Western philosophy: Enlightenment Books

Book SynopsisWhy did "equality" become prominent in European societies based on hierarchy during the Enlightenment? What does "equality" imply for societies, politics, or legal systems? The contributors to this volume draw on various historical case studies, from visionary practices in revolutionary France and the collection of data on the poor in 19th-century Germany, to claims raised under the minority regime of the League of Nations and the anti-discrimination politics of the UN and India. The dynamics of universalizing equality are contrasted with a concept asserting that equality must be limited to and by order. The contributions thus explore concepts of equality from the perspectives of history and law and show that practices of comparing were essential when it came to imagining others as equal, fighting discrimination, or scandalizing social inequalities.Table of ContentsConcepts of Equality: Why, Who, What for?; Hierarchy as Order: Equality as Chaos?; Envisioning Equality in the French Revolution; "A Deep, Horizontal Comradeship?"; Minority Protection under the League of Nations: Universal and Particular Equality; Equality through the Lens of Racial Discrimination; India, the UN and Caste as a Form of Racial Discrimination: Resolving the Dispute; Equality under the Indian Constitution; Authors and Editors.

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Book SynopsisContemporary philosophers frequently assume that Kant never seriously engaged with Spinoza or Spinozism-certainly not before the break of Der Pantheismusstreit, or within the Critique of Pure Reason. Offering an alternative reading of key pre-critical texts and to some of the Critique''s most central chapters, Omri Boehm challenges this common assumption. He argues that Kant not only is committed to Spinozism in early essays such as The One Possible Basis and New Elucidation, but also takes up Spinozist metaphysics as Transcendental Realism''s most consistent form in the Critique of Pure Reason. The success -- or failure -- of Kant''s critical projects must be evaluated in this light. Boehm here examines The Antinomies alongside Spinoza''s Substance Monism and his theory of freedom. Similarly, he analyzes the refutation of the Ontological Argument in parallel with Spinoza''s Causa-sui. More generally, Boehm places the Critique of Pure Reason''s separation of Thought from Being and Is fTrade ReviewOmri Boehm offers a lucid and incisive defence, supported by careful scholarship, of the compelling idea that preoccupation with Spinozaappreciation of the force of Spinoza's reasoning along with a concern to avoid his drastic conclusionsis at the heart of Kants philosophical enterprise. I have learned a great deal from Boehm's fascinating study, and its excellence will be clearly visible to anyone who has pursued the question of what the Critique of Pure Reason is aiming to achieve. * Sebastian Gardner, Critique *An avalanche of important work has been done recently on Spinoza as well as on Kant, but no one has considered their philosophical relationship in extensive detail in the way that Omri Boehm does here. In addition to offering challenging original treatments of the concept of God and the Pantheism Controversy, a unique contribution of this volume is its systematic analysis of the relation of Spinoza's arguments to Kant's complex First and Third Antinomies. These chapters alone make the book required reading now for anyone concerned with the central themes of modern philosophy. * Karl Ameriks, McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame *Table of ContentsPreface ; Introduction ; 1. The One Possible Basis: The Ideal of Pure Reason and Kant's Regulative Spinozism ; 2. The First Antinomy and Spinoza ; 3. The Third Antinomy and Spinoza ; 4. The Causa Sui and the Ontological Argument, or The Principle of Sufficient Reason and The Is-Ought Distinction ; 5. Radical Enlightenment, the Pantheismusstreit, and a Change of Tone in the Critique of Pure Reason ; Bibliography ; Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisHume is held to have taught that causal power and self are projections, that God is a projection of our fear, and that value is a projection of sentiment. In Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy, P. J. E. Kail provides a fresh interpretation of this metaphor and uses it to shed new light on some of Hume's central ideas.Trade ReviewReview from previous edition Peter Kail's engaging study undertakes to illuminate Hume on the external world, necessity, and value by juxtaposing these topics with God, personal identity, and colour respectively...There is much...to admire: the unusual breadth of coverage; the rich comparison of Hume's explanations of belief in God and the external world...The intricate defences of provocative interpretive claims-for example, that Hume thinks belief with evaluation content can, on its own, motivate action-are sure to recieve wide attention. * Louis E. Loeb, Mind *A formiddable accomplishment, highly innovative in many of its theses, and, all in all, well-stocked with interesting arguments... Of the writing of books on Hume there is end; kail's is hugely impressive, one of the best I have read in the past decade or so. * Alexander Broadie, British Journal for the History of Philosophy *Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy is a rich and valuable addition to Hume scholarship. The most welcome contribution of the work is the comprehensive picture of the sort of projection at work in Hume's philosophy informed by the systematic tracking of the various usages throughout his work. The line of research into the connection between projection, realism, and anti-realism is fruitful. The detailed and clever textual analysis coupled with the originality and boldness of many of the core theses ensures that Kail's book will remain both an indispensable reference and a source of inspiration for the future scholarly activities of Hume specialists. * Angela Coventry, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART I: RELIGION AND THE EXTERNAL WORLD; PART II: MODALITY, PROJECTION AND REALISM; PART III: VALUE, PROJECTION AND REALISM

