WAP (wireless) technology Books

Book SynopsisDescribing efficient transmission schemes for broadband wireless systems, Transmission Techniques for Emergent Multicast and Broadcast Systems examines advances in transmission techniques and receiver designs capable of supporting the emergent wireless needs for multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS) requirements. It summarizes the research and development taking place in wireless communications for multimedia MBMS and addresses the means to improved spectral efficiency to allow for increased user bit rate, as well as increased capacity of the digital cellular radio network.The text highlights essential requirements for new services, providing a clear understanding of the corresponding fundamentals and theory needed to fulfill such requirements. Although the schemes and transmission and detection techniques presented are applicable to a wide range of digital communication systems, including wireless, cellular, and satellite, the text maintTable of ContentsIntroduction. Transmission Techniques for Broadband Systems. Channel Estimation. Hierarchical Constellations. Multi-Antenna Systems. Multiresolution Techniques for MBMS. Appendix: WCDMA Channel Model. Channel Characterization. Channel Model Construction. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe field of electromagnetics has seen considerable advances in recent years, based on the wide applications of numerical methods for investigating electromagnetic fields, microwaves, and other devices. Wide-Band Slow-Wave Systems: Simulation and Applications presents new technical solutions and research results for the analysis, synthesis, and design of slow-wave structures for modern electronic devices with super-wide pass-bands. It makes available, for the first time in English, significant research from the past 20 years that was previously published only in Russian and Lithuanian. The authors examine electrodynamics, multiconductor lines, and numerical methods for the modeling, simulation, analysis, and design of various super-wide-band slow-wave structures, including helical, meander, and gutter-type systems. The book features: The electrodynamic method for analysis of helical structures containing periodical inhomogeneities ThTrade Review"... valuable information for scientists, engineers and students related to investigation, design and applications of the wide-band slow-wave structures ... based on the valuable experience of known experts in the field of the wide-band electrodynamic systems"—Jonas Stankunas, Director of Antanas Gustaitis' Aviation Institute of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Table of ContentsIntroduction. Analysis of Nonhomogeneous Helical Systems Using Electrodynamical Methods. Multiconductor Line Method. Calculation of Characteristic Impedances of Multiconductor Lines. Models and Properties of Slow-Wave Systems. Investigation of Slow-Wave Systems Applying Versatile Electromagnetic Simulation and Design Tools. Investigation of Slow-Wave Structures Using Synergy of Various Methods. Application of Slow-Wave Structures for Deflection of Electron Beams. Application of Slow-Wave Systems for Delay. Computer-Aided Design of Electrodynamical Delay Lines. Index.

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Book SynopsisWindow functionsotherwise known as weighting functions, tapering functions, or apodization functionsare mathematical functions that are zero-valued outside the chosen interval. They are well established as a vital part of digital signal processing. Window Functions and their Applications in Signal Processing presents an exhaustive and detailed account of window functions and their applications in signal processing, focusing on the areas of digital spectral analysis, design of FIR filters, pulse compression radar, and speech signal processing.Comprehensively reviewing previous research and recent developments, this book: Provides suggestions on how to choose a window function for particular applications Discusses Fourier analysis techniques and pitfalls in the computation of the DFT Introduces window functions in the continuous-time and discrete-time domains Considers two implementation strategies of window functions in the time- anTrade Review"I think this book gives an excellent overview of window functions and their applications in a variety of DSP applications. It describes a huge amount of different windows and it describes the properties of these windows. It also describes the use of windows in a large number of applications. It helps the reader by choosing a proper window for a particular application. As far as I know it is the first general book about this important subject."—Ad van den Enden, DSP Consultancy "An excellent text that covers all aspect of window functions. A must for anyone with interest in utilising windows for signal processing."—Palaniappan Ramaswamy, University of Wolverhampton "A book dedicated to window functions was indeed missing. Congratulations on filling the void."—Professor Nadav Levanon, Department of Electrical Engineering Systems, Tel Aviv University, Israel "I think this book gives an excellent overview of window functions and their applications in a variety of DSP applications. It describes a huge amount of different windows and it describes the properties of these windows. It also describes the use of windows in a large number of applications. It helps the reader by choosing a proper window for a particular application. As far as I know it is the first general book about this important subject."—Ad van den Enden, DSP Consultancy"An excellent text that covers all aspect of window functions. A must for anyone with interest in utilising windows for signal processing."—Palaniappan Ramaswamy, University of Wolverhampton "A book dedicated to window functions was indeed missing. Congratulations on filling the void."—Professor Nadav Levanon, Department of Electrical Engineering Systems, Tel Aviv University, Israel Table of ContentsFourier Analysis Techniques for Signal Processing. Pitfalls in the Computation of DFT. Review of Window Functions. Performance Comparison of Data Windows. Discrete-Time Windows and Their Figures of Merit. Time-and Frequency-Domain Implementations of Windows. FIR Filter Design Using Windows. Application of Windows in Spectral Analysis. Applications of Windows. Index.

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Book SynopsisOpportunistic networking, by definition, allows devices to communicate whenever a window of opportunity is available. Many emerging technologies employ opportunistic exchanges of information. This book addresses this trend in communications engineering, taking into account three specific areasvehicular, device-to-device (D2D), and cognitive radiowhile describing the opportunistic communication methods of each. From smart homes to smart cities, smart agriculture to never-die-networks and beyond, the text explores the state of the art of opportunistic networking, providing the latest research, developments, and practices in one concise source.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Opportunistic Networking and Applications. Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Rapidly Deployable Emergency Communications. Opportunistic Vehicular Communications. Routing Protocols in Opportunistic Networks. Smart Environments: Exploiting Passive RFID Technology for Indoor Localization. Smart Homes: Practical Guidelines. Smart Agriculture based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Cognitive Radio Networks. Never Die Network: A Perspective of Opportunistic Networks.

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Book SynopsisWith nearly 7 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide, mobility and computing have become pervasive in our society and business. Moreover, new mobile multimedia communication services are challenging telecommunication operators. To support the significant increase in multimedia trafficespecially videoover wireless networks, new technological infrastructure must be created. Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies for future wireless communications. This book explains how to efficiently deliver video, audio, and other data over CRNs.Covering advanced algorithms, protocols, and hardware-/software-based experiments, this book describes how to encode video in a prioritized way to send to dynamic radio links. It discusses different FEC codes for video reliability and explains how different machine learning algorithms can be used for video quality control. It also explains how to use readily available software tools to buildTable of ContentsNetwork Architecture to Support Multimedia over CRN. Advanced Network Protocols for Multiimedia over CRN. Artificial Intelligence for Multimedia over CRN. Other Important Designs.

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Book SynopsisVisual information is one of the richest and most bandwidth-consuming modes of communication. To meet the requirements of emerging applications, powerful data compression and transmission techniques are required to achieve highly efficient communication, even in the presence of growing communication channels that offer increased bandwidth.Presenting the results of the author's years of research on visual data compression and transmission, Advances in Visual Data Compression and Communication: Meeting the Requirements of New Applications provides a theoretical and technical basis for advanced research on visual data compression and communication.The book studies the drifting problem in scalable video coding, analyzes the reasons causing the problem, and proposes various solutions to the problem. It explores the author's Barbell-based lifting coding scheme that has been adopted as common software by MPEG. It also proposes a unified framework forTable of ContentsBasis for Compression and Communication. Information Theory. Hybrid Video Coding. Communication. Scalable Video Coding. Progressive Fine Granularity Scalable (PFGS) Coding. Motion Threading for 3D Wavelet Coding. Barbell-Lifting Based 3D Wavelet Coding. Directional Transforms. DirectionalWavelet Transform. Directional DCT Transform. Directional Filtering Transform. VISION-BASED COMPRESSION. Edge-Based Inpainting. Cloud-Based Image Compression. Compression for Cloud Photo Storage. Compressive Communication. Compressive Data Gathering. Compressive Modulation. Joint Source and Channel Coding. DCast: Distributed Video Multicast. Denoising in Communication. MIMO Broadcasting with Receiver Antenna Heterogeneity. Future Work. Computational Information Theory.

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Book SynopsisThe accurate design of earthspace systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the various propagation media and phenomena that differ depending on frequencies and types of applications. The choice of the relevant channel models is crucial in the design process and constitutes a key step in performance evaluation and testing of earthspace systems. The subject of this book is built around the two characteristic cases of satellite systems: fixed satellites and mobile satellite systems.Radio Wave Propagation and Channel Modeling for EarthSpace Systems discusses the state of the art in channel modeling and characterization of next-generation fixed multiple-antennas and mobile satellite systems, as well as propagation phenomena and fade mitigation techniques. The frequencies of interest range from 100 MHz to 100 GHz (from VHF to W band), whereas the use of optical free-space communications is envisaged.Examining recent research advances in space-timeTable of ContentsNext-Generation MIMO Satellite Systems: From Channel Modeling to System Performance Evaluation. Propagation Phenomena and Modeling for Fixed Satellite Systems: Evaluation of Fade Mitigation Techniques. Mobile Satellite Channel Characterization. Land Mobile Satellite Channel Models. Propagation Effects on Satellite Navigation Systems. Tropospheric Attenuation Synthesizers. Review of Space–Time Tropospheric Propagation Models. Impact of Clouds from Ka Band to Optical Frequencies. Aeronautical Communications Channel Characteristics and Modeling: From Legacy toward Future Satellite Systems. Stratospheric Channel Models. Index.

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Book SynopsisEvent-based systems are a class of reactive systems deployed in a wide spectrum of engineering disciplines including control, communication, signal processing, and electronic instrumentation. Activities in event-based systems are triggered in response to events usually representing a significant change of the state of controlled or monitored physical variables. Event-based systems adopt a model of calls for resources only if it is necessary, and therefore, they are characterized by efficient utilization of communication bandwidth, computation capability, and energy budget. Currently, the economical use of constrained technical resources is a critical issue in various application domains because many systems become increasingly networked, wireless, and spatially distributed.Event-Based Control and Signal Processing examines the event-based paradigm in control, communication, and signal processing, with a focus on implementation in networked sensor and control Trade Review"This book is a good example of a publication that is written to help the curious reader learn fundamental and advanced material on the topics of event-based control and signal processing. It contains several views on these subjects, explained in focused chapters that use a clear language and that keep mathematical explanations at a reasonable level of complexity. Overall, [this book provides] a very good starting point for learning event-based control and signal processing."—Paolo Carbone, University of Perugia, Italy"This book is a good example of a publication that is written to help the curious reader learn fundamental and advanced material on the topics of event-based control and signal processing. It contains several views on these subjects, explained in focused chapters that use a clear language and that keep mathematical explanations at a reasonable level of complexity. Overall, [this book provides] a very good starting point for learning event-based control and signal processing."—Paolo Carbone, University of Perugia, ItalyTable of ContentsEvent-Based Control: Introduction and Survey. Event-Driven Control and Optimization in Hybrid Systems. Reducing Communication by Event-Triggered Sampling. Event-Triggered versus Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems: A Comparative Study. Distributed Event-Based State-Feedback Control. Periodic Event-Triggered Control. Decentralized Event-Triggered Controller Implementations. Event-Based Generalized Predictive Control. Model-Based Event-Triggered Control of Networked Systems. Self-Triggered and Team-Triggered Control of Networked Cyber-Physical Systems. Efficiently Attentive Event-Triggered Systems. Event-Based PID Control. Time-Periodic State Estimation with Event-Based Measurement Updates. Intermittent Control in Man and Machine. Event-Based Data Acquisition and Digital Signal Processing in Continuous Time. Event-Based Data Acquisition and Reconstruction—Mathematical Background. Spectral Analysis of Continuous-Time ADC and DSP. Concepts for Hardware-Efficient Implementation of Continuous-Time Digital Signal Processing. Asynchronous Processing of Nonstationary Signals. Event-Based Statistical Signal Processing. Spike Event Coding Scheme. Digital Filtering with Nonuniformly Sampled Data: From the Algorithm to the Implementation. Reconstruction of Varying Bandwidth Signals from Event-Triggered Samples.

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Book SynopsisDirectional antenna technologies have made significant advancements in the last decade. These advances have opened the door to many exciting new design opportunities for wireless networks to enhance quality of service (QoS), performance, and network capacity. In this book, experts from around the world present the latest research and development in wireless networks with directional antennas. Their contributed chapters provide detailed coverage of the models, algorithms, protocols, and applications of wireless networks with various types of directional antennas operating at different frequency bands.Wireless Network Performance Enhancement via Directional Antennas: Models, Protocols, and Systems identifies several interesting research problems in this important field, providing an opportunity to learn about solid solutions to these issues. It also looks at a number of practical hardware designs for the deployment of next-generation antennas, as well as efficient networTable of ContentsDirectional Antennas. Introduction: Switched/Steered Directional Antennas for Networking. Design and Optimization of Wideband Log-Periodic Dipole Arrays under Requirements for High Gain, High Front-to-Back Ratio, Optimal Gain Flatness, and Low Side Lobe Level: The Application of Invasive Weed Optimization. Directional MAC. Discovery Strategies for a Directional Wake-Up Radio in Mobile Networks. Medium Access Control for Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas. IEEE 802.11ad Wireless Local Area Network and Its MAC Performance. Millimeter Wave. MAC Layer Protocols for Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas. Millimeter-Wave Wireless Networks: A Medium Access Control Perspective. Directional MAC Protocols for 60 GHz Millimeter Wave WLANs. Performance Improvements of mm-Wave Wireless Personal Area Networks Using Beamforming and Beamswitching. Applications of Directional Networking in Military Systems. MIMO. Design and Implementation of Directional Antenna-Based LOS-MIMO System for Gbps Wireless Backhaul. MIMO and Cooperation in Cognitive Radio-Based Wireless Networks: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives. Advanced Topics. Directional Antennas and Beamforming for Cognitive Radio-Based Wireless Networks. Multicast Algorithm Design for Energy-Constrained Multihop Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas. Connectivity of Large-Scale Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas. Bounds on the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Lossy Links and Directional Antennas. Applications. Utilization of Directional Antennas in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Challenges and Design Guidelines. Military Networks Enabled by Directional Antennas. Military Applications of Directional Mesh Networking. Collaborative and Opportunistic Content Dissemination via Directional Antennas. The Evolution of Directional Networking Systems Architecture.

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Book SynopsisNonlinear Digital Filtering with Python: An Introduction discusses important structural filter classes including the median filter and a number of its extensions (e.g., weighted and recursive median filters), and Volterra filters based on polynomial nonlinearities. Adopting both structural and behavioral approaches in characterizing and designing nonlinear digital filters, this book: Begins with an expedient introduction to programming in the free, open-source computing environment of Python Uses results from algebra and the theory of functional equations to construct and characterize behaviorally defined nonlinear filter classes Analyzes the impact of a range of useful interconnection strategies on filter behavior, providing Python implementations of the presented filters and interconnection strategies Proposes practical, bottom-up strategies for designing more complex and capable filters from simpler components in a way that preserves the Trade Review"The authors bring the reader from the consolidated world of linear filters into the variegate universe of nonlinear filters, and show how the main subclasses of digital nonlinear filters can be described on the basis of their structural and/or behavioral characteristics. This approach is complemented by the use of a free, open-source computing environment—Python—for the implementation of the nonlinear digital filters presented in each chapter."—Giovanni L. Sicuranza, University of Trieste, Italy Table of ContentsIntroduction. Python. Linear and Volterra Filters. Median Filters and Some Extensions. Forms of Nonlinear Behavior. Composite Structures: Bottom-Up Design. Recursive Structures and Stability.

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Book SynopsisSession Initiation Protocol (SIP), standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), has emulated the simplicity of the protocol architecture of hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and is being popularized for VoIP over the Internet because of the ease with which it can be meshed with web services. However, it is difficult to know exactly how many requests for comments (RFCs) have been published over the last two decades in regards to SIP or how those RFCs are interrelated.Handbook on Session Initiation Protocol: Networked Multimedia Communications for IP Telephony solves that problem. It is the first book to put together all SIP-related RFCs, with their mandatory and optional texts, in a chronological and systematic way so that it can be used as a single super-SIP RFC with an almost one-to-one integrity from beginning to end, allowing you to see the big picture of SIP for the basic SIP functionalities. It is a book that network designers, software developers,Table of ContentsNetworked Multimedia Services. Basic Session Initiation Protocol. SIP Message Elements. Addressing in SIP. SIP Event Framework and Packages. Presence and Instant Messaging in SIP. Media Transport Protocol and Media Negotiation. DNS and ENUM in SIP. Routing in SIP. User and Network-Asserted Identity in SIP. Early Media in SIP. Service and Served-User Identity in SIP. Connections Management and Overload Control in SIP. Interworking Services in SIP. Resource Priority and Quality of Service in SIP. Call Services in SIP. Media Server Interfaces in SIP. Multiparty Conferencing in SIP. Security Mechanisms in SIP. Privacy and Anonymity in SIP. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisWe are at the dawn of an era in networking that has the potential to define a new phase of human existence. This era will be shaped by the digitization and connection of everything and everyone with the goal of automating much of life, effectively creating time by maximizing the efficiency of everything we do and augmenting our intelligence with knowledge that expedites and optimizes decision-making and everyday routines and processes.The Future X Network: A Bell Labs Perspective outlines how Bell Labs sees this future unfolding and the key technological breakthroughs needed at both the architectural and systems levels. Each chapter of the book is dedicated to a major area of change and the network and systems innovation required to realize the technological revolution that will be the essential product of this new digital future.Table of ContentsThe Future X Network. The Future of the Enterprise. The Future of Security. The Future of Wide Area Networks. The Future of Cloud. The Future of Wireless Access. The Future of Broadband Access. The Future of the Enterprise LAN. The Future of Communications. The Future of Information. The Future of the Internet of Things. The Future of the Home. The Future of Network Operations. The Future of Network Energy.

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Book SynopsisWireless networking covers a variety of topics involving many challenges. The main concern of clustering approaches for mobile wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to prolong the battery life of the individual sensors and the network lifetime. For a successful clustering approach, the need of a powerful mechanism to safely elect a cluster head remains a challenging task in many research works that take into account the mobility of the network. In Mobile, Wireless and Sensor Networks: A Clustering Algorithm for Energy Efficiency and Safety, the authors use an approach based on computing of the weight of each node in the network as the proposed technique to deal with this problem. They present a virtual laboratory platform (VLP) of baptized mercury, allowing students and researchers to make practical work (PW) on different aspects of mobile wireless sensor networks. The authors’ choice of WSNs is motivated mainly by the use of real experiments needed in most college courses on WSNs. These usual experiments, however, require an expensive investment and many nodes in the classroom. The platform presented here aims at showing the feasibility, the flexibility, and the reduced cost using the authors’ approach. The authors demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms that contribute to the familiarization of the learners in the field of WSNs.The book will be a valuable resource for students in networking studies as well as for faculty and researchers in this area. Table of ContentsWireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Clustering Techniques. Security in Wsns. Wsns Routing Protocols. A Distributed and Safe Weighted Clustering Algorithm. Results and Discussion.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an in-depth study on recent advances and research in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Existing WSN applications are described, followed by discussing the ongoing research efforts on some WSNs applications that show the usefulness of sensor networks. Theoretical analysis and factors influencing protocol design are highlighted.Trade Review"It is intended for advanced students but also would be useful for researchers, system and chip designers, and other professionals in related fields." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "The book is written in an accessible, textbook style, and includes problems and solutions to assist learning." (Dark Fiber, 8 February 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Series Editor xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sensor Mote Platforms 2 1.2 WSN Architecture and Protocol Stack 10 References 15 2 WSN Applications 17 2.1 Military Applications 17 2.2 Environmental Applications 21 2.3 Health Applications 26 2.4 Home Applications 29 2.5 Industrial Applications 31 References 33 3 Factors Influencing WSN Design 37 3.1 Hardware Constraints 37 3.2 Fault Tolerance 39 3.3 Scalability 40 3.4 Production Costs 40 3.5 WSN Topology 40 3.6 Transmission Media 41 3.7 Power Consumption 43 References 49 4 Physical Layer 53 4.1 Physical Layer Technologies 53 4.2 Overview of RF Wireless Communication 57 4.3 Channel Coding (Error Control Coding) 59 4.4 Modulation 62 4.5 Wireless Channel Effects 66 4.6 PHY Layer Standards 72 References 75 5 Medium Access Control 77 5.1 Challenges for MAC 77 5.2 CSMA Mechanism 80 5.3 Contention-Based Medium Access 83 5.4 Reservation-Based Medium Access 103 5.5 Hybrid Medium Access 110 References 115 6 Error Control 117 6.1 Classification of Error Control Schemes 117 6.2 Error Control in WSNs 120 6.3 Cross-layer Analysis Model 123 6.4 Comparison of Error Control Schemes 131 References 137 7 Network Layer 139 7.1 Challenges for Routing 139 7.2 Data-centric and Flat-Architecture Protocols 141 7.3 Hierarchical Protocols 148 7.4 Geographical Routing Protocols 152 7.5 QoS-Based Protocols 159 References 163 8 Transport Layer 167 8.1 Challenges for Transport Layer 167 8.2 Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST) Protocol 169 8.3 Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) Protocol 171 8.4 Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA) Protocol 175 8.5 Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) Protocol 177 8.6 GARUDA 180 8.7 Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 Protocol 185 References 189 9 Application Layer 191 9.1 Source Coding (Data Compression) 191 9.2 Query Processing 195 9.3 Network Management 212 References 218 10 Cross-layer Solutions 221 10.1 Interlayer Effects 222 10.2 Cross-layer Interactions 224 10.3 Cross-layer Module 229 References 240 11 Time Synchronization 243 11.1 Challenges for Time Synchronization 243 11.2 Network Time Protocol 245 11.3 Definitions 246 11.4 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) 248 11.5 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) 251 11.6 Adaptive Clock Synchronization (ACS) 253 11.7 Time Diffusion Synchronization Protocol (TDP) 254 11.8 Rate-Based Diffusion Protocol (RDP) 257 11.9 Tiny- and Mini-Sync Protocols 258 11.10 Other Protocols 260 References 262 12 Localization 265 12.1 Challenges in Localization 265 12.2 Ranging Techniques 268 12.3 Range-Based Localization Protocols 272 12.4 Range-Free Localization Protocols 280 References 284 13 Topology Management 287 13.1 Deployment 288 13.2 Power Control 289 13.3 Activity Scheduling 296 13.4 Clustering 308 References 317 14 Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 319 14.1 Characteristics of WSANs 321 14.2 Sensor–Actor Coordination 325 14.3 Actor–Actor Coordination 337 14.4 WSAN Protocol Stack 345 References 348 15 Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 349 15.1 Design Challenges 350 15.2 Network Architecture 353 15.3 Multimedia Sensor Hardware 357 15.4 Physical Layer 365 15.5 MAC Layer 367 15.6 Error Control 371 15.7 Network Layer 374 15.8 Transport Layer 379 15.9 Application Layer 383 15.10 Cross-layer Design 388 15.11 Further Research Issues 392 References 394 16 Wireless Underwater Sensor Networks 399 16.1 Design Challenges 401 16.2 Underwater Sensor Network Components 402 16.3 Communication Architecture 405 16.4 Basics of Underwater Acoustic Propagation 409 16.5 Physical Layer 414 16.6 MAC Layer 416 16.7 Network Layer 426 16.8 Transport Layer 435 16.9 Application Layer 437 16.10 Cross-layer Design 437 References 440 17 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks 443 17.1 Applications 445 17.2 Design Challenges 447 17.3 Network Architecture 450 17.4 Underground Wireless Channel for EM Waves 453 17.5 Underground Wireless Channel for Magnetic Induction 463 17.6 Wireless Communication in Mines and Road/Subway Tunnels 466 17.7 Communication Architecture 474 References 480 18 Grand Challenges 483 18.1 Integration of Sensor Networks and the Internet 483 18.2 Real-Time and Multimedia Communication 484 18.3 Protocol Stack 485 18.4 Synchronization and Localization 485 18.5 WSNs in Challenging Environments 486 18.6 Practical Considerations 488 18.7 Wireless Nano-sensor Networks 488 References 489 Index 491

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Book SynopsisOffers an up-to-date description of modern multifunctional antenna systems and microwave components Compact multifunctional antennas are of great interest in the field of antennas and wireless communication systems, but there are few, if any, books available that fully explore the multifunctional concept. Divided into six chapters, Compact Multifunctional Antennas for Wireless Systems encompasses both the active and passive multifunctional antennas and components for microwave systems. It provides a systematic, valuable reference for antenna/microwave researchers and designers. Beginning with such novel passive components as antenna filters, antenna packaging covers, and balun filters, the book discusses various miniaturization techniques for the multifunctional antenna systems. In addition to amplifying and oscillating antennas, the book also covers design considerations for frequency- and pattern-reconfigurable antennas. The last chapter is dedicated toTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Compact Multifunctional Antennas in Microwave Wireless Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Microwave Components in Wireless Systems 6 1.3 Planar and Nonplanar Antennas in Compact Wireless Systems 7 1.3.1 Performance Parameters 8 1.3.2 Planar Antennas 14 1.3.3 Nonplanar Antennas 16 1.4 Multifunctional Antennas and Microwave Circuits 17 1.4.1 Active Antennas 18 1.4.2 Passive Antennas 19 1.5 Miniaturization Techniques for Multifunctional Antennas 19 1.6 Design Processes and Considerations 20 1.7 Design Tools and Software 22 1.8 Overview of the Book 24 2 Multifunctional Passive Integrated Antennas and Components 29 2.1 Development of Passive Integrated Antennas and Components 29 2.2 Antenna Filters 30 2.2.1 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Filter 31 2.2.2 Other DRAFs 46 2.2.3 Microstrip-Based Antenna Filters 50 2.3 Balun Filters 60 2.3.1 Ring Balun Filter 60 2.3.2 Magnetic-Coupled Balun Filter 64 2.3.3 Rectangular Patch Balun Filter 65 2.4 Antenna Package 67 2.4.1 DRA Packaging Cover 70 2.4.2 Other Antenna Packages 78 2.5 Conclusions 80 3 Reconfigurable Antennas 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Design Considerations and Recent Developments 86 3.3 Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas 88 3.3.1 Frequency-Reconfigurable Slot-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna 91 3.3.2 Frequency-Reconfigurable E-Shaped Patch Antenna 93 3.4 Pattern-Reconfigurable Antennas 98 3.4.1 Pattern-Reconfigurable Fractal Patch Antenna 103 3.4.2 Pattern-Reconfigurable Leaky-Wave Antenna 105 3.5 Multi-Reconfigurable Antennas 109 3.6 Conclusions 112 4 Receiving Amplifying Antennas 117 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Design Criteria and Considerations 118 4.3 Wearable Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 118 4.4 Active Broadband Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 128 4.5 Conclusions 139 5 Oscillating Antennas 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Design Methods for Microwave Oscillators 145 5.2.1 Design Using S Parameters 146 5.2.2 Design Using a Network Model 147 5.2.3 Specifications of Microwave Oscillators 147 5.3 Recent Developments and Issues of Antenna Oscillators 149 5.4 Reflection-Amplifier Antenna Oscillators 152 5.4.1 Rectangular DRAO 152 5.4.2 Hollow DRAO 158 5.4.3 Differential Planar Antenna Oscillator 161 5.5 Coupled-Load Antenna Oscillators 167 5.5.1 Coupled-Load Microstrip Patch Oscillator 167 5.5.2 Patch Antenna Oscillator with Feedback Loop 171 5.6 Conclusions 180 6 Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 185 6.1 Integration of Antennas with Solar Cells 185 6.2 Nonplanar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 188 6.2.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated Hemispherical DRA 189 6.2.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated Rectangular DRA 201 6.3 Planar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 204 6.3.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated U-Shaped SPA 208 6.3.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated V-Shaped SPA 219 6.4 Conclusions 223 References 224 Index 227

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Book SynopsisWireless Connectivity: An Intuitive and Fundamental Guide Wireless connectivity has become an indispensable part, a commodity associated with the way we work and play. The latest developments, the 5G, next-generation Wi-Fi and Internet of Things connectivity, are the key enablers for widespread digitalization of practically all industries and public sector segments. This immense development within the last three decades have been accompanied by a large number of ideas, articles, patents, and even myths. This book introduces the most important ideas and concepts in wireless connectivity and discusses how these are interconnected, whilst the mathematical content is kept minimal. The book does not follow the established, linear structure in which one starts from the propagation and channels and then climbs up the protocol layers. The structure is, rather, nonlinear, in an attempt to follow the intuition used when one creates a new technology to solve a certain problem. The target audience is: Students in electronics, communication, and networkingWireless engineers that are specialized in one area, but want to know how the whole system works, without going through all the details and mathComputer scientists that want to understand the fundamentals of wireless connectivity, the requirements and, most importantly, the limitationsEngineers in energy systems, logistics, transport and other vertical sectors that are increasingly reliant on wireless technologyTable of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 An Easy Introduction to the Shared Wireless Medium 3 1.1 How to Build a Simple Model for Wireless Communication 4 1.1.1 Which Features We Want from the Model 4 1.1.2 Communication Channel with Collisions 4 1.1.3 Trade-offs in the Collision Model 7 1.2 The First Contact 9 1.2.1 Hierarchy Helps to Establish Contact 9 1.2.2 Wireless Rendezvous without Help 11 1.2.3 Rendezvous with Full-Duplex Devices 12 1.3 Multiple Access with Centralized Control 12 1.3.1 A Frame for Time Division 13 1.3.2 Frame Header for Flexible Time Division 14 1.3.3 A Simple Two-Way System that Works Under the Collision Model 15 1.3.4 Still Not a Practical TDMA System 18 1.4 Making TDMA Dynamic 19 1.4.1 Circuit-Switched versus Packet-Switched Operation 19 1.4.2 Dynamic Allocation of Resources to Users 20 1.4.3 Short Control Packets and the Idea of Reservation 22 1.4.4 Half-Duplex versus Full-Duplex in TDMA 24 1.5 Chapter Summary 25 1.6 Further Reading 25 1.7 Problems and Reflections 26 2 Random Access: How to Talk in Crowded Dark Room 29 2.1 Framed ALOHA 30 2.1.1 Randomization that Maximizes the ALOHA Throughput 32 2.2 Probing 35 2.2.1 Combining ALOHA and Probing 39 2.3 Carrier Sensing 39 2.3.1 Randomization and Spectrum Sharing 39 2.3.2 An Idle Slot is Cheap 41 2.3.3 Feedback to the Transmitter 43 2.4 Random Access and Multiple Hops 45 2.4.1 Use of Reservation Packets in Multi-Hop 47 2.4.2 Multiple Hops and Full-Duplex 47 2.5 Chapter Summary 48 2.6 Further Reading 48 2.7 Problems and Reflections 48 3 Access Beyond the Collision Model 53 3.1 Distance Gets into the Model 53 3.1.1 Communication Degrades as the Distance Increases 53 3.1.2 How to Make the Result of a Collision Dependent on the Distance 55 3.2 Simplified Distance Dependence: A Double Disk Model 57 3.3 Downlink Communication with the Double Disk Model 58 3.3.1 A Cautious Example of a Design that Reaches the Limits of the Model 61 3.4 Uplink Communication with the Double Disk Model 62 3.4.1 Uplink that Uses Multi-Packet Reception 64 3.4.2 Buffered Collisions for Future Use 64 3.4.3 Protocols that Use Packet Fractions 66 3.5 Unwrapping the Packets 68 3.6 Chapter Summary 69 3.7 Further Reading 70 3.8 Problems and Reflections 70 4 The Networking Cake: Layering and Slicing 75 4.1 Layering for a One-Way Link 75 4.1.1 Modules and their Interconnection 75 4.1.2 Three Important Concepts in Layering 77 4.1.3 An Example of a Two-Layer System 78 4.2 Layers and Cross-Layer 79 4.3 Reliable and Unreliable Service from a Layer 81 4.4 Black Box Functionality for Different Communication Models 84 4.5 Standard Layering Models 86 4.5.1 Connection versus Connectionless 87 4.5.2 Functionality of the Standard Layers 88 4.5.3 A Very Brief Look at the Network Layer 89 4.6 An Alternative Wireless Layering 91 4.7 Cross-Layer Design for Multiple Hops 92 4.8 Slicing of the Wireless Communication Resources 94 4.8.1 Analog, Digital, Sliced 94 4.8.2 A Primer on Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.1 Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.2 Non-Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 98 4.9 Chapter Summary 100 4.10 Further Reading 100 4.11 Problems and Reflections 100 5 Packets Under the Looking Glass: Symbols and Noise 105 5.1 Compression, Entropy, and Bit 105 5.1.1 Obtaining Digital Messages by Compression 106 5.1.2 A Bit of Information 106 5.2 Baseband Modules of the Communication System 107 5.2.1 Mapping Bits to Baseband Symbols under Simplifying Assumptions 108 5.2.2 Challenging the Simplifying Assumptions about the Baseband 109 5.3 Signal Constellations and Noise 110 5.3.1 Constellation Points and Noise Clouds 110 5.3.2 Constellations with Limited Average Power 113 5.3.3 Beyond the Simple Setup for Symbol Detection 114 5.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 116 5.4 From Bits to Symbols 117 5.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 117 5.4.2 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 118 5.4.3 Constellations of Higher Order 119 5.4.4 Generalized Mapping to Many Symbols 122 5.5 Symbol-Level Interference Models 123 5.5.1 Advanced Treatment of Collisions based on a Baseband Model 124 5.6 Weak and Strong Signals: New Protocol Possibilities 126 5.6.1 Randomization of Power 127 5.6.2 Other Goodies from the Baseband Model 129 5.7 How to Select the Data Rate 130 5.7.1 A Simple Relation between Packet Errors and Distance 130 5.7.2 Adaptive Modulation 132 5.8 Superposition of Baseband Symbols 134 5.8.1 Broadcast and Non-Orthogonal Access 135 5.8.2 Unequal Error Protection (UEP) 137 5.9 Communication with Unknown Channel Coefficients 138 5.10 Chapter Summary 141 5.11 Further Reading 142 5.12 Problems and Reflections 142 6 A Mathematical View on a Communication Channel 147 6.1 A Toy Example: The Pigeon Communication Channel 147 6.1.1 Specification of a Communication Channel 149 6.1.2 Comparison of the Information Carrying Capability of Mathematical Channels 150 6.1.3 Assumptions and Notations 151 6.2 Analog Channels with Gaussian Noise 151 6.2.1 Gaussian Channel 152 6.2.2 Other Analog Channels Based on the Gaussian Channel 152 6.3 The Channel Definition Depends on Who Knows What 154 6.4 Using Analog to Create Digital Communication Channels 158 6.4.1 Creating Digital Channels through Gray Mapping 158 6.4.2 Creating Digital Channels through Superposition 161 6.5 Transmission of Packets over Communication Channels 163 6.5.1 Layering Perspective of the Communication Channels 163 6.5.2 How to Obtain Throughput that is not Zero 164 6.5.3 Asynchronous Packets and Transmission of “Nothing” 167 6.5.4 Packet Transmission over a Ternary Channel 169 6.6 Chapter Summary 171 6.7 Further Reading 171 6.8 Problems and Reflections 172 7 Coding for Reliable Communication 177 7.1 Some Coding Ideas for the Binary Symmetric Channel 177 7.1.1 A Channel Based on Repetition Coding 177 7.1.2 Channel Based on Repetition Coding with Erasures 179 7.1.3 Coding Beyond Repetition 181 7.1.4 An Illustrative Comparison of the BSC Based Channels 182 7.2 Generalization of the Coding Idea 183 7.2.1 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 187 7.3 Linear Block Codes for the Binary Symmetric Channel 188 7.4 Coded Modulation as a Layered Subsystem 192 7.5 Retransmission as a Supplement to Coding 194 7.5.1 Full Packet Retransmission 195 7.5.2 Partial Retransmission and Incremental Redundancy 197 7.6 Chapter Summary 199 7.7 Further Reading 199 7.8 Problems and Reflections 199 8 Information-Theoretic View on Wireless Channel Capacity 203 8.1 It Starts with the Law of Large Numbers 203 8.2 A Useful Digression into Source Coding 204 8.3 Perfectly Reliable Communication and Channel Capacity 207 8.4 Mutual Information and Its Interpretations 209 8.4.1 From a Local to a Global Property 209 8.4.2 Mutual Information in Some Actual Communication Setups 211 8.5 The Gaussian Channel and the Popular Capacity Formula 214 8.5.1 The Concept of Entropy in Analog Channels 214 8.5.2 The Meaning of “Shannon’s Capacity Formula” 215 8.5.3 Simultaneous Usage of Multiple Gaussian Channels 217 8.6 Capacity of Fading Channels 219 8.6.1 Channel State Information Available at the Transmitter 219 8.6.2 Example: Water Filling for Binary Fading 221 8.6.3 Water Filling for Continuously Distributed Fading 222 8.6.4 Fast Fading and Further Remarks on Channel Knowledge 223 8.6.5 Capacity When the Transmitter Does Not Know the Channel 225 8.6.5.1 Channel with Binary Inputs and Binary Fading 225 8.6.5.2 Channels with Gaussian Noise and Fading 229 8.6.6 Channel Estimation and Knowledge 230 8.7 Chapter Summary 232 8.8 Further Reading 233 8.9 Problems and Reflections 233 9 Time and Frequency in Wireless Communications 237 9.1 Reliable Communication Requires Transmission of Discrete Values 237 9.2 Communication Through a Waveform: An Example 239 9.3 Enter the Frequency 242 9.3.1 Infinitely Long Signals and True Frequency 242 9.3.2 Bandwidth and Time-Limited Signals 245 9.3.3 Parallel Communication Channels 247 9.3.4 How Frequency Affects the Notion of Multiple Access 248 9.4 Noise and Interference 250 9.4.1 Signal Power and Gaussian White Noise 250 9.4.2 Interference between Non-Orthogonal Frequencies 252 9.5 Power Spectrum and Fourier Transform 255 9.6 Frequency Channels, Finally 258 9.6.1 Capacity of a Bandlimited Channel 259 9.6.2 Capacity and OFDM Transmission 261 9.6.3 Frequency for Multiple Access and Duplexing 261 9.7 Code Division and Spread Spectrum 263 9.7.1 Sharing Synchronized Resources with Orthogonal Codes 263 9.7.2 Why Go Through the Trouble of Spreading? 265 9.7.3 Mimicking the Noise and Covert Communication 268 9.7.4 Relation to Random Access 269 9.8 Chapter Summary 270 9.9 Further Reading 270 9.10 Problems and Reflections 270 10 Space in Wireless Communications 275 10.1 Communication Range and Coverage Area 276 10.2 The Myth about Frequencies that Propagate Badly in Free Space 278 10.3 The World View of an Antenna 280 10.3.1 Antenna Directivity 280 10.3.2 Directivity Changes the Communication Models 282 10.4 Multipath and Shadowing: Space is Rarely Free 283 10.5 The Final Missing Link in the Layering Model 286 10.6 The Time-Frequency Dynamics of the Radio Channel 288 10.6.1 How a Time-Invariant Channel Distorts the Received Signal 288 10.6.2 Frequency Selectivity, Multiplexing, and Diversity 291 10.6.3 Time-Variant Channel Introduces New Frequencies 292 10.6.4 Combined Time-Frequency Dynamics 295 10.7 Two Ideas to Deal with Multipath Propagation and Delay Spread 296 10.7.1 The Wideband Idea: Spread Spectrum and a RAKE Receiver 297 10.7.2 The Narrowband Idea: OFDM and a Guard Interval 299 10.8 Statistical Modeling of Wireless Channels 300 10.8.1 Fading Models: Rayleigh and Some Others 301 10.8.2 Randomness in the Path Loss 303 10.9 Reciprocity and How to Use It 303 10.10 Chapter Summary 305 10.11 Further Reading 305 10.12 Problems and Reflections 305 11 Using Two, More, or a Massive Number of Antennas 309 11.1 Assumptions about the Channel Model and the Antennas 310 11.2 Receiving or Transmitting with a Two-Antenna Device 311 11.2.1 Receiver with Two Antennas 311 11.2.2 Using Two Antennas at a Knowledgeable Transmitter 313 11.2.3 Transmit Diversity 314 11.3 Introducing MIMO 315 11.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 317 11.4 Multiple Antennas for Spatial Division of Multiple Users 319 11.4.1 Digital Interference-Free Beams: Zero Forcing 320 11.4.2 Other Schemes for Precoding and Digital Beamforming 322 11.5 Beamforming and Spectrum Sharing 325 11.6 What If the Number of Antennas is Scaled Massively? 327 11.6.1 The Base Station Knows the Channels Perfectly 328 11.6.2 The Base Station has to Learn the Channels 329 11.7 Chapter Summary 331 11.8 Further Reading 331 11.9 Problems and Reflections 331 12 Wireless Beyond a Link: Connections and Networks 335 12.1 Wireless Connections with Different Flavors 335 12.1.1 Coarse Classification of the Wireless Connections 335 12.1.2 The Complex, Multidimensional World of Wireless Connectivity 337 12.2 Fundamental Ideas for Providing Wireless Coverage 339 12.2.1 Static or Moving Infrastructure 340 12.2.2 Cells and a Cellular Network 341 12.2.3 Spatial Reuse 343 12.2.4 Cells Come in Different Sizes 345 12.2.5 Two-Way Coverage and Decoupled Access 347 12.3 No Cell is an Island 348 12.3.1 Wired and Wireless Backhaul 348 12.3.2 Wireless One-Way Relaying and the Half-Duplex Loss 349 12.3.3 Wireless Two-Way Relaying: Reclaiming the Half-Duplex Loss 351 12.4 Cooperation and Coordination 355 12.4.1 Artificial Multipath: Treating the BS as Yet Another Antenna 355 12.4.2 Distributing and Networking the MIMO Concept 357 12.4.3 Cooperation Through a Wireless Backhaul 359 12.5 Dissolving the Cells into Clouds and Fog 360 12.5.1 The Unattainable Ideal Coverage 360 12.5.2 The Backhaul Links Must Have a Finite Capacity 362 12.5.3 Noisy Cooperation with a Finite Backhaul 363 12.5.4 Access Through Clouds and Fog 364 12.6 Coping with External Interference and Other Questions about the Radio Spectrum 366 12.6.1 Oblivious Rather Than Selfish 366 12.6.2 License to Control Interference 367 12.6.3 Spectrum Sharing and Caring 369 12.6.4 Duty Cycling, Sensing, and Hopping 371 12.6.5 Beyond the Licensed and Unlicensed and Some Final Words 372 12.7 Chapter Summary 374 12.8 Further Reading 374 12.9 Problems and Reflections 375 Bibliography 377 Index 381

