Wave mechanics Books

Book SynopsisUltrasonic guided waves in solid media are important in nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring, as new faster, sensitive, and economical ways of looking at materials and structures have become possible. This book can be read by managers from a 'black box' point of view, or used as a professional reference or textbook.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; 1. Introduction; 2. Dispersion principles; 3. Unbounded isotropic and anisotropic media; 4. Reflection and refraction; 5. Oblique incidence; 6. Waves in plates; 7. Surface and subsurface waves; 8. Finite element method for guided wave mechanics; 9. The semi-analytical finite element method (SAFE); 10. Guided waves in hollow cylinders; 11. Circumferential guided waves; 12. Guided waves in layered structures; 13. Source influence on guided wave excitation; 14. Horizontal shear; 15. Guided waves in anisotropic media; 16. Guided wave phased arrays in piping; 17. Guided waves in viscoelastic media; 18. Ultrasonic vibrations; 19. Guided wave array transducers; 20. Introduction to guided wave nonlinear methods; 21. Guided wave imaging methods; Appendix A: ultrasonic nondestructive testing principles, analysis and display technology; Appendix B: basic formulas and concepts in the theory of elasticity; Appendix C: physically based signal processing concepts for guided waves; Appendix D: guided wave mode and frequency selection tips.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCovers the theory and practice of innovative new approaches to modelling acoustic propagation There are as many types of acoustic phenomena as there are media, from longitudinal pressure waves in a fluid to S and P waves in seismology. This text focuses on the application of computational methods to the fields of linear acoustics. Techniques for solving the linear wave equation in homogeneous medium are explored in depth, as are techniques for modelling wave propagation in inhomogeneous and anisotropic fluid medium from a source and scattering from objects. Written for both students and working engineers, this book features a unique pedagogical approach to acquainting readers with innovative numerical methods for developing computational procedures for solving problems in acoustics and for understanding linear acoustic propagation and scattering. Chapters follow a consistent format, beginning with a presentation of modelling paradigms, followed by descriptions oTable of ContentsSeries Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Computation and Related Topics 5 2.1 Floating-Point Numbers 5 2.1.1 Representations of Numbers 5 2.1.2 Floating-Point Numbers 7 2.2 Computational Cost 9 2.3 Fidelity 11 2.4 Code Development 12 2.5 List of Open-Source Tools 16 2.6 Exercises 17 References 17 3 Derivation of the Wave Equation 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 General Properties of Waves 20 3.3 One-Dimensional Waves on a String 23 3.4 Waves in Elastic Solids 26 3.5 Waves in Ideal Fluids 29 3.5.1 Setting Up the Derivation 29 3.5.2 A Simple Example 30 3.5.3 Linearized Equations 31 3.5.4 A Second-Order Equation from Differentiation 33 3.5.5 A Second-Order Equation from a Velocity Potential 34 3.5.6 Second-Order Equation without Perturbations 36 3.5.7 Special Form of the Operator 36 3.5.8 Discussion Regarding Fluid Acoustics 40 3.6 Thin Rods and Plates 41 3.7 Phonons 42 3.8 Tensors Lite 42 3.9 Exercises 48 References 48 4 Methods for Solving the Wave Equation 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Method of Characteristics 49 4.3 Separation of Variables 56 4.4 Homogeneous Solution in Separable Coordinates 57 4.4.1 Cartesian Coordinates 58 4.4.2 Cylindrical Coordinates 59 4.4.3 Spherical Coordinates 61 4.5 Boundary Conditions 63 4.6 Representing Functions with the Homogeneous Solutions 67 4.7 Green’s Function 70 4.7.1 Green’s Function in Free Space 70 4.7.2 Mode Expansion of Green’s Functions 72 4.8 Method of Images 76 4.9 Comparison of Modes to Images 81 4.10 Exercises 82 References 82 5 Wave Propagation 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Fourier Decomposition and Synthesis 85 5.3 Dispersion 88 5.4 Transmission and Reflection 90 5.5 Attenuation 96 5.6 Exercises 97 References 97 6 Normal Modes 99 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Mode Theory 100 6.3 Profile Models 101 6.4 Analytic Examples 105 6.4.1 Example 1: Harmonic Oscillator 105 6.4.2 Example 2: Linear 108 6.5 Perturbation Theory 110 6.6 Multidimensional Problems and Degeneracy 118 6.7 Numerical Approach to Modes 120 6.7.1 Derivation of the Relaxation Equation 120 6.7.2 Boundary Conditions in the Relaxation Method 125 6.7.3 Initializing the Relaxation 127 6.7.4 Stopping the Relaxation 128 6.8 Coupled Modes and the Pekeris Waveguide 129 6.8.1 Pekeris Waveguide 129 6.8.2 Coupled Modes 131 6.9 Exercises 135 References 135 7 Ray Theory 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 High Frequency Expansion of the Wave Equation 138 7.2.1 Eikonal Equation and Ray Paths 139 7.2.2 Paraxial Rays 140 7.3 Amplitude 144 7.4 Ray Path Integrals 145 7.5 Building a Field from Rays 160 7.6 Numerical Approach to Ray Tracing 162 7.7 Complete Paraxial Ray Trace 168 7.8 Implementation Notes 170 7.9 Gaussian Beam Tracing 171 7.10 Exercises 173 References 174 8 Finite Difference and Finite Difference Time Domain 177 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Finite Difference 178 8.3 Time Domain 188 8.4 FDTD Representation of the Linear Wave Equation 193 8.5 Exercises 197 References 197 9 Parabolic Equation 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 The Paraxial Approximation 199 9.3 Operator Factoring 201 9.4 Pauli Spin Matrices 204 9.5 Reduction of Order 205 9.5.1 The Padé Approximation 207 9.5.2 Phase Space Representation 208 9.5.3 Diagonalizing the Hamiltonian 209 9.6 Numerical Approach 210 9.7 Exercises 212 References 212 10 Finite Element Method 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 The Finite Element Technique 216 10.3 Discretization of the Domain 218 10.3.1 One-Dimensional Domains 218 10.3.2 Two-Dimensional Domains 219 10.3.3 Three-Dimensional Domains 222 10.3.4 Using Gmsh 223 10.4 Defining Basis Elements 225 10.4.1 One-Dimensional Basis Elements 226 10.4.2 Two-Dimensional Basis Elements 227 10.4.3 Three-Dimensional Basis Elements 229 10.5 Expressing the Helmholtz Equation in the FEM Basis 232 10.6 Numerical Integration over Triangular and Tetrahedral Domains 234 10.6.1 Gaussian Quadrature 234 10.6.2 Integration over Triangular Domains 235 10.6.3 Integration over Tetrahedral Domains 239 10.7 Implementation Notes 240 10.8 Exercises 240 References 241 11 Boundary Element Method 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 The Boundary Integral Equations 244 11.3 Discretization of the BIE 249 11.4 Basis Elements and Test Functions 253 11.5 Coupling Integrals 254 11.5.1 Derivation of Coupling Terms 254 11.5.2 Singularity Extraction 256 11.5.3 Evaluation of the Singular Part 260 11.5.3.1 Closed-Form Expression for the Singular Part of K 260 11.5.3.2 Method for Partial Analytic Evaluation 261 11.5.3.3 The Hypersingular Integral 266 11.6 Scattering from Closed Surfaces 267 11.7 Implementation Notes 269 11.8 Comments on Additional Techniques 271 11.8.1 Higher-Order Methods 271 11.8.2 Body of Revolution 272 11.9 Exercises 273 References 273 Index 275

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisClearly written in a conceptual language, it provides readers with an understanding of the dynamic behavior of the instrument, including structural and component dynamics, and various analytical models, such as discrete, finite element, and boundary element models.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: „…[This is the only book] that deals with the engineering aspects of guitars. Thus it serves a real need for scientifically-oriented guitar makers and aficionados as well as those interested in a broad overview of the world of guitars… The overall broad view of the book makes good reading for those interested in the myriad details involve in constructing a string instrument and then evaluating it scientifically, as the author’s personal building experience and knowledge of a wide variety of guitar construction techniques are put to good use… a significant, commendable addition to the guitar literature in a very broad-ranging book on a very important string instrument."George Bissinger, East Carolina University, EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (May-June 2009)“French discusses whether the math models are … sufficient to capture the features of acoustic responses that are highly correlated with good sound quality. In conclusion … this book will help luthiers at all levels think more clearly about how to successfully manufacture guitars of high sound quality. The book … particularly valuable to students of guitar construction and repair. For the rest of us, this book makes interesting reading.” (Leo Beranek, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 14 (2), 2009)“Why do guitars sound like they do, and how do you set about making one? These are central questions addressed … in this attractive new book. … The book is well written, and generously illustrated with interesting … graphs. … a unique and special addition to the literature, and it deserves to be widely read. For anyone contemplating construction of a guitar it will surely be indispensible. Physicists and engineers with musical inclinations, as well as guitar players … are likely to be fascinated.” (Peter V. E. McClintock, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 51 (6), 2010)Table of ContentsHistory of the Guitar.- Acoustics and Musical Theory.- Structure of the Guitar.- Dynamic Behavior.- Analytical Models.- Manufacturing Processes.- Sound Quality.- Guitar Electronics.- Unique Characteristics.

Read more less

Book Synopsis1 Global strategies.- 2 The American scene.- 3 Future technological developments and their impact.- 4 The Japanese scene.- 5 From telephony to information networking renovating the telecommunications infrastructure.- 6 Social implications.- 7 The impact of networks on financial services: the reality of electronic banking.- 8 Impact of regulations on communications.- 9 Communications strategy the impact of market forces, regulation and technology.- 10 Architecture, technology and applications.- 11 Mobile communications in the 21st century.- 12 Broadcasting after ad2000.- 13 Optical switching.- 14 Broadband fibre.- 15 Why software engineering at a communications meeting?.- 16 Improving communications at the desktop.Table of ContentsContents. Contributors. Preface. Global strategies. The American scene. Future technological developments and their impact. The Japanese scene. From telephony to information networking - renovating the telecommunications infrastructure. Social implications. The impact of networks on financial services: the reality of electronic banking. Impact of regulation on communications. Communciations strategy - the impact of market forces, regulation and technology. Architecture, technology and applications. Mobile communications in the 21st century. Broadcasting after 2000 AD. Optical switching. Broadband fibre. Why software engineering at a communications meeting? Improving communications at the desktop. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFeaturing chapters on physics, structure, sound and design specifics, Technology of the Guitar also includes coverage of historical content, composition of strings and their effects on sound quality, and important designs.Table of Contents1. Guitar Overview.- 2. Basic Physics.- 3. The Structure of the Guitar.- 4. Electronics.- 5. Sound Quality.- 6. Design Specifics for Acoustic Guitars.- 7. Design Specifics for Electric Guitars.- 8. Hardware.- 9. Iconic Guitars.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn A Resonant Ecology, Max Ritts traces how sound’s integration into the environmental politics of Canada’s North Coast has paved the way for massive industrial expansion. While conservationists hope that the dissemination of whale songs and other nature sounds will showcase the beauty of local wildlife for people around the world, Ritts reveals how colonial capitalism can co-opt sonic efforts to protect the coast. He demonstrates how digital technologies allow industry to sonically map new shipping lanes and facilitate new ways of experiencing sound—premised not on listening, but on sound’s exploitable status as a data resource. By outlining how sound can both perpetuate and refuse capitalist colonialism, Ritts challenges the idea that the sonic realm is inherently liberatory and reveals sound to be a powerfully uncertain object. Through a situated geographical approach, he makes the case that only a decolonial and multigenerational environmental politic