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents seventeen essays by one of the world's leading scholars on Kant. Henry E. Allison explores the nature of transcendental idealism, freedom of the will, and the concept of the purposiveness of nature. He places Kant's views in their historical context and explores their contemporary relevance to present day philosophers.Trade ReviewAny new book from Henry Allison, one of the most influential Kant scholars in the four-decade-old resurgence of interest in Kant, is welcomeThe value of this particular essay, and the book in general, is that it invites this kind of further consideration of Allison's pivotal and comprehensive interpretation of Kant. * Frederick Rauscher, Mind *Allison's work is typically clear, thoughtful, and based upon careful reading and contemplation of both Kant's words and his deep intentions. No matter ones particular interests in Kant, this volume will serve as a welcome guide and deserves careful attention by anyone seriously interested in Kant in particular and the history of philosophy in general. * Andrew Israelsen, Bibliographia *Few people have had more impact on how Anglo-American philosophers read Kant than Henry Allison. . . . Throughout the diversity of this material, Allison sustains his characteristic clarity, seemingly encyclopedic knowledge of Kant's texts, and unified vision of Kant's Critical philosophy. . . . Allison's interpretations of Kant in these essays are, as always, something about which Kant scholars will have to think, and argue, for years to come. * Nicholas Stang, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART ONE; PART TWO; PART THREE; PART FOUR

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Book SynopsisThe Kantian Aesthetic explains the kind of perceptual knowledge involved in aesthetic judgments. It does so by linking Kant''s aesthetics to a critically upgraded account of his theory of knowledge. This upgraded theory emphasizes those conceptual and imaginative structures which Kant terms, respectively, ''categories'' and ''schemata''. By describing examples of aesthetic judgment, it is shown that these judgments must involve categories and fundamental schemata (even though Kant himself, and most commentators after him, have not fully appreciated the fact). It is argued, in turn, that this shows the aesthetic to be not just one kind of pleasurable experience amongst others, but one based on factors necessary to objective knowledge and personal identity, and which, indeed, itself plays a role in how these capacities develop.In order to explain how individual aesthetic judgments are justified, and the aesthetic basis of art, however, the Kantian position just outlined has to be developTrade Reviewexciting and provocative * Philosophy in Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The Transcendental Deduction; Objective Knowledge and the Unity of Self- Consciousness ; 2. Imagination and the Conditions of Knowledge ; 3. Pure Aesthetic Judgment: A Harmony of Imagination and Understanding ; 4. The Universality and Justification of Taste ; 5. Adherent Beauty and Concepts of Perfection ; 6. From Aesthetic Ideas to the Avant-Garde: The Scope of Fine Art ; 7. The Kantian Sublime Revisited

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Book SynopsisKant''s Elliptical Path explores the main stages and key concepts in the development of Kant''s Critical philosophy, from the early 1760s to the 1790s. Karl Ameriks provides a detailed and concise account of the main ways in which the later Critical works provide a plausible defence of the conception of humanity''s fundamental end that Kant turned to after reading Rousseau in the 1760s. Separate essays are devoted to each of the three Critiques, as well as to earlier notes and lectures and several of Kant''s later writings on history and religion. A final section devotes three chapters to post-Kantian developments in German Romanticism, accounts of tragedy up through Nietzsche, and contemporary philosophy. The theme of an elliptical path is shown to be relevant to these writers as well as to many aspects of Kant''s own life and work.The topics of the book include fundamental issues in epistemology and metaphysics, with a new defense of the Amerik''s ''moderate'' interpretation of transTrade ReviewKant's Elliptical Path is an impressive work of philosophical interpretation. * Uygar Abaci, The Philosophical Quarterly, *Table of ContentsPART I. BEFORE THE CRITIQUES: KANT'S SELF-RECOVERY; PART II. KANT'S CRITIQUES; FIRST SECTION. THE FIRST CRITIQUE (1781, 1787) AND REALITY; SECOND SECTION. THE SECOND CRITIQUE (1788) AND MORALITY; THIRD SECTION. THE THIRD CRITIQUE (1790) AND PURPOSE; PART III. AFTER THE CRITIQUES

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Book SynopsisThis book is a selective historical and critical study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including: the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality; the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions; will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism, subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. The first volume discusses ancient and mediaeval moral philosophy. The second volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the 16th to the 18th century. This third volume continues the story up to Rawls''s Theory of Justice.A comparison between the Kantian and the Aristotelian outlook is one central theme of the third volume. The chapters on Kant compare Kant both with his rationalist and empiricist predecessors and with the Aristotelian naturalist tradition. Reactions to Kant areTrade ReviewFor it truly is a great book, and I doubt that we will see a history of ethics similar in scope and ambition for some time to come. * Mark Eli Kalderon, Ethics *Table of Contents66. Kant: Practical Laws ; 67. Kant: From Practical Laws to Morality ; 68. Kant: Some objections and replies ; 69. Kant: Freedom ; 70. Kant: From Freedom to Morality ; 71. Kant: Morality and the good ; 72. Kant: Meta-ethical questions ; 73. Hegel: History and Theory ; 74. Hegel: Morality and beyond ; 75. Marx and Idealist Moral Theory ; 76. Schopenhauer ; 77. Kierkegaard ; 78. Nietzsche ; 79. Mill: Earlier Utilitarianism and its Critics ; 80. Mill: A revised version of utilitarianism ; 81. Sidgwick: Methods and Sources ; 82. Sidgwick: The Examination of Methods ; 83. Sidgwick's Axioms of Morality ; 84. Bradley ; 85. Green ; 86. Moore ; 87. Ross ; 88. Logical Empiricism and Emotivism ; 89. Lewis ; 90. Hare: A defence of non-cognitivism ; 91. Existentialism ; 92. Revivals of Non-Cognitivism ; 93. Objectivity and its Critics ; 94. Versions of Naturalism ; 95. Rawls: The just, the fair, and the right ; 96. Rawls: The right and the good

