE WETLANDS: AN INTRODUCTION 2. WETLAND SOILS, HYDROLOGY, AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 3. ABIOTIC CONSTRAINTS FOR WETLAND PLANTS AND ANIMALS 4. WETLAND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 5. DEVELOPMENT OF WETLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES 6. WETLAND ANIMAL ECOLOGY 7. CARBON DYNAMICS AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 8. UNITED STATES WETLAND REGULATION, POLICY, AND ASSESSMENT 9. WETLAND RESTORATION 10. CONSEQUENCES FOR WETLANDS OF A CHANGING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT LITERATURE CITED INDEX

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers an extensive range of issues related to constructed wetlands for treatment of stormwater and wastewater. Chapter One covers the functions and classifications of constructed wetlands, treatment processes of wetlands and a detailed description of microphytes. Chapter Two provides details of the design of wetlands and their construction. Chapter Three provides details of the important issue of operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands. Chapter Four highlights all the experience gained from managing a large and prominent urban wetland. Chapter Five outlines the importance of engaging the community when planning, designing and constructing wetlands. The book is useful for environmental professionals desiring a good appreciation of the concepts in constructed wetlands. This book is also a useful reference for graduate and post-graduate students of civil and environmental engineering, chemical engineering, environmental management or environmental science.

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Book SynopsisWetlands, with a variety of physical characteristics, are found throughout the country. They are known in different regions as swamps, marshes, fens, potholes, playa lakes, or bogs. Although these places can differ greatly, they all have distinctive plant and animal assemblages because of the wetness of the soil. Some wetland areas may be continuously inundated by water, while other areas may not be flooded at all. In coastal areas, flooding may occur daily as tides rise and fall. Recent Congresses have considered numerous policy topics that involve wetlands. Many reflect issues of long-standing interest, such as applying federal regulations on private lands, wetland loss rates, and restoration and creation accomplishments. This book provides an overview of issues with the wetlands; and provides some economic insights on targeting investments to cost effectively restore and protect wetland ecosystems.

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Book SynopsisThe story of how Francis Pryor created a haven for people, plants and wildlife in a remote corner of the fens. A Fenland Garden is the story of the creation of a garden in a complex and fragile English landscape – the Fens of southern Lincolnshire – by a writer who has a very particular relationship with landscape and the soil, thanks to his distinguished career as an archaeologist and discoverer of some of England's earliest field systems. It describes the imagining, planning and building of a garden in an unfamiliar and sometimes hostile place, and the challenges, setbacks and joys these processes entail. This is a narrative of the making of a garden, but it is also about reclaiming a patch of ground for nature and wildlife – of repairing the damage done to a small slice of Fenland landscape by decades of intensive farming. A Fenland Garden is informed by the empirical wisdom of a practising gardener (and archaeologist) and by his deep understanding of the soil, landscape and weather of the region; Francis's account of the development of the garden is counterpointed by fascinating nuggets of Fenland lore and history, as well as by vignettes of the plantsman's trials and tribulations as he works an exceptionally demanding plot of land. Above all, this is the story of bringing something beautiful into being; of embedding a garden in the local landscape; and thereby of deepening and broadening the idea of home.Trade Review‘A gloriously bucolic fenland hymn celebrating one man’s love for his garden and his wife. Francis is a fine writer and visionary, with an intelligence as sharp as an archaeologist’s trowel. Time spent in his company in person or in print is well spent!’ * Tony Robinson *'Brings to life the sense of place, that mythical bond between a garden and its natural landscape.’ * George Plumptre, CEO of the National Garden Scheme *‘Pryor is clearly smitten with the Fens. A gently heroic account of one archaeologist’s attempts to transform a beloved but exhausted landscape into a place where nature thrives.’ * Sally Coulthard, author of A Short History of the World According to Sheep *The pleasure [Pryor] takes in old landscapes and farming practices, and in the poetic words that describe them... is palpable * The Times Literary Supplement *Francis Pryor and his archaeologist wife Maisie, share their thoughtful garden-making in A Fenland Garden. Through their love of the land, they unearth some great garden stories and historical insights... A marvellous chronicle * RHS Magzine *In this uplifting read, [Pryor] reclaims the land bit by bit to produce a garden where nature thrives once more. * Britain Magazine *Francis's account of the development of the garden is counterpointed by fascinating nuggets of Fenland lore and history, as well as snippets of the plantsman's trials and tribulations as he works an exceptionally demanding plot of land. * Countryside magazine *This is a charming story of a fruitful, resourceful partnership, which has produced a landscape of real quality, attractive both to wildlife and to visitors welcomed on charity open days. * Spectator *PRAISE FOR SCENES FROM PREHISTORIC LIFE: 'Decades worth of communicating archaeology on TV and screen and a recent foray into crime fiction writing help make this a highly compelling read' Spectator. 'An evocative foray into the prehistoric past... Pryor recreates [the prehistoric world] with an effortless narrative style' BBC Countryfile Magazine. 'Brings almost impossibly distant times into brilliant focus' Eastern Daily Press Norfolk. 'Pryor's colourful book makes life in Britain BC often sound rather more appealing than the frenetic and anxious 21st century!' Daily Mail. 'Vividly relating what life was like in pre-Roman Britain' * Choice Magazine *