Read more less

Book SynopsisAs a critical theoretical advance, Understanding Plane Waves discusses the acoustic Goos-Hänchen effect. The important applications of this effect are discussed, including plane wave propagating inside transversely isotropic elastic-solids, reflection/refraction at interface between two anisotropic rocks, and acoustical applications to petroleum logging and seismic exploration. Next, the authors explore a newly developed acoustic-measurement system with emphasis on measurement process and recent improvements that make an acoustic-measurement more accurate. Three approaches which are used to analyze the evolution of the plane longitudinal and transverse waves that are propagated in a nonlinear hyperelastic medium are discussed: the method of successive approximations, the method of slowly varying amplitudes and the method of restriction on the displacement gradient. Lastly, the subject of relativistic quantum particles interacting with classical plane wave fields is examined from the standpoint of space-time symmetries which have been found to be encoded in the solutions of relativistic equations.Table of ContentsPrefaceRecent Progress in Acoustical Theory and ApplicationsRecent Development of an Acoustic Measurement SystemPlane Nonlinear Elastic Waves: Approximate Approaches to Analysis of EvolutionSpacetime Symmetries and Interaction of Quantum Relativistic Particles with External Plane Wave FieldsIndex.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn 2010, Richard Merrick took a family trip to Scotland''s Rosslyn chapel—the enigmatic fifteenth-century temple made famous by Dan Brown''s The Da Vinci Code. Little did he know he was about to embark upon an intellectual and personal journey that would lead to the discovery of a real-life lost symbol—one that reveals the connection between the world''s most sacred temples and opens up a treasure trove of lost science and ancient secrets. The symbol he discovers—the Venus Blueprint—is based on that planet''s orbital pattern, which takes the shape of a five-pointed star when seen from Earth. As Merrick digs deeper, he realizes the Venus Blueprint was an integral part of the design template of some of the most significant religious architecture around the world--including St. Peter''s Basilica in the Vatican, the Roman Pantheon, the Greek Parthenon, the Temple of Jerusalem, and the Great Pyramid of Giza, as well as many buildings designed by the secretive Freemason society. Upon further examination, Merrick is astounded to discover that temples designed using the Venus Blueprint are endowed with extraordinary acoustics that, when supplied with the right tones and frequencies, are capable of harmonizing with Earth''s resonant frequencies and evoking altered states of consciousness. He then proposes a fascinating idea: Could it be that the ancients used these harmonics to enhance entheogenically induced visions—to commune with the divine and liberate the gods within? Supported by an impressive array of historical research and scientific analysis, The Venus Blueprint offers compelling evidence of an ancient lost culture that was both spiritually and scientifically advanced.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBinge Drinking has been argued to be the number one public health hazard and the primary source of preventable morbidity and mortality for the the more than 6 million college students in the United States. Binge drinking often begins in adolescence and continues into young adulthood. Recent estimates indicate that 1 in 5 adolescents and 1 in 2 college students binge drink. Binge drinking has resulted in numerous alcohol-related tragedies, including acute alcohol poisonings, falls, and automobile collisions, and is often associated with other high-risk behaviours. This comprehensive resource contains all of the newest information that is now known about binge drinking and how this type of alcohol consumption (drinking to get drunk) differs from social drinking and chronic drinking and alcoholism. All of the recent research on this topic are included, such as the results from recent animal studies that indicate that binge drinking may be more damaging to an adolescent brain compared to an adult brain and how changes in trends in alcohol consumption (such as mixing energy drinks with alcohol) maybe be exacerbating this behaviour. finally, recent successful intervention techniques both on the individual level (eg: motivational interviewing in the emergency room) to the institutional level (e.g., programs to reduce binge drinking on college campuses) are described. This book is an excellent resource for any professional who comes in contact with the problems associated with this type of alcohol consumption.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the propagation, frequency and effects of sound waves. Topics discussed include time resolved visualisation and analysis on a single short acoustic wave generation; elastic vibrations of an isotropic plate with laser-induced atomic defects; sound velocity into turbulent medium; infrasound generation by turbulent convection; neutrons diffraction in a crystal under the influence of a sound wave and the transformation of sound waves in non-stationary media.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhat is everything made of? How do things change and how do they work? What is life? In The Nature of Nature, visionary scientist Irv Dardik tackles these questions by introducing his discovery of SuperWaves, a singular wave phenomenon whose design generates what we experience as matter, space, time, motion, energy, and order and chaos. Simply put, the SuperWaves principle states that the fundamental stuff of nature is waves—waves waving within waves, to be exact. Dardik challenges the rationality of accepting a priori that the universe is made of discrete particles. Instead, by drawing from his own discovery of a unique wave behavior and combining it with scientific facts, he shows that every single thing in existence—from quantum particles to entire galaxies—is waves waving in the unique pattern he calls SuperWaves. The discovery of SuperWaves and the ideas behind it, while profound, can be intuitively grasped by every reader, whether scientist or layperson. Touching on everything from quantum physics to gravity, to emergent complexity and thermodynamics, to the origins of health and disease, it shows that our health, and the health of the environment and civilization, depend upon our understanding SuperWaves. The Nature of Nature is an absorbing account that combines Dardik’s contrarian look at the history of science with philosophical discussion, his own groundbreaking research, and hope for the future.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisQuantum mechanics is the foundation of modern technology, due to its innumerable applications in physics, chemistry and even biology. This second volume studies Schrödinger�s equation and its applications in the study of wells, steps and potential barriers. It examines the properties of orthonormal bases in the space of square-summable wave functions and Dirac notations in the space of states. This book has a special focus on the notions of the linear operators, the Hermitian operators, observables, Hermitian conjugation, commutators and the representation of kets, bras and operators in the space of states. The eigenvalue equation, the characteristic equation and the evolution equation of the mean value of an observable are introduced. The book goes on to investigate the study of conservative systems through the time evolution operator and Ehrenfest�s theorem. Finally, this second volume is completed by the introduction of the notions of quantum wire, quantum wells of semiconductor materials and quantum dots in the appendices.Table of Contents1. Schrödinger�s Equation and its Applications. 2. Hermitian Operator, Dirac�s Notations. 3. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of an Observable.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSound is produced by vibrations and as such can be dampened or augmented based on materials selection. This title looks at the effects of sound and vibration on thin structures and details how damage may be avoided, acoustical effects created, and sound levels controlled.Table of ContentsPreface 11 1 Equations Governing the Vibrations of Thin Structures 15 1.1 Introduction 15 1.1.1 General Considerations on Thin Structures 15 1.1.2 Overview of the Energy Method 16 1.2 Thin Plates 17 1.2.1 Plate with Constant Thickness 18 1.2.2 Plate with Variable Thickness 25 1.2.3 Boundary with an Angular Point 27 1.3 Beams 29 1.4 Circular Cylindrical Shells 31 1.5 Spherical Shells 38 1.5.1 Approximation of the Strain and Stress Tensors and Application of the Virtual Works Theorem 39 1.5.2 Regularity Conditions at the Apexes 46 1.6 Variational Form of the Equations Governing Harmonic Vibrations of Plates and Shells 49 1.6.1 Variational Form of the Plate Equation 50 1.6.2 Variational Form of the Shells Equations 51 1.7 Exercises 52 2 Vibratory Response of Thin Structures in vacuo: Resonance Modes, Forced Harmonic Regime, Transient Regime 53 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Vibrations of Constant Cross-Section Beams 55 2.2.1 Independent Solutions for the Homogenous Beam Equation 55 2.2.2 Response of an Infinite Beam to a Point Harmonic Force 57 2.2.3 Resonance Modes of Finite Length Beams 59 2.2.4 Response of a Finite Length Beam to a Harmonic Force 66 2.3 Vibrations of Plates 68 2.3.1 Free Vibrations of an Infinite Plate 68 2.3.2 Green’s Kernel and Green’s function for the Time Harmonic Plate Equation and Response of an Infinite Plate to a Harmonic Excitation 71 2.3.3 Harmonic Vibrations of a Plate of Finite Dimensions: General Definition and Theorems 73 2.3.4 Resonance Modes and Resonance Frequencies of Circular Plates with Uniform Boundary Conditions 76 2.3.5 Resonance Modes and Resonance Frequencies of Rectangular Plates with Uniform Boundary Conditions 84 2.3.6 Response of a Plate to a Harmonic Excitation: Resonance Modes Series Representation 97 2.3.7 Boundary Integral Equations and the Boundary Element Method 99 2.3.8 Resonance Frequencies of Plates with Variable Thickness 117 2.3.9 Transient Response of an Infinite Plate with Constant Thickness 119 2.4 Vibrations of Cylindrical Shells 122 2.4.1 Free Oscillations of Cylindrical Shells of Infinite Length 122 2.4.2 Green’s Tensor for the Cylindrical Shell Equation 126 2.4.3 Harmonic Vibrations of a Cylindrical Shell of Finite Dimensions: General Definition and Theorems 129 2.4.4 Resonance Modes of a Cylindrical Shell Closed by Shear Diaphragms at Both Ends 130 2.4.5 Resonance Modes of a Cylindrical Shell Clamped at Both Ends 133 2.4.6 Response of a Cylindrical Shell to a Harmonic Excitation: Resonance Modes Representation 137 2.4.7 Boundary Integral Equations and Boundary Element Method 138 2.5 Vibrations of Spherical Shells 141 2.5.1 General Definition and Theorems 141 2.5.2 Solution of the Time Harmonic Spherical Shell Equation 143 2.6 Exercises 145 3 Acoustic Radiation and Transmission by Thin Structures 149 3.1 Introduction 149 3.2 Sound Transmission Across a Piston in a One-Dimensional Waveguide 151 3.2.1 Governing Equations 151 3.2.2 Time Fourier Transform of the Equations – Response of the System to a Harmonic Excitation 153 3.2.3 Response of the System to a Transient Excitation of the Piston 159 3.3 A One-dimensional Example of a Cavity Closed by a Vibrating Boundary 160 3.3.1 Equations Governing Free Harmonic Oscillations and their Reduced Form 161 3.3.2 Transmission of Sound Across the Vibrating Boundary 165 3.4 A Little Acoustics 168 3.4.1 Variational Form of the Wave Equation and of the Helmholtz Equation 168 3.4.2 Free-field Green’s Function of the Helmholtz Equation 170 3.4.3 Series Expansions of the Free Field Green’s Function of the Helmholtz Equation 170 3.4.4 Green’s Formula for the Helmholtz Operator and Green’s Representation of the Solution of the Helmholtz Equation 172 3.4.5 Numerical Difficulties 175 3.5 Infinite Structures 176 3.5.1 Infinite Plate in Contact with a Single Fluid or Two Different Fluids 176 3.5.2 Free Oscillations of an Infinite Circular Cylindrical Shell Filled with a vacuum and Immersed in a Fluid of Infinite Extent 196 3.5.3 A Few Remarks on the Free Oscillations of an Infinite Circular Cylindrical Shell containing a Fluid and Immersed in a Second Fluid of Infinite Extent 202 3.6 Baffled Rectangular Plate 203 3.6.1 General Theory: Eigenmodes, Resonance Modes, Series Expansion of the Response of the System 203 3.6.2 Rectangular Plate Clamped along its Boundary: Numerical Approximation of the Resonance Modes 209 3.6.3 Application: Transient Response of a Plate Struck by a Hammer 222 3.7 General Method for the Harmonic Regime: Classical Variational Formulation and Green’s Representation of the Plate Displacement 224 3.8 Baffled Plate Closing a Cavity 228 3.8.1 Equations Governing the Harmonic Motion of the Plate-Cavity-External Fluid System 229 3.8.2 Integro-differential Equation for the Plate Displacement and Matched Asymptotic Expansions 232 3.8.3 Boundary Integral Representation of the Interior Acoustic Pressure 237 3.8.4 Comparison between Numerical Predictions and Experiments 238 3.9 Cylindrical Finite Length Baffled Shell Excited by a Turbulent Internal Flow 243 3.9.1 Basic Equations and Green’s Representations of the Exterior and Interior Acoustic Pressures for a Normal Point Force 245 3.9.2 Numerical Methods for Solving Equations (3.111) 246 3.9.3 Comparison Between Numerical Results and Experimental Data 248 3.10 Radiation by a Finite Length Cylindrical Shell Excited by an Internal Acoustic Source 251 3.10.1 Statement of the Problem 251 3.10.2 Boundary Integral Representations of the Radiated Pressure and of the Shell Displacement 253 3.10.3 Green’s Representation of the Interior Acoustic Pressure and Matched Asymptotic Expansions 256 3.10.4 Directivity Pattern of the Radiated Acoustic Pressure 260 3.10.5 Numerical Method, Results and Concluding Remarks 262 3.11 Diffraction of a Transient Acoustic Wave by a Line 2’ Shell 264 3.11.1 Statement of the Problem 266 3.11.2 Resonance Modes and Response of the System to an Incident Transient Acoustic Wave 272 3.11.3 Numerical Method and Comparison between Numerical Prediction and Experimental Results 274 3.12 Exercises 278 Bibliography 279 Notations 285 Index 287