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Book SynopsisLooks at the eighteenth-century Scottish Enlightenment - which gave birth to modern-day environmentalism - and sheds new light on Scottish thinkers such as Carl Linneaus, David Hume and Adam Smith. In this book, the author argues that Smith's defence of free markets was actually based on idealized notions of self-regulating natural systems.Trade Review “Enlightenment’s Frontier is a wonderful work of environmental, intellectual and social history, which will change historical understanding of eighteenth-century Scotland and illuminate contemporary choices about energy and sustainability.”—Emma Rothschild, Harvard University -- Emma Rothschild “A lively work, written with subtlety, some considerable humor, and always conscious of its contemporary relevance . . . this volume should be read by those with an interest in the history of enlightenment thought, empire and science, development ideology, and environmentalism.”—Paul Warde, University of East Anglia -- Paul Warde “An important and interesting book and one that should speak to different historical scholars—of Enlightenment, of intellectual history, of British and Scottish history.”—Charles W. J. Withers, University of Edinburgh -- Charles W J Withers“This nuanced study is a model of intellectual and environmental history.”—Environmental History * Environmental History *“[Jonsson’s] learned and lucidly written book will draw other scholars’ attention to the period when enlightened Scots looked northward with a mixture of nostalgia, puzzlement, and trepidation.”—Journal of British Studies * Journal of British Studies *“One of the most interesting books published on the Scottish Enlightenment in some time . . . For those interested in the Enlightenment, environmentalism, and eighteenth-century Scotland, this is a book to be read.”—American Historical Review * American Historical Review *“An insightful interpretation of how the Highlands served as a focal point for the environmental reflections of naturalists and politicians.”—Eighteenth-Century Studies * Eighteenth-Century Studies *

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Book SynopsisGilles Deleuze (1925-1995) is a key figure in poststructuralism, and one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. The author proposes a radical way of understanding philosophy and art. He develops the concept further to present a way of practising philosophy based upon the fold as the relationship of difference with itself.Trade Review"'A significant and needed contribution... proposes a radically new conception of the notion of Baroque and, at the same time, is a new interpretation of Leibniz's work.' -- Reda Bensmaia 'A powerful and illuminating interpretation.' -- British Journal of Aesthetics"Table of ContentsTranslator's Foreword: A Plea for Leibniz; PART I: The Fold; 1. The Pleats of Matter; 2. The Folds in the Soul; 3. What is Baroque?; PART II: Inclusions; 4. Sufficient Reason; 5. Incompossibility, Individuality, Liberty; 6. What Is an Event?; PART III: Having a Body; 7. Perception in the Folds; 8. The Two Floors; 9. The New Harmony; Notes; Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book Synopsis

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe problem of free will is one of the oldest and most central philosophical conundrums. The contemporary debate around it has produced a range of sophisticated proposals, but shows no sign of leading to convergence. Christian Onof reviews these contemporary approaches and argues that their main shortcomings are ultimately due to paradoxical requirements on free will imposed by the naturalistic framework. Onof singles out Kant's critical solution as one that stands out among historical approaches insofar as it is based upon a rejection of this framework. By using the same methodological tool that he applies to contemporary proposals, namely a distinction between a volitional account of how we control our actions, a psychological account of the reasons for it and a metaphysical account of our status as agent, Onof shows that Kant's solution constitutes a coherent picture of free will. By exhibiting the structure running through several key publications of Kant's critical period and dr

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Book SynopsisSalomon Maimon was one of the most important and influential Jewish intellectuals of the Enlightenment. This translation of his principal work, "Essay on Transcendental Philosophy", expresses Maimon's response to the revolution in philosophy wrought by Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason".Trade Review[T]his is a remarkable accomplishment which will hopefully set standards for future work on Maimon, both in quality and ... also in the all too rare cooperation between scholars to which this edition testifies. * Kant studien *Table of ContentsTranslator's Introduction; Letter from Maimon to Kant; Letter in reply from Kant to Maimon; Letter from Maimon to Berlin Journal for Enlightenment; Essay on Transcendental Philosophy; Dedication; Introduction; 1. Matter, Form of Cognition, Form of Sensibility, Form of Understanding, Tim and Space; 2. Sensibility, Imagination, Understanding, Pure A Priori Concepts of the Understanding or Categories, Schemata, Answering the Question Quid Juris, Answering the Question Quid Facti, Doubts about the Latter; 3. Ideas of the Understanding, Ideas of Reason; 4. Subject and Predicate, The Determinable and the Determination; 5. Think, Possible, Necessary, Ground, Consequence; 6. Identity, Difference, Opposition, Reality, Logical and Transcendental Negation; 7. Magnitude; 8. Alteration, Change; 9. Truth, Subjective, Objective, Logical, Metaphysical; 10. On the I, Materialism, Idealism, Dualism; Short Overview of the Whole Work; My Ontology; On Symbolic Cognition and Philosophical Language; Notes and Clarifications; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisSalomon Maimon was one of the most important and influential Jewish intellectuals of the Enlightenment. This translation of his principal work, "Essay on Transcendental Philosophy", expresses Maimon's response to the revolution in philosophy wrought by Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason".Table of ContentsTranslator's Introduction; Letter from Maimon to Kant; Letter in reply from Kant to Maimon; Letter from Maimon to Berlin Journal for Enlightenment; Essay on Transcendental Philosophy; Dedication; Introduction; 1. Matter, Form of Cognition, Form of Sensibility, Form of Understanding, Tim and Space; 2. Sensibility, Imagination, Understanding, Pure A Priori Concepts of the Understanding or Categories, Schemata, Answering the Question Quid Juris, Answering the Question Quid Facti, Doubts about the Latter; 3. Ideas of the Understanding, Ideas of Reason; 4. Subject and Predicate, The Determinable and the Determination; 5. Think, Possible, Necessary, Ground, Consequence; 6. Identity, Difference, Opposition, Reality, Logical and Transcendental Negation; 7. Magnitude; 8. Alteration, Change; 9. Truth, Subjective, Objective, Logical, Metaphysical; 10. On the I, Materialism, Idealism, Dualism; Short Overview of the Whole Work; My Ontology; On Symbolic Cognition and Philosophical Language; Notes and Clarifications; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisHasana Sharp is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at McGill University, Quebec, Canada. She is author of Spinoza and the Politics of Renaturalization (University of Chicago, 2011). Jason E. Smith is Assistant Professor of Graduate Studies in Art at the Art Center College of Design, California, USA.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Between Hegel and Spinoza The Editors \ Section I: The Individual and Transindividuality between Ontology and Politics \ The Misunderstanding of the Mode. Spinoza in Hegel's Science of Logic (1812-1816) Vittorio Morfino \ "Desire is Man's Very Essence": Spinoza and Hegel as Philosophers of Transindividuality Jason Read \ The Problem of the Beginning in Political Philosophy: Spinoza After Hegel Andre Santos Campos Section II: Hegel's Spinoza \ Hegel, sive Spinoza: Hegel as his own True Other Warren Montag \ Hegel's Treatment of Spinoza: Its Scope and Its Limits Vance Maxwell \ Hegel's Reconciliation with Spinoza John McCumber \ Section III: The Psychic Life of Negation \ Affirmative Pathology: Spinoza and Hegel on Illness and Self-Repair Christopher Lauer \ Of Suicide and Falling Stones: Finitude, Contingency, and Corporeal Vulnerability in (Judith Butler's) Spinoza Gordon Hull \ Thinking the Space of the Subject between Hegel and Spinoza Caroline Williams \ Section IV: Judaism Beyond Hegel and Spinoza \ The Paradox of a Perfect Democracy: From Spinoza's Theologico-Political Treatise to Marx's Critique of Ideology Idit Dobbs-Weinstein \ Spinoza, Hegel, and Adorno on Judaism and History Jeffrey A. Bernstein