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses 60 GHz technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN from theory to practice, covering key aspects for successful deployment. In this book, the authors focus specifically on 60 GHz wireless technology which has emerged as the most promising candidate for multi-gigabit wireless indoor communication systems.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xvii 1 Introduction to 60GHz 1 Su-Khiong (SK) Yong 1.1 What is 60 GHz? 1 1.2 Comparison with other Unlicensed Systems 2 1.3 Potential Applications 6 1.4 Worldwide Regulation and Frequency Allocation 7 1.4.1 North America 7 1.4.2 Japan 8 1.4.3 Australia 9 1.4.4 Korea 9 1.4.5 Europe 9 1.5 Industry Standardization Effort 10 1.5.1 IEEE 802.15.3c 11 1.5.2 ECMA 387 12 1.5.3 WirelessHD 13 1.5.4 IEEE 802.11.ad 14 1.5.5 Wireless Gigabit Alliance 14 1.6 Summary 14 References 15 2 60GHz Channel Characterizations and Modeling 17 Su-Khiong (SK) Yong 2.1 Introduction to Wireless Channel Modeling 17 2.2 Modeling Approach and Classification of Channel Model 18 2.2.1 Deterministic Modeling 18 2.2.2 Stochastic Modeling 20 2.3 Channel Characterization 21 2.3.1 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 21 2.3.2 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 29 2.3.3 Polarization 40 2.4 Industry Standard Channel Models 43 2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.3c 43 2.4.2 IEEE 802.11ad 47 2.5 Summary 57 References 57 3 Non-Ideal Radio Frequency Front-End Models in 60GHz Systems 63 Chang-Soon Choi, Maxim Piz and Eckhard Grass 3.1 RF Front-End Architecture 64 3.1.1 Super-Heterodyne Architecture 64 3.1.2 Direct-Conversion Architecture 66 3.1.3 Low-IF Architecture 66 3.2 Nonlinear Power Amplifier 67 3.2.1 Tradeoff Between Linearity and Efficiency 67 3.2.2 Nonlinearity Modeling 69 3.2.3 Behavioral Models 71 3.2.4 Output Backoff Versus Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 75 3.2.5 Impact of Nonlinear Power Amplifier 76 3.3 Phase Noise from Oscillators 78 3.3.1 Modeling of Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops 78 3.3.2 Behavioral Modeling for Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops 82 3.4 Other RF Non-Idealities 82 3.4.1 Quantization Noise in Data Converters 82 3.4.2 I/Q Mismatch 86 References 87 4 Antenna Array Beamforming in 60GHz 89 Pengfei Xia 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 60 GHz Channel Characteristics 90 4.2.1 Path Loss and Oxygen Absorption 90 4.2.2 Multipath Fading 91 4.3 Antenna Array Beamforming 93 4.3.1 Training for Adaptive Antenna Arrays 95 4.3.2 Training for Switched Antenna Arrays 107 4.3.3 Channel Access in 60 GHz Wireless Networks 110 4.4 Summary 115 References 115 5 Baseband Modulation 117 Pengfei Xia and André Bourdoux 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 OFDM Baseband Modulation 120 5.2.1 Principles of OFDM 120 5.2.2 OFDM Design Considerations 123 5.3 Case Study: IEEE 802.15.3c Audio Video OFDM 126 5.3.1 Uncompressed Video Communications 126 5.3.2 Equal and Unequal Error Protection 127 5.3.3 Bit Interleaving and Multiplexing 130 5.3.4 AV OFDM Modulation 132 5.4 SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization 135 5.4.1 Introduction 135 5.4.2 Case Study: IEEE 802.15.3c SC PHY 137 5.5 SC Transceiver Design and System Aspects 142 5.5.1 Transmit and Receive Architecture 142 5.5.2 SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization 146 5.6 Digital Baseband Processing 149 5.6.1 Burst Detection and Rough Timing/CFO Acquisition 149 5.6.2 Joint Fine CFO and Channel Estimation Without I/Q Imbalance 155 5.6.3 Joint Estimation of Fine CFO, Channel and I/Q Imbalance 156 5.6.4 Time-Domain Equalization, Despreading and Tracking 161 References 166 6 60GHz Radio Implementation in Silicon 169 Alberto Valdes-Garcia 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Overview of Semiconductor Technologies for 60 GHz Radios 170 6.3 60 GHz Front-End Components 173 6.3.1 60 GHz LNAs in SiGe and CMOS 174 6.3.2 60 GHz PAs in SiGe and CMOS 176 6.3.3 Process Variability in Silicon Millimeter-Wave Designs 179 6.4 Frequency Synthesis and Radio Architectures 180 6.5 Radio–Baseband Interface 182 6.5.1 ADCs and DACs for Wide Bandwidth Signals 182 6.5.2 Modulators, Demodulators and Analog Signal Processors for Gbps Applications 187 References 189 7 Hardware Implementation for Single Carrier Systems 193 Yasunao Katayama 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Advantages and Challenges of SC Systems 194 7.3 System Design with Non-Coherent Detection 196 7.4 System Design with Differentially Coherent Detection 201 7.5 Test and Evaluation 203 7.6 Advanced SC System with Per-Packet Coherent Detection 205 7.7 Conclusion 209 References 209 8 Gbps OFDM Baseband Design and Implementation for 60GHz Wireless LAN Applications 211 Chang-Soon Choi, Maxim Piz, Marcus Ehrig and Eckhard Grass 8.1 OFDM Physical Layer Implemented on FPGA 212 8.1.1 Designed OFDM Physical Layer 212 8.1.2 Performance Evaluation in the Presence of Clock Deviation and Phase Noise 214 8.2 OFDM Baseband Receiver Architecture 214 8.2.1 Receiver Front-End 217 8.2.2 Receiver Back-End 222 8.3 OFDM Baseband Transmitter Architecture 225 8.4 60 GHz Link Demonstration 226 8.4.1 60 GHz OFDM Demonstrator Architecture 226 8.4.2 Wireless Link Demonstration with 60 GHz Radio 227 8.5 Next-Generation OFDM Demonstrators for 60 GHz Wireless LAN Applications 229 8.5.1 Channel Plan and RF Transceiver 230 8.5.2 Next-Generation Multi-Gbps OFDM Physical Layers 231 8.5.3 Performance Evaluation with 60 GHz NLOS Channel and 60 GHz Phase Noise Models 232 References 236 9 Medium Access Control Design 239 Harkirat Singh 9.1 Design Issues in the Use of Directional Antennas 240 9.2 IEEE 802.15.3c MAC for 60 GHz 244 9.2.1 Neighbor Discovery 244 9.2.2 Aggregation and Block-ACK 245 9.3 Design Considerations for Supporting Uncompressed Video 252 9.3.1 Pixel Partitioning 254 9.3.2 Uncompressed Video ARQ 255 9.3.3 Unequal Error Protection 256 9.3.4 Error Concealment 257 9.4 Performance Study 258 9.4.1 Effect of UEP and EEP 260 9.4.2 Stability of UEP 261 9.4.3 VQM Scores 262 9.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 263 References 264 10 Remaining Challenges and Future Directions 267 Alberto Valdes-Garcia, Pengfei Xia, Su-Khiong Yong and Harkirat Singh References 270 Index 273

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the physical layer, Networking Fundamentals provides essential information on networking technologies that are used in both wired and wireless networks designed for local area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs). The book starts with an overview of telecommunications followed by four parts, each including several chapters. Part I explains the principles of design and analysis of information networks at the lowest layers. It concentrates on the characteristics of the transmission media, applied transmission and coding, and medium access control. Parts II and III are devoted to detailed descriptions of important WANs and LANs respectively with Part II describing the wired Ethernet and Internet as well as cellular networks while Part III covers popular wired LANs and wireless LANs (WLANs), as well as wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies. Part IV concludes by examining security, localization and sensor networking. The partitioned structure of the Trade Review?5/5 stars? (IT Training, November 2009) ?I would wholeheartedly recommend the book to everyone, whether novices or expert, as it covers an incredible amount of knowledge on communication.? (BCS, September 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. 1. Introduction to Information Networks. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Evolution of Wide-Area Networks. 1.3 Evolution of Local Networks. 1.4 Structure of the book. PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISSION AND ACCESS. 2. Characteristics of the Medium. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Guided Media. 2.3 Wireless Media. 3. Fundamentals of Physical Layer Transmission. 3.1 Information Transmission. 3.2 Transmission Techniques and Signal Constellation. 3.3 Performance of the Physical Layer. 3.4 Wideband Modems. 4. Coding and Reliable Packet Transmission. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Source Coding and Framing Techniques. 4.3 FEC Coding. 4.4 Coding for Spread-Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access Systems. 4.5 ARQ Schemes. 4.6 Flow Control Protocols. 5. Medium Access Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Centralized Assigned Access Schemes. 5.3 Distributed Random Access Networks. 5.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic. PART TWO: WIDE-AREA NETWORKS. 6. The Internet. 6.1 Introduction: Internet Infrastructure. 6.2 Addressing. 6.3 Quality of Service. 6.4 Bridges or LAN Switches. 6.5 Switches. 6.6 Routers. 7. Cellular Networks. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 General Architecture of a Cellular Network. 7.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment. 7.4 Protocol Stack in Cellular Networks. 7.5 Physical Layer in TDMA Air Interface. 7.6 Physical Layer in CDMA Air Interface. 7.7 Achieving Higher Data Rates in Cellular Networks. 7.8 Deployment of Cellular Networks. PART THREE: LOCAL AND PERSONAL-AREA NETWORKS. 8. IEEE 802-3 Ethernet. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Legacy 10 Mb/s Ethernet. 8.3 Evolution of the Physical Layer. 8.4 Emergence of Additional Features for Ethernet. 9. IEEE Wireless Local-Area Network Standards. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 IEEE 802.11 and WLANs. 9.3 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX). 10. IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth. 10.3 Interference between Bluetooth and 802.11. 10.4 IEEE 802.15.3 Ultra Wideband Wireless. 10.5 IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee. PART FOUR: SYSTEM ASPECTS. 11. Network Security. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Network Attacks and Security Issues. 11.3 Protection and Prevention. 11.4 Detection. 11.5 Assessment and Response. 12. Wireless Localization. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 12.3 RF Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies. 12.4 LCS Architecture for Cellular Systems. 12.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 13. Wireless Sensor Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Sensor Network Applications. 13.3 Sensor Network Architecture and Sensor Devices. 13.4 The PHY Layer in Sensor Networks. 13.5 The MAC Layer in Sensor Networks. 13.6 Higher Layer Issues in Sensor Networks. References. Appendix A: What is Decibel? Appendix B: STC for Two Transmitters and One Receiver. Appendix C: Source Coding. C.1 Source Coding for Voice. C.2 Source Coding for Images and Video. Appendix D: Acronyms. Appendic E: List of Variables. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn to solve both simple and complex electromagnetic problems with this text's unique integration of theoretical and mathematical concepts. With the author's guidance, you'll discover a broad range of classic and cutting-edge applications across a wide array of fields, including biomedicine, wireless communication, process control, and instrumentation. Case studies, detailed derivations, and 170 fully solved examples deepen your understanding of theory, and help you apply numerical methods to real-world problems.Trade Review"…a perfect, very good introductory work…" (CHOICE, August 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Electrical sources and fundamental quantities. 1.2 Static and dynamic fields. 1.3 Working with complex numbers and functions. 2. VECTORS AND FIELDS. 2.1 Working with vectors. 2.2 Coordinate systems. 2.3 Differentiation and integration of vectors. 2.4 Gradient of the scalar field and its applications. 2.5 Divergence of the vector field and its applications. 2.6 Curl of the vector field and its applications. 2.7 The divergence theorem. 2.8 Stokes’ theorem. Δ. 2.9 Other operations involving 2.10 Helmholtz theorem. 3. BASIC LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS. 3.1 Maxwell’s equations in large scale/integral form. 3.2 Maxwell’s equations in point/differential form. 3.3 Constitutive relations. 3.4 Boundary conditions. 3.5 Lorentz force equation. 3.6 Poynting vector and power flow. 4. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES. 4.1 The wave equation and uniform plane wave solutions. 4.2 Plane electromagnetic waves in Lossy media. 4.3 Uniform plane wave incident normally on an interface. 4.4 Uniform plane wave incident obliquely on an interface. 5. TRANSMISSION LINES. 5.1 Transmission line equations. 5.2 Finite length transmission line. 5.3 Smith chart. 5.4 Transients on transmission lines. 6. MODIFIED MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 6.1 Magnetic charge and current. 6.2 Magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials. 6.3 Electric vector and magnetic scalar potentials. 6.4 Construction of solution in rectangular coordinates. 6.5 Construction of solution in cylindrical coordinates. 6.6 Construction of solution in spherical coordinates. 7. SOURCE IN INFINITE SPACE. 7.1 Fields of an infinitesimal source. 7.2 Antenna parameters. 7.3 Linear antennas. 7.4 Antenna arrays. 7.5 Friis transmission formula and the radar range equation. 8. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS. 8.1 Laws of electrostatic fields. 8.2 Gauss’ law. 8.3 Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 8.4 Capacitors and energy storage. 8.5 Further applications of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 9. MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS. 9.1 Laws of magnetostatic fields. 9.2 Inductors and energy storage. 9.3 Magnetic materials. 9.4 Magnetic Circuits. 10. WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS. 10. 1 Metallic rectangular waveguide. 10. 2 Metallic circular cylindrical waveguide. 10.3 Rectangular cavity resonators. 10.4 Circular cylindrical cavity resonators. 11. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES. 11.1 Finite difference methods. 11.2 The method of moments. 11.3 Scattering of plane EM waves from an infinitely long cylinder. Appendix A. Mathematical formulas. Appendix B. Delta function and evaluation of fields in unbounded media. Appendix C. Bessel functions. Appendix D. Legendre functions. Appendix E. Characteristics of selected materials. Appendix F. Physical constants. Appendix G. Decibels and Neper. Appendix H. Nomenclature and characteristics of standard rectangular waveguides. SELECTED REFERENCE BOOKS . Index.

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Book SynopsisWireless Multimedia: A Handbook to the IEEE 802.15.3 Standard clarifies the IEEE 802.15.3 standard for individuals who are implementing compliant devices and shows how the standard can be used to develop wireless multimedia applications. The 802.15.3 standard addresses an untapped market that does beyond 802.11 and Bluetooth wireless technologies. The standard addresses the consumer need for low-cost, high data-rate, ad-hoc wireless connections. Some of these applications include: wireless keyboards and printers, personal video and digital cameras, cordless telephones and intercoms, digital audio players and headphones, gaming (including interactive gaming, multiplayer consoles, handheld multiplayer gaming, digital music, video, and image uploads to handheld games), home theater system and stereo system components, video conferencing, and more! Navigating through the IEEE 802.15.3 standard to find the required information can be a difficult task for anyone who has not spent a coTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Chapter 1 Background and History 1 What is an IEEE standard? 1 The 802.15 family 2 Why 802.15.3? 4 History of 802.15.3 6 Chapter 2 802.15.3 applications 13 The high-rate WPAN theme 13 Still image applications 14 Telephone quality audio applications 16 High quality audio applications 17 Gaming applications 18 Video and multimedia applications 19 Chapter 3 Overview of the IEEE 802.15.3 standard 23 Elements of the 802.15.3 piconet 25 PHY overview 28 Starting a piconet 31 The superframe 32 Joining and leaving a piconet 34 Connecting with other devices 35 Dependent piconets 36 Obtaining information 39 Power management 40 System changes 43 Implementation cost and complexity 44 Chapter 4 MAC functionality 47 MAC terminology in IEEE Std 802.15.3 47 Frame formats 49 Piconet timing and superframe structure 51 Interframe spacings 53 Contention access period (CAP) 55 Channel time allocation period (CTAP) 56 Comparing the contention access methods 60 Guard time 63 The role of the PNC 66 Starting a piconet 66 Handing over control 66 Ending a piconet 72 Joining and leaving the piconet 73 Association 74 Broadcasting piconet information 77 Disassociation 78 Assigning DEVIDs 80 Managing bandwidth 81 Acknowledgements 81 Asynchronous data 87 Stream connections 92 Fragmentation/defragmentation 96 Retransmissions and duplicate detection 99 Power management 100 Common characteristics of the SPS modes 104 Analyzing power save efficiencies 107 Switching PM modes 110 Managing SPS sets 114 DSPS mode 118 Allocating channel time for DSPS DEVs 119 PSPS mode 124 APS mode 126 Changing piconet parameters 128 Beacon announcements 129 Dynamic channel selection 132 Changing the PNID or BSID 134 Moving the beacon or changing the superframe duration 136 Finding information 138 Probe 139 Announce 143 PNC Information 145 Channel status 148 PNC channel scanning 150 Remote scan 152 Piconet services 154 Other capabilities 157 Transmit power control 157 Multirate capabilities 159 Extensibility of the standard 160 Example of the life cycle of a DEV 162 Chapter 5 Dependent piconets 165 Introduction 165 Starting a dependent piconet 168 Parent PNC ceasing operations with dependent piconets 174 Parent PNC stopping a dependent piconet 176 Handing over PNC responsibilities in a dependent piconet 177 Chapter 6 Security 187 Introduction and history 187 Security modes and policies 190 Security services provided in mode 1 191 Security policies 193 Symmetric key security suite 195 Overview of AES CCM 195 Key distribution 197 Security information 199 Chapter 7 2.4 GHz PHY 203 Overview 203 General PHY requirements 205 Channel plan 205 Timing issues 206 Miscellaneous PHY requirements 213 PHY frame format 213 Stuff bits and tail symbols 214 Frame format 215 PHY preamble 217 Data size restrictions 219 Modulation 220 Receiver performance 224 Transmitter performance 228 Regulatory and requirements 233 Delay spread performance 234 Mitigating the effects of delay spread 236 Fading channel model used for 802.15.3 237 Defining delay spread performance 239 Delay spread measurements 240 Radio architectures 244 Superheterodyne 245 Direct conversion 248 Walking IF 250 Low IF 253 Summary of radio architectures 256 Chapter 8 2.4 Interfacing to 802.15.3 257 The PIBs and their interface 261 MLME SAP 262 PLME SAP 265 MAC SAP 265 PHY SAP 266 The FCSL 268 Chapter 9 2.4 Coexistence mechanisms 271 Introduction 271 Coexistence techniques in 802.15.3 271 Passive scanning 273 The ability to request channel quality information 273 Dynamic channel selection 273 Link quality and RSSI 274 Channel plan that minimizes channel overlap 274 Transmit power control 275 Lower impact transmit spectral mask 275 Neighbor piconet capability 276 Coexistence results 278 Assumptions for coexistence simulations 278 BER calculations 280 802.11b and 802.15.3 282 802.15.1 and 802.11 FHSS overlapping with 802.15.3 288 Summary 291 References 295 Glossary 299 Index 305

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Book SynopsisNicole Starosielski examines undersea communication cable network, bringing it to the surface of media scholarship and making visible the "wireless" network's materiality. She argues that the network is inextricably linked to historical and political factors and that it is precarious, rural, aquatic, territorially entrench and semi-centralized.Trade Review“Starosielski offers a crucial intervention into theoretical conceptualizations of communications infrastructure. . . . This rich text also has profound implications for how citizens in an always-networked society and economy understand our lived realities. The Undersea Network makes us reconsider the ‘wirelessness’ of our world by admonishing us consider it in terms of its peculiar and ongoing connectedness to geographies, cultures, and politics.” -- Sara Rodrigues * PopMatters *“[A] fascinating book that is part history, part travelogue and part socio-economic memoir. . . . Starosielski’s account makes for fascinating reading, drawing together the varied threads of history, technical complexity, economic power and political will that have shaped the world’s cable networks. Despite the scale of the infrastructure under discussion, the narrative remains intensely personal, and one to be enjoyed." -- John Gilbey * Times Higher Education *“The Undersea Network is a fascinating interdisciplinary look at the infrastructure that lets us communicate instantly across oceans…. [T]his book is a good read for anyone broadly interested in geography or communications.” -- Eva Amsen * Hakai Magazine *“A fascinating cultural assessment of global undersea cable networks that carry most of the world's trans-ocean Internet traffic. … Great stuff!” -- Christopher Sterling * Communication Booknotes Quarterly *"Overall, the book brilliantly brings together the global metanarrative of mass communication with the local, material, and relatively immobile specificities of this undersea network.... Starosielski is extremely successful in rewiring our wireless imaginaries of a networked world. The depth and breadth of the fieldwork conducted is noteworthy as is the production of the book itself, which contains a plethora of images, graphics, and maps." -- Rachael Squire * Transfers *"The multistranded analysis developed in the book provides a rewarding account that blends cultural history with investigative ethnography and along the way takes us to remote sites in Hawaii, Tahiti and Guam. Most importantly, Starosielski brings the infrastructure of undersea cable systems back into visibility, showing us in vivid ways what makes global communications possible." * European Journal of Communication *"The Undersea Network succeeds in introducing an environmental consciousness into one’s imagination of digital networks and the ecological, political, financial, place-based contingencies that support, interfere with and maintain our global telecommunications system. It makes cables salient. ... The Undersea Network is required reading for students of media and network archaeology, communication educators, political and environmental scientists, the history of technology discipline, and readers within the cable industries and government." -- Emily Goodmann * International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics *"If you have ever wondered why infrastructure has suddenly become a buzzword in cultural anthropology and science and technology studies, then follow the signal. That is precisely what The Undersea Network does, brilliantly redeeming the promise of multi-sited fieldwork methods to highlight the connections and disconnection–historical and present-day–among far-flung people and places.... For anyone with an interest in Pacific studies, this book has plenty to ponder." -- Robert J. Foster * Journal of Pacific History *"[A]n enthralling read for anybody with an interest in telecoms infrastructure and the way that it is presented in the media." -- Mike Conradi * Telecommunications Policy *"This is a fascinating and deeply geographical piece of media scholarship.Starosielski’s book is remarkably successful in demonstrating that the unstable materiality of the infrastructures it describes matters in all kinds of sometimes contradictory ways to those who construct these infrastructures, to those they connect, and to those who remain at a distance from their connective capacities." -- Derek P. McCormack * Cultural Geographies *Table of ContentsPreface. Edges ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction. Against Flow 1 1. Circuitous Routes. From Topology to Topography 26 2. Short-Circuiting Discursive Infrastructure: From Connection to Transmission 64 3. Gateway: From Cable Colony to Network Operations Center 94 4. Pressure Point: Turbulent Ecologies of the Cable Landing 138 5. A Network of Islands: Interconnecting the Pacific 170 6. Cabled Depths: The Aquatic Afterlives of Signal Traffic 198 Conclusion. Surfacing 225 Notes 235 Bibliography 263 Index 281

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Book SynopsisCovers theoretical and practical aspects related to the behavioral modelling and predistortion of wireless transmitters and power amplifiers. It includes simulation software that enables the users to apply the theory presented in the book.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Characterization of Wireless Transmitter Distortions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 RF Power Amplifier Nonlinearity 2 1.1.2 Inter-Modulation Distortion and Spectrum Regrowth 2 1.2 Impact of Distortions on Transmitter Performances 6 1.3 Output Power versus Input Power Characteristic 9 1.4 AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics 10 1.5 1 dB Compression Point 12 1.6 Third and Fifth Order Intercept Points 15 1.7 Carrier to Inter-Modulation Distortion Ratio 16 1.8 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio 18 1.9 Error Vector Magnitude 19 References 21 2 Dynamic Nonlinear Systems 23 2.1 Classification of Nonlinear Systems 23 2.1.1 Memoryless Systems 23 2.1.2 Systems with Memory 24 2.2 Memory in Microwave Power Amplification Systems 25 2.2.1 Nonlinear Systems without Memory 25 2.2.2 Weakly Nonlinear and Quasi-Memoryless Systems 26 2.2.3 Nonlinear System with Memory 27 2.3 Baseband and Low-Pass Equivalent Signals 27 2.4 Origins and Types of Memory Effects in Power Amplification Systems 29 2.4.1 Origins of Memory Effects 29 2.4.2 Electrical Memory Effects 30 2.4.3 Thermal Memory Effects 33 2.5 Volterra Series Models 38 References 40 3 Model Performance Evaluation 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Behavioral Modeling versus Digital Predistortion 43 3.3 Time Domain Metrics 46 3.3.1 Normalized Mean Square Error 46 3.3.2 Memory Effects Modeling Ratio 47 3.4 Frequency Domain Metrics 48 3.4.1 Frequency Domain Normalized Mean Square Error 48 3.4.2 Adjacent Channel Error Power Ratio 49 3.4.3 Weighted Error Spectrum Power Ratio 50 3.4.4 Normalized Absolute Mean Spectrum Error 51 3.5 Static Nonlinearity Cancelation Techniques 52 3.5.1 Static Nonlinearity Pre-Compensation Technique 52 3.5.2 Static Nonlinearity Post-Compensation Technique 56 3.5.3 Memory Effect Intensity 59 3.6 Discussion and Conclusion 61 References 62 4 Quasi-Memoryless Behavioral Models 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Modeling and Simulation of Memoryless/Quasi-Memoryless Nonlinear Systems 63 4.3 Bandpass to Baseband Equivalent Transformation 67 4.4 Look-Up Table Models 69 4.4.1 Uniformly Indexed Loop-Up Tables 69 4.4.2 Non-Uniformly Indexed Look-Up Tables 70 4.5 Generic Nonlinear Amplifier Behavioral Model 71 4.6 Empirical Analytical Based Models 73 4.6.1 Polar Saleh Model 73 4.6.2 Cartesian Saleh Model 74 4.6.3 Frequency-Dependent Saleh Model 76 4.6.4 Ghorbani Model 76 4.6.5 Berman and Mahle Phase Model 77 4.6.6 Thomas–Weidner–Durrani Amplitude Model 77 4.6.7 Limiter Model 78 4.6.8 ARCTAN Model 79 4.6.9 Rapp Model 81 4.6.10 White Model 82 4.7 Power Series Models 82 4.7.1 Polynomial Model 82 4.7.2 Bessel Function Based Model 83 4.7.3 Chebyshev Series Based Model 84 4.7.4 Gegenbauer Polynomials Based Model 84 4.7.5 Zernike Polynomials Based Model 85 References 86 5 Memory Polynomial Based Models 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Generic Memory Polynomial Model Formulation 90 5.3 Memory Polynomial Model 91 5.4 Variants of the Memory Polynomial Model 91 5.4.1 Orthogonal Memory Polynomial Model 91 5.4.2 Sparse-Delay Memory Polynomial Model 93 5.4.3 Exponentially Shaped Memory Delay Profile Memory Polynomial Model 95 5.4.4 Non-Uniform Memory Polynomial Model 96 5.4.5 Unstructured Memory Polynomial Model 97 5.5 Envelope Memory Polynomial Model 98 5.6 Generalized Memory Polynomial Model 101 5.7 Hybrid Memory Polynomial Model 106 5.8 Dynamic Deviation Reduction Volterra Model 108 5.9 Comparison and Discussion 111 References 113 6 Box-Oriented Models 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Hammerstein and Wiener Models 115 6.2.1 Wiener Model 116 6.2.2 Hammerstein Model 117 6.3 Augmented Hammerstein and Weiner Models 118 6.3.1 Augmented Wiener Model 118 6.3.2 Augmented Hammerstein Model 119 6.4 Three-Box Wiener–Hammerstein Models 120 6.4.1 Wiener–Hammerstein Model 120 6.4.2 Hammerstein–Wiener Model 120 6.4.3 Feedforward Hammerstein Model 121 6.5 Two-Box Polynomial Models 123 6.5.1 Models’ Descriptions 123 6.5.2 Identification Procedure 124 6.6 Three-Box Polynomial Models 124 6.6.1 Parallel Three-Blocks Model: PLUME Model 124 6.6.2 Three Layered Biased Memory Polynomial Model 125 6.6.3 Rational Function Model for Amplifiers 127 6.7 Polynomial Based Model with I/Q and DC Impairments 128 6.7.1 Parallel Hammerstein (PH) Based Model for the Alleviation of Various Imperfections in Direct Conversion Transmitters 129 6.7.2 Two-Box Model with I/Q and DC Impairments 129 References 130 7 Neural Network Based Models 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Basics of Neural Networks 133 7.3 Neural Networks Architecture for Modeling of Complex Static Systems 137 7.3.1 Single-Input Single-Output Feedforward Neural Network (SISO-FFNN) 137 7.3.2 Dual-Input Dual-Output Feedforward Neural Network (DIDO-FFNN) 138 7.3.3 Dual-Input Dual-Output Coupled Cartesian Based Neural Network (DIDO-CC-NN) 139 7.4 Neural Networks Architecture for Modeling of Complex Dynamic Systems 140 7.4.1 Complex Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (CTDRNN) 141 7.4.2 Complex Time-Delay Neural Network (CTDNN) 142 7.4.3 Real Valued Time-Delay Recurrent Neural Network (RVTDRNN) 142 7.4.4 Real Valued Time-Delay Neural Network (RVTDNN) 144 7.5 Training Algorithms 147 7.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 8 Characterization and Identification Techniques 153 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Test Signals for Power Amplifier and Transmitter Characterization 155 8.2.1 Characterization Using Continuous Wave Signals 155 8.2.2 Characterization Using Two-Tone Signals 156 8.2.3 Characterization Using Multi-Tone Signals 157 8.2.4 Characterization Using Modulated Signals 158 8.2.5 Characterization Using Synthetic Modulated Signals 160 8.2.6 Discussion: Impact of Test Signal on the Measured AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics 160 8.3 Data De-Embedding in Modulated Signal Based Characterization 163 8.4 Identification Techniques 170 8.4.1 Moving Average Techniques 170 8.4.2 Model Coefficient Extraction Techniques 172 8.5 Robustness of System Identification Algorithms 179 8.5.1 The LS Algorithm 179 8.5.2 The LMS Algorithm 179 8.5.3 The RLS Algorithm 180 8.6 Conclusions 181 References 181 9 Baseband Digital Predistortion 185 9.1 The Predistortion Concept 185 9.2 Adaptive Digital Predistortion 188 9.2.1 Closed Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters 188 9.2.2 Open Loop Adaptive Digital Predistorters 189 9.3 The Predistorter’s Power Range in Indirect Learning Architectures 191 9.3.1 Constant Peak Power Technique 193 9.3.2 Constant Average Power Technique 193 9.3.3 Synergetic CFR and DPD Technique 194 9.4 Small Signal Gain Normalization 194 9.5 Digital Predistortion Implementations 201 9.5.1 Baseband Digital Predistortion 201 9.5.2 RF Digital Predistortion 204 9.6 The Bandwidth and Power Scalable Digital Predistortion Technique 205 9.7 Summary 206 References 207 10 Advanced Modeling and Digital Predistortion 209 10.1 Joint Quadrature Impairment and Nonlinear Distortion Compensation Using Multi-Input DPD 209 10.1.1 Modeling of Quadrature Modulator Imperfections 210 10.1.2 Dual-Input Polynomial Model for Memoryless Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions 211 10.1.3 Dual-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects 212 10.1.4 Dual-Branch Parallel Hammerstein Model for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions with Memory 213 10.1.5 Dual-Conjugate-Input Memory Polynomial for Joint Modeling of Quadrature Imbalance and PA Distortions Including Memory Effects 216 10.2 Modeling and Linearization of Nonlinear MIMO Systems 216 10.2.1 Impairments in MIMO Systems 216 10.2.2 Crossover Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters 221 10.2.3 Dual-Input Nonlinear Polynomial Model for MIMO Transmitters 222 10.2.4 MIMO Transmitters Nonlinear Multi-Variable Polynomial Model 223 10.3 Modeling and Linearization of Dual-Band Transmitters 227 10.3.1 Generalization of the Polynomial Model to the Dual-Band Case 228 10.3.2 Two-Dimensional (2-D) Memory Polynomial Model for Dual-Band Transmitters 230 10.3.3 Phase-Aligned Multi-band Volterra DPD 231 10.4 Application of MIMO and Dual-Band Models in Digital Predistortion 235 10.4.1 Linearization of MIMO Systems with Nonlinear Crosstalk 236 10.4.2 Linearization of Concurrent Dual-Band Transmitters Using a 2-D Memory Polynomial Model 238 10.4.3 Linearization of Concurrent Tri-Band Transmitters Using 3-D Phase-Aligned Volterra Model 240 References 242 Index 247