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis dictionary includes a wide range of terms that are in general use in relation to the multi-disciplinary subject of hearing. It covers the fields of acoustics, audiology, electronics, medicine, phonetics, rehabilitation and social administration. The dictionary has been compiled to meet the needs of the professional who is non-specialist in some of the fields, of students taking courses related to hearing, of the lay person and of those whose first language is not English. The needs of the specialist are supported by the availability of concise definitions of terms in common usage.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook is written for use in any university course related to the physics of waves, wave theory, and electromagnetic waves in departments such as Physics, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mathematics. The only prerequisite knowledge is a course in calculus. This textbook provides a unified treatment of waves that either occur naturally or can be excited and propagated in various media. This includes both longitudinal and transverse waves. The book covers both mechanical and electrical waves, which are normally covered separately due to their differences in physical phenomena. This text focuses more on the similarities of all waves, mechanical orelectromagnetic, and therefore allows the reader to formulate a unified understanding of wave phenomena in its totality. This second edition contains extensive updates and advances in the understanding of wave phenomena since the publication of the first edition (1985). Numerous additional problems are now present and several chapters have been rewritten and combined. This is the first book in the Mario Boella Series on Electromagnetism in Information and Communication. Key features include: A unified treatment of wave phenomena; Numerical techniques using MATLAB; Both mechanical and electrical waves are described; Necessary mathematics required to understand the material summarized within; Only prerequisite is an introductory course in calculus.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Review of Oscillations Chapter 2: Wave Motion Chapter 3: Some Mathematics Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Mechanical Waves Chapter 5: SoundWaves in Solids, Liquids, and Gases Chapter 6: Wave Reflection and Standing Waves Chapter 7: Spherical Waves, Waves in a Nonuniform Media, and Multidimensional Waves Chapter 8: Doppler Effect of Sound Waves and Shock Waves Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 10: Radiation of Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 11: Interference and Diffraction Chapter 12: Geometrical Optics Chapter 13: Particle Nature of Light Chapter 14: Fourier Analyses and Laplace Transformation Chapter 15: Nonlinear Waves, Solitons, Shocks, and Chaos Appendix A: Constants and Units Appendix B: Trigonometric Identities, Calculus, and Laplace Transforms Appendix C: References Appendix D: Answers to Selected Problems

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe central theme of the chapters is acoustic propagation in fluid media, dissipative or non-dissipative, homogeneous or nonhomogeneous, infinite or limited, placing particular emphasis on the theoretical formulation of the problems considered.Table of ContentsPreface 13 Chapter 1. Equations of Motion in Non-dissipative Fluid 15 1.1. Introduction 15 1.1.1. Basic elements 15 1.1.2. Mechanisms of transmission 16 1.1.3. Acoustic motion and driving motion 17 1.1.4. Notion of frequency 17 1.1.5. Acoustic amplitude and intensity 18 1.1.6. Viscous and thermal phenomena 19 1.2. Fundamental laws of propagation in non-dissipative fluids 20 1.2.1. Basis of thermodynamics 20 1.2.2. Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid motion 25 1.2.3. Expression of the fluid compressibility: mass conservation law 27 1.2.4. Expression of the fundamental law of dynamics: Euler’s equation 29 1.2.5. Law of fluid behavior: law of conservation of thermomechanic energy 30 1.2.6. Summary of the fundamental laws 31 1.2.7. Equation of equilibrium of moments 32 1.3. Equation of acoustic propagation 33 1.3.1. Equation of propagation 33 1.3.2. Linear acoustic approximation 34 1.3.3. Velocity potential 38 1.3.4. Problems at the boundaries 40 1.4. Density of energy and energy flow, energy conservation law 42 1.4.1. Complex representation in the Fourier domain 42 1.4.2. Energy density in an “ideal” fluid 43 1.4.3. Energy flow and acoustic intensity 45 1.4.4. Energy conservation law 48 Chapter 1: Appendix. Some General Comments on Thermodynamics 50 A.1. Thermodynamic equilibrium and equation of state 50 A.2. Digression on functions of multiple variables (study case of two variables) 51 A.2.1. Implicit functions 51 A.2.2. Total exact differential form 53 Chapter 2. Equations of Motion in Dissipative Fluid 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Propagation in viscous fluid: Navier-Stokes equation 56 2.2.1. Deformation and strain tensor 57 2.2.2. Stress tensor 62 2.2.3. Expression of the fundamental law of dynamics 64 2.3. Heat propagation: Fourier equation 70 2.4. Molecular thermal relaxation 72 2.4.1. Nature of the phenomenon 72 2.4.2. Internal energy, energy of translation, of rotation and of vibration of molecules 74 2.4.3. Molecular relaxation: delay of molecular vibrations 75 2.5. Problems of linear acoustics in dissipative fluid at rest 77 2.5.1. Propagation equations in linear acoustics 77 2.5.2. Approach to determine the solutions 81 2.5.3. Approach of the solutions in presence of acoustic sources 84 2.5.4. Boundary conditions 85 Chapter 2: Appendix. Equations of continuity and equations at the thermomechanic discontinuities in continuous media 93 A.1. Introduction 93 A.1.1. Material derivative of volume integrals 93 A.1.2. Generalization 96 A.2. Equations of continuity 97 A.2.1. Mass conservation equation 97 A.2.2. Equation of impulse continuity 98 A.2.3. Equation of entropy continuity 99 A.2.4. Equation of energy continuity 99 A.3. Equations at discontinuities in mechanics 102 A.3.1. Introduction 102 A.3.2. Application to the equation of impulse conservation 103 A.3.3. Other conditions at discontinuities 106 A.4. Examples of application of the equations at discontinuities in mechanics: interface conditions 106 A.4.1. Interface solid – viscous fluid 107 A.4.2. Interface between perfect fluids 108 A.4.3 Interface between two non-miscible fluids in motion 109 Chapter 3. Problems of Acoustics in Dissipative Fluids 111 3.1. Introduction 111 3.2. Reflection of a harmonic wave from a rigid plane 111 3.2.1. Reflection of an incident harmonic plane wave 111 3.2.2. Reflection of a harmonic acoustic wave 115 3.3. Spherical wave in infinite space: Green’s function 118 3.3.1. Impulse spherical source 118 3.3.2. Green’s function in three-dimensional space 121 3.4. Digression on two- and one-dimensional Green’s functions in non-dissipative fluids 125 3.4.1. Two-dimensional Green’s function 125 3.4.2. One-dimensional Green’s function 128 3.5. Acoustic field in “small cavities” in harmonic regime 131 3.6. Harmonic motion of a fluid layer between a vibrating membrane and a rigid plate, application to the capillary slit 136 3.7. Harmonic plane wave propagation in cylindrical tubes: propagation constants in “large” and “capillary” tubes 141 3.8. Guided plane wave in dissipative fluid 148 3.9. Cylindrical waveguide, system of distributed constants 151 3.10. Introduction to the thermoacoustic engines (on the use of phenomena occurring in thermal boundary layers) 154 3.11. Introduction to acoustic gyrometry (on the use of the phenomena occurring in viscous boundary layers) 162 Chapter 4. Basic Solutions to the Equations of Linear Propagation in Cartesian Coordinates 169 4.1. Introduction 169 4.2. General solutions to the wave equation 173 4.2.1. Solutions for propagative waves 173 4.2.2. Solutions with separable variables 176 4.3. Reflection of acoustic waves on a locally reacting surface 178 4.3.1. Reflection of a harmonic plane wave 178 4.3.2. Reflection from a locally reacting surface in random incidence 183 4.3.3. Reflection of a harmonic spherical wave from a locally reacting plane surface 184 4.3.4. Acoustic field before a plane surface of impedance Z under the load of a harmonic plane wave in normal incidence 185 4.4. Reflection and transmission at the interface between two different fluids 187 4.4.1. Governing equations 187 4.4.2. The solutions 189 4.4.3. Solutions in harmonic regime 190 4.4.4. The energy flux 192 4.5. Harmonic waves propagation in an infinite waveguide with rectangular cross-section 193 4.5.1. The governing equations 193 4.5.2. The solutions 195 4.5.3. Propagating and evanescent waves 197 4.5.4. Guided propagation in non-dissipative fluid 200 4.6. Problems of discontinuity in waveguides 206 4.6.1. Modal theory 206 4.6.2. Plane wave fields in waveguide with section discontinuities 207 4.7. Propagation in horns in non-dissipative fluids 210 4.7.1. Equation of horns 210 4.7.2. Solutions for infinite exponential horns 214 Chapter 4: Appendix. Eigenvalue Problems, Hilbert Space 217 A.1. Eigenvalue problems 217 A.1.1. Properties of eigenfunctions and associated eigenvalues 217 A.1.2. Eigenvalue problems in acoustics 220 A.1.3. Degeneracy 220 A.2. Hilbert space 221 A.2.1. Hilbert functions and L 2 space 221 A.2.2. Properties of Hilbert functions and complete discrete ortho-normal basis 222 A.2.3. Continuous complete ortho-normal basis 223 Chapter 5. Basic Solutions to the Equations of Linear Propagation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 227 5.1. Basic solutions to the equations of linear propagation in cylindrical coordinates 227 5.1.1. General solution to the wave equation 227 5.1.2. Progressive cylindrical waves: radiation from an infinitely long cylinder in harmonic regime 231 5.1.3. Diffraction of a plane wave by a cylinder characterized by a surface impedance 236 5.1.4. Propagation of harmonic waves in cylindrical waveguides 238 5.2. Basic solutions to the equations of linear propagation in spherical coordinates 245 5.2.1. General solution of the wave equation 245 5.2.2. Progressive spherical waves 250 5.2.3. Diffraction of a plane wave by a rigid sphere 258 5.2.4. The spherical cavity 262 5.2.5. Digression on monopolar, dipolar and 2n-polar acoustic fields 266 Chapter 6. Integral Formalism in Linear Acoustics 277 6.1. Considered problems 277 6.1.1. Problems 277 6.1.2. Associated eigenvalues problem 278 6.1.3. Elementary problem: Green’s function in infinite space 279 6.1.4. Green’s function in finite space 280 6.1.5. Reciprocity of the Green’s function 294 6.2. Integral formalism of boundary problems in linear acoustics 296 6.2.1. Introduction 296 6.2.2. Integral formalism 297 6.2.3. On solving integral equations 300 6.3. Examples of application 309 6.3.1. Examples of application in the time domain 309 6.3.2. Examples of application in the frequency domain 318 Chapter 7. Diffusion, Diffraction and Geometrical Approximation 357 7.1. Acoustic diffusion: examples 357 7.1.1. Propagation in non-homogeneous media 357 7.1.2. Diffusion on surface irregularities 360 7.2. Acoustic diffraction by a screen 362 7.2.1. Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction theory 362 7.2.2. Fraunhofer’s approximation 364 7.2.3. Fresnel’s approximation 366 7.2.4. Fresnel’s diffraction by a straight edge 369 7.2.5. Diffraction of a plane wave by a semi-infinite rigid plane: introduction to Sommerfeld’s theory 371 7.2.6. Integral formalism for the problem of diffraction by a semi-infinite plane screen with a straight edge 376 7.2.7. Geometric Theory of Diffraction of Keller (GTD) 379 7.3. Acoustic propagation in non-homogeneous and non-dissipative media in motion, varying “slowly” in time and space: geometric approximation 385 7.3.1. Introduction 385 7.3.2. Fundamental equations 386 7.3.3. Modes of perturbation 388 7.3.4. Equations of rays 392 7.3.5. Applications to simple cases 397 7.3.6. Fermat’s principle 403 7.3.7. Equation of parabolic waves 405 Chapter 8. Introduction to Sound Radiation and Transparency of Walls 409 8.1. Waves in membranes and plates 409 8.1.1. Longitudinal and quasi-longitudinal waves. 410 8.1.2. Transverse shear waves 412 8.1.3. Flexural waves 413 8.2. Governing equation for thin, plane, homogeneous and isotropic plate in transverse motion 419 8.2.1. Equation of motion of membranes 419 8.2.2. Thin, homogeneous and isotropic plates in pure bending 420 8.2.3. Governing equations of thin plane walls 424 8.3. Transparency of infinite thin, homogeneous and isotropic walls 426 8.3.1. Transparency to an incident plane wave 426 8.3.2. Digressions on the influence and nature of the acoustic field on both sides of the wall 431 8.3.3. Transparency of a multilayered system: the double leaf system 434 8.4. Transparency of finite thin, plane and homogeneous walls: modal theory 438 8.4.1. Generally 438 8.4.2. Modal theory of the transparency of finite plane walls 439 8.4.3. Applications: rectangular plate and circular membrane 444 8.5. Transparency of infinite thick, homogeneous and isotropic plates 450 8.5.1. Introduction 450 8.5.2. Reflection and transmission of waves at the interface fluid-solid 450 8.5.3. Transparency of an infinite thick plate 457 8.6. Complements in vibro-acoustics: the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) method 461 8.6.1. Introduction 461 8.6.2. The method 461 8.6.3. Justifying approach 463 Chapter 9. Acoustics in Closed Spaces 465 9.1. Introduction 465 9.2. Physics of acoustics in closed spaces: modal theory 466 9.2.1. Introduction 466 9.2.2. The problem of acoustics in closed spaces 468 9.2.3. Expression of the acoustic pressure field in closed spaces 471 9.2.4. Examples of problems and solutions 477 9.3. Problems with high modal density: statistically quasi-uniform acoustic fields 483 9.3.1. Distribution of the resonance frequencies of a rectangular cavity with perfectly rigid walls 483 9.3.2. Steady state sound field at “high” frequencies 487 9.3.3. Acoustic field in transient regime at high frequencies 494 9.4. Statistical analysis of diffused fields 497 9.4.1. Characteristics of a diffused field 497 9.4.2. Energy conservation law in rooms 498 9.4.3. Steady-state radiation from a punctual source 500 9.4.4. Other expressions of the reverberation time 502 9.4.5. Diffused sound fields 504 9.5. Brief history of room acoustics 508 Chapter 10. Introduction to Non-linear Acoustics, Acoustics in Uniform Flow, and Aero-acoustics 511 10.1. Introduction to non-linear acoustics in fluids initially at rest 511 10.1.1. Introduction 511 10.1.2. Equations of non-linear acoustics: linearization method 513 10.1.3. Equations of propagation in non-dissipative fluids in one dimension, Fubini’s solution of the implicit equations 529 10.1.4. Bürger’s equation for plane waves in dissipative (visco-thermal) media 536 10.2. Introduction to acoustics in fluids in subsonic uniform flows 547 10.2.1. Doppler effect 547 10.2.2. Equations of motion 549 10.2.3. Integral equations of motion and Green’s function in a uniform and constant flow 551 10.2.4. Phase velocity and group velocity, energy transfer – case of the rigid-walled guides with constant cross-section in uniform flow 556 10.2.5. Equation of dispersion and propagation modes: case of the rigid-walled guides with constant cross-section in uniform flow 560 10.2.6. Reflection and refraction at the interface between two media in relative motion (at subsonic velocity) 562 10.3. Introduction to aero-acoustics 566 10.3.1. Introduction 566 10.3.2. Reminder about linear equations of motion and fundamental sources 566 10.3.3. Lighthill’s equation 568 10.3.4. Solutions to Lighthill’s equation in media limited by rigid obstacles: Curle’s solution 570 10.3.5. Estimation of the acoustic power of quadrupolar turbulences 574 10.3.6. Conclusion 574 Chapter 11. Methods in Electro-acoustics 577 11.1. Introduction 577 11.2. The different types of conversion 578 11.2.1. Electromagnetic conversion 578 11.2.2. Piezoelectric conversion (example) 583 11.2.3. Electrodynamic conversion 588 11.2.4. Electrostatic conversion 589 11.2.5. Other conversion techniques 591 11.3. The linear mechanical systems with localized constants 592 11.3.1. Fundamental elements and systems 592 11.3.2. Electromechanical analogies 596 11.3.3. Digression on the one-dimensional mechanical systems with distributed constants: longitudinal motion of a beam 601 11.4. Linear acoustic systems with localized and distributed constants 604 11.4.1. Linear acoustic systems with localized constants 604 11.4.2. Linear acoustic systems with distributed constants: the cylindrical waveguide 611 11.5. Examples of application to electro-acoustic transducers 613 11.5.1. Electrodynamic transducer 613 11.5.2. The electrostatic microphone 619 11.5.3. Example of piezoelectric transducer 624 Chapter 11: Appendix 626 A.1 Reminder about linear electrical circuits with localized constants 626 A.2 Generalization of the coupling equations 628 Bibliography 631 Index 633