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays takes as its starting point Arthur Ripstein’s Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy, a seminal work on Kant’s thinking about law, which also treats many of the contemporary issues of legal and political philosophy. The essays offer readings and elucidations of Ripstein’s thought, dispute some of his claims and extend some of his themes within broader philosophical contexts, thus developing the significance of Ripstein’s ideas for contemporary legal and political philosophy. All of the essays are contributions to normative philosophy in a broadly Kantian spirit. Prominent themes include rights in the body, the relation between morality and law, the nature of coercion and its role in legal obligation, the role of indeterminacy in law, the nature and justification of political society and the theory of the state. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience, including legal scholars, Kant scholars, and philosophers with an interest in Kant or in legal and political philosophy.Trade ReviewThe book is a model of the genre: not only are all the essays exceptionally well developed, they unfold in a coherent sequence, aided by Stone’s virtuoso introduction... a superb book that goes to the heart of Ripstein’s legal theory—a theory that is itself justly at the heart of legal philosophy today. -- Nick Sage, London School of Economics and Political Science * Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence *Table of ContentsOVERVIEW 1. Ripstein and His Critics Martin J Stone I. INNATE RIGHT 2. Persons and Bodies Japa Pallikkathayil 3. A Regime of Equal Private Freedom? Individual Rights and Public Law in Ripstein’s Force and Freedom Katrin Flikschuh II. FORMALITY 4. Rights and Interests in Ripstein’s Kant Andrea Sangiovanni 5. Independent People AJ Julius III. PUBLIC RIGHT 6. Why Is Willing Irrelevant to the Grounding of (Any) Obligation? Remarks on Arthur Ripstein’s Conception of Omnilateral Willing George Pavlakos 7. Ripstein on Kant on Revolution Daniel Weinstock IV. RIGHT AND ETHICS 8. Right and Ethics: Arthur Ripstein’s Force and Freedom Allen Wood 9. Kant’s Apparent Positivism Martin J Stone V. REPLY 10. Embodied Free Beings under Public Law: A Reply Arthur Ripstein