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Book SynopsisTraces the history of nutria from their natural range in South America to their status as an invasive species known for destroying the environmentally and economically important wetlands along the Gulf Coast. In this definitive book on ""swamp rats"", Theodore G. Manno recounts western expansion and the explosion of the American fur industry.

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Book SynopsisA concise essay on the origins and history of the drainage of the Broads, with an extensive gazetteer illustrating all the mills that remain, arranged on a river by river basis to suit those visiting by boat.

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Book SynopsisThe latest cutting-edge research on flood pulsing and wetland restoration in North America Presenting the latest research from leaders in the field of restoration ecology, Flood Pulsing in Wetlands reflects the current movement to incorporate flood pulsing into wetland restoration efforts.Trade Review"Subsequent chapters of individual projects and the effect flood pulsing has had on each project's overall goals." (Hydro Review, January 2003) "This book provides pretty good information on the identification, distribution and environmental significance of more than 100 grasses, native and non-native." (Aquaphyte, (Summer 2003)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Chapter 1: The Flood Pulse Concept in Wetland Restoration (Beth A. Middleton). Chapter 2: Flood Pulses and Restoration of Riparian Vegetation in the American Southwest (Julie C. Stromberg and M. K. Chew). Flood Patterns and Riparian Vegetation in the Desert Southwest. Flood Pulses and Riparian Restoration. Conclusion. Chapter 3: The Role of the Flood Pulse in Ecosystem-Level Processes in Southwestern Riparian Forests: A Case Study From the Middle Rio Grande (Lisa M. Ellis, Clifford S. Crawford, and Manuel C. Molles Jr.). An Altered River: The Case of the Middle Rio Grande. Consequences of the Altered River: Some Obvious Problems. Research at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge: Floods, Fire, and the Litter Connection. Fire: Its Relationship to Flooding and Litter Buildup. The Future: Restoration of the Flood Pulse. Chapter 4: The Role of the Flood Pulse in Maintaining Boltonia decurrens, a Fugitive Plant Species of the Illinois River Floodplain: A Case History of a Threatened Species (M. Smith and P. Mettler). The Flood Pulse and Boltonia Decurrens. Adaptations to Cyclical Flooding. Alteration of the Flood Pulse. Restoration of the Flood Pulse to the Illinois River Valley. Protection for B. decurrens Under the Endangered Species Act. Policies and Prospects for the Future. Chapter 5: Conservation and Restoration of Semiarid Riparian Forests: A Case Study from the Upper Missouri River, Montana (Michael L. Scott and Gregor T. Auble). Introduction. Riparian Forests in Dry Regions. The Upper Missouri River, Montana: A Case Study. Conclusions. Chapter 6: Implications of Reestablishing Prolonged FloodPulse Characteristics of the Kissimmee River and Floodplain Ecosystem (Louis A. Toth, Joseph W. Koebel Jr., Andrew G. Warne, and Joanne Chamberlain). Hydrogeomorphology of the Kissimmee River Basin. Flood Pulse Ecology. Restoration of the Flood Pulse. Restoration Expectations. Conclusions. Chapter 7: Flood Pulsing in the Regeneration and Maintenance of Species in Riverine Forested Wetlands of theSoutheastern United States (Beth A. Middleton). Hydrologic Reengineering of Forested Wetlands. Regeneration Problems for Plant Species on Floodplains with Altered Hydrology. Restoration Approaches. Index.