Read more less

Book SynopsisA captivating exploration of how underwater animals tap into sound to survive, and a clarion call for humans to address the ways we invade these critical soundscapes from an award-winning science writer. For centuries humans ignored sound in the silent world' of the ocean, assuming that what we couldn't perceive, didn't exist. But we couldn't have been more wrong. Marine scientists now have the technology to record and study the complex interplay of the myriad sounds in the sea. Finally, we can trace how sounds travel with the currents, bounce from the seafloor and surface, bend with temperature, and even saltiness; how sounds help marine life survive; and how human noise can transform entire marine ecosystems. In Sing Like Fish, award-winning science journalist Amorina Kingdon synthesises historical discoveries with the latest research in a clear and compelling portrait of this sonic undersea world. From plainfin midshipman fish, whose swim-bladder drumming is so loud it keeps ho

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis undergraduate textbook aids readers in studying music and color, which involve nearly the entire gamut of the fundamental laws of classical as well as atomic physics. The objective bases for these two subjects are, respectively, sound and light. Their corresponding underlying physical principles overlap greatly: Both music and color are manifestations of wave phenomena. As a result, commonalities exist as to the production, transmission, and detection of sound and light. Whereas traditional introductory physics textbooks are styled so that the basic principles are introduced first and are then applied, this book is based on a motivational approach: It introduces a subject with a set of related phenomena, challenging readers by calling for a physical basis for what is observed. A novel topic in the first edition and this second edition is a non-mathematical study of electric and magnetic fields and how they provide the basis for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, of light in particular. The book provides details for the calculation of color coordinates and luminosity from the spectral intensity of a beam of light as well as the relationship between these coordinates and the color coordinates of a color monitor. The second edition contains corrections to the first edition, the addition of more than ten new topics, new color figures, as well as more than forty new sample problems and end-of-chapter problems. The most notable additional topics are: the identification of two distinct spectral intensities and how they are related, beats in the sound from a Tibetan bell, AM and FM radio, the spectrogram, the short-time Fourier transform and its relation to the perception of a changing pitch, a detailed analysis of the transmittance of polarized light by a Polaroid sheet, brightness and luminosity, and the mysterious behavior of the photon.The Physics of Music and Color is written at a level suitable for college students without any scientific background, requiring only simple algebra and a passing familiarity with trigonometry. The numerous problems at the end of each chapter help the reader to fully grasp the subject.Table of ContentsChapter1: Introductory Remarks.- Chapter2: The Vibrating String.- Chapter3: The Nature of Sound; The Vibrating Air Column.- Chapter4: Energy.- Chapter5: Electricity & Magnetism.- Chapter6: The Atom as a Source of Light.- Chapter7: The Principle of Superposition.- Chapter 8: Complex Waves.- Chapter9: Propagation Phenomena.- Chapter10: The Ear.- Chapter11: Psychoacoustics.- Chapter12: Tuning, Intonation, and Temperament - Choosing Frequencies for Musical Notes.- Chapter13: The Eye.- Chapter14: Characterizing Light Sources, Color Filters, and Pigments.-Chapter15: Theory of Color Vision.- Appendices.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes the entire process of designing guitars, including the theory and guidelines for implementing it in practice. It discusses areas from acoustics and resonators to new tools and how they assist traditional construction techniques. The book begins by discussing the fundamentals of the sounds of a guitar, strings, and oscillating systems. It then moves on to resonators and acoustics within the guitar, explaining the analysis systems and evaluation methods, and comparing classic and modern techniques. Each area of the guitar is covered, from the soundboard and the back, to the process of closing the instrument. The book concludes with an analysis of historic and modern guitars. This book is of interest to luthiers wanting to advance their practice, guitar players wishing to learn more about their instruments, and academics in engineering and physics curious about the principles of acoustics when applied to musical instruments.Table of ContentsThe Sound.- The String.- Oscillating Systems.- The Resonator Components.- The Resonator as a Global System.- Upper Resonances.- Analysis Systems.- Quality and Evaluation Methods.- The Modern Guitar.- Building and Using the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Frame.- The Back.- Closing the Instrument. Final Tuning.- Analysis of Historic and Modern Guitars

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume gathers the latest advances and innovations in the field of flow-induced vibration and noise, as presented by leading international researchers at the 3rd International Symposium on Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects (FLINOVIA), which was held in Lyon, France, in September 2019. It explores topics such as turbulent boundary layer-induced vibration and noise, tonal noise, noise due to ingested turbulence, fluid-structure interaction problems, and noise control techniques. The authors’ backgrounds represent a mix of academia, government, and industry, and several papers include applications to important problems for underwater vehicles, aerospace structures and commercial transportation. The book offers a valuable reference guide for all those interested in measurement, modelling, simulation and reproduction of the flow excitation and flow induced structural response.Table of ContentsSource Modeling.- Experimental Techniques.- Analytical Developments.- Numerical Methods.