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Book SynopsisWireless Communications Systems Design provides the basic knowledge and methodology for wireless communications design. The book mainly focuses on a broadband wireless communication system based on OFDM/OFDMA system because it is widely used in the modern wireless communication system.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii Part I Wireless Communications Theory 1 1 Historical Sketch of Wireless Communications 3 1.1 Advancement of Wireless Communications Technologies 3 1.2 Wireless Communications, Lifestyles, and Economics 6 References 9 2 Probability Theory 11 2.1 Random Signals 11 2.2 Spectral Density 16 2.3 Correlation Functions 18 2.4 Central Limit Theorem 25 2.5 Problems 28 Reference 30 3 Wireless Channels 31 3.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise 31 3.2 Large]Scale Path Loss Models 34 3.3 Multipath Channels 38 3.4 Empirical Wireless Channel Models 46 3.5 Problems 48 References 50 4 Optimum Receiver 51 4.1 Decision Theory 51 4.2 Optimum Receiver for AWGN 55 4.3 Matched Filter Receiver 66 4.4 Coherent and Noncoherent Detection 69 4.5 Problems 73 References 74 5 Wireless Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques 75 5.1 Diversity Techniques 75 5.2 Error Control Coding 82 5.2.1 Linear Block Codes 84 5.2.2 Convolutional Codes 92 5.3 MIMO 99 5.4 Equalization 107 5.5 OFDM 114 5.6 Problems 120 References 121 Part II Wireless Communications Blocks Design 123 6 Error Correction Codes 125 6.1 Turbo Codes 125 6.1.1 Turbo Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 125 6.1.2 Example of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 133 6.1.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 149 6.2 Turbo Product Codes 155 6.2.1 Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 155 6.2.2 Example of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 156 6.2.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 174 6.3 Low]Density Parity Check Codes 175 6.3.1 LDPC Encoding and Decoding Algorithms 175 6.3.2 Example of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 191 6.3.3 Hardware Implementation of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 199 6.4 Problems 205 References 206 7 Orthogonal Frequency]Division Multiplexing 209 7.1 OFDM System Design 209 7.2 FFT Design 217 7.3 Hardware Implementations of FFT 232 7.4 Problems 237 References 238 8 Multiple Input Multiple Output 239 8.1 MIMO Antenna Design 239 8.2 Space Time Coding 240 8.3 Example of STTC Encoding and Decoding 254 8.4 Spatial Multiplexing and MIMO Detection Algorithms 266 8.5 Problems 276 References 277 9 Channel Estimation and Equalization 279 9.1 Channel Estimation 279 9.2 Channel Estimation for MIMO–OFDM System 293 9.3 Equalization 295 9.4 Hardware Implementation of Channel Estimation and Equalizer for OFDM System 298 9.5 Problems 298 References 299 10 Synchronization 301 10.1 Fundamental Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 301 10.2 Synchronization Errors 305 10.3 Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 310 10.4 Hardware Implementation of OFDM Synchronization 319 10.5 Problems 320 References 321 Part III Wireless Communications Systems Design 323 11 Radio Planning 325 11.1 Radio Planning and Link Budget Analysis 325 11.2 Traffic Engineering 335 11.3 Problems 345 References 347 12 Wireless Communications Systems Design and Considerations 349 12.1 Wireless Communications Systems Design Flow 349 12.2 Wireless Communications Systems Design Considerations 353 12.3 Hardware and Software Codesign 370 12.4 Problems 377 References 378 13 Wireless Communications Blocks Integration 379 13.1 High Level View of Wireless Communications Systems 379 13.2 4G Physical Layer Systems 383 13.2.1 LTE 384 13.2.2 WiMAX 394 13.2.3 Comparison of LTE and WiMAX 400 13.3 SoC Design for 4G Communication System 401 13.3.1 Software Design for 4G Communication System 403 13.3.2 Hardware Design for 4G Communication System 404 13.4 Problems 409 References 410 Index 411

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Book SynopsisWith an emphasis on antennas and propagation, Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas investigates every aspect of wireless communication network design and function. The book delves into, among other applicable radio propagation topics, multipath phenomena, slow and fast fading, free-space propagation, and obstructed reflection and diffraction.Table of ContentsPreface vii Part I Fundamentals of Wireless Links and Networks 1 Wireless Communication Links with Fading 1 2 Antenna Fundamentals 34 3 Fundamentals of Wireless Networks 54 Part II Fundamentals of Radio Propagation 4 Electromagnetic Aspects of Wave Propagation over Terrain 81 5 Terrestrial Radio Communications 117 6 Indoor Radio Propagation 179 Part III Fundamentals of Adaptive Antennas 7 Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Networks 216 8 Prediction of Signal Distribution in Space, Time, and Frequency Domains in Radio Channels for Adaptive Antenna Applications 280 9 Prediction of Operational Characteristics of Adaptive Antennas 375 Part IV Practical Aspects of Terrestrial Networks Performance: Cellular and Noncellular 10 Multipath Fading Phenomena in Terrestrial Wireless Communication Links 413 11 Cellular and Noncellular Communication Networks Design Based on Radio Propagation Phenomena 494 Part V Atmospheric and Satellite Communication Links and Networks 12 Effects of the Troposphere on Radio Propagation 536 13 Ionospheric Radio Propagation 591 14 Land–Satellite Communication Links 639 Index 677

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an insight into the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G-LTE network design, performance, and deployment Design, Deployment and Performance of 4G-LTE Networks addresses the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G networks design, performance, and deployment.Table of ContentsAuthors’ Biographies xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi 1 LTE Network Architecture and Protocols 1 Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny 1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards 2 1.1.1 3GPP Release 99 3 1.1.2 3GPP Release 4 3 1.1.3 3GPP Release 5 3 1.1.4 3GPP Release 6 4 1.1.5 3GPP Release 7 4 1.1.6 3GPP Release 8 5 1.1.7 3GPP Release 9 and Beyond 5 1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems 6 1.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 6 1.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 6 1.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 7 1.2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 7 1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations 7 1.3.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 8 1.3.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 8 1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE 8 1.5 LTE Network Architecture 10 1.5.1 Evolved Packet System (EPS) 10 1.5.2 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 11 1.5.3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 13 1.5.4 LTE User Equipment 13 1.6 EPS Interfaces 14 1.6.1 S1-MME Interface 14 1.6.2 LTE-Uu Interface 15 1.6.3 S1-U Interface 17 1.6.4 S3 Interface (SGSN-MME) 18 1.6.5 S4 (SGSN to SGW) 18 1.6.6 S5/S8 Interface 19 1.6.7 S6a (Diameter) 21 1.6.8 S6b Interface (Diameter) 21 1.6.9 S6d (Diameter) 22 1.6.10 S9 Interface (H-PCRF-VPCRF) 23 1.6.11 S10 Interface (MME-MME) 23 1.6.12 S11 Interface (MME–SGW) 23 1.6.13 S12 Interface 23 1.6.14 S13 Interface 24 1.6.15 SGs Interface 24 1.6.16 SGi Interface 25 1.6.17 Gx Interface 26 1.6.18 Gy and Gz Interfaces 27 1.6.19 DNS Interface 27 1.6.20 Gn/Gp Interface 27 1.6.21 SBc Interface 28 1.6.22 Sv Interface 28 1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes 29 1.7.1 Access and Non-Access Stratum 29 1.7.2 Control Plane 29 1.7.3 User Plane 30 1.8 EPS Procedures Overview 31 1.8.1 EPS Registration and Attach Procedures 31 1.8.2 EPS Quality of Service (QoS) 34 1.8.3 EPS Security Basics 36 1.8.4 EPS Idle and Active States 38 1.8.5 EPS Network Topology for Mobility Procedures 39 1.8.6 EPS Identifiers 44 References 44 2 LTE Air Interface and Procedures 47 Mohamed A. El-saidny 2.1 LTE Protocol Stack 47 2.2 SDU and PDU 48 2.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) 50 2.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP) 52 2.4.1 PDCP Architecture 53 2.4.2 PDCP Data and Control SDUs 53 2.4.3 PDCP Header Compression 54 2.4.4 PDCP Ciphering 54 2.4.5 PDCP In-Order Delivery 54 2.4.6 PDCP in LTE versus HSPA 55 2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC) 55 2.5.1 RLC Architecture 56 2.5.2 RLC Modes 57 2.5.3 Control and Data PDUs 60 2.5.4 RLC in LTE versus HSPA 60 2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC) 61 2.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY) 61 2.7.1 HSPA(+) Channel Overview 61 2.7.2 General LTE Physical Channels 71 2.7.3 LTE Downlink Physical Channels 71 2.7.4 LTE Uplink Physical Channels 72 2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers 73 2.8.1 E-UTRAN Channel Mapping 73 2.8.2 UTRAN Channel Mapping 76 2.9 LTE Air Interface 76 2.9.1 LTE Frame Structure 76 2.9.2 LTE Frequency and Time Domains Structure 76 2.9.3 OFDM Downlink Transmission Example 80 2.9.4 Downlink Scheduling 81 2.9.5 Uplink Scheduling 88 2.9.6 LTE Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) 89 2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers 90 2.10.1 HSDPA Data Flow 90 2.10.2 LTE Data Flow 91 2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures 92 2.11.1 Overview 92 2.11.2 Frequency Scan and Cell Identification 92 2.11.3 Reception of Master and System Information Blocks (MIB and SIB) 93 2.11.4 Random Access Procedures (RACH) 94 2.11.5 Attach and Registration 95 2.11.6 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer 96 2.11.7 Connected Mode Mobility 96 2.11.8 Idle Mode Mobility and Paging 99 References 100 3 Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance 103 Mohamed A. El-saidny 3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes 104 3.1.1 Profiling Device and User Behavior in the Network 105 3.1.2 Network Deployment Optimization Processes 107 3.1.3 Measuring the Performance Targets 108 3.1.4 LTE Troubleshooting Guidelines 119 3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements 123 3.2.1 Performance Evaluation of Downlink Throughput 127 3.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Uplink Throughput 131 3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting 134 3.3.1 Network Scheduler Implementations 135 3.3.2 LTE Downlink Throughput Case Study and Troubleshooting 136 3.3.3 LTE Uplink Throughput Case Studies and Troubleshooting 139 3.3.4 LTE Handover Case Studies 146 3.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 153 3.4.1 Introduction to Cell Reselection 155 3.4.2 LTE to WCDMA Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 155 3.4.3 WCDMA to LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 160 3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations 165 3.5.1 SIB-19 Planning Strategy for UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Reselection 165 3.5.2 SIB-6 Planning Strategy for E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Reselection 167 3.5.3 Inter-RAT Case Studies from Field Test 168 3.5.4 Parameter Setting Trade-off 174 3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 177 3.6.1 LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection Rules 177 3.6.2 LTE Inter-Frequency Optimization Considerations 177 3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover 180 3.7.1 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Rules 187 3.7.2 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Optimization Considerations 188 References 189 4 Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX, CSFB, and MIMO 191 Mohamed A. El-saidny and Ayman Elnashar 4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX) 192 4.1.1 Concepts of DRX for Battery Saving 193 4.1.2 Optimizing C-DRX Performance 195 4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls 204 4.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN Call Flow and Signaling 206 4.2.2 CSFB to UTRAN Features and Roadmap 216 4.2.3 Optimizing CSFB to UTRAN 231 4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques 252 4.3.1 Introduction to MIMO Concepts 252 4.3.2 3GPP MIMO Evolution 256 4.3.3 MIMO in LTE 258 4.3.4 Closed-Loop MIMO (TM4) versus Open-Loop MIMO (TM3) 261 4.3.5 MIMO Optimization Case Study 267 References 270 5 Deployment Strategy of LTE Network 273 Ayman Elnashar 5.1 Summary and Objective 273 5.2 LTE Network Topology 273 5.3 Core Network Domain 276 5.3.1 Policy Charging and Charging (PCC) Entities 280 5.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 283 5.3.3 Serving Gateway (SGW) 286 5.3.4 PDN Gateway (PGW) 287 5.3.5 Interworking with PDN (DHCP) 289 5.3.6 Usage of RADIUS on the Gi/SGi Interface 291 5.3.7 IPv6 EPC Transition Strategy 293 5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW) 294 5.4.1 IPSec GW Deployment Strategy and Redundancy Options 299 5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy 300 5.6 Access Network Domain 303 5.6.1 E-UTRAN Overall Description 303 5.6.2 Home eNB 305 5.6.3 Relaying 307 5.6.4 End-to-End Routing of the eNB 308 5.6.5 Macro Sites Deployment Strategy 312 5.6.6 IBS Deployment Strategy 317 5.6.7 Passive Inter Modulation (PIM) 319 5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band 327 5.7.1 Guard Band Requirement 327 5.7.2 Spectrum Options for LTE 327 5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis 333 5.8.1 Key Financial KPIs [31] 334 5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario 341 References 347 6 Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks 349 Ayman Elnashar 6.1 Summary and Objectives 349 6.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases 349 6.3 LTE System Foundation 351 6.3.1 LTE FDD Frame Structure 351 6.3.2 Slot Structure and Physical Resources 353 6.3.3 Reference Signal Structure 356 6.4 PCI and TA Planning 360 6.4.1 PCI Planning Introduction 360 6.4.2 PCI Planning Guidelines 361 6.4.3 Tracking Areas (TA) Planning 362 6.5 PRACH Planning 370 6.5.1 Zadoff-Chu Sequence 371 6.5.2 PRACH Planning Procedures 372 6.5.3 Practical PRACH Planning Scenarios 373 6.6 Coverage Planning 375 6.6.1 RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR 375 6.6.2 The Channel Quality Indicator 378 6.6.3 Modulation and Coding Scheme and Link Adaptation 381 6.6.4 LTE Link Budget and Coverage Analysis 385 6.6.5 Comparative Analysis with HSPA+ 401 6.6.6 Link Budget for LTE Channels 405 6.6.7 RF Propagation Models and Model Tuning 409 6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis 418 6.7.1 Served Physical Layer Throughput Calculation 418 6.7.2 Average Spectrum Efficiency Estimation 418 6.7.3 Average Sector Capacity 419 6.7.4 Capacity Dimensioning Process 419 6.7.5 Capacity Dimensioning Exercises 423 6.7.6 Calculation of VoIP Capacity in LTE 426 6.7.7 LTE Channels Planning 431 6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD 437 References 443 7 Voice Evolution in 4G Networks 445 Mahmoud R. Sherif 7.1 Voice over IP Basics 445 7.1.1 VoIP Protocol Stack 445 7.1.2 VoIP Signaling (Call Setup) 449 7.1.3 VoIP Bearer Traffic (Encoded Speech) 449 7.2 Voice Options for LTE 451 7.2.1 SRVCC and CSFB 451 7.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) 452 7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 455 7.3.1 IMS Overview 456 7.3.2 VoLTE Call Flow and Interaction with IMS 460 7.3.3 Voice Call Continuity Overview 469 7.3.4 SRVCC from VoLTE to 3G/2G 471 7.3.5 Enhanced SRVCC (eSRVCC) 480 7.4 Key VoLTE Features 482 7.4.1 End-to-End QoS Support 482 7.4.2 Semi-Persistent Scheduler 486 7.4.3 TTI Bundling 488 7.4.4 Connected Mode DRX 491 7.4.5 Robust Header Compression (ROHC) 492 7.4.6 VoLTE Vocoders and De-Jitter Buffer 497 7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE 503 References 505 8 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A 507 Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny 8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE’s UE Category 3 and 4 509 8.1.1 Trial Overview 512 8.1.2 Downlink Performance Comparison in Near and Far Cell Conditions 513 8.1.3 Downlink Performance Comparison in Mobility Conditions 515 8.2 Carrier Aggregation 516 8.2.1 Basic Definitions of LTE Carrier Aggregation 518 8.2.2 Band Types of LTE Carrier Aggregation 519 8.2.3 Impact of LTE Carrier Aggregation on Protocol Layers 520 8.3 Enhanced MIMO 520 8.3.1 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 522 8.3.2 Uplink MIMO 523 8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells 523 8.4.1 Wireless Backhauling Applicable to HetNet Deployment 524 8.4.2 Key Features for HetNet Deployment 528 8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) 529 8.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception 531 8.6.1 DL CoMP Categories 531 8.6.2 UL CoMP Categories 533 8.6.3 Performance Evaluation of CoMP 533 8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) 535 8.7.1 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) 536 8.7.2 Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) 537 8.7.3 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 539 8.7.4 SON Enhancements in LTE-A 540 8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB) 540 8.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE 541 8.9.1 LBS Overview 541 8.9.2 LTE Positioning Architecture 543 References 544 Index 547

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Book SynopsisThis extensively updated second edition of LTE Signaling, Troubleshooting and Performance Measurement describes the LTE signaling protocols and procedures for the third generation of mobile communications and beyond. It is one of the few books available that explain the LTE signaling messages, procedures and measurements down to the bit & byte level, and all trace examples are taken for a real lab and field trial traces. This book covers the crucial key performance indicators (KPI) to be measured during field trials and deployment phase of new LTE networks. It describes how statistic values can be aggregated and evaluated, and how the network can be optimized during the first stages of deployment, using dedicated examples to enhance understanding. Written by experts in the field of mobile communications, this book systematically describes the most recent LTE signaling procedures, explaining how to identify and troubleshoot abnormal network behavior and common failure cTable of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Standards, Protocols, and Functions 1 1.1 LTE Standards and Standard Roadmap 2 1.2 LTE Radio Access Network Architecture 9 1.3 Network Elements and Functions 10 1.3.1 The eNodeB (eNB) 11 1.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 12 1.3.3 Serving Gateway (S-GW) 12 1.3.4 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) 13 1.3.5 Interfaces and Reference Points 13 1.4 Area and Subscriber Identities 18 1.4.1 Domains and Strati 18 1.4.2 IMSI 19 1.4.3 LMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, M-TMSI, and S-TMSI 20 1.4.4 GUTI 21 1.4.5 IMEI 22 1.4.6 RNTI 22 1.4.7 Location Area, Routing Area, Service Area, Tracking Area, and Cell Global Identity 24 1.4.8 Mapping between Temporary and Area Identities for EUTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN-Based Systems 25 1.4.9 GSM Base Station Identification 27 1.4.10 UTRA Base Station Identification 28 1.4.11 Numbering, Addressing, and Identification in the Session Initiation Protocol 29 1.4.12 Access Point Name 30 1.5 User Equipment 30 1.5.1 UE Categories 31 1.6 QoS Architecture 32 1.7 LTE Security 34 1.8 Radio Interface Basics 38 1.8.1 Duplex Methods 40 1.8.2 Multiple Access Methods 42 1.8.3 OFDM Principles and Modulation 46 1.8.4 Multiple Access in OFDM–OFDMA 48 1.8.5 Resource Blocks 49 1.8.6 Downlink Slot Structure 53 1.8.7 OFDM Scheduling on LTE DL 56 1.8.8 SC-FDMA Principles and Modulation 60 1.8.9 Scheduling on LTE UL 62 1.8.10 Uplink Slot Structure 64 1.8.11 Link Adaptation in LTE 64 1.8.12 Physical Channels in LTE 70 1.8.13 Transport Channels in LTE 79 1.8.14 Channel Mapping and Multiplexing 80 1.8.15 Initial UE Radio Access 82 1.8.16 UE Random Access 82 1.9 Hybrid ARQ 87 1.9.1 Synchronous HARQ in LTE Uplink 90 1.9.2 Asynchronous HARQ in LTE Downlink 91 1.9.3 HARQ Example 92 1.10 LTE Advanced 94 1.10.1 Increasing Spectral Efficiency 95 1.10.2 Carrier Aggregation 95 1.10.3 Heterogeneous Networks 95 1.10.4 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 97 1.11 LTE Network Protocol Architecture 98 1.11.1 Uu–Control/User Plane 98 1.11.2 S1–Control/User Plane 99 1.11.3 X2–User/Control Plane 100 1.11.4 S6a–Control Plane 100 1.11.5 S3/S4/S5/S8/S10/S11–Control Plane/User Plane 101 1.12 Protocol Functions, Encoding, Basic Messages, and Information Elements 102 1.12.1 Ethernet 102 1.12.2 Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) 102 1.12.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 106 1.12.4 Radio Interface Layer 2 Protocols 108 1.12.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol 110 1.12.6 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol 111 1.12.7 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 115 1.12.8 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol 117 1.12.9 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol 124 1.12.10 S1 Application Part (S1AP) 124 1.12.11 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 128 1.12.12 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) 129 1.12.13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 136 1.12.14 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 138 1.12.15 DIAMETER on EPC Interfaces 139 2 E-UTRAN/EPC Signaling 145 2.1 S1 Setup 145 2.1.1 S1 Setup: Message Flow 145 2.1.2 S1 Setup: Failure Analysis 147 2.2 Initial Attach 149 2.2.1 Procedure 150 2.3 UE Context Release Requested by eNodeB 166 2.3.1 Procedure 166 2.4 UE Service Request 168 2.4.1 Procedure 169 2.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup 172 2.6 Inter-eNodeB Handover over X2 174 2.6.1 Procedure 176 2.7 S1 Handover 186 2.7.1 Procedure 188 2.8 Dedicated Bearer Release 199 2.9 Detach 200 2.9.1 Procedure 200 2.10 Failure Cases in E-UTRAN and EPC 203 2.11 Voice over LTE (SIP) Call–Complete Scenario 203 2.12 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 4G-3G-4G 210 2.13 Normal/Periodical Tracking Area Update 211 2.14 CS Fallback End-to-End S1/IuCS/IuPS 212 2.15 Paging 213 2.16 Multi-E-RAB Call Scenarios 214 2.16.1 Multi-E-RAB Call Scenarios without Subscriber Mobility 214 2.16.2 Multi-E-RAB Call with Intra-LTE Handover 215 2.16.3 Inter-RAT Mobility of a Multi-E-RAB Call Using CS Fallback 216 2.16.4 Abnormal Releases of Calls with VoLTE Services 217 3 Radio Interface Signaling Procedures 219 3.1 RRC Connection Setup, Attach, and Default Bearer Setup 220 3.1.1 Random Access and RRC Connection Setup Procedure 220 3.1.2 RRC Connection Reconfiguration and Default Bearer Setup 229 3.1.3 RRC Connection Release 238 3.2 LTE Mobility 238 3.2.1 Intra-eNB Intra-Frequency HO 242 3.2.2 Intra-eNodeB Inter-Frequency Handover 243 3.2.3 Inter-eNodeB Intra-Frequency Handover 248 3.2.4 Inter-RAT Handover to 3G 253 3.2.5 Inter-RAT Handover to 2G 255 3.2.6 Inter-RAT Blind Redirection to 3G 257 3.2.7 Inter-RAT Blind Redirection to 2G 259 3.2.8 CS Fallback 260 3.3 Failure Cases 262 4 Key Performance Indicators and Measurements for LTE Radio Network Optimization 267 4.1 Monitoring Solutions for LTE Interfaces 267 4.1.1 Monitoring the Air Interface (Uu) 267 4.1.2 Antenna-Based Monitoring 269 4.1.3 Coax-Based Monitoring 270 4.1.4 CPRI-Based Monitoring 270 4.1.5 Monitoring the E-UTRAN Line Interface 272 4.1.6 Monitoring the eNodeB Trace Port 276 4.2 Monitoring the Scheduler Efficiency 279 4.2.1 UL and DL Scheduling Resources 285 4.2.2 X2 Load Indication 286 4.2.3 The eNodeB Layer 2 Measurements 288 4.3 Radio Quality Measurements 290 4.3.1 UE Measurements 293 4.3.2 The eNodeB Physical Layer Measurements 297 4.3.3 Radio Interface Tester Measurements 301 4.3.4 I/Q Constellation Diagrams 302 4.3.5 EVM/Modulation Error Ratio 304 4.4 Control Plane Performance Counters and Delay Measurements 306 4.4.1 Network Accessibility 307 4.4.2 Network Retainability 316 4.4.3 Mobility (Handover) 318 4.5 User Plane KPIs 322 4.5.1 IP Throughput 323 4.5.2 Application Throughput 325 4.5.3 TCP Startup KPIs 327 4.5.4 TCP Round-Trip Time 328 4.5.5 Packet Jitter 329 4.5.6 Packet Delay and Packet Loss on a Hop-to-Hop Basis 330 4.6 KPI Visualization using Geographical Maps (Geolocation) 331 4.6.1 The Minimize Drive Test Feature Set of 3GPP 333 Acronyms 337 Bibliography 343 Index 345

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Book SynopsisDetails the paradigms of opportunistic spectrum sharing and white space access as effective means to satisfy increasing demand for high-speed wireless communication and for novel wireless communication applications This book addresses opportunistic spectrum sharing and white space access, being particularly mindful of practical considerations and solutions. In Part I, spectrum sharing implementation issues are considered in terms of hardware platforms and software architectures for realization of flexible and spectrally agile transceivers. Part II addresses practical mechanisms supporting spectrum sharing, including spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access, machine learning and decision making capabilities, aggregation of spectrum opportunities, and spectrally-agile radio waveforms. Part III presents the ongoing work on policy and regulation for efficient and reliable spectrum sharing, including major recent steps forward in TV White Space (TTable of ContentsLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi INTRODUCTION xvOliver Holland, Hanna Bogucka, and Arturas Medeisis ACRONYMS xxiii PART I FLEXIBLE RADIO HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PLATFORMS SUPPORTING SPECTRUM SHARING 1 1 The Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) Family of Low-Cost SDRs 3Matt Ettus and Martin Braun 2 On the GNU Radio Ecosystem 25Thomas W. Rondeau 3 Wireless Open-Access Research Platform (WARP) for Flexible Radio 49Junaid Ansari and Petri Mähönen 4 A Dynamically Reconfigurable Software Radio Framework: Iris 81Paul Sutton 5 OpenAirInterface and ExpressMIMO2 for Spectrally Agile Communication 99Bassem Zayen, Florian Kaltenberger, and Raymond Knopp 6 CORAL Cognitive WiFi Networking System: Case Studies of Rural Applications in India 123John Sydor PART II PRACTICAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING SPECTRUM SHARING 141 7 Cooperative Sensing of Spectrum Opportunities 143Giuseppe Caso, Luca De Nardis, Ragnar Thobaben, and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto 8 A Machine-Learning Approach Based on Bio-Inspired Intelligence 167Dimitrios Karvounas, Aimilia Bantouna, Andreas Georgakopoulos, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki, and Panagiotis Demestichas 9 Spectrally Agile Waveforms 191Alexander M. Wyglinski, Adrian Kliks, Pawel Kryszkiewicz, Amit P. Sail, and Hanna Bogucka 10 Aggregation of Spectrum Opportunities 221Florian Kaltenberger, Theodoros A. Tsiftsis, Fotis Foukalas, Shuyu Ping, and Oliver Holland 11 Policies for Efficient Spectrum Sharing 239Liljana Gavrilovska, Vladimir Atanasovski, and Gianmarco Baldini PARTIII REGULATORY SOLUTIONS FOR SPECTRUM SHARING 257 12 International Regulatory Framework for Spectrum and Spectrum Sharing 259Peter Anker 13 Regulations for Spectrum Sharing in the USA 277Lee Pucker 14 UK Framework for Access to TV White Spaces 313Hamid Reza Karimi 15 Spectrum Sharing Using Geo-Location Databases 339Jeffrey C. Schmidt and Peter Stanforth 16 Novel Licensing Schemes 369Oliver Holland, Arturo Basaure, and Wataru Yamada PARTIV SPECTRUM SHARING BUSINESS SCENARIOS AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 391 17 Economic and Game Theoretic Models for Spectrum Sharing 393Hamed Ahmadi, Irene Macaluso, Zaheer Khan, Hanna Bogucka, and Luiz A. DaSilva 18 Business Benefits of Licensed Shared Access (LSA) for Key Stakeholders 407Marja Matinmikko, Hanna Okkonen, Seppo Yrjölä, Petri Ahokangas, Miia Mustonen, Marko Palola, Vânia Gonçalves, Anri Kivimäki, Esko Luttinen, and Jukka Kemppainen 19 Initial Standardization of Disruptive Innovations in Radiocommunication Technology in Consortia 425Dirk-Oliver von der Emden 20 Spectrum as a Platform: a Critical Assessment of the Value Promise of Spectrum Sharing Solutions 453Olivier Rits, Simon Delaere, and Pieter Ballon PART V SPECTRUM SHARING DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS IN PRACTICE 479 21 TV White Spaces with Geo-Location Database Access: Practical Considerations and Trials in Europe 481Rogério Dionísio, José Ribeiro, Jorge Ribeiro, Paulo Marques, and Jonathan Rodriguez 22 Developments and Practical Field Trials of TVWS Technologies 513Kentaro Ishizu, Keiichi Mizutani, Takeshi Matsumura, Ha-Nguyen Tran, Stanislav Filin, Hirokazu Sawada, and Hiroshi Harada 23 Cognitive Wireless Regional Area Network Standard 551Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, Stephen J. Shellhammer, Monisha Ghosh, and Dave Cavalcanti 24 ETSI Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing Technology for (TV) White Spaces 605Markus Dominik Mueck, Naotaka Sato, Chen Sun, Martino Freda, Pekka Ojanen, Dong Zhou, Junfeng Xiao, Rogério Pais Dionisio, and Paulo Marques 25 The IEEE Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks Standards Committee (DySPAN-SC) and IEEE 1900 Working Groups 631Oliver Holland, Hiroshi Harada, Ha-Nguyen Tran, Bernd Bochow, Masayuki Ariyoshi, Matthew Sherman, Michael Gundlach, Stanislav Filin, and Adrian Kliks 26 Spectrum to Unlash Machine-to-Machine Uptake 649Mischa Dohler and Yue Gao CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 679Oliver Holland, Hanna Bogucka, and Arturas Medeisis INDEX 689