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Book SynopsisWetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth?s system. A complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between Trade Review“Overall, this is an excellent course resource for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students, as well as professionals who wish to deepen their understanding of these complex ecosystems. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPreface: Why wetlands? xi Acknowledgements xiv Part I 1 Wetland overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 How much and where 4 1.3 Wetland trends 8 1.4 Wetland preservation and protection 10 1.5 Wetland science 11 1.6 Book approach and outline 13 1.7 Summary 13 2 Wetland criteria 15 2.1 Definitions 15 2.2 Water 16 2.3 Soil 18 2.4 Vegetation 20 2.5 Wetland classification 22 2.6 Peatland 24 2.7 Anthropogenic dimensions of wetlands 27 2.8 Summary 28 3 Methods in wetland research 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Remote sensing 31 3.2.1 Image resolution and interpretability 32 3.2.2 Wetland image interpretation 35 3.2.3 Macro-level systems 37 3.2.4 Meso-level systems 41 3.2.5 Micro-level systems 42 3.3 Maps and geographic information systems 46 3.4 Physical ground-based methods 48 3.4.1 Surface methods 48 3.4.2 Subsurface methods 51 3.5 Flora, fauna and ecological monitoring and survey methods 53 3.6 Social science methods and techniques 56 3.7 Summary 57 Part II 4 Wetland hydrology 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Surface and ground water 61 4.3 Floods and flooding 64 4.4 Hydrologic functions of streams and wetlands 65 4.5 Hydrochemistry 68 4.6 Summary 70 5 Wetland soil 72 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Brief history and soil classification 73 5.3 Hydric soil criteria 78 5.4 Mineral and organic hydric soils 79 5.5 Submerged wetland substrates 81 5.6 Summary 82 6 Wetland vegetation 86 6.1 Plant adaptations 86 6.1.1 Structural adaptations 86 6.1.2 Biochemical adaptations 88 6.2 Ecological categories 89 6.2.1 Shoreline plants 90 6.2.2 Emergent plants 92 6.2.3 Floating plants 94 6.2.4 Submerged plants 96 6.2.5 Plant zonation 97 6.3 Indicator categories 99 6.4 Plant hardiness zones 101 6.5 Invasive plant species 102 6.6 Summary 105 7 Wetland wildlife 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Wetland invertebrates 108 7.2.1 Insects 108 7.2.2 Mosquitos 110 7.2.3 Corals 111 7.3 Wetland vertebrates 113 7.3.1 Amphibians 113 7.3.2 Reptiles 115 7.3.3 Birds 117 7.3.4 Mammals 125 7.4 Invasive animal species 130 7.5 Summary 132 Part III 8 Wetland change 135 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Hydroseral succession 136 8.3 Sea-level change and crustal movements 139 8.3.1 Glacial eustasy 139 8.3.2 Glacial isostasy 141 8.3.3 Complicated responses 141 8.3.4 Modern sea-level rise 143 8.4 Climate change 147 8.4.1 Climate basics 147 8.4.2 Climate and wetlands 150 8.5 Fire 152 8.6 Summary 154 9 Wetlands through time 156 9.1 Introduction 156 9.2 Coal 157 9.2.1 Paleozoic coal 157 9.2.2 Cretaceous–Tertiary coal and lignite 158 9.3 Amber 160 9.4 Pleistocene and Holocene wetlands 163 9.4.1 Nordic region 164 9.4.2 North America 167 9.4.3 Tropics and Antarctica 171 9.4.4 Holocene climate and early man 171 9.5 Summary 173 10 Environmental cycles and feedback 175 10.1 Biogeochemical cycles 175 10.1.1 Wetland elements 175 10.1.2 Nitrogen 175 10.1.3 Phosphorus, potassium and sulfur 177 10.2 Carbon cycle 179 10.2.1 Carbon reservoirs 179 10.2.2 Carbon balance 179 10.2.3 Carbon gases and climatic feedback 180 10.3 Fossil fuels 181 10.3.1 Fossil-fuel consumption 181 10.3.2 Coal mining and acid rain 183 10.3.3 Estonian oil shale 184 10.4 Human experiment 185 10.5 Summary 187 Part IV 11 Wetland services, resources and valuation 190 11.1 Human use of wetland ecosystems 190 11.2 Ecosystem services 191 11.2.1 Habitats 191 11.2.2 Wetlands and biogeochemical cycles 194 11.2.3 Storm surge and coastal flood protection 195 11.3 Hydrological services 196 11.3.1 Flood abatement 196 11.3.2 Water quality 196 11.3.3 Water storage and diversion 197 11.4 Economic services 199 11.4.1 Extractive industries 199 11.4.2 Pearl production 204 11.4.3 Services industries 207 11.5 Wetland valuations 211 11.5.1 Why value wetlands? 