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Book SynopsisThis is the first English-language anthology to provide a compendium of primary source material on the sublime. The book takes a chronological approach, covering the earliest ancient traditions up through the early and late modern periods and into contemporary theory. It takes an inclusive, interdisciplinary approach to this key concept in aesthetics and criticism, representing voices and traditions that have often been excluded. As such, it will be of use and interest across the humanities and allied disciplines, from art criticism and literary theory, to gender and cultural studies and environmental philosophy. The anthology includes brief introductions to each selection, reading or discussion questions, suggestions for further reading, a bibliography and index making it an ideal text for building a course around or for further study. The book's apparatus provides valuable context for exploring the history and contemporary views of the sublime.Trade ReviewRobert Clewis has done heroic work in collecting the full range of important materials about the sublime from philosophy, art history, poetry, and criticism and in ably introducing them. This collection makes it possible for the first time to think systematically about special experiences of excitation, threat, and accession to power in a time when, for better and for worse, disruption looms large in many cultural and political agendas. * Richard Eldridge, Charles and Harriett Cox McDowell Professor of Philosophy, Swarthmore College, USA *The Sublime Reader is a much needed first comprehensive anthology dedicated to the aesthetic sublime. The texts are masterfully selected with a view to covering a long history, from ancient to contemporary works in Western and Eastern aesthetic traditions, and to presenting a wide range of accounts of the experience and judgment of natural and artistic sublimity. This is an invaluable resource for students, instructors, the general audience seeking depth and breadth in the fascinating subject of the sublime. * Uygar Abaci, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, The Pennsylvania State University, USA *The Sublime Reader fills a long-standing gap in the available resources for teaching and thinking about aesthetics. It is the first collection of extracts that sets ancient treatments of beauty, awe or wonder into dialogue with the more familiar eighteenth-century European discussion of the sublime and our own contemporary debates about the effects and value of aesthetic form and objects. This collection will expand the field as its deft and thoughtful juxtapositions stimulate further explorations in our understanding of what it means to be struck by wonder. * Peter de Bolla, Professor of Cultural History and Aesthetics, University of Cambridge, UK *The Sublime Reader is a unique collection of readings from the entire breadth of historical and contemporary philosophical traditions on one of the most exciting topics in aesthetics. It is also unique in its coverage of contributions by writers from literature and the arts. The editor's clear introductions and stimulating study questions make this an ideal teaching tool. This book could be the text for an entire course in aesthetics or an invaluable resource for other courses in the field. * Paul Guyer, Jonathan Nelson Professor of Humanities and Philosophy, Brown University, USA *The Sublime Reader is a much-needed compendium of both classic and underappreciated texts that, together, depict the origins and genealogy of this compelling idea. Robert Clewis has spent many years thinking and writing about the sublime, and this thoughtful and inclusive selection of cross-disciplinary primary materials is the best I’ve seen. * Andrew Chignell, Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor in Religion, Philosophy, and the University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, USA *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments: Sources Acknowledgments Note on the Texts Editor’s Introduction Part I. Ancient 1.Longinus, from On Sublimity 2.Bharata-Muni, from Na?yasastra Part II. Postclassical 3.Guo Xi, from The Interest of Lofty Forests and Springs 4.Zeami Motokiyo, “Notes on the Nine Levels” 5.Francesco Petrarca, “The Ascent of Mont Ventoux” Part III. Modern 6.Nicolas Boileau Despréaux, from “Preface to his Translation of Longinus On the Sublime” 7.John Dennis, from The Grounds of Criticism in Poetry 8.Giambattista Vico, “On the Heroic Mind” 9.Edmund Burke, from A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful 10.Moses Mendelssohn, from “On the Sublime and Naive in the Fine Sciences” 11.Elizabeth Carter, from Letters from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Montagu 12.Immanuel Kant, from Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime 13.Anna Aiken (Anna Letitia Barbauld), “On the Pleasure Derived from Objects of Terror” 14.Mary Wollstonecraft, from A Vindication of the Rights of Men 15.Immanuel Kant, from Critique of the Power of Judgment and Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View 16.Friedrich Schiller, “Of the Sublime (Toward the Further Development of Some Kantian Ideas)” 17.Anna Seward, Letter to Rev. Dr. Gregory 18.Ann Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolfo: A Romance 19.Helen Maria Williams, from A Tour in Switzerland Part IV. Late Modern 20.William Wordsworth, “The Sublime and the Beautiful” 21.Mary Shelley, from Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus 22.Arthur Schopenhauer, from The World as Will and Representation 23.Georg W. F. Hegel, “Symbolism of the Sublime” 24.Richard Wagner, from “Beethoven” 25.Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Birth of Tragedy, Joyful Wisdom, and Thus Spoke Zarathustra 26.Rudolf Otto, from The Idea of the Holy Part V. Contemporary 27.Barnett Newman, “The Sublime is Now” 28.Julia Kristeva, from Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection 29.Fredric Jameson, from “Postmodernism, or the Logic of Late Capitalism” 30.Jean-François Lyotard, “The Sublime and the Avant-Garde” 31.Meg Armstrong, from “‘The Effects of Blackness’: Gender, Race, and the Sublime in Aesthetic Theories of Burke and Kant” 32.Cynthia A. Freeland, “The Sublime in Cinema” 33.Arthur Danto, “Beauty and Sublimity” 34.Vladimir J. Konecni, “The Aesthetic Trinity: Awe, Being Moved, Thrills” 35.Jane Forsey, “Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?” 36.Sandra Shapshay, “Commentary on Jane Forsey’s ‘Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?’” 37.Robert R. Clewis, “Towards A Theory of the Sublime and Aesthetic Awe” 38.Emily Brady, “The Environmental Sublime” Chapter Summaries Bibliography Index Illustrations 1.Guo Xi, Early Spring, 1072 2.Barnett Newman, Onement I, 1948 3.Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis, 1950-1951 4.Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, c. 1817