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow do we understand culture and shape its future? How do we cross the bridge between culture as ideas and feelings and physical, cultural objects, all this within the endless variety and complexity of modern and traditional societies? This book proposes a Physical Culture Theory, taking culture as a self-organizing impulse pattern of electric forces. Bridging the gap to consciousness, the Physical Culture Theory proposes that consciousness content, what we think, hear, feel, or see is also just this: spatio-temporal electric fields. Music is a perfect candidate to elaborate on such a Physical Culture Theory. Music is all three, musical instrument acoustics, music psychology, and music ethnology. They emerge into living musical systems like all life is self-organization. Therefore the Physical Culture Theory knows no split between nature and nurture, hard and soft sciences, brains and musical instruments. It formulates mathematically complex systems as Physical Models rather than Artificial Intelligence. It includes ethical rules for maintaining life and finds culture and arts to be Human Rights. Enlarging these ideas and mathematical methods into all fields of culture, ecology, economy, or the like will be the task for the next decades to come.Table of ContentsSome Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics.- Some Fundamentals of Music Psychology.- Some Fundamentals of Comparative Musicology.- Impulses.- Turbulence.- Saxophone.- More wind instruments.- Friction Instruments.- Guitars and Plucked String Instruments.- The Human Voice.- Neurophysiology of Music.- Music and Consciousness.- Reconstructing Impulses - The Ear and the Auditory Pathway.- Timbre.- Rhythm, Musical Form, and Memory.- Music, Meaning, and Emotion.- Physical Culture Theory.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores the fascinating and intimate relationship between music and physics. Over millennia, the playing of, and listening to music have stimulated creativity and curiosity in people all around the globe. Beginning with the basics, the authors first address the tonal systems of European-type music, comparing them with those of other, distant cultures. They analyze the physical principles of common musical instruments with emphasis on sound creation and particularly charisma. Modern research on the psychology of musical perception – the field known as psychoacoustics – is also described. The sound of orchestras in concert halls is discussed, and its psychoacoustic effects are explained. Finally, the authors touch upon the role of music for our mind and society. Throughout the book, interesting stories and anecdotes give insights into the musical activities of physicists and their interaction with composers and musicians.Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis beautifully illustrated volume takes the reader on a wide-ranging tour through music education facilities designed during the past 20 years, with a particular emphasis on the acoustical and architectural design of the locations. The book opens with a series of essays from key design team members, including an acoustical consultant, architect, audio/video systems consultant, and theatre consultant. The main body of the work consists of a rich array of contributions from acoustical consulting firms and music education facility designers from across the world on their recent innovative works in the area of music education facility acoustics. Each entry includes high-resolution photos and renderings, scientific data, and evocative descriptions of the music education facilities. Filled with beautiful photography and fascinating modern design, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in music education architecture, acoustical design, or musical performance. “This new publication on design of music education facilities is highly welcomed. Not only does it present many acoustically interesting projects, it also gives an up-to-date introduction to the scientific knowledge and design practice in this field. The book also helps the reader to understand why it is so important to ensure good acoustic conditions in music education facilities: to nourish students at all levels to achieve their goals as musicians.” - Anders Chr. Gade, Ph.D., senior consultant at Gade & Mortensen Akustik and author of Acoustics in Halls for Speech and Music (chapter in Springer Handbook of Acoustics) “This book ensures the reader will see the full vocabulary of elemental solutions to broad challenges. The expected concert halls, rehearsal spaces, and practice rooms are joined by newer, essential components: recording studios, control rooms, vocal booths, beat labs, and more. This media-rich publication enables detailed study while motivating big picture, interdisciplinary thinking. This new book curates and beautifully structures a deep store of outstanding architectural achievements that are sure to kindle the creation of future successful music education facilities.” - Alex U. Case, Associate Professor of Sound Recording Technology at the University of Massachusetts Lowell and author of Sound FX – Unlocking the Creative Potential of Recording Studio Effects “This book is a wonderful collection of music education facilities. The narratives and images provide a wealth of information for the casual reader, student in acoustics, architect, owner/educator, and acoustician. Primary schools through universities are not often studied and reviewed. Finding a thorough collection of these space types is rare. This book is recommended for anyone who is studying, designing, or enjoys reading about music education facilities.” - Jason Duty, P.E., Vice President at Charles M. Salter Associates, Inc.Table of ContentsEditors' Preface.- Collection of Essays from Key Design Team Members.- Architect.- Owner.- Music Director.- Audio Designer.- Music Education Facilities.- Music Education Facilities List.- Map.- Timeline.- Music Education Facilities.- Appendices.- A: Acoustic Design of Music Education Facilities: An Overview.- B: Glossary.- C: Music Education Facilities Indexed by Location.- D: Music Education Facilities Indexed by Acoustical Consulting Firm.- E: Notes on Currency, Units, and Scale.- F: References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is based on a series of lectures for an Astrophysics of the Interstellar Medium (ISM) master’s degree in Astrophysics and Cosmology at Padova University. From the cold molecular phase in which stars and planetary systems form, to the very hot coronal gas that surrounds galaxies and galaxy clusters, the ISM is everywhere. Studying its properties is vital for the exploration of virtually any field in astronomy and cosmology. These notes give the student a coherent and accurate mathematical and physical approach, with continuous references to the real ISM in galaxies. The book is divided into three parts. Part One introduces the equations of fluid dynamics for a system at rest and acoustic waves, and then explores the real ISM through the role of thermal conduction and viscosity, concluding with a discussion of shock waves and turbulence. In Part Two, the electromagnetic field is switched on and its role in modulating shock waves and contrasting gravity is studied. Part Three describes dust and its properties, followed by the main stellar sources of energy. The last two chapters respectively address the various components of the ISM and molecular clouds and star formation.Table of ContentsFundamental equations for ideal fluids.- Acoustic waves.- Real fluids.- The interstellar medium.- Shock waves.- Turbulence.- Electrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics.- Motion of a plasma in a magnetic field.- Magnetohydrodynamic waves.- Dust from the interstellar medium.- HII regions.- Stellar Winds.- Supernovae remnants.- The interstellar medium and its components.- Molecular Clouds.- Star formation.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book systematically presents the consolidated findings of the phenomenon of self-organization observed during the onset of thermoacoustic instability using approaches from dynamical systems and complex systems theory. Over the last decade, several complex dynamical states beyond limit cycle oscillations such as quasiperiodicity, frequency-locking, period-n, chaos, strange non-chaos, and intermittency have been discovered in thermoacoustic systems operated in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. During the onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent systems, an ordered acoustic field and large coherent vortices emerge from the background of turbulent combustion. This emergence of order from disorder in both temporal and spatiotemporal dynamics is explored in the contexts of synchronization, pattern formation, collective interaction, multifractality, and complex networks. For the past six decades, the spontaneous emergence of large amplitude, self-sustained, tonal oscillations in confined combustion systems, characterized as thermoacoustic instability, has remained one of the most challenging areas of research. The presence of such instabilities continues to hinder the development and deployment of high-performance combustion systems used in power generation and propulsion applications. Even with the advent of sophisticated measurement techniques to aid experimental investigations and vast improvements in computational power necessary to capture flow physics in high fidelity simulations, conventional reductionist approaches have not succeeded in explaining the plethora of dynamical behaviors and the associated complexities that arise in practical combustion systems. As a result, models and theories based on such approaches are limited in their application to mitigate or evade thermoacoustic instabilities, which continue to be among the biggest concerns for engine manufacturers today. This book helps to overcome these limitations by providing appropriate methodologies to deal with nonlinear thermoacoustic oscillations, and by developing control strategies that can mitigate and forewarn thermoacoustic instabilities. The book is also beneficial to scientists and engineers studying the occurrence of several other instabilities, such as flow-induced vibrations, compressor surge, aeroacoustics and aeroelastic instabilities in diverse fluid-mechanical environments, to graduate students who intend to apply dynamical systems and complex systems approach to their areas of research, and to physicists who look for experimental applications of their theoretical findings on nonlinear and complex systems.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to thermoacoustic instability and its consequences 1.2 Mechanisms that cause thermoacoustic instability 1.2.1 Flame surface area modulations 1.2.2 Equivalence ratio fluctuations 1.2.3 Coherent structures in the flow 1.2.4 Entropy waves 1.3 Mechanisms that damp thermoacoustic instability 1.4 Current approaches: Acoustic oscillations driven by unsteady combustion, network modelling, and eigenvalues 1.5 Why do we need a nonlinear description? 1.6 Nonlinearities in a thermoacoustic system 1.7 Thermoacoustic stability analysis: Acoustic vs dynamical systems approach 1.8 Beyond limit cycles 1.9 Thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 1.10 Transition to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent reacting flow systems 1.10.1 Is combustion noise deterministic or stochastic? 1.10.2 Studying the transition to thermoacoustic instability in “noisy” systems 1.10.3 Noise induced transition, stochastic bifurcation and Fokker-Planck equation 1.10.4 Is ‘signal plus noise’ paradigm the right way to go about? 1.11 Alternate perspectives 1.11.1 Combustion noise is chaos 1.11.2 Intermittency presages the onset of thermoacoustic instability 1.11.3 Multifractal description of combustion noise and its transition to thermoacoustic instability 1.11.4 Complex networks 1.11.5 On the importance of being nonlinear 1.11.6 Reductionist vs complex systems approach 1.12 References 2 Introduction to Dynamical Systems Theory 2.1 Dynamical system 2.1.1 Conservative and dissipative dynamical systems 2.1.2 Modeling dynamical systems as discrete and continuous functions of time 2.2 Linear approximation of one-dimensional systems 2.2.1 Two-dimensional linear systems 2.3 Bifurcations and their classification 2.3.1 Saddle-node bifurcation 2.3.2 Transcritical bifurcation 2.3.3 Pitchfork bifurcation 2.3.4 Hopf bifurcation 2.4 Signals and their classification 2.4.1 Limit cycle oscillations 2.4.2 Period-= oscillations 2.4.3 Quasiperiodic oscillations 2.4.4 Chaotic oscillations 2.4.5 Difference between strange chaotic, strange nonchaotic, and chaotic nonstrange attractors 2.4.6 Intermittency 2.5 Routes to chaos 2.5.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 2.5.2 Quasiperiodic route to chaos 2.5.3 Intermittency route to chaos 2.6 Phase space reconstruction 2.6.1 Selection of optimum time delay () 2.6.2 Selection of the minimum emending dimension (d) 2.7 Poincaré map (or Poincaré section or return map) 2.8 Recurrence plots 2.8.1 Cross recurrence plots 2.8.2 Joint recurrence plot 2.8.3 Recurrence quantification analysis 2.9 References 3 Bifurcation to Limit Cycle Oscillations in Laminar Thermoacoustic Systems 3.1 A brief history of Rijke-type thermoacoustic systems 3.2 Bifurcation characteristics of a deterministic thermoacoustic system 3.3 Noise-induced transition, triggering, and stochastic bifurcation to limit cycle 3.3.1 Effect of noise on hysteresis (or bistability) of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation 3.3.2 Stochastic (or P) bifurcation 3.3.3 Triggering in thermoacoustic systems 3.4 References 4 Thermoacoustic Instability: Beyond Limit Cycle Oscillations 4.1 Bifurcation of thermoacoustic instability beyond the state of limit cycle 4.2 Other dynamical states of thermoacoustic instability 4.2.1 Strange nonchaos 4.2.2 Intermittency 4.3 Routes to chaos for thermoacoustic oscillations 4.3.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 4.3.2 Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse route to chaos 4.3.3 Intermittency route to chaos 4.4 Nonlinear nature of flame-acoustic interactions 4.5 References 5 Thermoacoustic Instability is Self-Organization in a Complex System 5.1 Examples of complex systems 5.2 Nonlinearity: The reductionist’s nightmare 5.3 Emergence 5.4 Pattern formation 5.5 Order emerging from chaos 5.6 Onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 5.7 Fractals and multifractals 5.8 Collective interaction in complex systems 5.9 Complex networks 5.10 Why should we use complex systems approach to study thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors? 5.11 Practical applications 5.12 References 6 Intermittency - A State Precedes Thermoacoustic Instability and Blowout in Turbulent Combustors 6.1 Classification of sound waves generated by turbulent flame in a combustor 6.2 What is combustion noise? 6.2.1 Phase space dynamics of acoustic pressure fluctuations during combustion noise 6.2.2 0-1 test for chaos 6.3 What is thermoacoustic instability? 6.4 Transition from combustion noise to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 6.4.1 Reformulating the onset of thermoacoustic instability as a loss of chaos 6.4.2 Intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.4.3 Characteristics of the intermittency signal 6.4.4 Bifurcation analysis of intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.5 Phase space and recurrence analysis of the intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.6 Intermittency route to flame blowout 6.7 Type of intermittency en-route to thermoacoustic instability and its scaling laws 6.8 References 7 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow, Flame, and Acoustic Fields during the Onset of Thermoacoustic Instability 7.1 Pattern formation 7.2 The emergence of patterns during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 7.3 Collective interaction of large-scale vortices during thermoacoustic instability 7.4 References 8 Synchronization of Self-excited Acoustics and Turbulent Reacting Flow Dynamics 8.1 Basics of synchronization of coupled oscillators 8.2 Mutual synchronization of the acoustic and turbulent reactive flow fields during the transition to thermoacoustic instability 8.2.1 Coupled behavior of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field in a turbulent combustor 8.2.2 Synchronization of the acoustic pressure and the global heat release rate signals during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 8.2.3 Spatiotemporal synchronization of the turbulent reacting flow field with the duct acoustics 8.3 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in thermoacoustic systems 8.3.1 Forced response of the self-excited acoustic field 8.3.2 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in a horizontal Rijke tube 8.3.3 Characteristics of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field during forced synchronization in a laminar combustor 8.3.4 Forced synchronization of multi-frequency (quasiperiodic and chaotic) thermoacoustic oscillations 8.3.5 Characteristics of forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in turbulent combustors 8.3.6 Forced synchronization of self-excited oscillations in the hydrodynamic field 8.4 References 9 Model for Intermittency Route to Thermoacoustic Instability 9.1 Governing equations for the one-dimensional fluid flow. 9.1.1 Continuity equation 9.1.2 Momentum equation 9.1.3 Energy equation 9.1.4 Linearized governing equations for the acoustic field 9.2 Model for intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 9.3 References 10 Multifractal Analysis of a Turbulent Thermoacoustic System 10.1 Fractals 10.2 The Hurst exponent and fractal properties 10.3 Multifractals 10.4 Methods of multifractal analysis 10.4.1 Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) 10.4.2 Box-counting method 10.5 Combustion noise is multifractal and thermoacoustic instability is a loss of multifractality 10.6 Multifractal analysis during the transition to a flame blowout 10.7 Multifractal analysis of spatial flame structures during stable and unstable operation 10.8 References 11 Complex Network Approach to Thermoacoustic Systems 11.1 An introduction to complex networks 11.2 Measures of complex networks 11.3 Types of complex networks 11.3.1 Regular networks 11.3.2 Random network 11.3.3 Small-world networks 11.3.4 Scale-free networks 11.4 Complex network approach to study temporal dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.4.1 Combustion noise is scale-free 11.4.2 The onset of thermoacoustic instability as a transition from scale-free to regular networks 11.4.3 Small-world-like behavior of thermoacoustic instability using cycle network 11.4.4 Recurrence network topologies of different dynamical states of a thermoacoustic system 11.4.5 Directional dependence between the coupled acoustic pressure and heat release rate fluctuations using recurrence networks 11.5 Complex network approach to study spatial dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.5.1 Unweighted spatial networks of the time-averaged flow field using the Pearson coefficient 11.5.2 Weighted time-varying spatial networks obtained though acoustic power and vorticity fields 11.5.3 Weighted time-varying turbulence networks obtained though vorticity fields 11.6 References 12 Early Warning and Mitigation Strategies for Thermoacoustic Instability 12.1 Precursors for the onset of impending thermoacoustic instability . . . 418 12.2 Traditional approaches for passive and active controls of thermoacoustic instability 12.3 Control of thermoacoustic instability using methodologies from synchronization theory 12.3.1 Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability using amplitude death phenomenon 12.3.2 Open-loop control of thermoacoustic instability through asynchronous quenching 12.4 Identification of critical regions in the spatial reacting field 12.5 References 13 Oscillatory Instabilities in Other Fluid Systems 13.1 Aeroacoustic instabilities 13.2 Aeroelastic instabilities 13.3 References 14 Summary and Perspective 14.1 Temporal analysis 14.2 Spatiotemporal analysis 14.3 Mitigation Strategies 14.3.1 Evasion 14.3.2 Strategies based on the framework of synchronization theory 14.3.3 Smart passive control 14.4 Future issues 14.5 Final thoughts 14.6 References