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together a group of visionaries and technical experts from academia to industry to discuss the applications and technologies that will comprise the next set of cellular advancements (5G).Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv List of Acronyms xix About the Companion Website xxxi Part I Overview of 5G 1 1 Introduction 3 Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby 1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations 3 1.2 Moving Towards 5G 4 1.3 5G Networks and Devices 5 1.4 Outline of the Book 7 References 8 2 5G Requirements 9 Anass Benjebbour, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Emerging Trends in Mobile Applications and Services 10 2.3 General Requirements 15 References 21 3 Collaborative 5G Research within the EU Framework of Funded Research 23 Michael Faerber 3.1 Rationale for 5G Research and the EU’s Motivation 23 3.2 EU Research 25 References 33 4 5G: Transforming the User Wireless Experience 34 David Ott, Nageen Himayat, and Shilpa Talwar 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Intel’s Vision of 5G Technologies 34 4.3 Intel Strategic Research Alliance on 5G 40 4.4 ISRA 5G Technical Objectives and Goals 40 4.5 ISRA 5G Project Summaries 42 References 50 Part II Candidate Technologies – Evolutionary 53 5 Towards Green and Soft 55 Chih‐Lin I and Shuangfeng Han 5.1 Chapter Overview 55 5.2 Efforts on Green and Soft 5G Networks 56 5.3 Rethink Shannon: EE and SE Co‐design for a Green Network 57 5.4 “No More Cell” for a Green and Soft Network 67 5.5 Summary 75 Acknowledgments 76 References 76 6 Proactive Caching in 5G Small Cell Networks 78 Ejder Baştuğ, Mehdi Bennis, and Mérouane Debbah 6.1 Small Cell Networks: Past, Present and Future Trends 78 6.2 Cache‐enabled Proactive Small Cell Networks 80 6.3 System Model 81 6.4 Proactive Caching at Base Stations 82 6.5 Proactive Caching at User Terminals 85 6.6 Related Work and Research Directions 90 6.7 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 95 7 Modeling Multi‐Radio Coordination and Integration in Converged Heterogeneous Networks 99 Olga Galinina, Sergey Andreev, Alexander Pyattaev, Mikhail Gerasimenko, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Kerstin Johnsson, and Shu‐ping Yeh 7.1 Enabling Technologies for Multi‐Radio Heterogeneous Networks 99 7.2 Comprehensive Methodology for Space‐Time Network Analysis 105 7.3 Analysis of Random Dynamic HetNets 114 7.4 Quantifying Performance with System‐level Evaluations 121 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 126 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 8 Distributed Resource Allocation in 5G Cellular Networks 129 Monowar Hasan and Ekram Hossain 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Multi‐tier 5G Cellular: Overview and Challenges 132 8.3 System Model 135 8.4 Resource Allocation using Stable Matching 139 8.5 Message‐passing Approach for Resource Allocation 143 8.6 Auction‐based Resource Allocation 151 8.7 Qualitative Comparison of the Resource Allocation Schemes 157 8.8 Summary and Conclusion 157 References 159 Additional Reading 160 9 Device‐to‐Device Communications 162 Andreas F. Molisch, Mingyue Ji, Joongheon Kim, Daoud Burghal, and Arash Saber Tehrani 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 162 9.2 Propagation Channels 163 9.3 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 166 9.4 Mode Selection and Resource Allocation 170 9.5 Scheduling 175 9.6 Multi‐hop D2D 180 9.7 Standardization 183 9.8 Applications 184 9.9 D2D for Video 186 9.10 Conclusions 191 Acknowledgments 191 References 191 10 Energy‐efficient Wireless OFDMA Networks 199 Cong Xiong and Geoffrey Ye Li 10.1 Overview 199 10.2 Energy Efficiency and Energy‐efficient Wireless Networks 200 10.3 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in OFDMA 201 10.4 Energy Efficiency, Power, and Delay Tradeoff in OFDMA 208 10.5 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Downlink OFDMA 212 10.6 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink OFDMA 217 10.7 Concluding Remarks 219 References 220 11 Advanced Multiple‐access and MIMO Techniques 222 NOMA sections Anass Benjebbour, Anxin Li, Kazuaki Takeda, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura SV‐MIMO sections Yuki Inoue, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 11.1 Introduction 222 11.2 Non‐orthogonal Multiple Access 225 11.3 Smart Vertical MIMO 238 11.4 Conclusion 247 References 248 12 M2M Communications 250 Rapeepat Ratasuk, Amitava Ghosh, and Benny Vejlgaard 12.1 Chapter Overview 250 12.2 M2M Communications 250 12.3 LTE Evolution for M2M 253 12.4 5G for M2M Communications 270 12.5 Conclusion 273 References 274 13 Low‐latency Radio‐interface Perspectives for Small‐cell 5G Networks 275 Toni Levanen, Juho Pirskanen, and Mikko Valkama 13.1 Introduction to Low‐latency Radio‐interface Design 275 13.2 Small‐cell Channel Environment Considerations and Expected Traffic 277 13.3 New Radio‐interface Design for Low‐latency 5G Wireless Access 283 13.4 Extending the 5GETLA Reference Design to Millimeter‐Wave Communications 296 13.5 Conclusions and Open Research Topics 299 Part III Candidate Technologies – Revolutionary 303 14 New Physical‐layer Waveforms for 5G 305 Gerhard Wunder, Martin Kasparick, Peter Jung, Thorsten Wild, Frank Schaich, Yejian Chen, Gerhard Fettweis, Ivan Gaspar, Nicola Michailow, Maximilian Matthé, Luciano Mendes, Dimitri Kténas, Jean‐Baptiste Doré, Vincent Berg, Nicolas Cassiau, Slawomir Pietrzyk, and Mateusz Buczkowski 14.1 Why OFDM Fails 305 14.2 Unified Frame Structure 308 14.3 Waveform Candidates and Multiple‐access Approaches 310 14.4 One‐shot Random Access 328 14.5 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Massive MIMO Communications 342 Frederick W. Vook, Amitava Ghosh, and Timothy A. Thomas 15.1 Introduction 342 15.2 Overview of Multi‐Antenna Techniques in LTE 343 15.3 Moving to 5G Cellular with Large‐scale Antenna Arrays 345 15.4 Antenna‐array Architectures for 5G Cellular 348 15.5 Massive MIMO for Evolved LTE Systems (Below 6 GHz) 349 15.6 Massive MIMO for cmWave and mmWave Systems (Above 6 GHz) 358 15.7 Conclusion 362 References 363 16 Full‐duplex Radios 365 Dinesh Bharadia and Sachin Katti 16.1 The Problem 367 16.2 Our Design 372 16.3 Implementation 381 16.4 Evaluation 383 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 393 References 393 17 Point to Multi‐point, In‐band mmWave Backhaul for 5G Networks 395 Rakesh Taori and Arun Sridharan 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 Feasibility of In‐band Backhaul 397 17.3 Deployment Assumptions 400 17.4 In‐band Backhaul Design Considerations 402 17.5 TDM‐based Scheduling Scheme for In‐band Backhauling 403 17.6 Concluding Remarks 407 Acknowledgments 407 References 407 18 Application of NFV and SDN to 5G Infrastructure 408 Ashok Sunder Rajan and Kannan Babu Ramia 18.1 Chapter Overview 408 18.2 Background 408 18.3 NFV and SDN 409 18.4 Network Planning and Engineering 410 18.5 Cellular Wireless Network Infrastructure 414 18.6 Network Workloads and Capacity Factors 417 18.7 Conclusion 419 References 420 Index 421

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Book SynopsisThe essential guide to state-of-the art mobile positioning and tracking techniquesfully updated for new and emerging trends in the field Mobile Positioning and Tracking, Second Edition explores state-of-the-art mobile positioning solutions applied on top of current wireless communication networks. Application areas covered include positioning, data fusion and filtering, tracking, error mitigation, both conventional and cooperative positioning technologies and systems, and more. The authors fill the gap between positioning and communication systems, showing how features of wireless communications systems can be used for positioning purposes and how the retrieved location information can be used to enhance the performance of wireless networks. Unlike other books on the subject, Mobile Positioning and Tracking: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques, 2nd Edition covers the entire positioning and tracking value chain, starting from the measurementTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii Notations xxxi 1 Introduction 1Joaõ Figueiras, Francescantonio Della Rosa and Simone Frattasi 1.1 Application Areas of Positioning (Chapter 2) 5 1.2 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning (Chapter 3) 5 1.3 Fundamentals of Positioning (Chapter 4) 5 1.4 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques (Chapter 5) 6 1.5 Fundamentals of Tracking (Chapter 6) 6 1.6 Error Mitigation Techniques (Chapter 7) 7 1.7 Positioning Systems and Technologies (Chapter 8) 7 1.8 Ultrawideband Positioning and Tracking (Chapter 9) 8 1.9 Indoor Positioning in WLAN (Chapter 10) 8 1.10 Cooperative Multi-tag Localization in RFID Systems (Chapter 11) 9 1.11 Cooperative Mobile Positioning (Chapter 12) 9 2 Application Areas of Positioning 11Simone Frattasi 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Localization Framework 11 2.3 Location-based Services 13 2.3.1 LBS Ecosystem 13 2.3.2 Taxonomies 15 2.3.3 Context Awareness 26 2.3.4 Privacy 29 2.4 Location-based Network Optimization 32 2.4.1 Radio Network Planning 32 2.4.2 Radio Resource Management 32 2.5 Patent Trends 35 2.6 Conclusions 39 3 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning 43Gilberto Berardinelli and Nicola Marchetti 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Radio Propagation 44 3.2.1 Path Loss 45 3.2.2 Shadowing 48 3.2.3 Small-scale Fading 49 3.2.4 Radio Propagation and Mobile Positioning 52 3.2.5 RSS-based Positioning 54 3.3 Multiple-antenna Techniques 55 3.3.1 Spatial Diversity 55 3.3.2 Spatial Multiplexing 56 3.3.3 Gains Obtained by Exploiting the Spatial Domain 57 3.3.4 MIMO and Mobile Positioning 59 3.4 Duplexing Methods 59 3.4.1 Simplex Systems 59 3.4.2 Half-duplex 59 3.4.3 Full Duplex 60 3.5 Modulation and Multiple-access Techniques 61 3.5.1 Modulation Techniques 61 3.5.2 Multiple-access Techniques 65 3.5.3 OFDMA and Mobile Positioning 67 3.6 Radio Resource Management and Mobile Positioning 67 3.6.1 Handoff, Channel Reuse and Interference Adaptation 67 3.6.2 Power Control 69 3.7 Synchronization 70 3.7.1 Centralized Synchronization 70 3.7.2 Distributed Synchronization 71 3.8 Cooperative Communications 72 3.8.1 Cooperative MIMO 73 3.8.2 Clustering 74 3.8.3 Cooperative Routing 75 3.8.4 RSS-based Cooperative Positioning 75 3.9 Cognitive Radio and Mobile Positioning 75 3.10 Conclusions 78 4 Fundamentals of Positioning 81João Figueiras 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures 81 4.2.1 Positioning-system Topology 82 4.2.2 Physical Coverage Range 83 4.2.3 Integration of Positioning Solutions 84 4.3 Types of Measurements and Methods for their Estimation 85 4.3.1 Cell ID 85 4.3.2 Signal Strength 85 4.3.3 Time of Arrival 86 4.3.4 Time Difference of Arrival 87 4.3.5 Angle of Arrival 88 4.3.6 Personal-information Identification 89 4.4 Positioning Techniques 89 4.4.1 Proximity Sensing 89 4.4.2 Triangulation 91 4.4.3 Fingerprinting 95 4.4.4 Dead Reckoning 98 4.4.5 Hybrid Approaches 98 4.5 Error Sources in Positioning 100 4.5.1 Propagation 100 4.5.2 Geometry 104 4.5.3 Equipment and Technology 105 4.6 Metrics of Location Accuracy 106 4.6.1 Circular Error Probability 106 4.6.2 Dilution of Precision 106 4.6.3 Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 107 4.7 Conclusions 107 5 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques 109João Figueiras 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Least-squares Methods 110 5.2.1 Linear Least Squares 111 5.2.2 Recursive Least Squares 112 5.2.3 Weighted Nonlinear Least Squares 113 5.2.4 The Absolute/Local-minimum Problem 117 5.3 Bayesian Filtering 117 5.3.1 The Kalman Filter 118 5.3.2 The Particle Filter 124 5.3.3 Grid-based Methods 126 5.4 Estimating Model Parameters and Biases in Observations 126 5.4.1 Precalibration 127 5.4.2 Joint Parameter and State Estimation 127 5.5 Alternative Approaches 128 5.5.1 Fingerprinting 128 5.5.2 Time Series Data 131 5.6 Conclusions 132 6 Fundamentals of Tracking 135João Figueiras 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Impact of User Mobility on Positioning 136 6.2.1 Localizing Static Devices 136 6.2.2 Added Complexity in Tracking 136 6.2.3 Additional Knowledge in Cooperative Environments 136 6.3 Mobility Models 137 6.3.1 Conventional Models 137 6.3.2 Models Based on Stochastic Processes 137 6.3.3 Geographical-restriction Models 144 6.3.4 Group Mobility Models 146 6.3.5 Social-based Models 147 6.4 Tracking Moving Devices 150 6.4.1 Mitigating Obstructions in the Propagation Conditions 150 6.4.2 Tracking Nonmaneuvering Targets 151 6.4.3 Tracking Maneuvering Targets 152 6.4.4 Learning Position and Trajectory Patterns 155 6.5 Conclusions 160 7 Error Mitigation Techniques 163Ismail Guvenc 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 System Model 165 7.2.1 Maximum-likelihood Algorithm for LOS Scenarios 166 7.2.2 Cramér–Rao Lower Bounds for LOS Scenarios 167 7.3 NLOS Scenarios: Fundamental Limits and Maximum-likelihood Solutions 170 7.3.1 ML-based Algorithms 170 7.3.2 Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 173 7.4 Least-squares Techniques for NLOS Localization 175 7.4.1 Weighted Least Squares 175 7.4.2 Residual-weighting Algorithm 176 7.5 Constraint-based Techniques for NLOS Localization 178 7.5.1 Constrained LS Algorithm and Quadratic Programming 178 7.5.2 Linear Programming 178 7.5.3 Geometry-constrained Location Estimation 180 7.5.4 Interior-point Optimization 181 7.6 Robust Estimators for NLOS Localization 182 7.6.1 Huber M-estimator 182 7.6.2 Least Median Squares 183 7.6.3 Other Robust Estimation Options 184 7.7 Identify and Discard Techniques for NLOS Localization 184 7.7.1 Residual Test Algorithm 184 7.8 Conclusions 188 8 Positioning Systems and Technologies 189Andreas Waadt, Guido Bruck and Peter Jung 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Satellite Positioning 190 8.2.1 Overview 190 8.2.2 Basic Principles 191 8.2.3 Satellite Positioning Systems 194 8.2.4 Accuracy and Reliability 195 8.2.5 Drawbacks When Applied to Mobile Positioning 195 8.3 Cellular Positioning 196 8.3.1 Overview 196 8.3.2 GSM 197 8.3.3 UMTS 206 8.3.4 LTE 208 8.3.5 Emergency Applications in Cellular Networks 211 8.3.6 Drawbacks When Applied to Mobile Positioning 213 8.4 Wireless Local/Personal Area Network Positioning 213 8.4.1 Solutions on Top of Wireless Local Networks 213 8.4.2 Dedicated Solutions 217 8.5 Ad hoc Positioning 220 8.6 Hybrid Positioning 220 8.6.1 Heterogeneous Positioning 220 8.6.2 Cellular and WLAN 221 8.6.3 Assisted GPS 221 8.7 Conclusions 223 Acknowledgements 223 9 Ultra-wideband Positioning and Tracking 225Davide Dardari 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 UWB Technology 226 9.2.1 History and Definitions 226 9.2.2 Theory 226 9.2.3 Regulations 228 9.3 The UWB Radio Channel 230 9.3.1 Path Loss 231 9.3.2 Multipath 231 9.3.3 UWB Channel Models for Positioning 232 9.4 UWB Standards 233 9.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard 233 9.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4f Standard 235 9.4.3 Other Standards 237 9.5 Time-of-arrival Measurements 237 9.5.1 Two-way Ranging 237 9.5.2 Time Difference of Arrival 238 9.5.3 Fundamental Limits in TOA Estimation 238 9.5.4 Main Issues in TOA Estimation 240 9.5.5 Clock Drift 242 9.6 Ranging Algoritms in Real Conditions 243 9.6.1 ML TOA Estimation in the Presence of a Multipath 243 9.6.2 Clock Drift Mitigation 248 9.6.3 Localization and Tracking with UWB 250 9.7 Passive UWB Localization 253 9.7.1 UWB-RFID 253 9.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 258 Acknowledgments 260 10 Indoor Positioning in WLAN 261Francescantonio Della Rosa, Mauro Pelosi and Jari Nurmi 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 Potential and Limitations of WLAN 262 10.3 Empirical Approaches 263 10.3.1 Probe Requests and Beacon Frames 264 10.3.2 Positioning Methods 265 10.3.3 Evaluation Criteria for Indoor Positioning Systems Based on WLANs 272 10.4 Error Sources in RSS Measurements 274 10.4.1 Heterogeneous WiFi Cards 275 10.4.2 Device Orientation 277 10.4.3 Channel in the Presence of the User and Body Loss 278 10.4.4 The Hand Grip 278 10.5 Experimental Activities 279 10.6 Conclusions 281 11 Cooperative Multi-tag Localization in RFID Systems: Exploiting Multiplicity, Diversity and Polarization of Tags 283Tanveer Bhuiyan and Simone Frattasi 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 RFID Positioning Systems 285 11.2.1 Single-tag Localization 285 11.3 Cooperative Multi-tag Localization 286 11.3.1 Multi-tagged Objects and Persons 286 11.3.2 Localization of Mobile RFID Readers: CoopAOA 290 11.3.3 Performance Evaluation 297 11.3.4 Experimental Activity for Tag Localization 309 11.4 Conclusions 314 12 Cooperative Mobile Positioning 315Simone Frattasi, Joaõ Figueiras and Francescantonio Della Rosa 12.1 Introduction 315 12.2 Cooperative Localization 316 12.2.1 Robot Networks 316 12.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 317 12.2.3 Wireless Mobile Networks 321 12.3 Cooperative Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques 323 12.3.1 Coop-WNLLS: Cooperative Weighted Nonlinear Least Squares 323 12.3.2 Coop-EKF: Cooperative Extended Kalman Filter 326 12.4 COMET: A Cooperative Mobile Positioning System 328 12.4.1 System Architecture 328 12.4.2 Data Fusion Methods 330 12.4.3 Performance Evaluation 337 12.5 Experimental Activity in a Cooperative WLAN Scenario 349 12.5.1 Scenario 350 12.5.2 Results 350 12.6 Conclusions 352 References 353 Index 373

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and invaluable guide to 5G technology, implementation and practice in one single volume. For all things 5G, this book is a must-read. Signal processing techniques have played the most important role in wireless communications since the second generation of cellular systems. It is anticipated that new techniques employed in 5G wireless networks will not only improve peak service rates significantly, but also enhance capacity, coverage, reliability , low-latency, efficiency, flexibility, compatibility and convergence to meet the increasing demands imposed by applications such as big data, cloud service, machine-to-machine (M2M) and mission-critical communications. This book is a comprehensive and detailed guide to all signal processing techniques employed in 5G wireless networks. Uniquely organized into four categories, New Modulation and Coding, New Spatial Processing, New Spectrum Opportunities and New System-level Enabling TechnoloTable of ContentsPreface xvii List of Contributors xxv Part I MODULATION, CODING AND WAVEFORM FOR 5G 1 An Introduction to Modulations and Waveforms for 5G Networks 3Stefano Buzzi, Alessandro Ugolini, Alessio Zappone and Giulio Colavolpe 1.1 Motivation and Background 3 1.2 New Modulation Formats: FBMC, GFDM, BFDM, UFMC and TFP 7 1.3 Waveform Choice 19 1.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 20 References 22 2 Faster-than-Nyquist Signaling for 5G Communication 24John B. Anderson 2.1 Introduction to FTN Signaling 25 2.2 Time FTN: Receivers and Performance 32 2.3 Frequency FTN Signaling 41 2.4 Summary of the Chapter 45 References 46 3 From OFDM to FBMC: Principles and Comparisons 47Wei Jiang and Thomas Kaiser 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The Filter Bank 49 3.3 Polyphase Implementation 53 3.4 OFDM 55 3.5 FBMC 61 3.6 Comparison of FBMC and Filtered OFDM 62 3.7 Conclusion 65 References 66 4 Filter Bank Multicarrier for Massive MIMO 67Arman Farhang, Nicola Marchetti and Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny 4.1 System Model and FBMC Formulation in Massive MIMO 69 4.2 Self-equalization Property of FBMC in Massive MIMO 74 4.3 Comparison with OFDM 80 4.4 Blind Equalization and Pilot Decontamination 82 4.5 Conclusion 87 References 88 5 Bandwidth-compressed Multicarrier Communication: SEFDM 90Izzat Darwazeh, Tongyang Xu and Ryan C Grammenos 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 SEFDM Fundamentals 93 5.3 Block-SEFDM 97 5.4 Turbo-SEFDM 102 5.5 Practical Considerations and Experimental Demonstration 106 5.6 Summary 112 References 112 6 Non-orthogonal Multi-User Superposition and Shared Access 115Yifei Yuan 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Basic Principles and Features of Non-orthogonal Multi-user Access 116 6.3 Downlink Non-orthogonal Multi-user Transmission 121 6.4 Uplink Non-orthogonal Multi-user Access 129 6.5 Summary and Future Work 140 References 142 7 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA): Concept and Design 143Anass Benjebbour, Keisuke Saito, Anxin Li, Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Takehiro Nakamura 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Concept 145 7.3 Benefits and Motivations 148 7.4 Interface Design 150 7.5 MIMO Support 153 7.6 Performance Evaluations 157 7.7 Conclusion 166 References 167 8 Major 5G Waveform Candidates: Overview and Comparison 169Hao Lin and Pierre Siohan 8.1 Why We Need New Waveforms 170 8.2 Major Multicarrier Modulation Candidates 171 8.3 High-level Comparison 178 8.4 Conclusion 184 List of acronyms 185 References 186 Part II NEW SPATIAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR 5G 9 Massive MIMO for 5G: Theory, Implementation and Prototyping 191Ove Edfors, Liang Liu, Fredrik Tufvesson, Nikhil Kundargi and Karl Nieman 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Massive MIMO Theory 194 9.3 Massive MIMO Channels 199 9.4 Massive MIMO Implementation 204 9.5 Testbed Design 214 9.6 Synchronization 224 9.7 Future Challenges and Conclusion 227 Acknowledgments 228 References 228 10 Millimeter-Wave MIMO Transceivers: Theory, Design and Implementation 231Akbar M. Sayeed and John H. Brady 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 Overview of Millimeter-Wave MIMO Transceiver Architectures 235 10.3 Point-to-Point Single-User Systems 237 10.4 Point-to-Multipoint Multiuser Systems 243 10.5 Extensions 249 10.6 Conclusion 250 References 251 11 3D Propagation Channels: Modeling and Measurements 254Andreas F. Molisch 11.1 Introduction and Motivation 255 11.2 Measurement Techniques 257 11.3 Propagation Effects 260 11.4 Measurement Results 263 11.5 Channel Models 266 11.6 Summary and Open Issues 268 Acknowledgements 269 Disclaimer 269 References 269 12 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas: Theory, Implementation and Testing 273Guangyi Liu, Xueying Hou, Fei Wang, Jing Jin and Hui Tong 12.1 Introduction 274 12.2 Application Scenarios of 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas 276 12.3 Exploiting 3D-MIMO Gain Based on Techniques in Current Standards 277 12.4 Evaluation by System-level Simulations 283 12.5 Field Trials of 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas 288 12.6 Achieving 3D-MIMO with Massive Antennas from Theory to Practice 292 12.7 Conclusions 294 References 295 13 Orbital Angular Momentum-based Wireless Communications: Designs and Implementations 296Alan. E. Willner, Yan Yan, Yongxiong Ren, Nisar Ahmed and Guodong Xie 13.1 EM Waves Carrying OAM 297 13.2 Application of OAM to RF Communications 298 13.3 OAM Beam Generation, Multiplexing and Detection 300 13.4 Wireless Communications Using OAM Multiplexing 303 13.5 Summary and Perspective 315 References 316 Part III NEW SPECTRUM OPPORTUNITIES FOR 5G 14 MillimeterWaves for 5G: From Theory To Practice 321Malik Gul, Eckhard Ohlmer, Ahsan Aziz, Wes McCoy and Yong Rao 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Building a mmWave PoC System 322 14.3 Desirable Features of a mmWave Prototyping System 323 14.4 Case Study: a mmWave Cellular PoC 326 14.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 15 *5G Millimeter-wave Communication Channel and Technology Overview 354Qian (Clara) Li, Hyejung Jung, Pingping Zong and Geng Wu 15.1 Introduction 354 15.2 Millimeter-wave Channel Characteristics 355 15.3 Requirements for a 5G mmWave Channel Model 357 15.4 Millimeter-wave Channel Model for 5G 358 15.5 Signal Processing for mmWave Band 5G RAT 365 15.6 Summary 370 References 371 16 General Principles and Basic Algorithms for Full-duplex Transmission 372Thomas Kaiser and Nidal Zarifeh 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Self-interference: Basic Analyses and Models 374 16.3 SIC Techniques and Algorithms 376 16.4 Hardware Impairments and Implementation Challenges 386 16.5 Looking Toward Full-duplex MIMO Systems 393 16.6 Conclusion and Outlook 396 References 397 17 Design and Implementation of Full-duplex Transceivers 402Katsuyuki Haneda, Mikko Valkama, Taneli Riihonen, Emilio Antonio-Rodriguez and Dani Korpi 17.1 Research Challenges 405 17.2 Antenna Designs 409 17.3 RF Self-interference Cancellation Methods 411 17.4 Digital Self-interference Cancellation Algorithms 413 17.5 Demonstration 423 17.6 Summary 426 Acknowledgements 426 References 426 Part IV NEW SYSTEM-LEVEL ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR 5G 18 Cloud Radio Access Networks: Uplink Channel Estimation and Downlink Precoding 431Osvaldo Simeone, Jinkyu Kang, Joonkhyuk Kang and Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) 18.1 Introduction 432 18.2 Technology Background 432 18.3 Uplink: Where to Perform Channel Estimation? 434 18.4 Downlink: Where to Perform Channel Encoding and Precoding? 441 18.5 Concluding Remarks 453 References 454 19 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation in 5G with Application to D2D 456Alessio Zappone, Francesco Di Stasio, Stefano Buzzi and Eduard Jorswieck 19.1 Introduction 457 19.2 Signal Model 459 19.3 Resource Allocation 461 19.4 Fractional Programming 462 19.5 Algorithms 466 19.6 Sequential Fractional Programming 469 19.7 System Optimization 471 19.8 Numerical Results 476 19.9 Conclusion 480 References 481 20 Ultra Dense Networks: General Introduction and Design Overview 483Jianchi Zhu, Xiaoming She and Peng Chen 20.1 Introduction 484 20.2 Interference Management 487 20.3 Mobility Management 495 20.4 Architecture and Backhaul 499 20.5 Other Issues in UDNs for 5G 503 20.6 Conclusions 505 Acknowledgements 506 References 506 21 Radio-resource Management and Optimization in 5G Networks 509Antonis Gotsis, Athanasios Panagopoulos, Stelios Stefanatos and Angeliki Alexiou 21.1 Introduction 510 21.2 Background 511 21.3 Optimal Strategies for Single-antenna Coordinated Ultradense Networks 514 21.4 Optimal Strategies for Multi-antenna Coordinated and Cooperative Ultradense Networks 525 21.5 Summary and Future Research Directions 533 Acknowledgments 534 References 534 Part V REFERENCE DESIGN AND 5G STANDARD DEVELOPMENT 22 Full-duplex Radios in 5G: Fundamentals, Design and Prototyping 539Jaeweon Kim, Min Soo Sim, MinKeun Chung, Dong Ku Kim and Chan-Byoung Chae 22.1 Introduction 540 22.2 Self-interference 541 22.3 Analog Self-interference Cancellation 542 22.4 Digital Self-interference Cancellation 547 22.5 Prototyping Full-duplex Radios 550 22.6 Overall Performance Evaluation 558 22.7 Conclusion 559 References 559 23 5G Standard Development: Technology and Roadmap 561Juho Lee and Yongjun Kwak 23.1 Introduction 561 23.2 Standards Roadmap from 4G to 5G 562 23.3 Preparation of 5G Cellular Communication Standards 570 23.4 Concluding Remarks 575 References 575 Index 577