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Book SynopsisIn 18th-century Germany philosophers were occupied with questions of who we are and what we should be. Can the individual fulfill its vocation or is this possible only for humanity as a whole? Is significant progress towards perfection in any way possible for me or just for me as part of humanity? By following the origin and nature of these debates, this collection sheds light on the vocation of humanity in early German philosophy.Featuring translations of Spalding's Contemplation on the Vocation of the Human Being in its first version from 1748 and an extended translation of Abbt's and Mendelssohn's epistolary discussion around the Doubts and the Oracle from 1767, newly-commissioned chapters cover Johann Gottfried Herder's inherently cultural concept of the human being, Immanuel Kant's transformative interplay of moral and natural aspects, and the notion of metempsychosis in Fichte's work inspired by two neglected philosophers, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and JohannTrade ReviewThe 18th century debate about the vocation of human being gave shape and direction to later philosophy. Yet the debate, especially its early phases, remain curiously under-researched. With its translation of original sources and ten newly commissioned essays by leading scholars in the field, this volume represents a valuable addition to our understanding of the Enlightenment, Idealism, and beyond. * Kristin Gjesdal, Professor of Philosophy, Temple University, USA *This volume is essential reading for anyone interested in the perennial questions of what we are and who we ought to become. The lucid translations and erudite discussions of texts on the human vocation are a major contribution to studies in classical German philosophy. * John Walsh, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany *This volume does an excellent job of capturing the German Enlightenment's fascination with life's meaning, understood in terms of the human vocation. With translations of source materials and a collection of related essays, this book will interest anyone who has ever wondered about the human being's place in the world. * Reed Winegar, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University, USA *Table of ContentsNote on the Translations and Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors List of Abbreviations Introduction: Defining the Dynamics of Being: How the Bestimmungsfrage became a Driving Force in German Enlightenment and Beyond, Anne Pollok (University of South Carolina, USA) Part I: Translations 1. Johann Joachim Spalding: Contemplation on the Vocation of the Human Being (1748), translated by Courtney Fugate, (American University of Beirut, Lebanon) 2. Thomas Abbt and Moses Mendelssohn: Doubt and Oracle On the Human Vocation, plus Excerpts from their Correspondence, 1756-1766, translated by Anne Pollok (University of South Carolina, USA) Part II: Essays 3. The Place of the Human Being in the World: Johann Joachim Spalding on Religion and Philosophy as a Way of Life, Laura Anna Macor (Oxford University, UK) 4. Between Spalding and Fichte: The Vocation of the Human Being in Mendelssohn and Kant, Günter Zöller (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany) 5. Reinhard Brandt: Excerpt from The Human Vocation in Kant, translated by Courtney Fugate (American University of Beirut, Lebanon) and Anne Pollok (University of South Carolina, USA) 6. Kant on the Human Vocation, Allen Wood (Stanford University, USA and Indiana University, USA) 7. Understanding the Vocation of the Human Being Through the Kantian Sublime, Giulia Milli (University of Genoa, Italy) 8. ‘It will be well’: Isaak Iselin on the Self-Realization of Humanity in History, Ansgar Lyssy (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany) 9. Whose Vocation? Which Man?: A.W. Rehberg on Vocation of Man and Political Theory, Michael Gregory (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) 10. Religious Anthropology and Pluralism: Herder on the Bildung of Humanity, Niels Wildschut (University of Vienna, Austria) 11. The Doctrine of Palingenesis in Fichte’s Vocation of the Human Being, David W. Wood (KU Leuven, Belgium) 12. The Vocation of Philosophy: Hegel on “Speculative” Science and the Human Good, Brady Bowman (Pennsylvania State University, USA) Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisProviding a unique interpretation of Kant's theory of judgement as integral to his overall project, Claudia Brodsky explores his continued relevance to contemporary theoretical concerns. The Linguistic Condition traces how Kant combined sensus communis, or common sense with the communicative nature of judgement to reveal that, for him, acts of judgement are dependent on their linguistic articulation, so that in Kantian philosophy language and judgement are inextricably linked. In this first in-depth analysis of language in the Critique of Judgement, Brodsky forms creative connections between literature and philosophy.Trade ReviewThis is a nigh-monumental, clearly arranged and clearly argued book on the most basic terminological elements of Kant’s Critique of Judgment—which turn out (not surprisingly) to be key to the whole critical enterprise. Brodsky weaves her treatments of those Kantian elements with analyses of their repercussions on the philosophical and literary legacy of a range of thinkers. * Karen Feldman, Professor of German, University of California, Berkeley, USA *Challenging the canon of received notions about Kant and his project of critique, Brodsky’s brilliant newest book recovers the critical moment in Kant’s theory of judgment as the third and decisive critical force that underpins Kant’s critical project: the linguistic condition. Along the way, the book offers stunning explorations of Rousseau and Diderot as fellow travelers on the critical trajectory they share. Provocative, dazzling, and revelatory, Brodsky liberates Kant from a reception that has alternatively reduced his Critique of Judgment to an aesthetics or a philosophy of nature, illuminating the central linchpin Kant here explores: the power to speak “in a general voice” he so enigmatically calls Gemeinsinn, which allows us to judge but resists the conceptual grasp that any epistemology presupposes. Anything but “Common Sense” of the various longstanding varieties that attempt to conflate commonplace notions with the “grounds” on which we think and speak, Kant opens here a new line of investigation we are yet to fully appreciate. The final chapter offers compelling readings of the elusiveness of judgment in Kleist that demonstrate the poet’s profound affinity with exactly this Kantian concern, and the philosopher's critical affinity with literature. * Willi Goetschel, Professor of German and Philosophy, University of Toronto, Canada *Table of ContentsPreface. Acting upon Condition Chapter One. Introduction: Before Judgment: Doing without Knowing in Kant and Diderot Part I. Linguistic Conditions Chap. Two. “The Condition of Judgment:” Kant’s “Common Sense,” or the Origin of Language in the Third Critique 1. “‘Common Sense’” and Signification, or What is Not Tautology 2. “Technique” 3. “Free” 4. “Feeling” 5. Speech Act and “Communicability” 6. Rousseau’s Nouns 7. Diderot’s Adjectives 8. Kant’s Predicates: “Synthetic Judgments a Priori” and “A General Voice” 9. “The Schema,” or Language Inside 10. What is Articulation? 11. World Without Words: Wordsworth Part II. Missing Senses and Poetics Chap. Three. “Judgment” and the Genesis of What We Lack: “Poetry,” “Schema,” and the “Monogram of Imagination” in Kant 1. “Judgment” in the “Age of Critique” 2. Judgment and “Indifference:” The “Common Sense” of Imagination in Arendt and Kant 3. The Schema and the Language of Poetry 4. Poetry and the Judgment of Critique Chap. Four. Kleist’s Mere Formalities 1. Kant and Kleist: Representation and Irony 2. What happened: Missed Representation and Misrepresentation in “Die Marquise von O…” 3. Contesting “Judgment” in “The Duel” Bibliography Primary Bibliography Secondary Bibliography