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a guide to the fundamental principles of acoustics in a straightforward manner using a solid foundation in mathematics and physics. It is designed for those who are new to acoustics and noise control, and includes all the necessary material for a comprehensive understanding of the topic. It is written in lecture-note style and can be easily adapted to an acoustics-related one semester course at the senior undergraduate or graduate level. The book also serves as a ready reference for the practicing engineer new to the application of acoustic principles arising in product design and fabrication.Table of ContentsComplex Numbers for Harmonic Functions.- Solutions of Acoustic Wave Equation.- Derivation of Acoustic Wave Equation.- Acoustic Intensity and Specific Acoustic Impedance.- Solutions of Spherical Wave Equation.- Acoustic Waves from Spherical Sources.- Boundary Conditions and Mode Shapes.- Resonant Cavities and Acoustic Waveguides.- Power Transmission in Pipelines.- Filters and Resonators.- Sound Pressure Levels and Octave Bands.- Room Acoustics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis open access book provides a view into the state-of-the-art research on aviation noise and related annoyance. The book will primarily focus on the achievements of the ANIMA project (Aviation Noise Impact Management through Novel Approaches), but not exclusively.The content has a broader theme in order to encompass. regulation issues, the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) balanced approach, progresses made on technologies and reduction of noise at source, impact of possible future civil supersonic aircraft, land-use planning issues, as well as the core topics of the ANIMA project, i.e. impact on human beings, annoyance, quality of life, health and findings of the project in this respect.This book differs from traditional research programmes on aviation noise as the authors endeavour, not to lower noise at source, but to reduce the annoyance. This book examines these non-acoustic factors in an effort to help those most affected by aviation noise – communities living close to airports, and also help airport managers, policy-makers, local authorities and researchers to deal with this issue holistically. The book concludes with some recommendations for EU, national and local policy-makers, airport and aviation authorities, and more broadly a scientifically literate audience. These recommendations may help to identify gaps for progress in terms of research but also genuine implementation actions for political and regulatory authorities.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Understanding the basics of aviation noise.- Status: Noise burden in Europe.- Part I: Regulating and reducing noise today.- Balanced approach to aircraft noise management.- Perspective on 25 years of European aircraft noise reduction technology efforts and shift towards global research aimed at quieter air transport.- Future aircraft and the future of aircraft noise.- Competing agendas for land-use around airports.- Part II: Beyond flying machines, Human beings.- Impact of aircraft noise on health.- Coping with aviation noise: Non-acoustic factors influencing annoyance and sleep disturbance from noise.- Engaging communities in the hard quest for consensus.- Towards innovative ways to assess annoyance.- Towards mapping of noise impact.- ANIMA noise platform and ANIMA methodology: One-stop shop for aviation noise management.- Overall perspectives.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes the properties of materials used for making percussion instruments for classical music played by a symphony orchestra in which the instruments could be played as a soloist instrument or as a group or several groups of instruments, as they are included into a musical work. A chapter is devoted to the bells. The scope of this book is primarily confined to percussion instruments of symphony orchestras taking into account the centuries of musical art and tradition. This book bridges the gap in the technical literature on describing the properties of materials for percussion instruments—timpani, other drums, marimba, xylophone, vibraphone, gong, cymbal, triangle, celesta, castanets.Trade Review“This book contains new features … and is of great interest for the musical acoustics community. … Another appreciable specificity of the book is the high number of clear pictures and figures of wonderful quality … . this book is a compulsory starting point for any future research on percussion instruments, and should be usefully associated with other books and publications more specialized in physical modeling. The references are extensive and beyond the usual references lists in musical acoustics.” (Antoine Chaigne, EAA Newsletter Nuntius, euracoustics.org, January-February, 2023)Table of ContentsHandbook of materials for percussion instrumentsChapter 0 PrefacePART 1 Percussion instruments, their classification and their soundChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Organology of percussion instruments and patents Chapter 3 About the sound of percussion instruments Chapter 4 Experimental methodology for acoustical properties of percussion instruments PART 2 Structural parts of the InstrumentsChapter 5 The membranophones - timpani, drums, tambourine Chapter 6 The Idiophones made of wood played with mallets – marimba, xylophone Chapter 7 The metallic idiophones played with mallets- vibraphone, glockenspiel Chapter 8 The struck idiophones played with mallets -gong, tam-tam, cymbal, chimes, triangle, plateChapter 9 The mallets Chapter 10 Other Struck idiophone- the church bell, carillon Chapter 11 Idiophones with keyboard – celesta Chapter 12 The Concussion Idiophones - castanets, woodblocks Chapter 13 New Percussion instruments PART 3 Properties of MaterialsChapter 14 Properties of wood for percussion instruments Chapter 15 Properties of metallic alloys for percussion instruments Chapter 16 Properties of leather for percussion instruments Chapter 17 Properties of new materials for percussion instruments PART 4 Maintenance and conservation of percussion instrumentsChapter 18 Care and maintenance of percussion instruments Chapter 19 Conservation of percussion instrument Chapter 20 Patents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the notes from the seminar on wave phenomena given in 2019 at the Mathematical Research Center in Oberwolfach.The research on wave-type problems is a fascinating and emerging field in mathematical research with many challenging applications in sciences and engineering. Profound investigations on waves require a strong interaction of several mathematical disciplines including functional analysis, partial differential equations, mathematical modeling, mathematical physics, numerical analysis, and scientific computing.The goal of this book is to present a comprehensive introduction to the research on wave phenomena. Starting with basic models for acoustic, elastic, and electro-magnetic waves, topics such as the existence of solutions for linear and some nonlinear material laws, efficient discretizations and solution methods in space and time, and the application to inverse parameter identification problems are covered. The aim of this book is to intertwine analysis and numerical mathematics for wave-type problems promoting thus cooperative research projects in this field.Table of ContentsSpace-time approximations for linear acoustic, elastic, and electro-magnetic wave equations.- Local wellposedness and long-time behavior of quasilinear Maxwell equations.- Error analysis of second-order time integration methods for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of Friedrichs’ systems.- An abstract framework for inverse wave problems with applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book presents topical theoretical and experimental studies for developing advanced methods of detecting materials fracture and assessing their structural state using acoustic emission. It introduces new mathematical models characterizing the displacement fields arising from crack-like defects and establishes a new criterion for classifying different types of materials fracture based on specific parameters obtained from wavelet transforms of acoustic emission signals. The book applies this approach to experimental studies in three types of materials—fiber-reinforced composites, dental materials, and hydrogen-embrittled steels.Table of Contents1 Macrofracture of Structural Materials and Methods of Determining its Type................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Types of Structural Materials Fracture................................................................ 1 1.2 Application of the Acoustic Emission Method to Detect the Fracture of Structural Materials...................................................................... 8 1.3 Detection of Defects by Signals of Magnetoelastic Acoustic Emission ................................................................ 19 1.4 Methods of Spectral Analysis of AE Signals................................................... 21 1.5 Application of Wavelet Transform for Analysis of AE signals........................................................................................... 31 References............................................................................................................................... 43 2 Mathematical Models for Displacement Fields Caused by the Crack in an Elastic Half-Space............................................................................ 61 2.1 Basic Relations of Three-Dimensional Dynamic Problems of the Theory of Elasticity for Bodies with Cracks........................................... 62 2.2 Modeling of Wave Displacements Field on the Half-Space Surface due to Displacement of the Internal Crack Faces............................... 68 References............................................................................................................................ 102 3 Energy Criterion for Identification of the Types of Material Macrofracture............................................................................................. 105 3.1 Methods for Identifying the Types of Macrofracture................................... 105 3.2 Construction of the Energy Criterion.............................................................. 108 3.3 Continuous Wavelet Transform of the AE Signals Emitted under Fracture of Aluminum and its Alloy...................................................... 123 3.4 Specific Features of the Acoustic Emission Signals During Fracture of Aluminum Alloy Welded Joints under Quasi-Static Loading............................................................................................ 130 3.5 AE-identification of the Types of Fracture during Low-Temperature Creep Crack Growth........................................................... 135 3.6 Application of the Wavelet Transform to Study the Features of Non-Metallic Materials Fracture................................................... 140 References............................................................................................................................ 144 vii 4 Evaluation of the Types and Mechanisms of Fracture of Composite Materials According to Energy Criteria...................................... 151 4.1 Specific Features of Macrofracture of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites............................................................................ 152 4.2 AE-diagnostics of Fracture of the Aramid Fiber Reinforced Composites............................................................................ 159 References............................................................................................................................ 179 5 Ranking of Dental Materials and Orthopedic Constructions by their Tendency to Fracture.................................................................................. 185 5.1 State-of-the Art of Researches on Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials............................................................................................. 186 5.2 Determination of the Characteristics of Materials for Temporary Fixed Constructions of Dentures...................................................................... 187 5.3 Evaluation of the Types of Dental Polymer Fracture by the Energy Criterion........................................................................................... 199 5.4 Peculiarities of Some Tooth-Endocrown Systems Fracture under Quasi-Static Loading............................................... 205 References............................................................................................................................ 220 6 Rating of Hydrogen Damaging of Steels by Wavelet Transform of Magnetoelastic Acoustic Emission Signals................................. 227 6.1 Some Aspects of Operation the Technical Systems in Hydrogenous Medium................................................................................... 228 6.2 Method for Estimating the Hydrogen Damage of Structural Materials by Wavelet Transform of MAE Signals........................................ 232 6.3 Approbation of the Research Technigue on Specimens of Long-Term Operated Pipe Steels..................................................................... 244 References............................................................................................................................ 255