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Book SynopsisThe book examines how Fog will change the information technology industry in the next decade. Fog distributes the services of computation, communication, control and storage closer to the edge, access and users. As a computing and networking architecture, Fog enables key applications in wireless 5G, the Internet of Things, and big data.Table of ContentsContributors xi Introduction 1Bharath Balasubramanian, Mung Chiang, and Flavio Bonomi I.1 Summary of Chapters 5 I.2 Acknowledgments 7 References 8 I Communication and Management of Fog 11 1 ParaDrop: An Edge Computing Platform in Home Gateways 13Suman Banerjee, Peng Liu, Ashish Patro, and Dale Willis 1.1 Introduction 13 1.1.1 Enabling Multitenant Wireless Gateways and Applications through ParaDrop 14 1.1.2 ParaDrop Capabilities 15 1.2 Implementing Services for the ParaDrop Platform 17 1.3 Develop Services for ParaDrop 19 1.3.1 A Security Camera Service Using ParaDrop 19 1.3.2 An Environmental Sensor Service Using ParaDrop 22 References 23 2 Mind Your Own Bandwidth 24Carlee Joe-Wong, Sangtae Ha, Zhenming Liu, Felix Ming Fai Wong, and Mung Chiang 2.1 Introduction 24 2.1.1 Leveraging the Fog 25 2.1.2 A Home Solution to a Home Problem 25 2.2 Related Work 28 2.3 Credit Distribution and Optimal Spending 28 2.3.1 Credit Distribution 29 2.3.2 Optimal Credit Spending 31 2.4 An Online Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm 32 2.4.1 Estimating Other Gateways’ Spending 32 2.4.2 Online Spending Decisions and App Prioritization 34 2.5 Design and Implementation 35 2.5.1 Traffic and Device Classification 37 2.5.2 Rate Limiting Engine 37 2.5.3 Traffic Prioritization Engine 38 2.6 Experimental Results 39 2.6.1 Rate Limiting 39 2.6.2 Traffic Prioritization 41 2.7 Gateway Sharing Results 41 2.8 Concluding Remarks 45 Acknowledgments 46 Appendix 2.A 46 2.A.1 Proof of Lemma 2.1 46 2.A.2 Proof of Lemma 2.2 46 2.A.3 Proof of Proposition 2.1 47 2.A.4 Proof of Proposition 2.2 48 2.A.5 Proof of Proposition 2.3 49 2.A.6 Proof of Proposition 2.4 49 References 50 3 Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications toward Fog Networking 52Xu Chen, Junshan Zhang, and Satyajayant Misra 3.1 Introduction 52 3.1.1 From Social Trust and Social Reciprocity to D2D Cooperation 54 3.1.2 Smart Grid: An IoT Case for Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications 55 3.1.3 Summary of Main Results 57 3.2 Related Work 58 3.3 System Model 59 3.3.1 Physical (Communication) Graph Model 60 3.3.2 Social Graph Model 61 3.4 Socially-Aware Cooperative D2D and D4D Communications toward Fog Networking 62 3.4.1 Social Trust-Based Relay Selection 63 3.4.2 Social Reciprocity-Based Relay Selection 63 3.4.3 Social Trust and Social Reciprocity-Based Relay Selection 68 3.5 Network Assisted Relay Selection Mechanism 69 3.5.1 Reciprocal Relay Selection Cycle Finding 69 3.5.2 NARS Mechanism 70 3.5.3 Properties of NARS Mechanism 73 3.6 Simulations 75 3.6.1 Erdos–Renyi Social Graph 76 3.6.2 Real Trace Based Social Graph 78 3.7 Conclusion 82 Acknowledgments 82 References 83 4 You Deserve Better Properties (From Your Smart Devices) 86Steven Y. Ko 4.1 Why We Need to Provide Better Properties 86 4.2 Where We Need to Provide Better Properties 87 4.3 What Properties We Need to Provide and How 88 4.3.1 Transparency 88 4.3.2 Predictable Performance 93 4.3.3 Openness 99 4.4 Conclusions 102 Acknowledgment 102 References 103 II Storage and Computation in Fog 107 5 Distributed Caching for Enhancing Communications Efficiency 109A. Salman Avestimehr and Andreas F. Molisch 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Femtocaching 111 5.2.1 System Model 111 5.2.2 Adaptive Streaming from Helper Stations 114 5.3 User-Caching 115 5.3.1 Cluster-Based Caching and D2D Communications 115 5.3.2 IT LinQ-Based Caching and Communications 118 5.3.3 Coded Multicast 126 5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 130 References 131 6 Wireless Video Fog: Collaborative Live Streaming with Error Recovery 133Bo Zhang, Zhi Liu, and S.-H. Gary Chan 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Related Work 136 6.3 System Operation and Network Model 138 6.4 Problem Formulation and Complexity 140 6.4.1 NC Packet Selection Optimization 140 6.4.2 Broadcaster Selection Optimization 143 6.4.3 Complexity Analysis 144 6.5 VBCR: A Distributed Heuristic for Live Video with Cooperative Recovery 144 6.5.1 Initial Information Exchange 145 6.5.2 Cooperative Recovery 145 6.5.3 Updated Information Exchange 147 6.5.4 Video Packet Forwarding 147 6.6 Illustrative Simulation Results 150 6.7 Concluding Remarks 156 References 156 7 Elastic Mobile Device Clouds: Leveraging Mobile Devices to Provide Cloud Computing Services at the Edge 159Karim Habak, Cong Shi, Ellen W. Zegura, Khaled A. Harras, and Mostafa Ammar 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Design Space with Examples 161 7.2.1 Mont-Blanc 162 7.2.2 Computing while Charging 163 7.2.3 FemtoCloud 164 7.2.4 Serendipity 166 7.3 FemtoCloud Performance Evaluation 168 7.3.1 Experimental Setup 168 7.3.2 FemtoCloud Simulation Results 169 7.3.3 FemtoCloud Prototype Evaluation 173 7.4 Serendipity Performance Evaluation 175 7.4.1 Experimental Setup 175 7.4.2 Serendipity’s Performance Benefits 176 7.4.3 Impact of Network Environment 179 7.4.4 The Impact of the Job Properties 182 7.5 Challenges 186 References 186 III Applications of Fog 189 8 The Role of Fog Computing in the Future of the Automobile 191Flavio Bonomi, Stefan Poledna, and Wilfried Steiner 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Current Automobile Electronic Architectures 193 8.3 Future Challenges of Automotive E/E Architectures and Solution Strategies 195 8.4 Future Automobiles as Fog Nodes on Wheels 200 8.5 Deterministic FOG Nodes on Wheels Through Real-Time Computing and Time-Triggered Technologies 203 8.5.1 Deterministic Fog Node Addressing the Scalability Challenge through Virtualization 203 8.5.2 Deterministic Fog Node Addressing the Connectivity and Security Challenges 204 8.5.3 Emerging Use Case of Deterministic Fog Nodes in Automotive Applications—Vehicle-Wide Virtualization 206 8.6 Conclusion 209 References 209 9 Geographic Addressing for Field Networks 211Robert J. Hall 9.1 Introduction 211 9.1.1 Field Networking 211 9.1.2 Challenges of Field Networking 212 9.2 Geographic Addressing 214 9.3 SAGP: Wireless GA in the Field 215 9.3.1 SAGP Processing 216 9.3.2 SAGP Retransmission Heuristics 217 9.3.3 Example of SAGP Packet Propagation 218 9.3.4 Followcast: Efficient SAGP Streaming 219 9.3.5 Meeting the Challenges 220 9.4 Georouting: Extending GA to the Cloud 221 9.5 SGAF: A Multi-Tiered Architecture for Large-Scale GA 222 9.5.1 Bridging Between Tiers 223 9.5.2 Hybrid Security Architecture 225 9.6 The AT&T Labs Geocast System 225 9.7 Two GA Applications 226 9.7.1 PSCommander 226 9.7.2 Geocast Games 230 9.8 Conclusions 232 References 232 10 Distributed Online Learning and Stream Processing for a Smarter Planet 234Deepak S. Turaga and Mihaela van der Schaar 10.1 Introduction: Smarter Planet 234 10.2 Illustrative Problem: Transportation 237 10.3 Stream Processing Characteristics 238 10.4 Distributed Stream Processing Systems 239 10.4.1 State of the Art 239 10.4.2 Stream Processing Systems 240 10.5 Distributed Online Learning Frameworks 244 10.5.1 State of the Art 244 10.5.2 Systematic Framework for Online Distributed Ensemble Learning 247 10.5.3 Online Learning of the Aggregation Weights 250 10.5.4 Collision Detection Application 254 10.6 What Lies Ahead 257 Acknowledgment 258 References 258 11 Securing the Internet of Things: Need for a New Paradigm and Fog Computing 261Tao Zhang, Yi Zheng, Raymond Zheng, and Helder Antunes 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 New IoT Security Challenges That Necessitate Fundamental Changes to the Existing Security Paradigm 263 11.2.1 Many Things Will Have Long Life Spans but Constrained and Difficult-to-Upgrade Resources 264 11.2.2 Putting All IoT Devices Inside Firewalled Castles Will Become Infeasible or Impractical 264 11.2.3 Mission-Critical Systems Will Demand Minimal-Impact Incident Responses 265 11.2.4 The Need to Know the Security Status of a Vast Number of Devices 266 11.3 A New Security Paradigm for the Internet of Things 268 11.3.1 Help the Less Capable with Fog Computing 269 11.3.2 Scale Security Monitoring to Large Number of Devices with Crowd Attestation 272 11.3.3 Dynamic Risk–Benefit-Proportional Protection with Adaptive Immune Security 277 11.4 Summary 281 Acknowledgment 281 References 281 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses researchers and graduate students at the forefront of study/research on the Internet of Things (IoT) by presenting state-of-the-art research together with the current and future challenges in building new smart applications (e.g., Smart Cities, Smart Buildings, and Industrial IoT) in an efficient, scalable, and sustainable way. It covers the main pillars of the IoT world (Connectivity, Interoperability, Discoverability, and Security/Privacy), providing a comprehensive look at the current technologies, procedures, and architectures.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Preliminaries, Motivation, and Related Work 1 1.1 What is the Internet of Things? 1 1.2 Wireless Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks:The Ancestors without IP 2 1.3 IoT-enabled Applications 3 1.3.1 Home and Building Automation 3 1.3.2 Smart Cities 4 1.3.3 Smart Grids 4 1.3.4 Industrial IoT 5 1.3.5 Smart Farming 7 2 Standards 9 2.1 “Traditional” Internet Review 9 2.1.1 Physical/Link Layer 10 2.1.1.1 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 11 2.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11 12 2.1.2 Network Layer 14 2.1.2.1 IPv6 and IPv4 14 2.1.3 Transport Layer 17 2.1.3.1 TCP and UDP 19 2.1.4 Application Layer 21 2.1.4.1 HTTP 21 2.1.4.2 AMQP 22 2.1.4.3 SIP 23 2.2 The Internet ofThings 25 2.2.1 Designing the Architecture of an IP-based Internet of Things 26 2.2.2 Physical/Link Layer 28 2.2.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 28 2.2.2.2 Low-powerWi-Fi 30 2.2.2.3 Bluetooth and BLE 31 2.2.2.4 Powerline Communications 32 2.2.3 Network Layer 33 2.2.3.1 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 34 2.2.4 Transport Layer 34 2.2.5 Application Layer 34 2.2.5.1 CoAP 35 2.2.5.2 CoSIP Protocol Specification 60 2.3 The Industrial IoT 76 3 Interoperability 79 3.1 Applications in the IoT 79 3.2 The Verticals: Cloud-based Solutions 80 3.3 REST Architectures:TheWeb of Things 81 3.3.1 REST: TheWeb as a Platform 82 3.3.1.1 Resource-oriented Architectures 83 3.3.1.2 REST Architectures 84 3.3.1.3 Representation of Resources 84 3.3.1.4 Resource Identifiers 85 3.3.1.5 Statelessness 86 3.3.1.6 Applications as Finite-state Machines 86 3.3.1.7 Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State 86 3.3.2 Richardson MaturityModel 88 3.3.2.1 Level 0: the Swamp of POX 88 3.3.2.2 Level 1: Resources 90 3.3.2.3 Level 2: HTTP Verbs 90 3.3.2.4 Level 3: Hypermedia 95 3.3.2.5 The Meaning of the Levels 97 3.4 TheWeb of Things 97 3.5 Messaging Queues and Publish/Subscribe Communications 98 3.5.1 Advantages of the Pub/Sub Model 99 3.5.2 Disadvantages of the Pub/Sub Model 100 3.5.3 Message Queue Telemetry Transport 100 3.5.3.1 MQTT versus AMQP 101 3.6 Session Initiation for the IoT 102 3.6.1 Motivations 102 3.6.2 Lightweight Sessions in the IoT 104 3.6.2.1 A Protocol for Constrained Session Initiation 106 3.6.2.2 Session Initiation 106 3.6.2.3 Session Tear-down 108 3.6.2.4 Session Modification 108 3.7 Performance Evaluation 109 3.7.1 Implementation 109 3.7.2 Experimental Results 111 3.7.3 Conclusions 114 3.8 Optimized Communications: the Dual-network Management Protocol 115 3.8.1 DNMP Motivations 115 3.8.2 RelatedWork 117 3.8.3 The DNMP Protocol 118 3.8.4 Implementation with IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11s 123 3.8.4.1 LPLT Networking 123 3.8.4.2 HPHT Networking 123 3.8.4.3 Node Integration 124 3.8.5 Performance Evaluation 125 3.8.5.1 Experimental Setup 125 3.8.5.2 Operational Limitations of IEEE 802.15.4 126 3.8.6 IEEE 802.15.4-controlled Selective Activation of the IEEE 802.11s Network 129 3.8.7 Conclusions 130 3.9 Discoverability in Constrained Environments 131 3.9.1 CoRE Link Format 131 3.9.1.1 CoRE Link Format: Discovery 132 3.9.1.2 Link Format 133 3.9.1.3 The Interface Description Attribute 135 3.9.2 CoRE Interfaces 135 3.9.2.1 Sensor 136 3.9.2.2 Parameter 137 3.9.2.3 Read-only Parameter 137 3.9.2.4 Actuator 137 3.10 Data Formats: Media Types for Sensor Markup Language 138 3.10.1 JSON Representations 141 3.10.1.1 Single Datapoint 141 3.10.1.2 Multiple Datapoints 142 3.10.1.3 Multiple Measurements 142 4 Discoverability 145 4.1 Service and Resource Discovery 145 4.2 Local and Large-scale Service Discovery 146 4.2.1 ZeroConf 151 4.2.2 UPnP 152 4.2.3 URI Beacons and the PhysicalWeb 152 4.3 Scalable and Self-configuring Architecture for Service Discovery in the IoT 154 4.3.1 IoT Gateway 156 4.3.1.1 Proxy Functionality 156 4.3.1.2 Service and Resource Discovery 158 4.3.2 A P2P-based Large-scale Service Discovery Architecture 159 4.3.2.1 Distributed Location Service 160 4.3.2.2 Distributed Geographic Table 161 4.3.2.3 An Architecture for Large-scale Service Discovery based on Peer-to-peer Technologies 162 4.3.3 Zeroconf-based Local Service Discovery for Constrained Environments 167 4.3.3.1 Architecture 167 4.3.3.2 Service Discovery Protocol 168 4.3.4 Implementation Results 170 4.3.4.1 Local Service Discovery 171 4.3.4.2 Large-scale Service Discovery 175 4.4 Lightweight Service Discovery in Low-power IoT Networks 178 4.4.1 Efficient Forwarding Protocol for Service Discovery 180 4.4.1.1 Multicast through Local Filtered Flooding 181 4.4.2 Efficient Multiple Unicast Forwarding 183 4.5 Implementation Results 185 5 Security and Privacy in the IoT 191 5.1 Security Issues in the IoT 192 5.2 Security Mechanisms Overview 196 5.2.1 Traditional vs Lightweight security 196 5.2.1.1 Network Layer 197 5.2.1.2 Transport Layer 199 5.2.1.3 Application Layer 201 5.2.2 Lightweight Cryptography 202 5.2.2.1 Symmetric-key LWC Algorithms 203 5.2.2.2 Public-key (Asymmetric) LWC Algorithms 206 5.2.2.3 Lightweight Cryptographic Hash Functions 210 5.2.2.4 Homomorphic Encryption Schemes 213 5.2.3 Key Agreement, Distribution, and Security Bootstrapping 214 5.2.3.1 Key Agreement Protocols 215 5.2.3.2 Shared Group-key Distribution 215 5.2.3.3 Security Bootstrapping 216 5.2.4 Processing Data in the Encrypted Domain: Secure Data Aggregation 217 5.2.5 Authorization Mechanisms for Secure IoT Services 219 5.3 Privacy Issues in the IoT 222 5.3.1 The Role of Authorization 222 5.3.2 IoT-OAS: Delegation-based Authorization for the Internet of Things 227 5.3.2.1 Architecture 227 5.3.2.2 Granting Access Tokens 229 5.3.2.3 Authorizing Requests 231 5.3.2.4 SP-to-IoT-OAS Communication: Protocol Details 231 5.3.2.5 Configuration 232 5.3.3 IoT-OAS Application Scenarios 232 5.3.3.1 Network Broker Communication 233 5.3.3.2 Gateway-based Communication 235 5.3.3.3 End-to-End CoAP Communication 235 5.3.3.4 Hybrid Gateway-based Communication 235 6 Cloud and Fog Computing for the IoT 237 6.1 Cloud Computing 237 6.2 Big Data Processing Pattern 238 6.3 Big Stream 239 6.3.1 Big-stream-oriented Architecture 243 6.3.2 Graph-based Processing 247 6.3.3 Implementation 251 6.3.3.1 Acquisition Module 251 6.3.3.2 Normalization Module 253 6.3.3.3 Graph Framework 254 6.3.3.4 Application Register Module 255 6.3.4 Performance Evaluation 257 6.3.5 Solutions and Security Considerations 262 6.4 Big Stream and Security 263 6.4.1 Graph-based Cloud System Security 266 6.4.2 Normalization after a Secure Stream Acquisition with OFS Module 268 6.4.3 Enhancing the Application Register with the IGS Module 269 6.4.4 Securing Streams inside Graph Nodes 273 6.4.5 Evaluation of a Secure Big Stream Architecture 277 6.5 Fog Computing and the IoT 281 6.6 The Role of the IoTHub 283 6.6.1 Virtualization and Replication 285 6.6.1.1 The IoT Hub 285 6.6.1.2 Operational Scenarios 287 6.6.1.3 Synchronization Protocol 290 7 The IoT in Practice 303 7.1 Hardware for the IoT 303 7.1.1 Classes of Constrained Devices 305 7.1.2 Hardware Platforms 307 7.1.2.1 TelosB 307 7.1.2.2 Zolertia Z1 307 7.1.2.3 OpenMote 310 7.1.2.4 Arduino 313 7.1.2.5 Intel Galileo 315 7.1.2.6 Raspberry Pi 318 7.2 Software for the IoT 321 7.2.1 OpenWSN 321 7.2.2 TinyOS 322 7.2.3 FreeRTOS 323 7.2.4 TI-RTOS 323 7.2.5 RIOT 324 7.2.6 Contiki OS 325 7.2.6.1 Networking 325 7.2.6.2 Low-power Operation 326 7.2.6.3 Simulation 326 7.2.6.4 Programming Model 327 7.2.6.5 Features 328 7.3 Vision and Architecture of a Testbed for theWeb of Things 328 7.3.1 An All-IP-based Infrastructure for Smart Objects 330 7.3.2 Enabling Interactions with Smart Objects through the IoT Hub 332 7.3.2.1 Integration Challenges 334 7.3.3 Testbed Access and Security 335 7.3.3.1 The Role of Authorization 335 7.3.4 Exploiting the Testbed:WoT Applications for Mobile and Wearable Devices 336 7.3.5 Open Challenges and Future Vision 338 7.4 Wearable Computing for the IoT: Interaction Patterns with Smart Objects in RESTful Environments 340 7.4.1 Shaping the Internet ofThings in a Mobile-Centric World 340 7.4.2 Interaction Patterns with Smart Objects throughWearable Devices 342 7.4.2.1 Smart Object Communication Principles 342 7.4.2.2 Interaction Patterns 343 7.4.3 Implementation in a Real-world IoT Testbed 345 7.4.3.1 Future Vision: towards the Tactile Internet 348 7.5 Effective Authorization for theWeb ofThings 349 7.5.1 Authorization Framework Architecture 353 7.5.1.1 System Operations 353 7.5.2 Implementation and Validation 357 Reference 359 Index 381

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Book SynopsisExplores the fundamentals required to understand, analyze, and implement space modulation techniques (SMTs) in coherent and non-coherent radio frequency environments This book focuses on the concept of space modulation techniques (SMTs), and covers those emerging high data rate wireless communication techniques. The book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of SMTs along with their performance. A general framework for analyzing the performance of SMTs is provided and used to detail their performance over several generalized fading channels. The book also addresses the transmitter design of these techniques with the optimum number of hardware components and the use of these techniques in cooperative and mm-Wave communications. Beginning with an introduction to the subject and a brief history, Space Modulation Techniques goes on to offer chapters covering MIMO systems like spatial multiplexing and space-time coding. It then looks at channel models, such as Rayleigh, Rician, NakaTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Wireless History 1 1.2 MIMO Promise 2 1.3 Introducing Space Modulation Techniques (SMTs) 3 1.4 Advanced SMTs 4 1.4.1 Space–Time Shift Keying (STSK) 4 1.4.2 Index Modulation (IM) 4 1.4.3 Differential SMTs 5 1.4.4 OpticalWireless SMTs 6 1.5 Book Organization 6 2 MIMO System and ChannelModels 9 2.1 MIMO System Model 9 2.2 SpatialMultiplexing MIMO Systems 11 2.3 MIMO Capacity 11 2.4 MIMO ChannelModels 13 2.4.1 Rayleigh Fading 15 2.4.2 Nakagami-n (Rician Fading) 15 2.4.3 Nakagami-m Fading 16 2.4.4 The ;;–;; MIMO Channel 17 2.4.5 The ;;–;; Distribution 20 2.4.6 The ;;–;; Distribution 23 2.5 Channel Imperfections 26 2.5.1 Spatial Correlation 26 2.5.1.1 Simulating SC Matrix 29 2.5.1.2 Effect of SC on MIMO Capacity 31 2.5.2 Mutual Coupling 31 2.5.2.1 Effect of MC on MIMO Capacity 33 2.5.3 Channel Estimation Errors 34 2.5.3.1 Impact of Channel Estimation Error on the MIMO Capacity 34 3 SpaceModulation Transmission and Reception Techniques 35 3.1 Space Shift Keying (SSK) 36 3.2 Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK) 39 3.3 SpatialModulation (SM) 41 3.4 Generalized SpatialModulation (GSM) 44 3.5 Quadrature Space Shift Keying (QSSK) 45 3.6 Quadrature SpatialModulation (QSM) 48 3.7 Generalized QSSK (GQSSK) 53 3.8 Generalized QSM (GQSM) 55 3.9 Advanced SMTs 55 3.9.1 Differential Space Shift Keying (DSSK) 55 3.9.2 Differential SpatialModulation (DSM) 60 3.9.3 Differential Quadrature SpatialModulation (DQSM) 60 3.9.4 Space–Time Shift Keying (STSK) 65 3.9.5 Trellis Coded-Spatial Modulation (TCSM) 66 3.10 Complexity Analysis of SMTs 69 3.10.1 Computational Complexity of the ML Decoder 69 3.10.2 Low-Complexity Sphere Decoder Receiver for SMTs 70 3.10.2.1 SMT-Rx Detector 70 3.10.2.2 SMT-Tx Detector 71 3.10.2.3 Single Spatial Symbol SMTs (SS-SMTs) 71 3.10.2.4 Double Spatial Symbols SMTs (DS-SMTs) 72 3.10.2.5 Computational Complexity 73 3.10.2.6 Error Probability Analysis and Initial Radius 74 3.11 Transmitter Power Consumption Analysis 75 3.11.1 Power Consumption Comparison 77 3.12 Hardware Cost 80 3.12.1 Hardware Cost Comparison 81 3.13 SMTs Coherent and Noncoherent Spectral Efficiencies 82 4 Average Bit Error Probability Analysis for SMTs 85 4.1 Average Error Probability over Rayleigh Fading Channels 85 4.1.1 SM and SSK with Perfect Channel Knowledge at the Receiver 85 4.1.1.1 Single Receive Antenna (Nr = 1) 86 4.1.1.2 Arbitrary Number of Receive Antennas (Nr) 88 4.1.1.3 Asymptotic Analysis 89 4.1.2 SM and SSK in the Presence of Imperfect Channel Estimation 90 4.1.2.1 Single Receive Antenna (Nr = 1) 91 4.1.2.2 Arbitrary Number of Receive Antennas (Nr) 92 4.1.2.3 Asymptotic Analysis 92 4.1.3 QSM with Perfect Channel Knowledge at the Receiver 94 4.1.4 QSM in the Presence of Imperfect Channel Estimation 96 4.2 A General Framework for SMTs Average Error Probability over Generalized Fading Channels and in the Presence of Spatial Correlation and Imperfect Channel Estimation 98 4.3 Average Error Probability Analysis of Differential SMTs 101 4.4 Comparative Average Bit Error Rate Results 103 4.4.1 SMTs, GSMTs, and QSMTs ABER Comparisons 103 4.4.2 Differential SMTs Results 107 5 Information Theoretic Treatment for SMTs 109 5.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information 110 5.1.1 Classical SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 110 5.1.2 SMTs 111 5.2 Capacity Analysis 114 5.2.1 SMX 114 5.2.2 SMTs 115 5.2.2.1 Classical SMTs Capacity Analysis 115 5.2.2.2 SMTs Capacity Analysis by Maximing over Spatial and Constellation Symbols 119 5.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity 121 5.3.1 SSK 121 5.3.2 SM 124 5.4 Information Theoretic Analysis in the Presence of Channel Estimation Errors 128 5.4.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information 128 5.4.1.1 Classical SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 128 5.4.1.2 SMTs 129 5.4.2 Capacity Analysis 131 5.4.2.1 SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 131 5.4.2.2 SMTs 134 5.4.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity 135 5.4.3.1 SSK 135 5.4.3.2 SM 136 5.5 Mutual Information Performance Comparison 138 6 Cooperative SMTs 141 6.1 Amplify and Forward (AF) Relaying 141 6.1.1 Average Error Probability Analysis 143 6.1.1.1 Asymptotic Analysis 147 6.1.1.2 Numerical Results 147 6.1.2 Opportunistic AF Relaying 149 6.1.2.1 Average Error Probability Analysis 151 6.1.2.2 Asymptotic Analysis 152 6.2 Decode and Forward (DF) Relaying 152 6.2.1 Multiple single-antenna DF relays 152 6.2.2 Single DF Relay with Multiple Antennas 153 6.2.3 Average Error Potability Analysis 154 6.2.3.1 Multiple Single-Antenna DF Relays 154 6.2.3.2 Single DF Relay with Multiple-Antennas 157 6.2.3.3 Numerical Results 157 6.3 Two-Way Relaying (2WR) SMTs 158 6.3.1 The Transmission Phase 159 6.3.2 The Relaying Phase 161 6.3.3 Average Error Probability Analysis 162 6.3.3.1 Numerical Results 165 7 SMTs for Millimeter-Wave Communications 167 7.1 Line of Sight mmWave Channel Model 168 7.1.1 Capacity Analysis 168 7.1.1.1 SM 168 7.1.1.2 QSM 169 7.1.1.3 Randomly Spaced Antennas 169 7.1.1.4 Capacity Performance Comparison 172 7.1.2 Average Bit Error Rate Results 174 7.2 Outdoor Millimeter-Wave Communications 3D Channel Model 175 7.2.1 Capacity Analysis 179 7.2.2 Average Bit Error Rate Results 182 8 Summary and Future Directions 185 8.1 Summary 185 8.2 Future Directions 187 8.2.1 SMTs with Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 187 8.2.2 Practical Implementation of SMTs 188 8.2.3 Index Modulation and SMTs 188 8.2.4 SMTs for OpticalWireless Communications 189 A MatlabCodes 191 A.1 Generating the Constellation Diagrams 191 A.1.1 SSK 191 A.1.2 GSSK 192 A.1.3 SM 193 A.1.4 GSM 194 A.1.5 QSSK 195 A.1.6 QSM 196 A.1.7 GQSSK 197 A.1.8 GQSM 199 A.1.9 SMTs 200 A.1.10 DSSK 202 A.1.11 DSM 203 A.1.12 DSMTs 204 A.2 Receivers 205 A.2.1 SMTs ML Receiver 205 A.2.2 DSMTs ML Receiver 206 A.3 Analytical and Simulated ABER 207 A.3.1 ABER of SM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with No CSE 207 A.3.2 ABER of SM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with CSE 209 A.3.3 ABER of QSM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with No CSE 211 A.3.4 ABER of QSM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with CSE 214 A.3.5 Analytical ABER of SMTs over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE and SC 216 A.3.6 Simulated ABER of SMTs Using Monte Carlo Simulation over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE and SC 222 A.3.7 Analytical ABER of DSMTs over Generalized Fading Channels 228 A.3.8 Simulated ABER of DSMTs Using Monte Carlo Simulation over Generalized Fading Channels 232 A.4 Mutual Information and Capacity 235 A.4.1 SMTs Simulated Mutual Information over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE 235 A.4.2 SMTs Capacity 240 References 243 Index 265

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Book SynopsisAn important resource that examines the physical aspects of wireless communications based on mathematical and physical evidence The Physics and Mathematics of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cellular Wireless Communicationdescribes the electromagnetic principles for designing a cellular wireless system and includes the subtle electromagnetic principles that are often overlooked in designing such a system. This important text explores both the physics and mathematical concepts used in deploying antennas for transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals and examines how to select the proper methodology from a wide range of scenarios. In this much-needed guide, the authorsnoted experts in the fieldexplore the principle of electromagnetics as developed through the Maxwellian principles and describe the properties of an antenna in the frequency domain. The text also includes a review of the characterization of propagation path loss in a cellular wireless environment and examiTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii 1 The Mystery of Wave Propagation and Radiation from an Antenna 1 Summary 1 1.1 Historical Overview of Maxwell’s Equations 3 1.2 Review of Maxwell–Hertz–Heaviside Equations 5 1.2.1 Faraday’s Law 5 1.2.2 Generalized Ampere’s Law 8 1.2.3 Gauss’s Law of Electrostatics 9 1.2.4 Gauss’s Law of Magnetostatics 10 1.2.5 Equation of Continuity 11 1.3 Development of Wave Equations 12 1.4 Methodologies for the Solution of the Wave Equations 16 1.5 General Solution of Maxwell’s Equations 19 1.6 Power (Correlation) Versus Reciprocity (Convolution) 24 1.7 Radiation and Reception Properties of a Point Source Antenna in Frequency and in Time Domain 28 1.7.1 Radiation of Fields from Point Sources 28 1.7.1.1 Far Field in Frequency Domain of a Point Radiator 29 1.7.1.2 Far Field in Time Domain of a Point Radiator 30 1.7.2 Reception Properties of a Point Receiver 31 1.8 Radiation and Reception Properties of Finite‐Sized Dipole‐Like Structures in Frequency and in Time 33 1.8.1 Radiation Fields from Wire‐Like Structures in the Frequency Domain 33 1.8.2 Radiation Fields from Wire‐Like Structures in the Time Domain 34 1.8.3 Induced Voltage on a Finite‐Sized Receive Wire‐Like Structure Due to a Transient Incident Field 34 1.8.4 Radiation Fields from Electrically Small Wire‐Like Structures in the Time Domain 35 1.9 An Expose on Channel Capacity 44 1.9.1 Shannon Channel Capacity 47 1.9.2 Gabor Channel Capacity 51 1.9.3 Hartley‐Nyquist‐Tuller Channel Capacity 53 1.10 Conclusion 56 References 57 2 Characterization of Radiating Elements Using Electromagnetic Principles in the Frequency Domain 61 Summary 61 2.1 Field Produced by a Hertzian Dipole 62 2.2 Concept of Near and Far Fields 65 2.3 Field Radiated by a Small Circular Loop 68 2.4 Field Produced by a Finite‐Sized Dipole 70 2.5 Radiation Field from a Finite‐Sized Dipole Antenna 72 2.6 Maximum Power Transfer and Efficiency 74 2.6.1 Maximum Power Transfer 75 2.6.2 Analysis Using Simple Circuits 77 2.6.3 Computed Results Using Realistic Antennas 81 2.6.4 Use/Misuse of the S‐Parameters 84 2.7 Radiation Efficiency of Electrically Small Versus Electrically Large Antenna 85 2.7.1 What is an Electrically Small Antenna (ESA)? 86 2.7.2 Performance of Electrically Small Antenna Versus Large Resonant Antennas 86 2.8 Challenges in Designing a Matched ESA 90 2.9 Near‐ and Far‐Field Properties of Antennas Deployed Over Earth 94 2.10 Use of Spatial Antenna Diversity 100 2.11 Performance of Antennas Operating Over Ground 104 2.12 Fields Inside a Dielectric Room and a Conducting Box 107 2.13 The Mathematics and Physics of an Antenna Array 120 2.14 Does Use of Multiple Antennas Makes Sense? 123 2.14.1 Is MIMO Really Better than SISO? 132 2.15 Signal Enhancement Methodology Through Adaptivity on Transmit Instead of MIMO 138 2.16 Conclusion 148 Appendix 2A Where Does the Far Field of an Antenna Really Starts Under Different Environments? 149 Summary 149 2A.1 Introduction 150 2A.2 Derivation of the Formula 2D2/λ 153 2A.3 Dipole Antennas Operating in Free Space 157 2A.4 Dipole Antennas Radiating Over an Imperfect Ground 162 2A.5 Epilogue 164 References 167 3 Mechanism of Wireless Propagation: Physics, Mathematics, and Realization 171 Summary 171 3.1 Introduction 172 3.2 Description and Analysis of Measured Data on Propagation Available in the Literature 173 3.3 Electromagnetic Analysis of Propagation Path Loss Using a Macro Model 184 3.4 Accurate Numerical Evaluation of the Fields Near an Earth–Air Interface 190 3.5 Use of the Numerically Accurate Macro Model for Analysis of Okumura et al.’s Measurement Data 192 3.6 Visualization of the Propagation Mechanism 199 3.7 A Note on the Conventional Propagation Models 203 3.8 Refinement of the Macro Model to Take Transmitting Antenna’s Electronic and Mechanical Tilt into Account 207 3.9 Refinement of the Data Collection Mechanism and its Interpretation Through the Definition of the Proper Route 210 3.10 Lessons Learnt: Possible Elimination of Slow Fading and a Better Way to Deploy Base Station Antennas 217 3.10.1 Experimental Measurement Setup 224 3.11 Cellular Wireless Propagation Occurs Through the Zenneck Wave and not Surface Waves 227 3.12 Conclusion 233 Appendix 3A Sommerfeld Formulation for a Vertical Electric Dipole Radiating Over an Imperfect Ground Plane 234 Appendix 3B Asymptotic Evaluation of the Integrals by the Method of Steepest Descent 247 Appendix 3C Asymptotic Evaluation of the Integrals When there Exists a Pole Near the Saddle Point 252 Appendix 3D Evaluation of Fields Near the Interface 254 Appendix 3E Properties of a Zenneck Wave 258 Appendix 3F Properties of a Surface Wave 259 References 261 4 Methodologies for Ultrawideband Distortionless Transmission/ Reception of Power and Information 265 Summary 265 4.1 Introduction 266 4.2 Transient Responses from Differently Sized Dipoles 268 4.3 A Travelling Wave Antenna 276 4.4 UWB Input Pulse Exciting a Dipole of Different Lengths 279 4.5 Time Domain Responses of Some Special Antennas 281 4.5.1 Dipole Antennas 281 4.5.2 Biconical Antennas 292 4.5.3 TEM Horn Antenna 299 4.6 Two Ultrawideband Antennas of Century Bandwidth 305 4.6.1 A Century Bandwidth Bi‐Blade Antenna 306 4.6.2 Cone‐Blade Antenna 310 4.6.3 Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA) 313 4.7 Experimental Verification of Distortionless Transmission of Ultrawideband Signals 315 4.8 Distortionless Transmission and Reception of Ultrawideband Signals Fitting the FCC Mask 327 4.8.1 Design of a T‐pulse 329 4.8.2 Synthesis of a T‐pulse Fitting the FCC Mask 331 4.8.3 Distortionless Transmission and Reception of a UWB Pulse Fitting the FCC Mask 332 4.9 Simultaneous Transmission of Information and Power in Wireless Antennas 338 4.9.1 Introduction 338 4.9.2 Formulation and Optimization of the Various Channel Capacities 342 4.9.2.1 Optimization for the Shannon Channel Capacity 342 4.9.2.2 Optimization for the Gabor Channel Capacity 344 4.9.2.3 Optimization for the Hartley‐Nyquist‐Tuller Channel Capacity 345 4.9.3 Channel Capacity Simulation of a Frequency Selective Channel Using a Pair of Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 347 4.9.4 Optimization of Each Channel Capacity Formulation 353 4.10 Effect of Broadband Matching in Simultaneous Information and Power Transfer 355 4.10.1 Problem Description 357 4.10.1.1 Total Channel Capacity 358 4.10.1.2 Power Delivery 361 4.10.1.3 Limitation on VSWR 361 4.10.2 Design of Matching Networks 362 4.10.2.1 Simplified Real Frequency Technique (SRFT) 362 4.10.2.2 Use of Non‐Foster Matching Networks 366 4.10.3 Performance Gain When Using a Matching Network 367 4.10.3.1 Constraints of VSWR < 2 367 4.10.3.2 Constraints of VSWR < 3 369 4.10.3.3 Without VSWR Constraint 371 4.10.3.4 Discussions 372 4.10.4 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Implementation of a Broadband‐ Matched Dipole 373 4.11 Conclusion 376 References 377 Index 383

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things' core concepts, technologies, and applications Internet of Things A to Z offers a holistic approach to the Internet of Things (IoT) model. The Internet of Things refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. Recently, there has been a rapid growth in research on IoT communications and networks, that confirms the scalability and broad reach of the core concepts. With contributions from a panel of international experts, the text offers insight into the ideas, technologies, and applications of this subject. The authors discuss recent developments in the field and the most current and emerging trends in IoT. In addition, the text is filled with examples of innovative applications and real-world case studies. Internet of Things A to Z fills the need for an up-to-date volume on the topic. This important book: Covers in great detail tTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxv Contributors xxvii Part I Concepts and Perspectives 1 1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 3Detlef Schoder 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Internet of Things Concepts 7 1.3 Who Works on the Internet of Things? 11 1.4 Internet of Things Framework 12 1.5 Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure 14 1.6 Derived Qualities of Modern ICT 31 1.7 Potential for Product, Process, and Business Model Innovations 34 1.8 Implications and Challenges 38 1.9 Conclusion 44 2 Environment, People, and Time as Factors in the Internet of Things Technical Revolution 51Jan Sliwa 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Technical Revolutions 52 2.3 Cyber–Physical–Social Systems 54 2.4 Environment 56 2.5 Time 58 2.6 People 63 2.7 Cybersecurity 67 2.8 Reasoning from Data 69 2.9 Adaptable Self-Organizing Systems 70 2.10 Moral Things 72 2.11 Conclusion 74 Part II Enablers 77 3 An Overview of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things 79Faisal Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Overview of IoT Architecture 80 3.3 Enabling Technologies 81 3.4 IoT Platforms and Operating Systems 105 3.5 Conclusion 108 4 Cloud and Fog Computing in the Internet of Things 113Daniel Happ 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 IoT System Requirements 114 4.3 Cloud Computing in IoT 116 4.4 Fog Computing in IoT 122 4.5 Conclusion 131 5 RFID in the Internet of Things 135Akaa Agbaeze Eteng, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Chee Yen Leow 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Historical Perspective 135 5.3 RFID and the Internet of Things 137 5.4 Emergent Issues 144 5.5 Conclusion 146 6 A Tutorial Introduction to IoT Design and Prototyping with Examples 153Manuel Meruje, Musa Gwani Samaila, Virginia N. L. Franqueira, Mário Marques Freire, and Pedro Ricardo Morais Inácio 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Main Features of IoT Hardware Development Platforms 154 6.3 Design and Prototyping of IoT Applications 169 6.4 Projects on IoT Applications 173 6.5 Conclusion 184 7 On Standardizing the Internet of Things and Its Applications 191Kai Jakobs 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Current Status 193 7.3 The Standardization Environment 199 7.4 Standardization in Selected Application Areas 201 7.5 Discussion and Some Speculation 210 7.6 Conclusion 213 Part III Security Issues and Solutions 219 8 Security Mechanisms and Technologies for Constrained IoT Devices 221Marco Tiloca and Shahid Raza 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Security in IoT Protocols and Technologies 222 8.3 Security Issues and Solutions 234 8.4 Conclusion 247 9 Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 255Göran Pulkkis, Jonny Karlsson, and Magnus Westerlund 9.1 Introduction 255 9.2 Regulatory Requirements 256 9.3 Blockchain Technology 259 9.4 Blockchains and IoT Systems 261 9.5 Examples of Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 262 9.6 Challenges and Future Research 270 9.7 Conclusions 270 10 The Internet of Things and IT Auditing 275John Shu, Jason M. Rosenberg, Shambhu Upadhyaya, and Hejamadi Raghav Rao 10.1 Introduction 275 10.2 Risks Associated with IoT 276 10.3 IT Auditing 279 10.4 Use Cases of IoT in IT Auditing 286 10.5 Protecting the Business Network 287 10.6 Conclusion 289 Part IV Application Domains 293 11 The Industrial Internet of Things 295Alexander Willner 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Market Overview 296 11.3 Interoperability and Technologies 303 11.4 Alliances 309 11.5 Conclusions 314 12 Internet of Things Applications for Smart Cities 319Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 12.1 Introduction 319 12.2 IoT Applications for Smart Cities 321 12.3 Specific Smart City Applications 330 12.4 Optimal Enablement of Video and Multimedia Capabilities in IOT 338 12.5 Key Underlying Technologies for Smart Cities IOT Applications 340 12.6 Challenges and Future Research 349 12.7 Conclusion 350 13 Smart Connected Homes 359Joseph Bugeja, Andreas Jacobsson, and Paul Davidsson 13.1 Introduction 359 13.2 The Smart Connected Home Domain 360 13.3 Smart Connected Home Systems 364 13.4 The Smart Connected Home Technologies 367 13.5 Smart Connected Home Architectures 375 13.6 Smart Connected Home Challenges and Research Directions 376 13.7 Conclusions 381 14 The Emerging “Energy Internet of Things” 385Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 Power Management Trends and EIoT Support 390 14.3 Real-Life Power Management Optimization Approaches 410 14.4 Challenges and Future Directions 415 14.5 Conclusion 417 15 Implementing the Internet of Things for Renewable Energy 425Lucas Finco and Daniel Minoli 15.1 Introduction 425 15.2 Managing the Impact of Sustainable Energy 426 15.3 EIoT Deployment 432 15.4 Industry Standards for EIoT 439 15.5 Security Considerations in EIoT and Clean Energy Environments 441 15.6 Conclusion 442 16 The Internet of Things and People in Health Care 447Nancy L. Russo and Jeanette Eriksson 16.1 Introduction 447 16.2 The Smart Health Care Ecosystem 448 16.3 Dimensions of Internet of Things Applications in Health Care 453 16.4 Examples of IoT-Related Health Care Applications and Their Dimensions 458 16.5 Challenges 469 16.6 Conclusion 471 17 Internet of Things in Smart Ambulance and Emergency Medicine 475Bernard Fong, A. C. M. Fong, and C. K. Li 17.1 Introduction 475 17.2 IoT in Emergency Medicine 477 17.3 Integration and Compatibility 486 17.4 Case Study: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 492 17.5 Smart Ambulance Challenges 498 17.6 Conclusions 500 18 Internet of Things Applications for Agriculture 507Lei Zhang, Ibibia K. Dabipi, and Willie L. Brown Jr. 18.1 Introduction 507 18.2 Internet of Things-Based Precision Agriculture 510 18.3 IoT Application in Agriculture Irrigation 512 18.4 IoT Application in Agriculture Fertilization 516 18.5 IoT Application in Crop Disease and Pest Management 518 18.6 IoT Application in Precision Livestock Farming 519 18.7 Conclusion 522 19 The Internet of Flying Things 529Daniel Fernando Pigatto, Mariana Rodrigues, João Vitor de Carvalho Fontes, Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto, James Smith, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco 19.1 Introduction 529 19.2 Flying Things 530 19.3 The Internet of Flying Things 533 19.4 Challenges 542 19.5 Case Studies 549 19.6 Conclusions 557 Part V Relevant Sample Applications 563 20 An Internet of Things Approach to “Read” the Emotion of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 565Tiffany Y. Tang and Pinata Winoto 20.1 Introduction 565 20.2 Background 567 20.3 Related Work 568 20.4 The Internet of Things Environment for Emotion Recognition 571 20.5 The Study and Discussions 580 20.6 Conclusions 586 21 A Low-Cost IoT Framework for Landslide Prediction and Risk Communication 593Pratik Chaturvedi, Kamal Kishore Thakur, Naresh Mali, Venkata Uday Kala, Sudhakar Kumar, Srishti Yadav, and Varun Dutt 21.1 Introduction 593 21.2 Background 594 21.3 System Design and Implementation 595 21.4 Testing the IoT Framework 596 21.5 Results 603 21.6 Conclusions 605 Glossary 611 Author’s Biography 625 Index 645