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Book SynopsisEileen M. Hunt is Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, USA.Trade ReviewGloriously readable...This compendium of reaction to the famous radical starts with 18th-century print and image, moving through the canon—Virginia Woolf, poetry by Robert Browning—to contemporary international reception. Cartoons rub shoulders with Oxford lectures in a rich new kind of portraiture of both Wollstonecraft and our changing society. * The Tablet *The most monumental achievement...documents and reflects on Wollstonecraft’s cross-cultural influence on debates about women’s rights over the course of two centuries. * Literature Compass *An important collection that makes significant contributions to our understanding of Wollstonecraft’s influence as a thinker and philosopher. Hunt demonstrates that far from disappearing from the world stage after her death—an assumption made by many Wollstonecraft scholars—her ideas spread worldwide, shaping generations of writers, thinkers, and ordinary people. This is an essential new finding in Wollstonecraft scholarship as it provides evidence of Wollstonecraft’s significance as a political scientist, writer, and philosopher. Hunt demonstrates how Wollstonecraft has played a far larger role in the history of ideas than hitherto acknowledged. * Charlotte Gordon, Distinguished Professor of the Humanities, Endicott College, USA *It is unique. Rich in discoveries and surprises, this book brings together a multitude of responses to Wollstonecraft as a literary and philosophical figure and of perspectives on her works from her contemporaries in Britain and abroad as well as a variety of authors in the 19th and early 20th century. * Sylvana Tomaselli, Fellow of St John’s College, University of Cambridge, UK *Table of ContentsPreface: Charting Wollstonecraft's Global Reception Editorial Policy Part I: Public Sightings, 1785-1804 Chapter 1. The Earliest Portraiture of Wollstonecraft, 1785-1804 1. C. 1787-92. Portrait by John Keenan 2. C. 1785-90. Photograph (1936) of oval miniature by James Sowerby and C. 1785-90. Photograph (1937) of rectangular miniature by James Sowerby 3. C. 1790-91. Portrait by John Opie 4. C. 1791. Portrait by John Williamson 5. 1791. Frontispiece by William Blake for Original Stories from Real Life 6. 1796. Engraving by William Ridley 7. 1797. Portrait by John Opie 8. 1797. Engraving by James Heath and 1798 and Engraving by John Chapman 9. 1802. Engraving by Roy 10. 1804. Copy of 1797 Opie by John Keenan Chapter 2. Her International Reception in Print, 1787-1797 11. 1787. Book review of Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (London) 12. 1788. Book review of Mary, a Fiction (London) 13. 1788. Book review of Original Stories from Real Life (London) 14. 1790. Book review of A Vindication of the Rights of Men (London) 15. 1791. Newspaper editorial on A Vindication of the Rights of Men (Kingston, Jamaica) 16. 1792. Book review of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London) 17. 1792. Book review of the first French edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Madrid) 18. 1792. “On Modesty,” excerpt from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London) 19. 1792. Thomas Taylor's A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes (London) 20. 1793. Book review of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Paris) 21. 1793. Christian Salzmann's "Preface" to the first German Edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Schnepfenthal) 22. 1794. Ann Harker's "Salutatory Oration" at the Young Ladies' Academy (Philadelphia) 23. 1795. John Henry Colls's Poetical Epistle Addressed to Mary Wollstonecraft (London) 24. 1796. "The Lost First Dutch Edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (Amsterdam), by Myriam Everard 25. 1796. Book review of Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (London) 26. 1797. Newspaper advertisement for William Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London) Part II: Global Afterlives, 1798-1913 Chapter 3 Biographies in English, 1798-1884 27. 1798. William Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London) 28. 1798. Priscilla Wakefield's diary entry on Godwin's Memoirs (London) 29. 1800. Mary Hays's “Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft” (London) 30. 1803. Anonymous, “A defence of the character and conduct of the late Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin” (London) 31. 1831. John Knowles's The Life and Writings of Henry Fuseli (London) 32. 1833. Anonymous, “A Brief Sketch of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft" (New York) 33. 1840. William Hamilton Drummond's Autobiography of Archibald Hamilton Rowan (Dublin) 34. 1854. William Linton, woodcut engraving of "Mary Wollstonecraft" for The English Republic (Brantwood, England) 35. 1876. Charles Kegan Paul's William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries (London) 36. 1876. Sara A. Underwood's Heroines of Freethought (New York) 37. 1879. Charles Kegan Paul's Letters to Imlay, with Prefatory Memoir (London) 38. 1884. Elizabeth Robins Pennell's Life of Mary Wollstonecraft (London) Chapter 4 International Perspectives, 1798-1913 39. 1798. Pierre-Louis Roederer's “Miscellanies: Of Two New Novels” (Paris) 40. 1799. Hipólito José da Costa's Diário da minha viagem para Filadélfia (Long Island Sound) 41. 1799. “Translator’s Note” to the first Swedish edition of Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman (Stockholm) 42. 1800. Richard Polwhele's The Unsex'd Females (New York) 43. 1801-02 "Jørgen Borch's first Danish edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"(Kiøbenhavn) by Arman Teymouri Niknam 44. 1805. "Domenico Antonio Filippi's Italian translations from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Godwin's Memoirs (Vienna),” by Serena Vantin 45. 1818. Hannah Mather Crocker's Observations on the Real Rights of Women (Boston) 46. 1827. José da Silva Lisboa, Diário da Câmara dos Senadores do Impériodo Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) 47. 1832-1853. "Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta and the Public Reception of Wollstonecraft in Brazil," by Charlotte Hammond Matthews 48. 1836. Gustav von Schlabrendorf's “Mary Wollstonecraft” (Hechingen) 49. 1859. Gustav Klemm, Die Frauen (Dresden) 50. 1866. Lucretia Mott's remarks delivered at the 11th National Woman’s Rights Convention (New York) 51. 1885. "Marie Catfauminges de La Forge's 'Uma Educadora' (Santa Catarina, Brazil)," by Charlotte Hammond Matthews 52. 1889. "A Difficult Vindication: Olive Schreiner's Wollstonecraft," by Carolyn Burdett 53. 