212 11.5.2 Property regimes and externalities in wetland use and valuations 212 11.5.3 How to value wetlands? 215 11.6 Summary 216 12 Conservation and management: Wetland planning and practices 218 12.1 The conservation movement 218 12.2 Wetland resource management 220 12.3 Wetland management plans 221 12.4 Wetland management practices 223 12.4.1 Terrestrial and hydrologic-based strategies 223 12.4.2 Biological and chemical strategies 226 12.4.3 Socio-economic strategies 227 12.5 Summary 229 13 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation 231 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Terminology 232 13.3 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation design principles 235 13.4 Restoration and enhancement considerations 238 13.5 Approaches to wetland restoration and enhancement 240 13.5.1 Active approaches 240 13.5.2 Passive and hybrid approaches 242 13.6 Artifi cial treatment wetlands 244 13.7 Contaminated mine-water treatment 246 13.8 Summary 249 14 Wetlands governance and public policy 251 14.1 Wetlands governance and policy 251 14.2 International wetland policy 251 14.3 Wetland policy in the developed world 252 14.3.1 United States 253 14.3.2 Canada 255 14.3.3 Western Europe 255 14.3.4 Central Europe 257 14.3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States 260 14.3.6 Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica 262 14.4 National wetland policy in the developing world 264 14.5 Shared wetlands 264 14.6 Summary 266 Part V 15 Low-latitude wetland case studies 268 15.1 Introduction 268 15.2 Sundarbans of South Asia 269 15.3 Okavango Delta of southern Africa 274 15.4 Pantanal of South America 276 15.5 Gulf of Mexico, United States 279 15.5.1 Florida Everglades 281 15.5.2 Mississippi River delta 285 15.5.3 Padre Island and Laguna Madre 291 15.6 Summary 297 16 Middle-latitude wetland case studies 299 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Great Plains of North America 299 16.2.1 Upper Arkansas River valley, Colorado and Kansas 300 16.2.2 Biocontrol of saltcedar along the upper Arkansas River valley 305 16.2.3 Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas 309 16.2.4 Nebraska Sand Hills 314 16.2.5 Missouri Coteau, southern Saskatchewan 318 16.3 Coastal wetlands of Maine and Massachusetts, United States 323 16.3.1 Wells Reserve, southeastern Maine 325 16.3.2 Plum Island Ecosystem, northeastern Massachusetts 326 16.4 Estonia, eastern Baltic region 328 16.5 Summary 333 17 High-latitude and high-altitude wetland case studies 336 17.1 Introduction 336 17.2 Andes Mountains, Venezuela 336 17.3 Southern Colorado, United States 340 17.3.1 Culebra Range 341 17.3.2 San Luis Valley 345 17.4 The Arctic 350 17.4.1 Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska 351 17.4.2 Yukon Delta, Alaska 353 17.4.3 Lena River delta, Russia 354 17.5 Summary 357 18 Sustainability for wetlands 358 18.1 Introduction 358 18.2 Key risks to wetlands 359 18.3 Key opportunities in wetland conservation 362 18.4 Future directions 363 Glossary of wetland types and terms 364 References 372 Index 401 Color Plates are between pages 210 and 211 COMPANION WEBSITE This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland with Figures and Tables from the book

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