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Book SynopsisOffers comprehensive insight into the theory, models, and techniques of ultra-dense networks and applications in 5G and other emerging wireless networks The need for speedand powerin wireless communications is growing exponentially. Data rates are projected to increase by a factor of ten every five yearsand with the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) predicted to wirelessly connect trillions of devices across the globe, future mobile networks (5G) will grind to a halt unless more capacity is created. This book presents new research related to the theory and practice of all aspects of ultra-dense networks, covering recent advances in ultra-dense networks for 5G networks and beyond, including cognitive radio networks, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), device-to-device (D2D) communications, millimeter-wave communications, and energy harvesting communications. Clear and concise throughout, Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond - Modelling, Analysis, Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv Part I Fundamentals of Ultra-dense Networks 1 1 Fundamental Limits of Ultra-dense Networks 3Marios Kountouris and Van Minh Nguyen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 System Model 6 1.2.1 Network Topology 6 1.2.2 Wireless Propagation Model 6 1.2.3 User Association 8 1.2.4 Performance Metrics 8 1.3 The Quest for Exact Analytical Expressions 9 1.3.1 Coverage Probability 10 1.3.2 The Effect of LOS Fading 16 1.3.3 The Effect of BS Height 19 1.4 The Quest for Scaling Laws 25 1.4.1 User Performance 26 1.4.2 Network Performance 33 1.4.3 Network Ordering and Design Guidelines 35 1.5 Conclusions and Future Challenges 36 Bibliography 37 2 Performance Analysis of Dense Small Cell Networks with Line of Sight and Non-Line of Sight Transmissions under Rician Fading 41Amir Hossein Jafari,Ming Ding and David López-Pérez 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 System Model 42 2.2.1 BS Distribution 42 2.2.2 User Distribution 42 2.2.3 Path Loss 43 2.2.4 User Association Strategy (UAS) 44 2.2.5 Antenna Radiation Pattern 44 2.2.6 Multi-path Fading 44 2.3 Coverage Probability Analysis Based on the Piecewise Path Loss Model 44 2.4 Study of a 3GPP Special Case 46 2.4.1 The Computation of T1L 47 2.4.2 The Computation of T1NL 48 2.4.3 The Computation of T2 L 51 2.4.4 The Computation of T2 NL 51 2.4.5 The Results of pcov(𝜆, 𝛾) and AASE(𝜆, 𝛾0) 52 2.5 Simulation and Discussion 52 2.5.1 Validation of the Analytical Results of pcov(𝜆, 𝛾) for the 3GPP Case 52 2.5.2 Discussion on the Analytical Results of AASE(𝜆, 𝛾0) for the 3GPP Case 54 2.6 Conclusion 55 Appendix A: Proof ofTheorem 1.1 55 Appendix B: Proof of Lemma 2.2 60 Appendix C: Proof of Lemma 2.3 61 Appendix D: Proof of Lemma 2.4 62 Bibliography 62 3 Mean Field Games for 5G Ultra-dense Networks: A Resource Management Perspective 65Mbazingwa E.Mkiramweni, Chungang Yang and Zhu Han 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Literature Review 67 3.2.1 5G Ultra-dense Networks 67 3.2.2 Resource Management Challenges in 5G 71 3.2.3 Game Theory for Resource Management in 5G 71 3.3 Basics of Mean field game 71 3.3.1 Background 72 3.3.2 Mean Field Games 73 3.4 MFGs for D2D Communications in 5G 76 3.4.1 Applications of MFGs in 5G Ultra-dense D2D Networks 76 3.4.2 An Example of MFGs for Interference Management in UDN 77 3.5 MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 78 3.5.1 Application of MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 79 3.5.2 Energy Harvesting 81 3.5.3 An Example of MFGs for Radio Access Network in 5G 81 3.6 MFGs in 5G Edge Computing 84 3.6.1 MFG Applications in Edge Cloud Communication 85 3.7 Conclusion 85 Bibliography 85 Part II Ultra-dense Networks with Emerging 5G Technologies 91 4 Inband Full-duplex Self-backhauling in Ultra-dense Networks 93Dani Korpi, Taneli Riihonen and Mikko Valkama 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Self-backhauling in Existing Literature 94 4.3 Self-backhauling Strategies 95 4.3.1 Half-duplex Base Station without Access Nodes 97 4.3.2 Half-duplex Base Station with Half-duplex Access Nodes 97 4.3.3 Full-Duplex Base Station with Half-Duplex Access Nodes 98 4.3.4 Half-duplex Base Station with Full-duplex Access Nodes 99 4.4 Transmit Power Optimization under QoS Requirements 99 4.5 Performance Analysis 101 4.5.1 Simulation Setup 101 4.5.2 Numerical Results 103 4.6 Summary 109 Bibliography 110 5 The Role of Massive MIMO and Small Cells in Ultra-dense Networks 113Qi Zhang, Howard H. Yang and Tony Q. S. Quek 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 System Model 115 5.2.1 Network Topology 115 5.2.2 Propagation Environment 116 5.2.3 User Association Policy 117 5.3 Average Downlink Rate 117 5.3.1 Association Probabilities 117 5.3.2 Uplink Training 119 5.3.3 Downlink Data Transmission 120 5.3.4 Approximation of Average Downlink Rate 121 5.4 Numerical Results 123 5.4.1 Validation of Analytical Results 123 5.4.2 Comparison between Massive MIMO and Small Cells 124 5.4.3 Optimal Network Configuration 126 5.5 Conclusion 127 Appendix 128 A.1 Proof of Theorem 5.1 128 A.2 Proof of Corollary 5.1 129 A.3 Proof of Theorem 5.2 129 A.4 Proof of Theorem 5.3 130 A.5 Proof of Proposition 5.1 130 A.6 Proof of Proposition 5.2 130 Bibliography 131 6 Security for Cell-free Massive MIMO Networks 135Tiep M. Hoang, Hien Quoc Ngo, Trung Q. Duong and Hoang D. Tuan 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Cell-free Massive MIMO System Model 136 6.3 Cell-free System Model in the presence of an active eavesdropper 139 6.4 On Dealing with Eavesdropper 143 6.4.1 Case 1: Power Coefficients Are Different 143 6.4.2 Case 2: Power Coefficients Are the Same 145 6.5 Numerical Results 146 6.6 Conclusion 148 Appendix 149 Bibliography 150 7 Massive MIMO for High-performance Ultra-dense Networks in the Unlicensed Spectrum 151Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez, Giovanni Geraci, Lorenzo Galati-Giordano and David López-Pérez 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 System Model 152 7.3 Fundamentals of Massive MIMO Unlicensed (mMIMO-U) 154 7.3.1 Channel Covariance Estimation 154 7.3.2 Enhanced Listen Before Talk (eLBT) 155 7.3.3 Neighboring-Node-Aware Scheduling 157 7.3.4 Acquisition of Channel State Information 159 7.3.5 Beamforming with Radiation Nulls 160 7.4 Performance Evaluation 160 7.4.1 Outdoor Deployments 160 7.4.1.1 Cellular/Wi-Fi Coexistence 161 7.4.1.2 Achievable Cellular Data Rates 162 7.4.2 Indoor Deployments 165 7.4.2.1 Channel Access Success Rate 166 7.4.2.2 Downlink User SINR 166 7.4.2.3 Downlink Sum Throughput 169 7.5 Challenges 170 7.5.1 Wi-Fi Channel Subspace Estimation 170 7.5.2 Uplink Transmission 170 7.5.3 Hidden Terminals 171 7.6 Conclusion 172 Bibliography 172 8 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Dense Networks 175Quang-Doanh Vu, Markku Juntti, Een-Kee Hong and Le-Nam Tran 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Energy Efficiency Optimization Tools 176 8.2.1 Fractional Programming 176 8.2.2 Concave Fractional Programs 177 8.2.2.1 Parameterized Approach 177 8.2.2.2 Parameter-free Approach 178 8.2.3 Max–Min Fractional Programs 179 8.2.4 Generalized Non-convex Fractional Programs 179 8.2.5 Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Distributed Implementation 180 8.3 Energy Efficiency Optimization for Dense Networks: Case Studies 181 8.3.1 Multiple Radio Access Technologies 181 8.3.1.1 System Model and Energy Efficiency Maximization Problem 182 8.3.1.2 Solution via Parameterized Approach 184 8.3.1.3 Solution via Parameter-free Approach 184 8.3.1.4 Distributed Implementation 185 8.3.1.5 Numerical Examples 189 8.3.2 Dense Small Cell Networks 191 8.3.2.1 System Model 191 8.3.2.2 Centralized Solution via Successive Convex Approximation 193 8.3.2.3 Distributed Implementation 195 8.3.2.4 Numerical Examples 198 8.4 Conclusion 200 Bibliography 200 Part III Applications of Ultra-dense Networks 203 9 Big Data Methods for Ultra-dense Network Deployment 205Weisi Guo,Maria Liakata, GuillemMosquera,Weijie Qi, Jie Deng and Jie Zhang 9.1 Introduction 205 9.1.1 The Economic Case for Big Data in UDNs 205 9.1.2 Chapter Organization 207 9.2 Structured Data Analytics for Traffic Hotspot Characterization 207 9.2.1 Social Media Mapping of Hotspots 207 9.2.2 Community and Cluster Detection 211 9.2.3 Machine Learning for Clustering in Heterogeneous UDNs 213 9.3 Unstructured Data Analytics for Quality-of-Experience Mapping 219 9.3.1 Topic Identification 220 9.3.2 Sentiment 221 9.3.3 Data-Aware Wireless Network (DAWN) 222 9.4 Conclusion 226 Bibliography 227 10 Physical Layer Security for Ultra-dense Networks under Unreliable Backhaul Connection 231Huy T. Nguyen, Nam-Phong Nguyen, Trung Q. Duong andWon-Joo Hwang 10.1 Backhaul Reliability Level and Performance Limitation 232 10.1.1 Outage Probability Analysis under Backhaul Reliability Impacts 233 10.1.2 Performance Limitation 234 10.1.3 Numerical Results 234 10.2 Unreliable Backhaul Impacts with Physical Layer Security 235 10.2.1 The Two-Phase Transmitter/Relay Selection Scheme 237 10.2.2 Secrecy Outage Probability with Backhaul Reliability Impact 240 10.2.3 Secrecy Performance Limitation under Backhaul Reliability Impact 240 10.2.4 Numerical Results 241 Appendix A 242 Appendix B 243 Appendix C 244 Bibliography 245 11 SimultaneousWireless Information and Power Transfer in UDNs with Caching Architecture 247Sumit Gautam, Thang X. Vu, Symeon Chatzinotas and Björn Ottersten 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 System Model 249 11.2.1 Signal Model 250 11.2.2 Caching Model 251 11.2.3 Power Assumption at the Relay 252 11.3 Maximization of the serving information rate 252 11.3.1 Optimization of TS Factors and the Relay Transmit Power 253 11.3.2 Relay Selection 255 11.4 Maximization of the Energy Stored at the Relay 255 11.4.1 Optimization of TS Factors and the Relay Transmit Power 256 11.4.2 Relay Selection 259 11.5 Numerical Results 260 11.6 Conclusion 263 Acknowledgment 265 Bibliography 265 12 Cooperative Video Streaming in Ultra-dense Networks with D2D Caching 267Nguyen-Son Vo and Trung Q. Duong 12.1 Introduction 267 12.2 5G Network with Dense D2D Caching for Video Streaming 268 12.2.1 System Model and Assumptions 269 12.2.2 Cooperative Transmission Strategy 270 12.2.3 Source Video Packetization Model 271 12.3 Problem Formulation and Solution 273 12.3.1 System Parameters Formulation 273 12.3.1.1 Average Reconstructed Distortion 273 12.3.1.2 Energy Consumption Guarantee 274 12.3.1.3 Co-channel Interference Guarantee 275 12.3.2 RDO Problem 275 12.3.3 GAs Solution 276 12.4 Performance Evaluation 276 12.4.1 D2D Caching 276 12.4.2 RDO 277 12.4.2.1 Simulation Setup 277 12.4.2.2 Performance Metrics 280 12.4.2.3 Discussions 285 12.5 Conclusion 285 Bibliography 285 Index 289

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Book SynopsisA practicing engineer''s inclusive review of communication systems based on shared-bus and shared-memory switch/router architectures This book delves into the inner workings of router and switch design in a comprehensive manner that is accessible to a broad audience. It begins by describing the role of switch/routers in a network, then moves on to the functional composition of a switch/router. A comparison of centralized versus distributed design of the architecture is also presented. The author discusses use of bus versus shared-memory for communication within a design, and also covers Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms and configuration tools. Written in a simple style and language to allow readers to easily understand and appreciate the material presented, Switch/Router Architectures: Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory Based Systems discusses the design of multilayer switchesstarting with the basic concepts and on to the basic architectures. It describes thTable of ContentsAbout the Author vii Preface ix 1 Introduction to Switch/Router Architectures 1 2 Understanding Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory Switch Fabrics 17 3 Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory-Based Switch/Router Architectures 43 4 Software Requirements for Switch/Routers 61 5 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-DECNIS 500/600 Multiprotocol Bridge/Router 87 6 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Fore Systems Powerhub Multilayer Switches 111 7 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 6000 Series Switches 129 8 Architectures with Shared-Memory-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 3550 Series Switches 151 9 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engine 32 171 10 Architectures with Shared-Memory-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 8500 CSR Series 191 11 Quality of Service Mechanisms in the Switch/Routers 213 12 Quality of Service Configuration Tools in Switch/Routers 227 13 Case Study: Quality of Service Processing in the Cisco Catalyst 6000 and 6500 Series Switches 249 Appendix A: Ethernet Appendix B: IPv4 Packet References Index

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive review to the theory, application and research of machine learning for future wireless communications In one single volume, Machine Learning for Future Wireless Communications provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment to the theory, applications and current research developments to the technology aspects related to machine learning for wireless communications and networks. The technology development of machine learning for wireless communications has grown explosively and is one of the biggest trends in related academic, research and industry communities. Deep neural networks-based machine learning technology is a promising tool to attack the big challenge in wireless communications and networks imposed by the increasing demands in terms of capacity, coverage, latency, efficiency flexibility, compatibility, quality of experience and silicon convergence. The author a noted expert on the topic covers a wide range of topics including system architecture anTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xxi Part I Spectrum Intelligence and Adaptive Resource Management 1 1 Machine Learning for Spectrum Access and Sharing 3Kobi Cohen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Online Learning Algorithms for Opportunistic Spectrum Access 4 1.3 Learning Algorithms for Channel Allocation 9 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 Bibliography 20 2 Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks 27Andres Kwasinski, Wenbo Wang, and Fatemeh Shah Mohammadi 2.1 Use of Q-Learning for Cross-layer Resource Allocation 29 2.2 Deep Q-Learning and Resource Allocation 33 2.3 Cooperative Learning and Resource Allocation 36 2.4 Conclusions 42 Bibliography 43 3 Machine Learning for Spectrum Sharing in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks 45Hadi Ghauch, Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolaei, Gabor Fodor, Carlo Fischione, and Mikael Skoglund 3.1 Background and Motivation 45 3.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 49 3.3 Hybrid Solution Approach 54 3.4 Conclusions and Discussions 59 Appendix A Appendix for Chapter 3 61 A.1 Overview of Reinforcement Learning 61 Bibliography 61 4 Deep Learning–Based Coverage and Capacity Optimization 63Andrei Marinescu, Zhiyuan Jiang, Sheng Zhou, Luiz A. DaSilva, and Zhisheng Niu 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Related Machine Learning Techniques for Autonomous Network Management 64 4.3 Data-Driven Base-Station Sleeping Operations by Deep Reinforcement Learning 67 4.4 Dynamic Frequency Reuse through a Multi-Agent Neural Network Approach 72 4.5 Conclusions 81 Bibliography 82 5 Machine Learning for Optimal Resource Allocation 85Marius Pesavento and Florian Bahlke 5.1 Introduction and Motivation 85 5.2 System Model 88 5.3 Resource Minimization Approaches 90 5.4 Numerical Results 96 5.5 Concluding Remarks 99 Bibliography 100 6 Machine Learning in Energy Efficiency Optimization 105Muhammad Ali Imran, Ana Flávia dos Reis, Glauber Brante, Paulo Valente Klaine, and Richard Demo Souza 6.1 Self-Organizing Wireless Networks 106 6.2 Traffic Prediction and Machine Learning 110 6.3 Cognitive Radio and Machine Learning 111 6.4 Future Trends and Challenges 112 6.5 Conclusions 114 Bibliography 114 7 Deep Learning Based Traffic and Mobility Prediction 119Honggang Zhang, Yuxiu Hua, Chujie Wang, Rongpeng Li, and Zhifeng Zhao 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Related Work 120 7.3 Mathematical Background 122 7.4 ANN-Based Models for Traffic and Mobility Prediction 124 7.5 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 8 Machine Learning for Resource-Efficient Data Transfer in Mobile Crowdsensing 137Benjamin Sliwa, Robert Falkenberg, and Christian Wietfeld 8.1 Mobile Crowdsensing 137 8.2 ML-Based Context-Aware Data Transmission 140 8.3 Methodology for Real-World Performance Evaluation 148 8.4 Results of the Real-World Performance Evaluation 149 8.5 Conclusion 152 Acknowledgments 154 Bibliography 154 Part II Transmission Intelligence and Adaptive Baseband Processing 157 9 Machine Learning–Based Adaptive Modulation and Coding Design 159Lin Zhang and Zhiqiang Wu 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 159 9.2 SL-Assisted AMC 162 9.3 RL-Assisted AMC 172 9.4 Further Discussion and Conclusions 178 Bibliography 178 10 Machine Learning–Based Nonlinear MIMO Detector 181Song-Nam Hong and Seonho Kim 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 A Multihop MIMO Channel Model 182 10.3 Supervised-Learning-based MIMO Detector 184 10.4 Low-Complexity SL (LCSL) Detector 188 10.5 Numerical Results 191 10.6 Conclusions 193 Bibliography 193 11 Adaptive Learning for Symbol Detection: A Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Approach 197Daniyal Amir Awan, Renato Luis Garrido Cavalcante, Masahario Yukawa, and Slawomir Stanczak 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Preliminaries 198 11.3 System Model 200 11.4 The Proposed Learning Algorithm 203 11.5 Simulation 207 11.6 Conclusion 208 Appendix A Derivation of the Sparsification Metric and the Projections onto the Subspace Spanned by the Nonlinear Dictionary 210 Bibliography 211 12 Machine Learning for Joint Channel Equalization and Signal Detection 213Lin Zhang and Lie-Liang Yang 12.1 Introduction 213 12.2 Overview of Neural Network-Based Channel Equalization 214 12.3 Principles of Equalization and Detection 219 12.5 Performance of OFDM Systems With Neural Network-Based Equalization 232 12.6 Conclusions and Discussion 236 Bibliography 237 13 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence: Theory and Practice 243Jithin Jagannath, Nicholas Polosky, Anu Jagannath, Francesco Restuccia, and Tommaso Melodia 13.1 Introduction 243 13.2 Overview of Artificial Neural Networks 244 13.3 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence 248 13.4 Neural Networks for Spectrum Sensing 255 13.5 Open Problems 259 13.6 Conclusion 260 Bibliography 260 14 Channel Coding with Deep Learning: An Overview 265Shugong Xu 14.1 Overview of Channel Coding and Deep Learning 265 14.2 DNNs for Channel Coding 268 14.3 CNNs for Decoding 277 14.4 RNNs for Decoding 279 14.5 Conclusions 283 Bibliography 283 15 Deep Learning Techniques for Decoding Polar Codes 287Warren J. Gross, Nghia Doan, Elie Ngomseu Mambou, and Seyyed Ali Hashemi 15.1 Motivation and Background 287 15.2 Decoding of Polar Codes: An Overview 289 15.3 DL-Based Decoding for Polar Codes 292 15.4 Conclusions 299 Bibliography 299 16 Neural Network–Based Wireless Channel Prediction 303Wei Jiang, Hans Dieter Schotten, and Ji-ying Xiang 16.1 Introduction 303 16.2 Adaptive Transmission Systems 305 16.3 The Impact of Outdated CSI 307 16.4 Classical Channel Prediction 309 16.5 NN-Based Prediction Schemes 313 16.6 Summary 323 Bibliography 323 Part III Network Intelligence and Adaptive System Optimization 327 17 Machine Learning for Digital Front-End: a Comprehensive Overview 329Pere L. Gilabert, David López-Bueno, Thi Quynh Anh Pham, and Gabriel Montoro 17.1 Motivation and Background 329 17.2 Overview of CFR and DPD 331 17.3 Dimensionality Reduction and ML 341 17.4 Nonlinear Neural Network Approaches 350 17.5 Support Vector Regression Approaches 368 17.6 Further Discussion and Conclusions 373 Bibliography 374 18 Neural Networks for Full-Duplex Radios: Self-Interference Cancellation 383Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming 18.1 Nonlinear Self-Interference Models 384 18.2 Digital Self-Interference Cancellation 386 18.3 Experimental Results 391 18.4 Conclusions 393 Bibliography 395 19 Machine Learning for Context-Aware Cross-Layer Optimization 397Yang Yang, Zening Liu, Shuang Zhao, Ziyu Shao, and Kunlun Wang 19.1 Introduction 397 19.2 System Model 399 19.3 Problem Formulation and Analytical Framework 402 19.4 Predictive Multi-tier Operations Scheduling (PMOS) Algorithm 409 19.5 A Multi-tier Cost Model for User Scheduling in Fog Computing Networks 413 19.6 Conclusion 420 Bibliography 421 20 Physical-Layer Location Verification by Machine Learning 425Stefano Tomasin, Alessandro Brighente, Francesco Formaggio, and Gabriele Ruvoletto 20.1 IRLV by Wireless Channel Features 427 20.2 ML Classification for IRLV 428 20.3 Learning Phase Convergence 431 20.4 Experimental Results 433 20.5 Conclusions 437 Bibliography 437 21 Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Edge Caching 439M. Cenk Gursoy, Chen Zhong, and Senem Velipasalar 21.1 Introduction 439 21.2 System Model 441 21.3 Problem Formulation 443 21.4 Deep Actor-Critic Framework for Content Caching 446 21.5 Application to the Multi-Cell Network 448 21.6 Application to the Single-Cell Network with D2D Communications 452 21.7 Conclusion 454 Bibliography 455 Index 459

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Book SynopsisIEEE 802.11ba Discover the latest developments in IEEE 802.11ba and Wake-up Radios In IEEE 802.11ba: Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio Standard, expert engineers Drs. Steve Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, and Yanjun Sun deliver a detailed discussion of the IEEE 802.11ba standard. The book begins by explaining the concept of a wake-up radio (WUR) and how it fits into the overall 802.11 standard, as well as how a WUR saves power and extends battery life. The authors go on to describe the medium access control (MAC) layer in detail and then talk about the various protocols used to negotiate WUR operation, its uses for different functionalities (like wake up of the main radio, discovery, synchronization, and security). The book offers a detailed description of the physical (PHY) layer packet construction and the rationale for the design, as well as the various design aspects of the medium access control layer. It also includes: A thorough introduction Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 Ofdm 11 2.2.3 Ofdm Ppdu 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ofdma) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake- up Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161 7.4.3 WUR Discovery Frame 164 7.4.4 WUR Vendor-Specific Frame 165 7.4.5 WUR Short Wake- up Frame 166 7.5 Conclusion 167 Index 169

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Book SynopsisSMART AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES FOR OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS NETWORK Explores the intersection of sustainable growth, green computing and automation, and performance optimization of 5G wireless networks Smart and Sustainable Approaches for Optimizing Performance of Wireless Networks explores how wireless sensing applications, green computing, and Big Data analytics can increase the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of real-time applications across areas such as healthcare, agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. Bringing together an international team of expert contributors, this authoritative volume highlights the limitations of conventional technologies and provides methodologies and approaches for addressing Quality of Service (QOS) issues and optimizing network performance. In-depth chapters cover topics including blockchain-assisted secure data sharing, smart 5G Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, intelligent managemeTable of Contents1 Analysis and Clustering of Sensor Recorded Data to Determine Sensors Consuming the Least EnergyPrashant Abbi, Khushi Arora, Praveen Kumar Gupta, K.B. Ashwini, V. Chayapathy, and M.J. Vidya 1.1 Importance of Low Energy Consumption Sensors 1.2 Methodology: Clustering Using K Means and Classification Using KNN 1.3 Objective Realization and Result of Analysis 1.4 Introduction 1.5 Working of WSNs and Sensor Nodes 1.6 Classification of WSNs 1.6.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Centralized Techniques 1.6.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Distributed Techniques 1.7 Security Issues 1.7.1 Layering of Level Based Security 1.8 Energy Consumption Issues 1.9 Commonly Used Standards and Protocols for WSNs 1.9.1 Slotted Protocols 1.9.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access 1.9.1.2 Zig Bee/801.15.4 1.9.1.3 Sensor Medium Access Control 1.10 Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Energy of WSNs 1.10.1 Effects of Temperature on Signal Strength 1.10.2 Effects of Humidity on Signal Strength 1.10.3 Temperature Vs. Humidity 1.11 Proposed Methodology 1.11.1 Information Gathering and Analysis 1.11.2 System Design and Implementation 1.11.3 Testing and Evaluation 1.12 Conclusion References 2 Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Designing of 5GK. Maheswari, Mohankumar, and Banuroopa 2.1 5G – An Introduction 2.1.1 Industry Applications 2.1.2 Healthcare 2.1.3 Retail 2.1.4 Agriculture 2.1.5 Manufacturing 2.1.6 Logistics 2.1.7 Sustainability of 5G Networks 2.1.8 Implementation of 5G 2.1.9 Architecture of 5G Technology 2.2 5G and AI 2.2.1 Gaming and Virtual Reality 2.3 AI and 5G 2.3.1 Continuous Learning AI Model 2.4 Challenges and Roadmap 2.4.1 Technical Issues 2.4.2 Technology Roadmap 2.4.3 Deployment Roadmap 2.5 Mathematical Models 2.5.1 The Insights of Mathematical Modeling in 5G Networks 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Sustainable Paradigm for Computing the Security of Wireless Internet of Things: Blockchain TechnologySana Zeba, Mohammed Amjad, and Danish Raza Rizvi 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Background 3.2.1 The Internet of Things 3.2.1.1 Security Requirements in Wireless IoT 3.2.1.2 Layered Architecture of Wireless IoT 3.2.2 Blockchain Technology 3.2.2.1 Types of Blockchain 3.2.2.2 Integration of Blockchain with Wireless Internet of Things 3.3 Related Work 3.3.1 Security Issues in Wireless IoT System 3.3.2 Solutions of Wireless IoT Security Problem 3.4 Research Methodology 3.5 Comparison of Various Existing Solutions 3.6 Discussion of Research Questions 3.7 Future Scope of Blockchain in IoT 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Cognitive IoT Based Health Monitoring Scheme Using Non-Orthogonal MultipleAccessAshiqur Rahman Rahul, Saifur Rahman Sabuj, Majumder Fazle Haider, andShakil Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Work 4.3 System Model and Implementation 4.3.1 Network Description 4.3.2 Sensing and Transmission Analysis 4.3.3 Pathloss Model 4.3.4 Mathematical Model Evaluation 4.3.4.1 Effectual Throughput 4.3.4.2 Interference Throughput 4.3.4.3 Energy Efficiency 4.3.4.4 Optimum Power 4.3.4.4.1 Optimum Power Derivation for HRC 4.2.3.4.2 Optimum Power Derivation for MRC 4.4 Simulation Results 4.5 Conclusion 4.A Appendices 4.A.1 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for HRC Device at EffectualState (z = 0) 4.A.2 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for HRC Device inInterference State (z = 1) 4.A.3 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for MRC Device at EffectualState (z = 0) 4.A.4 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for MRC Device inInterference State (z = 1) References 5 Overview of Resource Management for Wireless Adhoc NetworkMehajabeen Fatima and Afreen Khueaheed 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Wired and Wireless Network Design Approach 5.1.2 History 5.1.3 Spectrum of Wireless Adhoc Network 5.1.4 Enabling and Networking Technologies 5.1.5 Taxonomy of Wireless Adhoc Network (WANET) 5.2 Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) 5.2.1 Introduction to MANET 5.2.2 Common Characteristics of MANET 5.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.2.4 Applications of MANET 5.2.5 Major Issues of MANET 5.3 Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) 5.3.1 Introduction of VANET 5.3.2 Common Features of VANET 5.3.3 Pros, Cons, Applications 5.4 Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 5.4.1 Preface of WMN 5.4.2 Common Traits of WMN 5.4.3 WMN Has Many Open Issues and Research Challenges 5.4.4 Performance Metrics 5.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.4.6 Prominent Areas and Challenges of WMN 5.5 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) 5.5.1 Overview of WSN 5.5.2 Common Properties of WSN 5.5.3 Benefits, Harms, and Usage of WSN 5.6 Intelligent Management in WANET 5.6.1 Major Issues of WANET 5.6.2 Challenges of MAC Protocols 5.6.3 Routing Protocols 5.6.3.1 Challenges of Routing Protocols 5.6.3.1.1 Scalability 5.6.3.1.2 Quality of Service 5.6.3.1.3 Security 5.6.4 Energy and Battery Management 5.7 Future Research Directions 5.8 Conclusion References 6 Survey: Brain Tumor Detection Using MRI Image with Deep Learning TechniquesChalapathiraju Kanumuri and C.H. Renu Madhavi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.2.1 Types of Medical Imaging 6.2.2 M. R. Imaging as a Modality 6.2.3 Types of Brain Tumor M. R. Imaging Modalities 6.2.4 Suitable Technologies Before Machine Learning 6.2.5 MRI Brain Image Segmentation 6.3 Related Work 6.4 Gaps and Observations 6.5 Suggestions 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Challenges, Standards, and Solutions for Secure and Intelligent 5G Internet of Things (IoT) ScenariosAyasha Malik and Bharat Bhushan 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety in Wireless Networks: Since 1G to 4G 7.2.1 Safety in Non-IP Networks 7.2.2 Safety in 3G 7.2.3 Security in 4G 7.2.4 Security in 5G 7.2.4.1 Flashy System Traffic and Radio Visual Security Keys 7.2.4.2 Authorized Network Security and Compliance with Subscriber Level Safety Policies 7.2.5 Security in 5G and Beyond 7.3 IoT Background and Requirements 7.3.1 IoT and Its Characteristics 7.3.2 Characteristics of IoT Infrastructure 7.3.3 Characteristics of IoT Applications 7.3.4 Expected Benefits of IoT Adoption for Organization 7.3.4.1 Benefits Correlated to Big Data Created by IoT 7.3.4.2 Benefits Interrelated to the Openness of IoT 7.3.4.3 BenefitsRelated to the Linked Aspect6 of IoT 7.4 Non 5G Standards Supporting IoT 7.4.1 Bluetooth Low Energy 7.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4 7.4.3 LoRa 7.4.4 Sigfox 7.4.5. WiFi HaLow 7.5 5 G Advanced Security Model 7.5.1 Confidentiality 7.5.2 Integrity 7.5.3 Accessibility 7.5.4 Integrated Safety Rule 7.5.5 Visibility 7.6 Safety Challenges and Resolution of Three-Tiers Structure of 5G Networks 7.6.1 Heterogeneous Access Networks 7.6.1.1 Safety Challengers 7.6.1.2 Safety Resolutions 7.6.2 Backhaul Networks 7.6.2.1 Safety Challenges 7.6.2.2 Safety Resolutions 7.6.3 Core Network 7.6.3.1 Safety Challenges 7.6.3.2 Safety Resolutions 7.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions References 8 Blockchain Assisted Secure Data Sharing in Intelligent Transportation SystemsGujkan Madaan, Avinash Kumar, and Bharat Bhushan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Intelligent Transport System 8.2.1 ITS Overview 8.2.2 Issues in ITS 8.2.3 ITS Role in IoT 8.3 Blockchain Technology 8.3.1 Overview 8.3.2 Types of Blockchain 8.3.2.1 Public Blockchain 8.3.2.3 Private Blockchain 8.2.3.2 Federated Blockchain 8.3.3 Consensus Mechanism 8.3.3.1 Proof of Work 8.3.3.2 Proof of Stake 8.3.3.3 Delegated Proof of Stake 8.3.3.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance 8.3.3.5 Casper 8.3.3.6 Ripple 8.3.3.7 Proof of Activity 8.3.4 Cryptography 8.3.5 Data Management and Its Structure 8.4 Blockchain Assisted Intelligent Transportation System 8.4.1 Security and Privacy 8.4.2 Blockchain and Its Application foe Improving Security and Privacy 8.4.3 ITS Based on Blockchain 8.4.4 Recent Advancement 8.5 Future Research Perspectives 8.5.1 Electric Vehicle Recharging 8.5.2 Smart City Enabling and Smart Vehicle Security 8.5.3 Deferentially-Privacy Preserving Solutions 8.5.4 Distribution of Economic Profits and Incentives 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Utilization of Agro Waste for Energy Engineering Applications: Toward the Manufacturing of Batteries and Super CapacitorsS.N. Kumar, S. Akhil, R.P. Nishita, O. Lijo Joseph, Aju Matthew George, and I Christina Jane 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Super Capacitors and Electrode Materials 9.2.1 Energy Density 9.3 Related Works in the Utilization of Agro Waste for Energy EngineeringApplications 9.4 Inferences from Work Related with Utilization of Coconut. Rice Husk, andPineapple Waste for Fabrication of Super Capacitor 9.5 Factors Contributing in the Fabrication of Super Capacitor from Agro Waste 9.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 10 Computational Intelligence Techiques for Optimization in NetworksAshu Gautam and Rashima Mahajan 10.1 Introduction Focussing on Pedagogy of Impending Approach 10.1.1 Security Challenge in Networks 10.1.2 Attacks Vulnerability in Complex Networks 10.2 Relevant Analysis 10.3 Broad Area of Research 10.3.1 Routing Protocols 10.3.2 Hybrid Protocols 10.4 Problem Identification 10.5 Objectives of the Study 10.6 Methodology to be Adopted 10.7 Proposed/Expected Outcome of the Research References 11 R&D Export and ICT Regimes in IndiaZeba, M. Afshar Alam, Harleen Kaur*, Ihtiram Raza Khan, Bhavya AlankarCorresponding Author: Harleen Kaur 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Artificial Intelligence: the Uptake of Infrastructure Development 11.3 Future Analysis and Conclusion References 12 Metaheuristics to Aid Energy-Efficient Path Selection in Route Aggregated Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksDeepa Mehta, Sherin Zafar, Siddhartha Sankar Biswas, Nida Iftekhar, and Samia Khan 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Framework 12.2.1 Route Aggregation 12.3 Clustering 12.4 Ant Colony Optimization 12.4.1 Setting Parameters and Initializing 12.4.2 Generating Solutions 12.4.3 Pheromone Update 12.5 Methodology 12.5.1 Energy Efficient ACO Algorithm 12.5.2 ACO Aided Cluster and Head Selection 12.5.3 ACO Aided Route Aggregation 12.5.4 ACO Aided Energy: Efficient Path Selection 12.6 Results 12.7 Discussion 12.8 Conclusion References 13 Knowledge Analytics in IOMT-MANET Through QoS Optimization for SustainabilityNeha Sharma, Nida Iftekhar, and Samia Khan 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Related Work 13.3 Proposed Neoteric Nature Inspired IWD Algorithm for ZRP 13.4 Simulation Results 13.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 14 Appraise Assortment of IOT Security OptimizationAyesha Hena Afzal and M. Afshar Alam 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review 14.3 Analysis of Traditional Security Mechanisms in IOT 14.4 Conclusion and Future Scope References 15 Trust Based Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANETNeha Sharma and Satrupa Biswas 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Literature Review 15.3 Gaps and Objectives from the Literature Review 15.4 Methodology to be Adopted 15.5 Comparison Analysis 15.6 Conclusion and Future Scope References 16 Study of Security Issues on Open ChannelMd Mudassir Chaudhary, Siddhartha Sankar Biswas, Md Tabrez Nafis, and Safdar Tenweer 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Wireless Attacks 16.2.1 Reconnaissance Attack 16.2.2 Access Attacks 16.2.3 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 16.2.4 Denial of Services (DOS) 16.3 Securing Wireless Transmissions 16.3.1 Protecting the Confidentiality 16.3.2 Protecting the Modification 16.3.3 Preventing Interruption of Denial-of-Service Attack 16.4 Proposed Model for Securing the Client Over the Channel 16.5 Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisBackscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication Discover what lies ahead in wireless communication networks with this insightful and forward-thinking book written by experts in the fieldBackscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication delivers a concise and insightful picture of emerging and future trends in increasing the efficiency and performance of wireless communication networks. The book shows how the immense challenge of frequency saturation could be met via the deployment of intelligent planar electromagnetic structures. It provides an in-depth coverage of the fundamental physics behind these structures and assesses the enhancement of the performance of a communication network in challenging environments, like densely populated urban centers. The distinguished editors have included resources from a variety of leading voices in the field who discuss topics such as the engineering of metasurfaces at a large scale, the electromagnetic analysis of pTable of Contents 1. Intelligent Reflective Surfaces – State of the art Jalil ur Rehman Kazim, Hasan T. Abbas, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 2. Signal Modulation Schemes in Backscatter Communications Yuan Ding, George Goussetis, Ricardo Correia, Nuno Borges Carvalho, Romwald Lihakanga, and Chaoyun Song 3. Electromagnetic Waves Scattering Characteristics of Metasurfaces Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi, Dmitry E. Zelenchuk, Abdul Quddious 4. Metasurfaces Based on Huygen’s Wave Front Manipulation: A review Abubakar Sharif, Jun Ouyang, Ayman Abdulhadi Althuwayb, Kamran Arshad, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 5. Metasurface: An Insight into Its Applications Fahad Ahmed and Nosherwan Shoaib 6. The Role of Smart Metasurfaces in Smart Grid Energy Management I. Safak Bayram, Muhammad Ismail, and Raka Jovanovic 7. Passive UHF RFID Tag Antennas Based Sensing for Internet of Things Paradigm Abubakar Sharif, Jun Ouyang, Kamran Arshad, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 8. RF Sensing for Healthcare Applications Syed Aziz Shah, Hasan Abbas, Muhammad A. Imran and Qammer H. Abbasi 9. Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation with Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Future Communication Technologies Muhammad Qasim Mehmood, Junsuk Rho, and Muhammad Zubair 10. Conclusion Qammer H. Abbasi, Hasan T. Abbas, Akram Alomainy, and Muhammad A. Imran