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntroduction: Periodic pulse train and resonance.- Mirror image theory and one-dimensional systems.- Wave equation for spherical waves in coherent sound fields.- Coherent field in rooms: zeros by multiple reflection.- Random sound fields in rooms.- Poles and zeros of power response and driving point impedance of a source in Source signature analysis by modulation envelopes.- Zeros and room transfer functions for incoherent field.-Statistical phase analysis in rooms.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAcoustic Technologies in Biology and Medicine Complete, balanced resource encompassing all required technical, theoretical, and applied multidisciplinary knowledge related to acoustics Taking a multidisciplinary approach involving fluid mechanics, physics, chemistry, electronics, and the life sciences to provide a unified and competent overview of the field, Acoustic Technologies in Biology and Medicine covers the fundamental principles of acoustic wave generation and propagation, different acoustic systems and technologies with the interplay of physical forces, theoretical foundations, and the state-of-the-art biomedical applications of acoustics. State-of-the-art applications of acoustics in biology and medicine are presented, including single cell and organism manipulation, acoustic biosensing, cancer cell isolation (liquid biopsy), cell/tissue stimulation and ablation, micro-robot actuation, acoustic imaging, and drug delivery. Contributed to and edited by highly qualified professionals with significant experience in the field, Acoustic Technologies in Biology and Medicine covers sample topics such as: Materials for acoustic wave generation and modulation, ultrasound imaging, and photoacoustic imaging and sensing for biomedical applications Therapeutic ultrasound, application of ultrasound responsive reagents for drug delivery systems, and acoustic levitation and acoustic holograms Application of ultrasonic waves in bioparticle manipulation and separation, acoustic biosensors, and acoustic micro and nanorobots in medicine Different technologies of acoustic systems, including bulk and surface acoustic wave-based platforms, acoustic imaging, acoustic sensors, and acoustic levitators A cornerstone reference bridging the gap between rapidly advancing acoustic technologies with state-of-the-art applications in biology and medicine, Acoustic Technologies in Biology and Medicine is an essential resource on the subject for biophysicists, materials scientists, biotechnologists, bioengineers, sensor developers, electronics engineers, and all professionals in the greater biotechnological industry.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Fundamentals of Acoustic Wave Generation and Propagation 1 Mehmet A. Sahin, Mushtaq Ali, Jinsoo Park, and Ghulam Destgeer 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Acoustic or Sound Waves 1 1.1.2 Dominos Effect 1 1.1.3 Elastic vs Inelastic Waves 2 1.1.4 Scope of Acoustics 4 1.2 Brief History of Acoustic Waves 4 1.2.1 Early History 4 1.2.2 History of Acoustic Streaming 4 1.2.3 History of Acoustic Radiation Force 5 1.3 What Is an Acoustic Wave? 6 1.3.1 Acoustic Parameters 6 1.3.2 Displacement, Velocity, and Pressure Fields 6 1.3.3 Wave Propagation 7 1.3.4 Wave Dissipation 7 1.3.5 Wave Dispersion 8 1.4 Modes of Acoustic Waves 8 1.4.1 Categorization Based on Frequency Range 9 1.4.2 Categorization Based on Propagation Mode 9 1.4.2.1 Longitudinal Waves 9 1.4.2.2 Shear Waves 10 1.4.2.3 Rayleigh Waves 11 1.4.2.4 Love Waves 12 1.4.2.5 Lamb Waves 12 1.4.3 Categorization Based on Wave Configuration 12 1.4.3.1 Traveling Waves 12 1.4.3.2 Standing Waves 13 1.5 Acoustic Wave Propagation and Interaction 13 1.5.1 Transmission and Reflection of Acoustic Waves 13 1.5.2 Acoustic Scattering 14 1.5.3 Acoustic Radiation 16 1.6 Acoustic Wave Attenuation 18 1.6.1 Viscoelastic Attenuation 18 1.6.2 Acousto-Thermal Heating 19 1.6.3 Acoustic Streaming Flow 19 1.6.3.1 Eckart Streaming 20 1.6.3.2 Rayleigh Streaming 20 1.6.3.3 Bubble-Driven Microstreaming 21 1.6.3.4 Applications of Acoustic Streaming Flow 21 1.7 Generation and Propagation of Acoustic Waves 22 1.7.1 Acoustic Waves Generation in Nature 22 1.7.2 Generation of Acoustic Waves in Lab 22 1.7.2.1 Lower-Frequency Acoustic Waves 22 1.7.2.2 Piezoelectricity and High-Frequency Wave Generation 23 1.8 Acoustic Waves Effects in Fluidic Media 24 1.8.1 Vibrating Membranes and Sharp-Edge Structures 25 1.8.2 Oscillating Bubbles 25 1.8.2.1 Cavitation 26 1.8.3 Optoacoustic Imaging 27 1.8.4 Manifestations of Acoustic Radiation Force and Acoustic Streaming Flow 28 List of Abbreviations and Symbols 28 References 29 2 Basic Theories and Physics of Acoustic Technologies 37 Khemraj G. Kshetri and Nitesh Nama 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Acoustic Waves in Solids 38 2.2.1 Governing Equation 39 2.2.2 Acoustic Waves in Non-piezoelectric Solids 39 2.2.3 Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Solids 40 2.3 Acoustic Waves in Fluids 40 2.3.1 Governing Equations 40 2.3.2 Acoustic Streaming 41 2.3.2.1 Modeling Approach for Slow Streaming 44 2.3.2.2 Modeling Approach for Fast Streaming 45 2.3.3 Distinction Between Lagrangian and Eulerian Fluid Velocity and Stokes’ Drift 46 2.3.4 Acoustic Streaming Near Solid Particles 47 2.3.5 Acoustic Streaming Near Fluid–Fluid Interfaces 47 2.4 Forces in Acoustofluidic Systems 49 2.4.1 Primary Acoustic Radiation Force 49 2.4.2 Secondary Acoustic Radiation Force 52 2.4.2.1 Forces Between Two Rigid Spheres 53 2.4.2.2 Forces Between Two Bubbles 53 2.4.2.3 Forces Between a Solid Particle and a Bubble 54 2.4.2.4 Forces Between a Liquid Drop and a Bubble 55 2.4.3 Hydrodynamic Drag Force 55 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 57 References 58 3 Materials for Acoustic Wave Generation and Modulation 67 Noé Jiménez 3.1 Introduction 67 3.1.1 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound 67 3.1.2 Technologies for Ultrasound Transducers 68 3.2 Piezoelectricity 68 3.2.1 Model Equations 68 3.2.1.1 Stress-Charge Formulation 69 3.2.1.2 Strain-Charge Formulation 70 3.2.1.3 Stress-Field Formulation 70 3.2.1.4 Strain-Field Formulation 70 3.2.2 The Piezoelectric Constants 70 3.2.3 Longitudinal Motion in a Piezoelectric Material 71 3.2.3.1 A Simple Piezoelectric Model 71 3.2.3.2 Waves in the Piezoelectric Material 72 3.3 Piezoelectric Materials 73 3.3.1 Piezoelectric Crystals 73 3.3.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics 74 3.3.3 Piezoelectric Polymers 74 3.3.4 Piezoelectric Composites 74 3.4 Ultrasound Transducers 75 3.4.1 Elements of a Transducer 75 3.4.2 The Piezoelectric Slab 75 3.4.3 Matching Layers 76 3.4.3.1 Classical Matching Layer Design 76 3.4.3.2 Multiple Matching Layer Design 77 3.4.3.3 Broadband Matching Layer Design 77 3.4.4 Backing Layer 77 3.4.5 Electrical Impedance Matching Network 78 3.5 Ultrasound Beams 78 3.5.1 Circular Aperture Transducers 78 3.5.2 Focused Transducers 80 3.5.3 Phased-Array Transducers 83 3.6 Acoustic Lenses 83 3.6.1 Refraction by Bulky Lenses 84 3.6.1.1 Spherical Lenses 84 3.6.1.2 Ellipsoidal Lenses 85 3.6.1.3 Axicon Lenses 85 3.6.1.4 Frensel and Fraxicon Lenses 86 3.6.1.5 Lenses for Vortex Generation 86 3.6.2 Diffraction by Gratings 87 3.6.2.1 Cartesian Diffraction Grating 87 3.6.2.2 Asymmetric Diffraction Grating 87 3.6.2.3 Fresnel Zone Plates 88 3.6.2.4 Archimedean Spiral Gratings 89 3.6.2.5 Fresnel-Spiral Zone Plate 90 3.6.3 Reflection by Curved Surfaces 90 3.6.3.1 Parabolic Reflectors 91 3.6.3.2 Ellipsoidal Reflectors 91 3.6.4 Holograms 91 3.6.4.1 Field Projections 91 3.6.4.2 Synthesis of Acoustic Images 93 3.6.4.3 Biomedical Applications of Holograms 94 References 95 4 Ultrasound and Ultrasonic Imaging in Medicine: Recent Advances 99 Tuğba Ö. Onur 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Ultrasound Waves 99 4.2.1 Types of Ultrasonic Waves 100 4.2.2 Behavior of Ultrasound Waves at Interfaces 100 4.2.3 Ultrasound Power and Intensity 101 4.2.4 Ultrasound Applications 102 4.3 Ultrasonic Imaging 103 4.3.1 Ultrasonic Imaging System 106 4.3.1.1 Transducer 106 4.3.1.2 Probes 107 4.3.1.3 Central Processing Unit 109 4.3.1.4 Output Display 109 4.3.2 Focus 109 4.3.3 Resolution 109 4.3.4 Beamforming 110 4.4 Sound-Tissue Interactions in Ultrasonography 110 4.4.1 Reflection 110 4.4.2 Refraction 111 4.4.3 Absorption 112 4.4.4 Attenuation 112 4.4.4.1 Attenuation by Reflection, Refraction, and Deflection 112 4.4.4.2 Attenuation by Scattering 113 4.4.4.3 Attenuation by Absorption 113 4.4.4.4 Time Gain Reduction (TGR) and Depth Gain Reduction (DGR) 114 4.5 Ultrasonic Imaging Methods 114 4.5.1 Real-Time Imaging 114 4.5.1.1 A-Mode 115 4.5.1.2 M-Mode 116 4.5.1.3 B-Mode 117 4.5.2 Doppler Ultrasonography 118 4.5.2.1 Continuous Wave Doppler 119 4.5.2.2 Duplex Doppler 119 4.5.2.3 Color Doppler 119 4.5.3 Real-Time Artifacts in Imaging 119 4.5.4 Factors Affecting Image Quality 120 4.6 Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) 121 4.6.1 The Occurrence of Harmonic Signals 121 4.6.2 The Separation of Harmonic Signals from the Main Signal 122 4.6.3 The Advantages of Harmonic Signals 122 4.7 Recent Advances in Ultrasound Imaging for Medicine 122 References 123 5 Photoacoustic Imaging and Sensing for Biomedical Applications 127 Amalina B. E. Attia, Ruochong Zhang, Mohesh Moothanchery, and Malini Olivo 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Photoacoustic Imaging Applications 130 5.2.1 PAI of Breast Cancer 130 5.2.1.1 In Vivo Imaging 130 5.2.1.2 Ex Vivo Imaging 132 5.2.2 PAI for Skin Imaging 133 5.2.2.1 PAI of Skin Cancer 135 5.2.2.2 PAI of Inflammatory Skin Diseases 137 5.2.2.3 PAI of Wounds 137 5.3 Photoacoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications 139 5.3.1 Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring in Deep Tissue 139 5.3.2 Noninvasive Glucose Sensing 142 References 148 6 Therapeutic Ultrasound 159 Bar Glickstein, Hila Shinar, and Tali Ilovitsh 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Ultrasound-Induced Bioeffects 160 6.2.1 Introduction 160 6.2.2 Thermal Effects 160 6.2.3 Mechanical Effects 161 6.2.3.1 Cavitation 161 6.2.4 Contrast-Enhanced Effects 161 6.2.4.1 Microbubbles 161 6.2.4.2 Nanobubbles 162 6.2.4.3 Nanodroplets 162 6.2.5 Safety and Regulations 163 6.3 Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications 164 6.3.1 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound 164 6.3.2 Histotripsy 166 6.3.3 Shock Wave Lithotripsy 169 6.3.4 Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy 170 6.3.5 Blood–Brain Barrier Opening 171 6.3.6 Low-Intensity Ultrasound for Neuromodulation 172 6.3.7 Bone Healing 172 6.3.8 Sonothrombolysis 172 6.3.9 Other Applications 173 6.4 Conclusions 173 References 174 7 Application of Ultrasound-Responsive Reagents for Drug Delivery Systems 181 Hiroshi Kida and Katsuro Tachibana 7.1 Historical Background of Research on Bubble Reagents for Medicine 181 7.2 Use of Bubble Reagents as Drug Delivery Systems 182 7.2.1 Acoustic Cavitation 182 7.2.2 Importance of Inertial and Non-inertial Cavitation in Improving Drug Permeability 184 7.2.3 Targeting and Focusing Using Acoustic Means 186 7.3 Variation of Ultrasound-Responsive Reagents for DDS 186 7.3.1 Shell Composition 186 7.3.2 Improved Stability by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Modification 187 7.3.3 Modification with Targeting Ligands 188 7.3.4 Drug and Gene Loading 188 7.3.5 Extended Adaptation of Ultrasound-Responsive Reagents 190 7.4 Research on Treatment of Diseases Using Ultrasonic Drug Delivery 192 7.4.1 Cancer 192 7.4.2 Central Nervous System Diseases 195 7.5 Conclusion 197 References 198 8 Acoustic Levitation and Acoustic Holograms 217 Tatsuki Fushimi and Yoichi Ochiai 8.1 Introduction 217 8.1.1 History of Acoustic Levitation 217 8.1.1.1 Classical Acoustic Levitator 218 8.1.1.2 Phased Array Levitator (PAL) 221 8.2 Acoustic Holograms 224 8.3 Numerical Simulation of Acoustic Levitator 227 8.3.1 Pressure Field Calculation 227 8.3.1.1 Huygens’ Approach 227 8.3.1.2 Spherical Harmonics Expansion 228 8.3.1.3 Angular Spectrum Method 229 8.3.2 Acoustic Radiation Force 230 8.3.2.1 Gor’kov 230 8.3.2.2 Spherical Harmonic Approach 231 8.4 Acoustic Hologram Optimization 231 8.4.1 Optimization Example with Diff-PAT 233 8.5 Applications in Biology and Medicine 234 8.5.1 Specimen Holding 234 8.5.2 Experiment Automation 234 8.5.3 3D Display 235 8.6 Conclusion and Future Remarks 236 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 9 Application of Ultrasonic Waves in Bioparticle Manipulation and Separation 243 M. Bülent Özer and Barbaros Çetin 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Bioparticle Manipulation 244 9.2.1 Hydrodynamic Bioparticle Manipulation 244 9.2.2 Immunological (Antigen–Antibody Reaction) Bioparticle Manipulation 245 9.2.3 Electrokinetic Bioparticle Manipulation 245 9.2.4 Magnetophoretic Bioparticle Manipulation 245 9.2.5 Acoustophoretic Bioparticle Manipulation 246 9.2.6 Unification of Field Manipulation Methods 246 9.2.7 Comparison of Bioparticle Manipulation Methods 248 9.3 General Architecture of Acoustofluidic Devices 249 9.3.1 BAW Device Architecture 249 9.3.1.1 Piezoelectric Actuator 249 9.3.1.2 Chip Material 250 9.3.1.3 Lid Material 251 9.3.1.4 Device Assembly and Critical Dimensions 251 9.3.2 SAW Device Architecture 252 9.3.2.1 Piezoelectric Actuator 252 9.3.2.2 Interdigital Electrodes (IDT) 253 9.3.2.3 Microfluidic Chamber 254 9.3.2.4 Device Assembly and Critical Dimensions 254 9.3.3 Comparison of BAW and SAW Devices 254 9.4 Governing Equations in Acoustic Bioparticle Manipulation 255 9.4.1 First-Order Acoustic Field Variables 255 9.4.2 Second-Order Acoustic Field Variables 257 9.4.3 Acoustic Radiation Force on a Particle 258 9.4.4 Acoustic Radiation Force on a Particle Considering the Effect of Chip Material 260 9.5 Simulation of Acoustophoretic Bio-Particle Manipulation 264 9.5.1 Simulation of Piezoelectric Actuators 264 9.5.2 Numerical Simulations of the Elastic Material Surrounding the Channel 265 9.5.3 Simulation of Fluid Flow 266 9.5.4 Simulation of Particle Motion 267 9.6 Acoustofluidic Devices in Biological and Medical Applications 269 9.6.1 Applications Regarding Lipid Particles 269 9.6.2 Applications Regarding Cell Wash 278 9.6.3 Applications Regarding Separation of Blood Components 279 9.6.3.1 Plasma Separation 279 9.6.3.2 Platelet Separation 279 9.6.3.3 Separation of WBCs 280 9.6.4 Applications Regarding Cancer Cells 281 9.6.5 Applications Regarding Miscellaneous Cells 282 9.6.6 Application Regarding Bacteria 284 9.6.7 Applications Regarding Nanoscale (Bio)Particles 287 9.6.8 Miscellaneous Applications 289 9.7 Commercial and Regulatory Considerations for Acoustofluidic Devices 290 9.7.1 Cost 291 9.7.2 High Volume Manufacturing 292 9.7.3 Sterilization 292 9.7.4 Biocompatibility 294 9.7.5 Storage and Transportation Requirements 294 9.8 Summary and Outlook 294 References 296 10 Acoustic Biosensors 305 Alper Şi¸sman, Paddy French, Ay¸se Ogan, Erdal Korkmaz, Abbas A. Husseini, Ali M. Yazdani, and Johan Meyer 10.1 Introduction 305 10.1.1 Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) Mode 305 10.1.2 Surface Guided Acoustic Wave (SGAW) Modes 307 10.2 Biochemical Fundamentals of Sensing 310 10.2.1 Immobilization Strategies of Detection Element 311 10.2.1.1 Noncovalent Immobilization 311 10.2.1.2 Covalent Immobilization 312 10.2.1.3 Bioaffinity Bindings 313 10.3 Bulk Acoustic Wave Biosensors 314 10.3.1 Quartz Microbalance (QMB) Crystal Biosensors 315 10.3.2 Film Bulk Acoustic Wave (FBAR) Biosensors 316 10.4 Surface Transverse Wave Biosensors 317 10.4.1 SH-Wave and Love Wave Biosensors 317 10.4.2 Lamb Waves Biosensors 321 10.4.3 Rayleigh Wave Biosensors 324 10.4.4 Crystal Cuts and Axis Orientation 325 10.5 Commercial Biosensors and Trends 327 10.6 Conclusion 331 References 332 11 Acoustic Micro/Nanorobots in Medicine 343 Murat Kaynak, Amit Dolev, and Mahmut S. Sakar 11.1 Introduction 343 11.2 Theoretical Background 345 11.2.1 Introduction to Acoustics 345 11.2.2 Time-Averaged Acoustically Induced Forces 348 11.2.2.1 Primary Radiation Forces 348 11.2.2.2 Secondary Radiation Forces 351 11.2.2.3 Drag and Thrust-Induced Acoustic Streaming 354 11.3 Acoustic Micromanipulation Techniques 355 11.3.1 Introduction to Acoustic Tweezers 356 11.3.2 Acoustic Micromanipulation Using Bulk Acoustic Waves 357 11.4 Micro/Nanorobotic Devices Actuated by Acoustic Fields 361 11.4.1 Mobile Acoustic Micromachines 361 11.4.2 Soft Robotic Microsystems 363 11.5 In Vivo Actuation of Micro/Nanorobotic Devices 365 11.6 Discussion and Outlook 367 Acknowledgment 368 References 368 Index 375