1889. Olive Schreiner's “Introduction to the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rights of Woman” (Cape Town) 54. 1891. Elizabeth Robins Pennell, “Prefatory Note” to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Budapest) 55. 1899. Bertha Pappenheim, translator's introduction to the second German edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Dresden and Leipzig) 56. 1904. Cover art, frontispiece, and translator's preface by Anna Holmová, for the first Czech edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Prague) 57. 1901-1913. Elvira’s Lopez’s El Movimiento Feminista and La Nacion’s “El Movimiento Sufragistra” (Buenos Aires) Part III Making an International Feminist Icon, 1801-2020 Chapter 5. Literary and Graphic Depictions in English, 1801-2015 58. 1801. Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe's poem “The Vision of Liberty” (London) 59. 1803. William Blake's poem “Mary” (London) 60. 1805. "Equality of the Sexes," frontispiece to John Corry's novella, Memoirs of Francis Goodwin (London) 61. 1831. Mary Shelley's “Introduction" to Frankenstein (London) 62. 1845. Margaret Fuller's Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Boston) 63. 1855. George Eliot's essay “Margaret Fuller and Mary Wollstonecraft” (London) 64. 1862. Mrs. Tamar Davis's poem “Mary Wollstonecraft” (Boston) 65. 1877. Harriet Martineau's Autobiography (London) 66. 1883. Robert Browning's poem “Mary Wollstonecraft and Fuseli” (London) 67. 1922. Josephine Peabody's play Portrait of Mrs. W. (Boston) 68. 1929. G.E.G. Catlin's introduction to the Everyman edition of The Rights of Woman and The Subjection of Women (London and New York) 69. 1932. Virginia Woolf's essay “Mary Wollstonecraft” (London) 70. 1954. Pamela Frankau's introduction to the Everyman edition of The Rights of Woman and The Subjection of Women (London) 71. 1967. Charles W. Hagelman, Jr.'s introduction to the Norton Edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (New York) 72. 1972. David Levine cartoon of Wollstonecraft for The New York Review of Books (New York) 73. 1974. Cover art for Richard Cobb's book review of Claire Tomalin's The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft in The Times Literary Supplement (London) 74. 1975. Miriam Brody Kramnick's introduction to the Penguin Pelican edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (New York and Harmondsworth) 75. 1976. David Levine cartoon of Wollstonecraft for The New York Review of Books (New York) 76. 1982. Barbara Johnson's review essay, "My Monster/ My Self" (Ithaca, New York) 77. 2002. Women's Graphic Collective poster of "Wollstonecraft-Shelley"(Chicago) 78. 2009. Fred Van Lente and Ryan Dunlavey's "Mary Wollstonecraft!" comic in ACTION PHILOSOPHERS! (New York) 79. 2015. Claire Robertson's prototype illustration for Jordan Stratford's The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency series (New York) Chapter 6. Global Feminisms, 1891-2020 80. 1891. Millicent Fawcett's introduction to a centennial edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London) 81. 1893. Voltairine de Cleyre's poem “Mary Wollstonecraft” (Philadelphia) 82. 1898. Emma Rauschenbusch-Clough's A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rights of Woman (London and Madras) 83. 1908. Mary Lowndes's "Mary Wollstonecraft" suffrage banner (London) 84. 1911. Emma Goldman's lecture, “Mary Wollstonecraft, Her Tragic Life and Passionate Struggle for Freedom" (New York) 85. 1914-17. Ruth Benedict, manuscript chapter on “Mary Wollstonecraft” (New York) 86. 1915. "WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGN IN BOOKS," illustrated cover page of The New York Times Review of Books (New York) 87. 1949. Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (Paris) 88. 1963. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (New York) 89. 1970. Susan Moller (Okin)'s B. Phil. chapter on Wollstonecraft (Oxford) 90. 1974. "Gionata's Italian translation of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman for the Anarchist Journal Volontà (Milan),” by Serena Vantin 91. 1979. Judy Chicago's "Wollstonecraft Table Runner" for the art installation, The Dinner Party (New York) 92. 1980. Cover art for the first Japanese edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Tokyo) 93. 1980. Translator Shirai Takako's commentary on the first Japanese edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Tokyo) 94. 1986. Martha Nussbaum's book review, "Women's Lot," in The New York Review of Books (New York) 95. 1992. Translator's Preface to the first Chinese edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Beijing) 96. 1997. Translator Kawatsu Masae's afterword to the first Japanese edition of Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman (Tokyo) 97. 2004. Amartya Sen's keynote address, "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary!" at the 13th annual conference of the International Association for Feminist Economics (Oxford) 98. 2011. Translator Moon Suhyo?n's introduction to and commentary on the 2011 Korean edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Seoul) 99. 2013. Stewy's street art, "Mary Wollstonecraft" (London) 100. 2014. Translator Son Yongmi's preface to the 2014 Korean edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Seoul) 101. 2017. Merrily Grashin's cartoon, "Bloody Mary Woll Stout Craft," in The Paris Review (New York) 102.2020. Maggi Hambling, “Statue for Wollstonecraft” (London) NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

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Book SynopsisWritten by Robert Wicks, a recognised Kant specialist who teaches at the University of Auckland, Kant: A Complete Introduction is designed to give you everything you need to succeed, all in one place. It covers the key areas that students are expected to be confident in, outlining the basics in clear jargon-free English, and then providing added-value features like summaries of key books, and even lists of questions you might be asked in your seminar or exam.The book uses a structure that mirrors many university courses on Freud and psychoanalysis - explaining and contextualising Kant''s theories, which have been among the most influential in Philosophy. The book starts by introducing Kant and his way of thinking and arguing, before looking at how Kant answered three key questions: What can I know? What should I do? What may I hope? In doing so, Professor Wicks introduces the reader to all of Kant''s key work, including The Critique of Pure Reason.Teach Yourse

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