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv List of Contributors xix Acronyms List xx 1 Hands-on Wireless Communication Experience 1Hüseyin Arslan 1.1 Importance of Laboratory-Based Learning of Wireless Communications 1 1.2 Model for a Practical Lab Bench 3 1.3 Examples of Co-simulation with Hardware 6 1.4 A Sample Model for a Laboratory Course 8 1.4.1 Introduction to the SDR and Testbed Platform 11 1.4.2 Basic Simulation 11 1.4.3 Measurements and Multidimensional Signal Analysis 11 1.4.4 Digital Modulation 12 1.4.5 Pulse Shaping 13 1.4.6 RF Front-end and RF Impairments 13 1.4.7 Wireless Channel and Interference 14 1.4.8 Synchronization and Channel Estimation 15 1.4.9 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 15 1.4.10 Multiple Accessing 16 1.4.11 Independent Project Development Phase 16 1.4.11.1 Software Defined Radio 17 1.4.11.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and CR Experiment 17 1.4.11.3 Wireless Channel 17 1.4.11.4 Wireless Channel Counteractions 18 1.4.11.5 Antenna Project 18 1.4.11.6 Signal Intelligence 18 1.4.11.7 Channel, User, and Context Awareness Project 19 1.4.11.8 Combination of DSP Lab with RF and Microwave Lab 19 1.4.11.9 Multiple Access and Interference Management 19 1.4.11.10 Standards 20 1.5 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 Performance Metrics and Measurements 23Hüseyin Arslan 2.1 Signal Quality Measurements 23 2.1.1 Measurements Before Demodulation 24 2.1.2 Measurements During and After Demodulation 25 2.1.2.1 Noise Figure 26 2.1.2.2 Channel Frequency Response Estimation 26 2.1.3 Measurements After Channel Decoding 26 2.1.3.1 Relation of SNR with BER 27 2.1.4 Error Vector Magnitude 27 2.1.4.1 Error-Vector-Time and Error-Vector-Frequency 29 2.1.4.2 Relation of EVM with Other Metrics 30 2.1.4.3 Rho 31 2.1.5 Measures After Speech or Video Decoding 31 2.2 Visual Inspections and Useful Plots 32 2.2.1 Advanced Scatter Plot 39 2.3 Cognitive Radio and SDR Measurements 40 2.4 Other Measurements 42 2.5 Clarifying dB and dBm 44 2.6 Conclusions 45 References 45 3 Multidimensional Signal Analysis 49Hüseyin Arslan 3.1 Why Multiple Dimensions in a Radio Signal? 49 3.2 Time Domain Analysis 52 3.2.1 CCDF and PAPR 53 3.2.2 Time Selectivity Measure 56 3.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 57 3.3.1 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 59 3.3.2 Frequency Selectivity Measure 61 3.4 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis 62 3.5 Code Domain Analysis 64 3.5.1 Code Selectivity 66 3.6 Correlation Analysis 67 3.7 Modulation Domain Analysis 68 3.8 Angular Domain Analysis 68 3.8.1 Direction Finding 68 3.8.2 Angular Spread 70 3.9 MIMO Measurements 71 3.9.1 Antenna Correlation 72 3.9.2 RF Cross-Coupling 72 3.9.3 EVM Versus Antenna Branches 73 3.9.4 Channel Parameters 73 3.10 Conclusions 73 References 74 4 Simulating a Communication System 77Muhammad Sohaib J. Solaija and Hüseyin Arslan 4.1 Simulation: What,Why? 77 4.2 Approaching a Simulation 78 4.2.1 Strategy 78 4.2.2 General Methodology 80 4.3 Basic Modeling Concepts 81 4.3.1 System Modeling 81 4.3.2 Subsystem Modeling 81 4.3.3 Stochastic Modeling 82 4.4 What is a Link/Link-level Simulation? 82 4.4.1 Source and Source Coding 82 4.4.2 Channel Coding 83 4.4.3 Symbol Mapping/Modulation 83 4.4.4 Upsampling 84 4.4.5 Digital Filtering 84 4.4.6 RF Front-end 85 4.4.7 Channel 86 4.4.8 Synchronization and Equalization 87 4.4.9 Performance Evaluation and Signal Analysis 87 4.5 Communication in AWGN – A Simple Case Study 88 4.5.1 Receiver Design 88 4.6 Multi-link vs. Network-level Simulations 88 4.6.1 Network Layout Generation 90 4.6.1.1 Hexagonal Grid 90 4.6.1.2 PPP-based Network Layout 91 4.7 Practical Issues 93 4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 93 4.7.2 Random Number Generation 94 4.7.2.1 White Noise Generation 94 4.7.2.2 Random Binary Sequence 94 4.7.3 Values of Simulation Parameters 95 4.7.4 Confidence Interval 95 4.7.5 Convergence/Stopping Criterion 95 4.8 Issues/Limitations of Simulations 95 4.8.1 Modeling Errors 96 4.8.1.1 Errors in System Model 96 4.8.1.2 Errors in Subsystem Model 96 4.8.1.3 Errors in Random Process Modeling 96 4.8.2 Processing Errors 96 4.9 Conclusions 97 References 97 5 RF Impairments 99Hüseyin Arslan 5.1 Radio Impairment Sources 99 5.2 IQ Modulation Impairments 102 5.3 PA Nonlinearities 106 5.4 Phase Noise and Time Jitter 110 5.5 Frequency Offset 112 5.6 ADC/DAC Impairments 113 5.7 Thermal Noise 114 5.8 RF Impairments and Interference 114 5.8.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products 114 5.8.2 Multiple Access Interference 116 5.9 Conclusions 118 References 118 6 Digital Modulation and Pulse Shaping 121Hüseyin Arslan 6.1 Digital Modulation Basics 121 6.2 Popularly Used Digital Modulation Schemes 123 6.2.1 PSK 123 6.2.2 FSK 125 6.2.2.1 GMSK and Approximate Representation of GSM GMSK Signal 127 6.2.3 QAM 129 6.2.4 Differential Modulation 132 6.3 Adaptive Modulation 133 6.3.1 Gray Mapping 135 6.3.2 Calculation of Error 135 6.3.3 Relation of Eb No with SNR at the receiver 138 6.4 Pulse-Shaping Filtering 138 6.5 Conclusions 146 References 146 7 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 147Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Why OFDM? 147 7.2 Generic OFDM System Design and Its Evaluation 149 7.2.1 Basic CP-OFDM Transceiver Design 150 7.2.2 Spectrum of the OFDM Signal 151 7.2.3 PAPR of the OFDM Signal 155 7.2.4 Performance in Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.1 Time-Dispersive Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.2 Frequency-Dispersive Multipath Channel 161 7.2.5 Performance with Impairments 162 7.2.5.1 Frequency Offset 163 7.2.5.2 Symbol Timing Error 167 7.2.5.3 Sampling Clock Offset 170 7.2.5.4 Phase Noise 171 7.2.5.5 PA Nonlinearities 172 7.2.5.6 I/Q Impairments 175 7.2.6 Summary of the OFDM Design Considerations 177 7.2.7 Coherent versus Differential OFDM 178 7.3 OFDM-like Signaling 180 7.3.1 OFDM Versus SC-FDE 180 7.3.2 Multi-user OFDM and OFDMA 181 7.3.3 SC-FDMA and DFT-S-OFDM 182 7.4 Case Study: Measurement-Based OFDM Receiver 185 7.4.1 System Model 185 7.4.1.1 Frame Format 186 7.4.1.2 OFDM Symbol Format 186 7.4.1.3 Baseband Transmitter Blocks and Transmitted Signal Model 186 7.4.1.4 Received Signal Model 188 7.4.2 Receiver Structure and Algorithms 189 7.4.2.1 Packet Detection 191 7.4.2.2 Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation 191 7.4.2.3 Symbol Timing Estimation 192 7.4.2.4 Packet-end Detection and Packet Extraction 193 7.4.2.5 Channel Estimation and Equalization 194 7.4.2.6 Pilot Tracking 195 7.4.2.7 Auto-modulation Detection 195 7.4.3 FCH Decoding 196 7.4.4 Test and Measurements 196 7.5 Conclusions 197 References 198 8 Analysis of Single-Carrier Communication Systems 201Hüseyin Arslan 8.1 A Simple System in AWGN Channel 201 8.2 Flat Fading (Non-Dispersive) Multipath Channel 210 8.3 Frequency-Selective (Dispersive) Multipath Channel 215 8.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization 219 8.3.2 Channel Estimation 223 8.3.3 Frequency-Domain Equalization 226 8.4 Extension of Dispersive Multipath Channel to DS-CDMA-based Wideband Systems 229 8.5 Conclusions 232 References 232 9 Multiple Accessing, Multi-Numerology, Hybrid Waveforms 235Mehmet Mert ¸Sahin and Hüseyin Arslan 9.1 Preliminaries 235 9.1.1 Duplexing 236 9.1.2 Downlink Communication 237 9.1.3 Uplink Communication 238 9.1.4 Traffic Theory and Trunking Gain 238 9.2 Orthogonal Design 241 9.2.1 TDMA 241 9.2.2 FDMA 242 9.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 243 9.2.4 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) 245 9.2.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 246 9.2.5.1 Multiuser Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) 247 9.3 Non-orthogonal Design 249 9.3.1 Power-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA) 250 9.3.2 Code-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 251 9.4 Random Access 253 9.4.1 ALOHA 253 9.4.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Accessing (CSMA) 254 9.4.3 Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (MACA) 254 9.4.4 Random Access Channel (RACH) 255 9.4.5 Grant-free Random Access 255 9.5 Multiple Accessing with Application-Based Hybrid Waveform Design 256 9.5.1 Multi-numerology Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 256 9.5.2 Radar-Sensing and Communication (RSC) Coexistence 258 9.5.3 Coexistence of Different Waveforms in Multidimensional Hyperspace for 6G and Beyond Networks 260 9.6 Case Study 261 Appendix: Erlang B table 263 References 263 10 Wireless Channel and Interference 267Abuu B. Kihero, Armed Tusha, and Hüseyin Arslan 10.1 Fundamental Propagation Phenomena 267 10.2 Multipath Propagation 269 10.2.1 Large-Scale Fading 269 10.2.1.1 Path Loss 270 10.2.1.2 Shadowing 271 10.2.2 Small-Scale Fading 272 10.2.2.1 Characterization of Time-Varying Channels 273 10.2.2.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading Distributions 274 10.2.3 Time, Frequency and Angular Domains Characteristics of Multipath Channel 276 10.2.3.1 Delay Spread 276 10.2.3.2 Angular Spread 279 10.2.3.3 Doppler Spread 281 10.2.4 Novel Channel Characteristics in the 5G Technology 284 10.3 Channel as a Source of Interference 288 10.3.1 Interference due to Large-Scale Fading 288 10.3.1.1 Cellular Systems and CoChannel Interference 288 10.3.1.2 Cochannel Interference Control via Resource Assignment 289 10.3.2 Interference due to Small-Scale Fading 292 10.4 Channel Modeling 293 10.4.1 Analytical Channel Models 294 10.4.1.1 Correlation-based Models 294 10.4.1.2 Propagation-Motivated Models 294 10.4.2 Physical Models 295 10.4.2.1 Deterministic Model 295 10.4.2.2 Geometry-based Stochastic Model 295 10.4.2.3 Nongeometry-based Stochastic Models 296 10.4.3 3GPP 5G Channel Models 297 10.4.3.1 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) Model 297 10.4.3.2 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) Model 298 10.4.3.3 Generating Channel Coefficients Using CDL Model 299 10.4.4 Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Channel Modeling 300 10.5 Channel Measurement 301 10.5.1 Frequency Domain Channel Sounder 303 10.5.1.1 Swept Frequency/Chirp Sounder 303 10.5.2 Time Domain Channel Sounder 304 10.5.2.1 Periodic Pulse/Impulse Sounder 304 10.5.2.2 Correlative/Pulse Compression Sounders 305 10.5.3 Challenges of Practical Channel Measurement 308 10.6 Channel Emulation 308 10.6.1 Baseband and RF Domain Channel Emulators 309 10.6.2 Reverberation Chambers as Channel Emulator 309 10.6.2.1 General Principles 309 10.6.2.2 Emulating Multipath Effects Using RVC 311 10.6.3 Commercial Wireless Channel Emulators 318 10.7 Wireless Channel Control 319 10.8 Conclusion 321 References 321 11 Carrier and Time Synchronization 325Musab Alayasra and Hüseyin Arslan 11.1 Signal Modeling 325 11.2 Synchronization Approaches 327 11.3 Carrier Synchronization 329 11.3.1 Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.1 DFT-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.2 Phase-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 333 11.3.2 Fine Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.1 Feedforward MLE-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 340 11.3.3 Carrier Phase Offset Compensation 344 11.4 Time Synchronization 345 11.4.1 Frame Synchronization 346 11.4.2 Symbol Timing Synchronization 347 11.4.2.1 Feedforward MLE-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 348 11.4.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 349 11.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 12 Blind Signal Analysis 355Mehmet Ali Aygül, Ahmed Naeem, and Hüseyin Arslan 12.1 What is Blind Signal Analysis? 355 12.2 Applications of Blind Signal Analysis 355 12.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 356 12.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Signal Identification 357 12.2.2.1 Parameter Estimation 357 12.2.2.2 Signal Identification 357 12.2.3 Radio Environment Map 358 12.2.4 Equalization 360 12.2.5 Modulation Identification 361 12.2.6 Multi-carrier (OFDM) Parameters Estimation 362 12.3 Case Study: Blind Receiver 363 12.3.1 Bandwidth Estimation 364 12.3.2 Carrier Frequency Estimation 365 12.3.3 Symbol Rate Estimation 366 12.3.4 Pulse-Shaping and Roll-off Factor Estimation 366 12.3.5 Optimum Sampling Phase Estimation 368 12.3.6 Timing Recovery 369 12.3.7 Frequency Offset and Phase Offset Estimation 371 12.4 Machine Learning for Blind Signal Analysis 372 12.4.1 Deep Learning 374 12.4.2 Applications of Machine Learning 375 12.4.2.1 Signal and Interference Identification 375 12.4.2.2 Multi-RF Impairments Identification, Separation, and Classification 375 12.4.2.3 Channel Modeling and Estimation 376 12.4.2.4 Spectrum Occupancy Prediction 377 12.5 Challenges and Potential Study Items 378 12.5.1 Challenges 378 12.5.2 Potential Study Items 379 12.6 Conclusions 379 References 380 13 Radio Environment Monitoring 383Halise Türkmen, Saira Rafique, and Hüseyin Arslan 13.1 Radio Environment Map 384 13.2 Generalized Radio Environment Monitoring 385 13.2.1 Radio Environment Monitoring with the G-REM Framework 387 13.3 Node Types 388 13.4 Sensing Modes 388 13.5 Observable Data, Derivable Information and Other Sources 389 13.6 Sensing Methods 389 13.6.1 Sensing Configurations 390 13.6.2 Processing Data and Control Signal 391 13.6.2.1 Channel State Information (CSI) 391 13.6.2.2 Channel Impulse Response (CIR) 393 13.6.2.3 Channel Frequency Response (CFR) 393 13.6.3 Blind Signal Analysis 393 13.6.4 Radio Detection and Ranging 394 13.6.4.1 Radar Test-bed 401 13.6.5 Joint Radar and Communication 402 13.6.5.1 Coexistence 403 13.6.5.2 Co-Design 403 13.6.5.3 RadComm 405 13.6.5.4 CommRad 406 13.7 Mapping Methods 407 13.7.1 Signal Processing Algorithms 407 13.7.2 Interpolation Techniques 408 13.7.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation 408 13.7.2.2 Kriging’s Interpolation 409 13.7.3 Model-Based Techniques 410 13.7.4 Learning-Based Techniques 410 13.7.5 Hybrid Techniques 410 13.7.6 Case Study: Radio Frequency Map Construction 410 13.7.6.1 Radio Frequency Map Construction Test-bed for CR 411 13.7.7 Case Study: Wireless Local Area Network/Wi-Fi Sensing 413 13.7.7.1 WLAN Sensing Test-bed for Gesture Detection 415 13.8 Applications of G-REM 416 13.8.1 Cognitive Radios 417 13.8.2 Security 417 13.8.2.1 PHY Layer Security 417 13.8.2.2 Cross-Layer Security 417 13.8.3 Multi-Antenna Communication Systems 418 13.8.3.1 UE and Obstacle Tracking for Beam Management 418 13.8.3.2 No-Feedback Channel Estimation for FDD MIMO and mMIMO Systems 418 13.8.4 Formation and Management of Ad Hoc Networks and Device-to-Device Communication 418 13.8.5 Content Caching 419 13.8.6 Enabling Flexible Radios for 6G and Beyond Networks 419 13.8.7 Non-Communication Applications 419 13.9 Challenges and Future Directions 420 13.9.1 Security 420 13.9.2 Scheduling 421 13.9.3 Integration of (New) Technologies 421 13.9.3.1 Re-configurable Intelligent Surfaces 421 13.9.3.2 Quantum Radar 421 13.10 Conclusion 422 References 422 Index 425

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Book SynopsisMassive Connectivity Learn to support more devices and sensors in Internet of Things applications through NOMA and machine-type communication Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has held much interest due to its ability to provide a higher spectral efficiencysuch as more bits per unit bandwidth in Hertzthan other, orthogonal multiple access schemes. The majority of this research focuses on the application of NOMA to downlink channels (from base station to users) in cellular systems as its use for uplink (users to base station) is somewhat circumscribed. However, NOMA has recently been employed in contention-based uplink access, which has shown an improvement in performance that allows an increase in the number of users that can be supported. As a result, NOMA is promising for machine-type communication (MTC) in 5G systems and beyond, making it a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT). Massive Connectivity provides an in-depth, comprehensive view of Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Machine-Type Communication 1 1.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 3 1.3 NOMA for MTC 4 1.4 An Overview of Probability and Random Processes 6 1.4.1 Review of Probability 6 1.4.2 Random Variables 7 1.4.3 Random Processes 14 1.4.4 Markov Chains 15 2 Single-User and Multiuser Systems 19 2.1 A Single-User System 19 2.1.1 Signal Representation 20 2.1.2 Transmission of Signal Sequences 21 2.1.3 ML Decoding 23 2.1.4 ML Decoding over Fading Channels 26 2.1.5 Achievable Rate 28 2.2 Multiuser Systems 33 2.2.1 Broadcast Channels 34 2.2.2 Multiple Access Channels 37 2.3 Further Reading 41 3 OMA and NOMA 43 3.1 Orthogonal Multiple Access 43 3.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access 43 3.1.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 46 3.1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 47 3.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 51 3.2.1 Downlink NOMA 52 3.2.2 Uplink NOMA 57 3.3 Power and Rate Allocation 60 3.3.1 System with Known Instantaneous CSI 60 3.3.2 System with Unknown Instantaneous CSI 67 3.4 Code Division Multiple Access 73 3.4.1 DS-CDMA 74 3.4.2 Multiuser Detection Approaches 78 3.5 Further Reading 84 4 Random Access Systems 87 4.1 ALOHA Systems 88 4.1.1 Single Channel Random Access 88 4.1.2 Multi-Channel S-ALOHA 90 4.2 Throughput Analysis 91 4.2.1 Pure ALOHA 91 4.2.2 Slotted ALOHA 92 4.2.3 Multichannel ALOHA 94 4.3 Analysis with a Finite Number of Users 98 4.3.1 A Markov Chain 98 4.3.2 Drift Analysis 100 4.4 Analysis with an In_nite Number of Users 102 4.4.1 Constant Re-transmission Probability 102 4.4.2 Adaptive Re-transmission Probability 104 4.5 Fast Retrial 107 4.6 Multiuser Detection 108 4.6.1 Compressive Random Access 108 4.6.2 Throughput Analysis 110 4.7 Further Reading 114 5 NOMA-based Random Access 117 5.1 NOMA to Random Access 117 5.1.1 S-ALOHA with NOMA 118 5.1.2 More Power Levels 122 5.2 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA 127 5.2.1 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA and Throughput Analysis 128 5.2.2 Channel-Dependent Selection 132 5.3 Opportunistic NOMA 137 5.3.1 System Model 137 5.3.2 Throughput Analysis 140 5.3.3 Opportunistic NOMA for Channel Selection 147 5.4 NOMA-based Random Access with Multiuser Detection 152 5.4.1 Compressive Random Access 152 5.4.2 Layered CRA 154 5.4.3 Performance under Realistic Conditions 159 5.5 Further Reading 161 6 Application of NOMA to MTC in 5G 163 6.1 Machine-Type Communication 163 6.1.1 IoT Connectivity 163 6.1.2 Random Access Schemes for MTC 164 6.2 A Model with Massive MIMO 168 6.2.1 Massive MIMO 168 6.2.2 Two-step Random Access with Massive MIMO 173 6.2.3 Throughput Analysis 174 6.3 NOMA for High-Throughput MTC 177 6.3.1 Co-existing Preambles and Data Packets 178 6.3.2 Maximum Throughput Comparison 180 6.3.3 Limitations 184 6.4 Layered Preambles for Heterogeneous Devices 185 6.4.1 Heterogeneous Devices in MTC 185 6.4.2 Design of Layered Preambles 187 6.4.3 Performance Analysis 189 6.5 Further Reading 195 7 Game-Theoretic Perspective of NOMA-based Random Access 197 7.1 Background of Game Theory 197 7.1.1 Normal-Form Games 198 7.1.2 Nash Equilibrium 200 7.1.3 Mixed Strategies 200 7.2 Random Access Game 202 7.2.1 Normal-Form and NE 203 7.2.2 Mixed Strategies 204 7.3 NOMA-ALOHA Game 204 7.3.1 Single-Channel NOMA-ALOHA Game 205 7.3.2 Multichannel NOMA-ALOHA Game 216 7.4 Fictitious Play 221 7.4.1 A Model for Fictitious Play 221 7.4.2 Convergence 223 7.5 Evolutionary Game Theory and Its Application 227 7.5.1 Population Games 227 7.5.2 Replicator Dynamics and Evolutionary Stable State 228 7.5.3 Stability of the Replicator Dynamics 231 7.5.4 Application to NOMA 232 7.6 Further Reading 234 Index 247

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Book SynopsisWIRELESS COMMUNICATION SECURITY Presenting the concepts and advances of wireless communication security, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications for the engineer, student, and other industry professionals. Covering a broad range of topics in wireless communication security and its solutions, this outstanding new volume is of great interest to engineers, scientists, and students from a variety of backgrounds and interests. Focusing on providing the theory of wireless communication within the framework of its practical applications, the contributors take on a wealth of topics, integrating seemingly diverse areas under one cover. Wireless Communication Security has been divided into five units. The first unit presents the different protocols and standards for developing a real-time wireless communication security. The second unit presents different widely accepted networks, which are the core of wireless communication secuTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 M2M in 5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Proposed Solutions, and Future Directions 1 Kiran Ahuja and Indu Bala 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Literature Survey 5 1.3 Survey Challenges and Proposed Solutions of M2M 7 1.3.1 PARCH Overload Problem 8 1.3.2 Inefficient Radio Resource Utilization and Allocation 10 1.3.3 M2M Random Access Challenges 12 1.3.4 Clustering Techniques 13 1.3.5 QoS Provisioning for M2M Communications 15 1.3.6 Less Cost and Low Power Device Requirements 16 1.3.7 Security and Privacy 17 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Security 23 Sushmita Kumari and Manisha Bharti 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 MAC Layer 24 2.2.1 Centralized Control 24 2.2.2 Deterministic Access 24 2.2.3 Non-Deterministic Access 24 2.3 Functions of the MAC Layer 25 2.4 MAC Layer Protocol 25 2.4.1 Random Access Protocol 26 2.4.2 Controlled Access Protocols 29 2.4.3 Channelization 31 2.5 MAC Address 31 2.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 33 References 33 3 Enhanced Image Security Through Hybrid Approach: Protect Your Copyright Over Digital Images 35 Shaifali M. Arora and Poonam Kadian 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Literature Review 38 3.3 Design Issues 40 3.3.1 Robustness Against Various Attack Conditions 40 3.3.2 Distortion and Visual Quality 41 3.3.3 Working Domain 42 3.3.4 Human Visual System (HVS) 43 3.3.5 The Trade-Off between Robustness and Imperceptibility 43 3.3.6 Computational Cost 43 3.4 A Secure Grayscale Image Watermarking Based on DWT-SVD 43 3.5 Experimental Results 45 3.6 Conclusion 52 References 52 4 Quantum Computing 59 Manisha Bharti and Tanvika Garg 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 A Brief History of Quantum Computing 60 4.3 Postulate of Quantum Mechanics 61 4.4 Polarization and Entanglement 61 4.5 Applications and Advancements 63 4.5.1 Cryptography, Teleportation and Communication Networks 63 4.5.2 Quantum Computing and Memories 63 4.5.3 Satellite Communication Based on Quantum Computing 64 4.5.4 Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence 65 4.6 Optical Quantum Computing 65 4.7 Experimental Realisation of Quantum Computer 66 4.7.1 Hetero-Polymers 66 4.7.2 Ion Traps 67 4.7.3 Quantum Electrodynamics Cavity 67 4.7.4 Quantum Dots 67 4.8 Challenges of Quantum Computing 67 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 68 References 68 5 Feature Engineering for Flow-Based IDS 69 Rahul B. Adhao and Vinod K. Pachghare 5.1 Introduction 70 5.1.1 Intrusion Detection System 71 5.1.2 IDS Classification 71 5.2 IP Flows 72 5.2.1 The Architecture of Flow-Based IDS 73 5.2.2 Wireless IDS Designed Using Flow-Based Approach 73 5.2.3 Comparison of Flow- and Packet-Based IDS 74 5.3 Feature Engineering 75 5.3.1 Curse of Dimensionality 76 5.3.2 Feature Selection 78 5.3.3 Feature Categorization 78 5.4 Classification of Feature Selection Technique 78 5.4.1 The Wrapper, Filter, and Embedded Feature Selection 78 5.4.2 Correlation, Consistency, and PCA-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.3 Similarity, Information Theoretical, Sparse Learning, and Statistical-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.4 Univariate and Multivariate Feature Selection 81 5.5 Tools and Library for Feature Selection 82 5.6 Literature Review on Feature Selection in Flow-Based IDS 82 5.7 Challenges and Future Scope 86 5.8 Conclusions 87 Acknowledgement 87 References 88 6 Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks 91 B. Banuselvasaraswathy and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy 6.1 Introduction 92 6.1.1 Single Path Routing Protocol 93 6.1.2 Multipath Routing Protocol 94 6.1.3 Environmental Influence on WSN 96 6.2 Motivation Behind the Work 97 6.3 Novelty of This Work 98 6.4 Related Works 99 6.5 Proposed Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol 102 6.5.1 Sensor Node Environmental Modeling and Analysis 104 6.5.2 Single Node Environmental Influence Modeling 105 6.5.3 Multiple Node Modeling 106 6.5.4 Sensor Node Surrounding Temperature Field 106 6.5.5 Sensor Node Remaining Energy Calculation 107 6.5.6 Delay Modeling 107 6.6 Simulation Parameters 108 6.7 Results and Discussion 109 6.7.1 Temperature Influence on Network 109 6.7.2 Power Consumption 109 6.7.3 Lifetime Analysis 110 6.7.4 Delay Analysis 111 6.8 Conclusion 112 References 112 7 A Comprehensive Study of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 115 Bhoopesh Singh Bhati, Dikshita, Nitesh Singh Bhati and Garvit Chugh 7.1 Introduction 116 7.1.1 Intrusion and Detection 116 7.1.2 Some Basic Definitions 116 7.1.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention System 117 7.1.4 Need for IDPS: More Than Ever 118 7.1.5 Introduction to Alarms 118 7.1.6 Components of an IDPS 119 7.2 Configuring IDPS 120 7.2.1 Network Architecture of IDPS 120 7.2.2 A Glance at Common Types 121 7.2.2.1 Network-Based IDS 123 7.2.2.2 Host-Based IDS 124 7.2.3 Intrusion Detection Techniques 125 7.2.3.1 Conventional Techniques 125 7.2.3.2 Machine Learning-Based and Hybrid Techniques 128 7.2.4 Three Considerations 131 7.2.4.1 Location of Sensors 131 7.2.4.2 Security Capabilities 131 7.2.4.3 Management Capabilities 133 7.2.5 Administrators’ Functions 134 7.2.5.1 Deployment 134 7.2.5.2 Testing 134 7.2.5.3 Security Consideration of IDPS 135 7.2.5.4 Regular Backups and Monitoring 135 7.2.6 Types of Events Detected 135 7.2.7 Role of State in Network Security 136 7.3 Literature Review 137 7.4 Conclusion 138 References 139 8 Hardware Devices Integration With IoT 143 Sushant Kumar and Saurabh Mukherjee 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Literature Review 144 8.3 Component Description 146 8.3.1 Arduino Board UNO 146 8.3.2 Raspberry Pi 147 8.4 Case Studies 148 8.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 148 8.4.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 150 8.4.3 Weather Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 151 8.5 Drawbacks of Arduino and Raspberry Pi 153 8.6 Challenges in IoT 154 8.6.1 Design Challenges 154 8.6.2 Security Challenges 155 8.6.3 Development Challenges 155 8.7 Conclusion 155 8.8 Annexures 156 References 157 Additional Resources 158 9 Depth Analysis On DoS & DDoS Attacks 159 Gaurav Nayak, Anjana Mishra, Uditman Samal and Brojo Kishore Mishra 9.1 Introduction 160 9.1.1 Objective and Motivation 161 9.1.2 Symptoms and Manifestations 163 9.2 Literature Survey 163 9.3 Timeline of DoS and DDoS Attacks 164 9.4 Evolution of Denial of Service (DoS) & Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 165 9.5 DDoS Attacks: A Taxonomic Classification 166 9.5.1 Classification Based on Degree of Automation 166 9.5.2 Classification Based on Exploited Vulnerability 167 9.5.3 Classification Based on Rate Dynamics of Attacks 168 9.5.4 Classification Based on Impact 168 9.6 Transmission Control Protocol 169 9.6.1 TCP Three-Way Handshake 169 9.7 User Datagram Protocol 170 9.7.1 UDP Header 170 9.8 Types of DDoS Attacks 170 9.8.1 TCP SYN Flooding Attack 171 9.8.2 UDP Flooding Attack 172 9.8.3 Smurf Attack 172 9.8.4 Ping of Death Attack 173 9.8.5 HTTP Flooding Attack 174 9.9 Impact of DoS/DDoS on Various Areas 175 9.9.1 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VoIP Networks Using SIP 175 9.9.2 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VANET 175 9.9.3 DoS/DDoS Attacks on Smart Grid System 176 9.9.4 DoS/DDoS Attacks in IoT-Based Devices 176 9.10 Countermeasures to DDoS Attack 177 9.10.1 Prevent Being Agent/Secondary Target 177 9.10.2 Detect and Neutralize Attacker 178 9.10.3 Potential Threats Detection/Prevention 178 9.10.4 DDoS Attacks and How to Avoid Them 178 9.10.5 Deflect Attack 178 9.10.6 Post-Attack Forensics 179 9.11 Conclusion 179 9.12 Future Scope 180 References 180 10 SQL Injection Attack on Database System 183 Mohit Kumar 10.1 Introduction 183 10.1.1 Types of Vulnerabilities 184 10.1.2 Types of SQL Injection Attack 185 10.1.3 Impact of SQL Injection Attack 186 10.2 Objective and Motivation 186 10.3 Process of SQL Injection Attack 188 10.4 Related Work 188 10.5 Literature Review 189 10.6 Implementation of the SQL Injection Attack 192 10.6.1 Access the Database Using the 1=1 SQL Injection Statement 192 10.6.2 Access the Database Using the ““=’’’’ SQL Injection Statement 193 10.6.3 Access and Upgrade the Database by Using Batch SQL Injection Statement 194 10.7 Detection of SQL Injection Attack 196 10.8 Prevention/Mitigation from SQL Injection Attack 196 10.9 Conclusion 197 References 197 11 Machine Learning Techniques for Face Authentication System for Security Purposes 199 Vibhuti Jain, Madhavendra Singh and Jagannath Jayanti 11.1 Introduction 200 11.2 Face Recognition System (FRS) in Security 201 11.3 Theory 202 11.3.1 Neural Networks 202 11.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 204 11.3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 207 11.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 208 11.3.5 Logistic Regression (LR) 209 11.3.6 Naive Bayes (NB) 210 11.3.7 Decision Tree (DT) 211 11.4 Experimental Methodology 212 11.4.1 Dataset 212 11.4.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 212 11.4.3 Other Machine Learning Techniques 215 11.5 Results 218 11.6 Conclusion 220 References 220 12 Estimation of Computation Time for Software-Defined Networking-Based Data Traffic Offloading System in Heterogeneous Network 223 Shashila S. Abayagunawardhana, Malka N. Halgamuge and Charitha Subhashi Jayasekara 12.1 Introduction 224 12.1.1 Motivation 225 12.1.2 Objective 228 12.1.3 The Main Contributions of This Chapter 228 12.2 Analysis of SDN-TOS Mechanism 229 12.2.1 Key Components of SDN-TOS 229 12.2.2 LTE/Wi-Fi in a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) 229 12.2.3 Centralized SDN Controller 229 12.2.4 Key Design Considerations of SDN-TOS 230 12.2.4.1 The System Architecture 230 12.2.4.2 Mininet Wi-Fi Emulated Networks 230 12.2.4.3 Software-Defined Networking Controller 231 12.3 Materials and Methods 232 12.3.1 Estimating Time Consumption for Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator 232 12.3.1.1 Total Time Consumption for Offloading the Data Traffic by Service Provider 233 12.3.1.2 Total Time Consumption of Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator (Time Consumption for Both LTE and Wi-Fi Network) 236 12.3.2 Estimating Time Consumption for SDN Controller 237 12.3.2.1 Total Response Time for Sub-Controller 237 12.3.2.2 Total Response Time for The Total Process of Centralized SDN Controller 238 12.3.3 Estimating Total Time Consumption for SDN-Based Traffic Offloading System (sdn-tos) 239 12.4 Simulation Results 240 12.4.1 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA)/Service Provider A and CSP Approach 242 12.4.2 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA) for Different Service Providers/Service Provider A and Service Provider B 243 12.5 Discussion 244 12.6 Conclusion 246 References 247 About the Editors 253 Index 255