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Wellenbewegung.- Wasserwellen.- Wellengeschwindigkeit.- Wellenlänge.- Frequenz.- Eine kurze Ergänzung.- Longitudinal-(Druck-) Wellen.- Transversalwellen.- Polarisation des Lichts.- 2. Die Eigenschaften von Schall- und Lichtwellen.- Darstellung von Wasserwellen.- Sichtbarmachung der Schallwellen und der elektromagnetischen Wellen.- 3. Wellenausbreitung.- Beugung.- Brechung.- Prismen.- Wellenbündelung.- Linsen.- 4. Wellenabstrahlung.- Hornstrahler.- Linsen.- Parabolspiegel.- Strahleranordnungen.- Längsstrahler.- 5. Hohlleitungen.- Rechteckhohlleitungen.- Wellengeschwindigkeit.- Rundhohlleitungen.- Radar.- Dielektrische Hohlleitungen.- Akustische Wellenleitungen.- Natürliche Wellenleitungen.- 6. Wellenbilder.- Der optische Schlitz.- Die Rechtecköffnung.- Antennengewinn.- Verjüngte Flächenbelegung.- Nahfeld-Bilder.- Divergierende Wellenbilder.- Richtdiagramme von inkohärenten und kohärenten Lichtquellen.- 7. Linsen.- Hohlleitungslinsen.- Künstliche Dielektrika.- Verzögerungslinsen.- Akustische Linsen.- Stäbe aus künstlichen Dielektrika.- Simultanversuche mit Schall- und Mikrowellen.- Nachwort.- Literaturhinweise.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Kapitel Die Schalleigenschaften.- 2. Kapitel Schallwellen — sichtbar gemacht.- 3. Kapitel Verschiedene Wellenbilder.- 4. Kapitel Schallstruktur — sichtbar gemacht.- 5. Kapitel Schallbilder von Sprachlauten.- 6. Kapitel Schallbilder von Musik.- 7. Kapitel Verschiedene Schallbilder.

Read more less