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Book SynopsisProvides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment is a comprehensive how to manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard. In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years' experience in the field, this highly practical guide: Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networksDescribes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layersCovers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issuesDiscusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elementsIncludes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network Mobile Communications Systems Development is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.Trade Review"The author provides a comprehensive summary on the mobile communications systems covering 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. The great addition to the theoretical foundations are practical elements including system operation and development aspects, with multitude practical examples and self-assessment. This handbook shall be useful for telecom practitioners including radio and core network engineers. It’s also a good source for software engineers from a different domain who would like to enter the telco domain. It shall be of interest to those, especially in present times where IT, software development and mobile communications are closer to each other than ever before."- Marcin Dryjański, Ph.D., PRINCIPAL CONSULTANT / CEOTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Part I Network Architectures, Standardization, Protocols, and Functions 3 2 Network Architectures, Standardizations Process 5 2.1 Network Elements and Basic Networks Architectures 5 2.1.1 GSM (2G) Network Architecture 6 2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS-2.5G) Network Architecture 7 2.1.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G) Network Architecture 7 2.1.4 LTE (4G) Network Architecture 8 2.1.5 GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G Network Elements: A Comparison 9 2.1.6 Circuit Switched (CS) vs Packet Switched (PS) 9 2.2 Mobile Communication Network Domains 10 2.2.1 AN Domain 10 2.2.2 Core Network (CN) Domain 11 2.2.3 Network Domains and Its Elements 11 2.2.4 Example: End-to-End Mobile Network Information Flow 12 2.2.5 Example: GSM MO Call 13 2.3 Mobile Communications Systems Evolutions 14 2.3.1 Evolutions of Air Interface 14 2.3.2 Evolutions of 3GPP Networks Architectures 16 2.4 Mobile Communications Network System Engineering 19 2.4.1 Mobility Management 19 2.4.2 Air Interface Management 20 2.4.3 Subscribers and Services Management 20 2.4.4 Security Management 20 2.4.5 Network Maintenance 20 2.5 Standardizations of Mobile Communications Networks 21 2.5.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 21 2.5.2 3GPP Working Groups 21 2.5.3 3GPP Technical Specification and Technical Report 22 2.5.4 Stages of a 3GPP Technical Specification 22 2.5.5 Release Number of 3GPP Technical Specification 22 2.5.6 3GPP Technical Specification Numbering Nomenclature 23 2.5.7 Vocabulary of 3GPP Specifications 24 2.5.8 Examples in a 3GPP Technical Specification 24 2.5.9 Standardization of Technical Specifications by 3GPP 24 2.5.10 Scope of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24 2.5.11 3GPP TS for General Description of a Protocol Layer 25 2.5.12 3GPP TS Drafting Rules: Deriving Requirements 25 2.5.13 Download 3GPP Technical Specifications 25 2.5.14 3GPP Change Requests 26 2.5.15 Learnings from 3GPP Meetings TDocs 26 2.6 3GPP Releases and Its Features 26 Chapter Summary 27 3 Protocols, Interfaces, and Architectures 29 3.1 Protocol Interface and Its Stack 29 3.1.1 Physical Interface 30 3.1.2 Logical Interface 30 3.1.3 Logical Interfaces’ Names and Their Protocol Stack 33 3.1.4 Examples of Logical Interface and Its Protocol Layers 35 3.2 Classifications of Protocol Layers 36 3.2.1 Control Plane or Signaling Protocols 36 3.2.2 User Plane Protocols 38 3.3 Grouping of UMTS, LTE, and 5G Air Interface Protocol Layers 39 3.3.1 Access Stratum (AS): UMTS UE – UTRAN; LTE UE – E-UTRAN;5G UE - NG-RAN 39 3.3.2 Non-Access Stratum: UMTS UE – CN, LTE UE – EPC; 5G UE-Core 41 3.4 Initialization of a Logical Interface 42 3.5 Protocol Layer Termination 43 3.6 Protocol Sublayers 43 3.7 Protocol Conversion 44 3.8 Working Model of a 3GPP Protocol Layer: Services and Functions 45 3.9 General Protocol Model Between RAN and CN (UMTS, LTE, 5G) 46 3.10 Multiple Transport Networks, Protocols, and Physical Layer Interfaces 47 3.11 How to Identify and Understand Protocol Architectures 49 3.11.1 Identifying a Logical Interface, Protocol Stack, and Its Layers 49 3.11.2 Identification of Technical Requirements Using Interface Name 51 3.12 Protocol Layer Procedures over CN Interfaces 51 3.12.1 Similar Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 52 3.12.2 Specific Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 53 Chapter Summary 54 4 Encoding and Decoding of Messages 55 4.1 Description and Encoding/Decoding of Air Interface Messages 55 4.1.1 Encoding/Decoding: Air Interface Layer 3 Messages 56 4.1.2 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: RLC Protocol 60 4.1.3 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: MAC Protocol 60 4.1.4 CSN.1 Encoding/Decoding: GPRS Layer 2 Protocol (RLC/MAC) 60 4.1.5 ASN.1 Encoding/Decoding: UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR Layer 3 Protocol 61 4.1.6 Direct/Indirect Encoding Method 62 4.1.7 Segmented Messages over the Air Interface 63 4.1.8 Piggybacking a Signaling Message 63 4.2 Encoding/Decoding of Signaling Messages: RAN and CN 64 Chapter Summary 65 5 Network Elements: Identities and Its Addressing 67 5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities 67 5.2 Permanent Identities 68 5.3 Temporary Identities Assigned by CN 69 5.3.1 GSM System Temporary Identities 69 5.3.2 GPRS System Temporary Identities 69 5.3.3 LTE/EPS System Temporary Identities 70 5.4 Temporary Identities Assigned by RAN: RNTI 72 5.5 Usages of Network Identities 73 5.6 Native and Mapped Network Identities 73 5.7 LTE UE Application Protocol Identity 75 Chapter Summary 76 6 Interworking and Interoperations of Mobile Communications Networks 77 6.1 Requirements and Types of Interworking 77 6.2 Interworking Through Enhanced Network Elements 78 6.2.1 Interworking for Voice Call Through IMS: VoLTE 79 6.2.1.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 80 6.2.1.2 UE Registration and Authentication 81 6.2.2 Interworking for VoLTE Call Through LTE/EPS: SRVCC 83 6.2.3 Interworking for Voice Call Through LTE/EPS: CSFB 85 6.3 Interworking Through Legacy Network Elements 88 6.4 Interworking Between LTE/EPS and 5G Systems 89 6.5 Interoperations of Networks: LTE/EPS Roaming 90 6.5.1 Roaming Through Interoperations of Enhanced Networks Elements 90 6.5.2 Roaming Through Interoperations of Legacy Networks Elements 92 6.6 UE Mode of Operation 92 6.7 Function of E-UTRAN in a VoLTE Call 95 Chapter Summary 95 7 Load Balancing and Network Sharing 97 7.1 Core Network Elements Load Balancing 97 7.1.1 Identification of NAS Node: NRI and Its Source 99 7.1.2 NAS Node Selection Function 99 7.2 Network Sharing 102 7.2.1 GSM/GPRS/LTE RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature 103 7.2.2 5G NG‐RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature (Release 16) 109 Chapter Summary 110 8 Packets Encapsulations and Their Routing 111 8.1 User Data Packets Encapsulations 111 8.1.1 Packets Encapsulations at the CN and RAN 112 8.1.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol ( GTP) 112 8.1.1.2 GTP Functions 112 8.1.1.3 GTP User Plane PDU: G-PDU 113 8.1.1.4 GTP Control Plane PDU 114 8.1.1.5 Example: GTP and Packet Encapsulations at LTE EPC 115 8.1.2 Packet Encapsulations over Air Interface 115 8.2 IP Packet Routing in Mobile Communications Networks 116 8.3 IP Header Compression and Decompression 117 Chapter Summary 119 9 Security Features in Mobile Communications Networks 121 9.1 A Brief on the Security Architecture: Features and Mechanisms 121 9.2 Security Features and Its Mechanisms 123 9.3 GSM Security Procedures 126 9.4 UMTS, LTE, and 5G: AS and NAS Layer Security Procedures 127 9.5 Security Contexts 130 9.6 Security Interworking 130 Chapter Summary 132 Part II Operations and Maintenances 133 10 Alarms and Faults Managements 135 10.1 Network Elements Alarm and Its Classifications 135 10.2 Sources of Abnormal Events and Alarms 136 10.3 Identifying Sources of Alarms from 3GPP TSs 136 10.3.1 Abnormal Conditions 136 10.3.2 Protocol Layer Error Handling 137 10.3.3 Abnormal Conditions Due to Local Errors 138 10.4 Design and Implementation of an Alarm Management System 138 10.4.1 Design and Components of an Alarm 139 10.4.2 Alarm Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 139 10.4.3 Alarm Database 139 10.5 Alarm Due to Protocol Error 140 10.5.1 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Description 142 10.6 Alarm Due to Abnormal Conditions 142 10.6.1 Normal Scenario 143 10.6.2 Abnormal Scenario 143 10.6.3 Sample Alarm Description 144 10.6.4 Sample Alarm Generation 145 10.6.5 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Generation 145 10.7 How to Troubleshoot Protocol Error Using the Alarm Data 146 Chapter Summary 146 11 Performance Measurements and Optimizations of Mobile Communications Networks 147 11.1 Counters for Performance Measurements and Optimizations 147 11.2 Performance and Optimizations Management System 149 11.3 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 150 11.3.1 What Is a KPI? 150 11.3.2 KPI Domains 150 11.3.3 KPI for Signaling or Control Plane 152 11.3.4 KPI for User or Data Plane 153 11.3.5 KPI Categories 154 11.3.6 KPI Evaluation Steps 155 11.3.7 Troubleshooting and Improving KPI 156 11.3.8 Components of a KPI Definition 157 Chapter Summary 157 12 Troubleshooting of Mobile Communications Networks Issues 159 12.1 Air Interface-Related Issues 159 12.1.1 Drive Test, Data Collection, and Its Analysis 160 12.2 Debugging Issues with IP-Based Logical Interface 160 12.2.1 IP Protocol Analyzer 161 12.2.2 Network/Application Throughput Issue 161 12.2.3 Switch Port Mirroring 161 12.3 Conformance Testing Issues 162 12.3.1 Example: Mobile Device (MS)/User Equipment (UE) Conformance Test 163 12.3.2 Example: Location Area Update Request 163 12.4 Interoperability Testing (IOT) Issues 164 12.5 Interworking Issues 165 12.6 Importance of Log/Traces and Its Collections 166 12.7 Steps for Troubleshooting 167 Chapter Summary 170 Part III Mobile Communications Systems Development 171 13 Core Software Development Fundamentals 173 13.1 A Brief on Software Development Fundamentals 173 13.1.1 Requirements Phase 174 13.1.2 Design 174 13.1.3 Implementation 175 13.1.4 Integration and Testing 175 13.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 175 13.2 Hardware Platforms: Embedded System, Linux Versus PC 176 13.2.1 System Development Using Embedded System Board 176 13.2.2 System Development Using Multicore Hardware Platform 177 13.2.2.1 What Is a Core? 178 13.2.2.2 Network Element Development Using Multicore Platform 178 13.2.2.3 Runtime Choices of Multicore Processor 178 13.2.2.4 Software Programming Model for Multicore Processor 179 13.3 Selecting Software Platforms and Features 179 13.3.1 Selecting Available Data/Logical Structures 180 13.3.1.1 Advanced Data Structures 180 13.3.1.2 How Data Structure Affects the Application’s Performance 180 13.3.2 Selecting an Operating System Services/Facilities 181 13.3.2.1 Advance Features of Operating System: IPC 181 13.4 Software Simulators for a Mobile Communications Network 184 13.5 Software Root Causes and Their Debugging 185 13.5.1 Incorrect Usages of Software Library System Calls/APIs 185 13.5.2 Incorrect Usages of System Resources 185 13.5.3 Bad Software Programming Practices 185 13.6 Static Code Analysis of Software 186 13.7 Software Architecture and Software Organization 186 13.8 System and Software Requirements Analysis 188 13.9 Software Quality: Reliability, Scalability, and Availability 188 13.9.1 Reliability 188 13.9.2 Scalability 188 13.9.3 Availability 188 Chapter Summary 189 14 Protocols, Protocol Stack Developments, and Testing 191 14.1 Components of a 3GPP Protocol TS 191 14.2 3GPP Protocol Layer Structured Procedure Description 193 14.3 Protocol Layer Communications 194 14.3.1 Layer-to-Layer Communication Using Service Primitives 195 14.3.2 Layer-to-Layer Communication: SAP 196 14.3.3 Peer-to-Peer Layer Communication: PDU and Service Data Unit (SDU) 197 14.3.4 Types of PDU 198 14.3.5 Formats of PDU 198 14.4 Air Interface Message Format: Signaling Layer 3 198 14.4.1 A Brief on the Air Interface Layer 3 Protocol Stack 198 14.4.2 Classification of Layer 3 Messages 199 14.4.3 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Signaling Message Format 200 14.4.4 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Protocol Discriminator 202 14.4.5 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Skip Indicator 202 14.4.6 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Transaction Identifier 204 14.4.7 Layer 3 Protocol Header: LTE/EPS Bearer Identity 204 14.4.8 Layer 3 Protocol Header: 5GSM PDU Session Identity 204 14.4.9 Constructing a Layer 3 Message 204 14.4.10 Security Protected LTE/EPS and 5G NAS Layer MM Messages 205 14.4.11 Layer 3 Protocol Layer’s Message Dump 207 14.5 Air Interface Message Format: Layer 2 207 14.6 RAN – CN Signaling Messages 208 14.6.1 Protocol Layer Elementary Procedure 208 14.6.2 Types and Classes of EPs 210 14.6.3 EPs Code 210 14.6.4 Criticality of IE 211 14.6.5 Types of Protocol Errors and Its Handling 211 14.6.6 Choices of Triggering Message 212 14.6.7 Message Type 212 14.6.8 Message Description 212 14.6.9 Example: LTE/EPS S1 Interface: S1 Setup Procedure 213 14.7 Modes Operation of a Protocol Layer 213 14.8 Example of a Protocol Primitive and PDU Definition 215 14.9 Example of a Protocol Layer Frame Header Definition 216 14.10 Examples of System Parameters 216 14.11 Examples of Protocol Information Elements and Its Identifier 217 14.12 3GPP Release Specific Changes Implementation 218 14.13 Examples of Protocol Messages Types 219 14.14 Protocol Layer Timer Handling 219 14.15 Protocol Layer Development Using State Machine 222 14.16 Protocol Layer Development Using Message Passing 224 14.17 Protocol Layer Data and its Types 225 14.18 Protocol Layer Control and Configuration 226 14.19 Protocol Context Information 227 14.20 Protocol Layer Message Padding 228 14.21 Device Driver Development 229 14.22 Guidelines for Protocol Stack/Layer Development 230 14.23 Software Profiling, Tools and Performance Improvement 231 14.24 Protocol Stack Testing and Validation 231 Chapter Summary 233 15 Deriving Requirements Specifications from a TS 235 15.1 3GPP Protocol Layer Procedures 235 15.1.1 LTE UE Mode of Operation Requirements 236 15.1.2 LTE UE ATTACH Procedure Requirements 236 15.1.3 LTE UE DETACH Procedure Requirements 237 15.1.4 LTE UE Tracking Area Update Procedure Requirements 237 15.2 3GPP System Feature Development Requirements 238 15.2.1 Identification of System/Network Elements Interfaces Changes 238 15.2.2 Identifications of Impacts on Performance 238 15.2.3 Identifications of Impacts on Feature Management 239 15.2.4 Identification of Interworking Requirements with Existing Features 239 15.2.5 Charging and Accounting Aspects 239 15.3 Example Feature: Radio Access Network Sharing 239 15.3.1 Effects on Network Elements 239 15.3.2 Effects on Logical Interfaces 240 15.3.3 Selection of Core Network Operator: PLMN Id 241 15.4 Example: Interworking/Interoperations 242 15.4.1 Circuit-Switched Fall Back (CSFB) 242 15.4.2 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 243 15.5 3GPP System Feature and High-Level Design 244 Chapter Summary 245 Part IV 5G System and Network 247 16 5G Network: Use Cases and Architecture 249 16.1 5G System (5GS) Use Cases 249 16.1.1 Enablers and Key Principles of 5GS Use Cases 250 16.1.2 Other Enablers in 5G System 253 16.2 Support of Legacy Services by 5G System 253 16.3 5G System Network Architecture 254 16.3.1 3GPP Access Architecture 254 16.3.2 Non-3GPP Access Architecture 256 16.4 5G System NG–RAN/gNB Logical Architecture 256 16.5 5GC System Architecture Elements 259 16.6 5G System Deployment Solutions 260 16.6.1 E–UTRA–NR Dual Connectivity (EN–DC) for NSA Deployment 261 16.7 5G System and LTE/EPS Interworking 265 16.7.1 RAN-Level Interworking 265 16.7.2 Core Network (CN) Level Interworking: N26 Interface 265 16.7.2.1 Single Registration Mode with N26 Interface 266 16.7.2.2 Dual Registration Mode: Without N26 Interface 266 16.8 5G System Native and Mapped Network Identities 268 16.8.1 Mobility Area Identifiers 268 16.8.2 UE/Subscriber Permanent Identifiers 269 16.8.3 Core Network Identifiers 269 16.8.4 RAN Identifiers 269 16.8.5 Core Network Temporary Identities 270 16.9 5G System Network Slicing 270 16.9.1 Identities for a Network Slice 271 16.9.2 Impacts of Network Slicing Feature 273 16.10 Management and Orchestration (MANO) of 5G Network 278 16.11 5G System Security 280 16.11.1 UE Authentication Frameworks and Methods 280 16.11.2 Primary Authentication and Secondary Authentication 282 16.11.3 Key Hierarchy and Authentication Vector 282 16.11.4 New Security Requirements in 5G System 283 16.11.5 Subscriber Identities/Privacy Protection 286 Chapter Summary 287 17 Introduction to GSM, UMTS, and LTE Systems Air Interface 289 17.1 Air Interfaces Protocol Architectures 289 17.2 Protocol Sublayers 290 17.3 Control Plane and User Plane Protocols 291 17.4 Protocols Domains Classifications 291 17.5 Access Stratum and Non-access Stratum 291 17.6 Message Formats 292 17.7 Security Over the Air Interface 293 17.8 Piggybacking for Reduction of Signaling Overhead 293 17.8.1 Examples Piggybacking of Signaling Messages 293 Chapter Summary 294 18 5G NR Air Interface: Control Plane Protocols 295 18.1 NR Control Plane Protocol Layers 295 18.2 Session Management (5G SM) Layer 296 18.2.1 Procedures of 5G SM Layer 297 18.2.2 PDU Session Types 298 18.2.3 PDU Session Service Continuity (SSC) 299 18.2.4 PDU Sessions for Network Slices 300 18.2.5 Session Management (SM) Layer States 301 18.3 Quality of Service (5G QoS) 301 18.3.1 LTE/EPS QoS Model: EPS Bearer 301 18.3.2 5GS QoS Model: QoS Flow 301 18.3.3 GTP-U Plane Tunnel for PDU Session 302 18.3.4 Service Data Flow and PCC Rule 302 18.3.5 Binding of Service Data Flow 303 18.3.6 QoS Profile and QFI 303 18.3.7 QoS Rule and QRI 305 18.3.8 Mapping QoS Flow to Data Radio Bearer 305 18.3.9 Downlink Data Flow Through GTP-U Plane Tunnels 307 18.4 Mobility Management (5G MM) Layer 308 18.4.1 Mobility Area Concepts and Identifiers 308 18.4.2 Requirements of Mobility Management Functions 313 18.4.3 Functions and Procedures of 5G MM Layer 314 18.4.4 Mobility Management Layer States 315 18.4.5 Connection Management (CM) and Service Request 316 18.4.6 Mobility Pattern of UE 317 18.5 RRC Layer 317 18.5.1 Functions and Procedures of RRC Layer 317 18.5.2 System Information (SI) Broadcast 318 18.5.3 RRC Layer States 319 18.5.4 RRC INACTIVE State 320 18.5.5 Mobility of UE 326 18.5.5.1 UE Mobility in RRC IDLE State 326 18.5.5.2 UE Mobility in RRC INACTIVE State 326 18.5.5.3 UE Mobility in RRC CONNECTED State 327 18.5.6 Admission Control 332 Chapter Summary 334 19 5G NR Air Interface 335 19.1 NR User Plane Protocol Layers 335 19.2 SDAP Layer 336 19.3 PDCP Layer 336 19.4 RLC Layer 340 19.5 MAC Layer 342 19.5.1 Functions and Procedures 342 19.5.2 Scheduling Procedure 344 19.5.3 Random Access Procedure 346 19.5.4 Error Correction Through HARQ Procedure 351 19.5.5 Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) Procedure 352 19.5.6 Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure 353 19.5.7 Low Latency in the NR Due to Configured Scheduling 353 19.5.8 MAC Layer PDU and Header Structures 354 19.5.9 How MAC Layer Ensures Low‐Latency Requirements 356 19.5.10 Channel Structures in NR 357 19.6 Physical Layer 359 19.6.1 Principles of Transmissions and Its Directions 360 19.6.2 Physical Layer Functions, Procedures, and Services 360 19.6.3 OFDM Symbol 363 19.6.4 NR Frame and Slot Format 364 19.6.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS)/Numerologies (μ) 364 19.6.4.2 Slots per NR Frame and Subframe 364 19.6.4.3 Slot Formats in TDD Mode 366 19.6.4.4 Dynamic TDD 367 19.6.5 Resource Grid and Resource Block 368 19.6.5.1 Control Resource Set (CORESET) 369 19.6.5.2 Common Resource Blocks (CRB) 370 19.6.5.3 Physical Resource Block (PRB) 370 19.6.5.4 Virtual Resource Block (VRB) 370 19.6.5.5 Interleaved and Non‐interleaved PRB Allocation 370 19.6.5.6 PRB Bundling and VRB to PRB Mapping 371 19.6.5.7 Reference Point “A” 371 19.6.6 Channel and Transmission Bandwidths 371 19.6.7 Bandwidth Part (BWP) 373 19.6.7.1 Types of BWP 374 19.6.7.2 BWP Configuration 375 19.6.7.3 BWP Switching and Associated Delay 376 19.6.8 NR Resource Allocations 377 19.6.8.1 Frequency Domain Resource Allocation for FDD Transmission 377 19.6.8.2 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for FDD Transmission 380 19.6.8.3 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for TDD 383 19.6.9 Transport Channels and Their Processing Chain 384 19.6.9.1 CRC Calculation and its Attachment to a Transport Block 385 19.6.9.2 Code Block Segmentation 385 19.6.9.3 Channel Encoding with LDPC 386 19.6.9.4 Rate Matching and Concatenation 387 19.6.9.5 Multiplexing of UL‐SCH Data and Uplink Control Information 388 19.6.9.6 LDPC Encoding Examples 388 19.6.10 Physical Channels and Their Processing Chain 390 19.6.10.1 Physical Channels 390 19.6.10.2 Channel Mappings 391 19.6.10.3 Multiple Physical Antenna Transmissions 392 19.6.10.4 Physical Channel Processing Chain 395 19.6.10.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 397 19.6.10.6 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Information (UCI) 404 19.6.11 Code Block Group‐Based Transmission and Reception 405 19.6.12 Physical Signals 409 19.6.12.1 Reference Signals Transmitted as Part of Physical Channels 410 19.6.12.2 Sounding Reference Signals 412 19.6.13 Downlink Synchronization 414 19.6.14 Millimeter Wave Transmission, Beamforming, and Its Management 419 19.6.15 Cell‐Level Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) 424 19.6.16 RRM Measurements for UE Mobility 426 19.6.16.1 RRM Measurement Signals and Their Quantities 426 19.6.16.2 RRM Measurements Framework 427 19.6.16.3 Overall RRM Process 429 19.6.17 Channel State Information (CSI) 430 19.6.18 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) 433 19.6.19 Link Adaptation Procedure 434 19.6.20 Random Access (RACH) Procedure 435 19.6.21 NR Radio Resources Management (RRM) Procedure 439 19.6.22 UE Transmit Power Control 444 19.6.22.1 Types of Power Control Procedure in NR 444 19.6.22.2 UE Transmit Power Determination Procedure in NR 445 19.6.23 Effect of Physical Layer on Data Throughputs 445 Chapter Summary 446 20 5G Core Network Architecture 447 20.1 Control Plane and User Plane Separation – CUPS 447 20.1.1 Impacts of CUPS Feature 448 20.1.2 CUPS in the LTE/EPC Network 449 20.1.3 CUPS Feature in 5G Core Network 450 20.2 Service-Based Architecture (SBA) 452 20.2.1 Network Functions and Its Instances 453 20.2.2 Network Functions (NFs) and Their Services Interfaces 454 20.2.3 5G System Architecture with NF 456 20.2.4 Network Functions and Their Services and Operations 457 20.2.5 Network Functions Services Framework 458 20.2.6 Services API for Network Functions 462 20.2.7 Network Function Selection 468 20.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 469 Chapter Summary 472 21 5G System: Low-level Design 473 21.1 Design of 5GC Service Interface and Its Operations 473 21.2 Design of 5GC NF Service Interface Using UML and C++ Class Diagram 474 21.3 Usages of C++ Standard Template Library (STL) 475 21.4 Software Architecture for 5G System 476 21.4.1 NG-RAN Logical Nodes Software Architecture 476 21.4.2 5GC Software Architecture 479 21.5 Data Types Used in 5GC SBI Communications 479 Chapter Summary 491 22 3GPP Release 16 and Beyond 493 22.1 5GS Enhancements as Part of Release 16 493 22.2 5GS New Features as Part of Release 16 494 22.3 3GPP Release 17 496 Chapter Summary 496 Appendix 497 References 503 Index 507

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Book SynopsisUltra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) Theory and Practice Comprehensive resource presenting important recent advances in wireless communications for URLLC services, including device-to-device communication, multi-connectivity, and more Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) Theory and Practice discusses the typical scenarios, possible solutions, and state-of-the-art techniques that enable URLLC in different perspectives from the physical layer to higher-level approaches, aiming to tackle URLLC's challenges with both theoretical and practical approaches, which bridges the lacuna between theory and practice. With long-term contributions to the development of future wireless networks, the text systematically presents a thorough study of the novel and innovative paradigm of URLLC; basic requirements are covered, along with essential definitions, state-of-the-art technologies, and promising research directions of URLLC. To aid in Table of ContentsPreface vii List of Contributors ix 1 URLLC: Faster, Higher, Stronger, and Together 1 Changyang She, Trung Q. Duong, Saeed R. Khosravirad, Petar Popovski, Mehdi Bennis, and Tony Q.S. Quek 2 Statistical Characterization of URLLC: Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches 15 Tobias Kallehauge, Pablo Ramirez-Espinosa, Anders E. Kalør, and Petar Popovski 3 Characterizing and Taming the Tail in URLLC 61 Chen-Feng Liu, Yung-Lin Hsu, Mehdi Bennis, and Hung-Yu Wei 4 Unsupervised Deep Learning for Optimizing Wireless Systems with Instantaneous and Statistic Constraints 85 Chengjian Sun, Changyang She, and Chenyang Yang 5 Channel Coding and Decoding Schemes for URLLC 119 Chentao Yue, Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam, Branka Vucetic, and Yonghui li 6 Sparse Vector Coding for Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications 169 Byonghyo Shim 7 Network Slicing for URLLC 215 Peng Yang, Xing Xi, Tony Q. S. Quek, Jingxuan Chen, Xianbin Cao, and Dapeng Wu 8 Beamforming Design for Multi-user Downlink OFDMA-URLLC Systems 241 Walid R. Ghanem, Vahid Jamali, Yan Sun, and Robert Schober 9 A Full-Duplex Relay System for URLLC with Adaptive Self-Interference Processing 259 Hanjun Duan, Yufei Jiang, Xu Zhu, and Fu-Chun Zheng 10 Mobility Prediction for Reducing End-to-End Delay in URLLC 291 Zhanwei Hou, Changyang She, Yonghui Li, and Branka Vucetic 11 Relay Robot-Aided URLLC in 5G Factory Automation with Industrial IoTs 321 Dang Van Huynh, Saeed R. Khosravirad, Yuexing Peng, Antonino Masaracchia, and Trung Q. Duong Index 343

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Book SynopsisFrom 5G to 6G Understand the transition to the sixth generation of wireless with this bold introduction The transition from the fifth generation of wireless communication (5G) to the coming sixth generation (6G) promises to be one of the most significant phases in the history of telecommunications. The technological, social, and logistical challenges promise to be significant, and meeting these challenges will determine the future of wireless communication. Experts and professionals across dozens of fields and industries are beginning to reckon seriously with these challenges as the 6G revolution approaches. From 5G to 6G provides an overview of this transition, offering a snapshot of a moment in which 5G is establishing itself and 6G draws ever nearer. It focuses on recent advances in wireless technology that brings 6G closer to reality, as well as the near-term challenges that still have to be met for this transition to succeed. The result is an essential book for anyone wishing to understand the future of wireless telecommunications in an increasingly connected world. From 5G to 6G readers will also find: 6G applications to both AI and Machine Learning, technologies which loom ever larger in wireless communicationDiscussion of subjects including smart healthcare, cybersecurity, extended reality, and moreTreatment of the ongoing infrastructural and technological requirements for 6G From 5G to 6G is essential for researchers and academics in wireless communication and computer science, as well as for undergraduates in related subjects and professionals in wireless-adjacent fields.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv 1 Technologies and Development for the Next Information Age 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Roadmap to 6G 1 1.2.1 Society 5.0 4 1.2.2 Extended Reality 4 1.2.3 Wireless Brain-Computer 5 1.2.4 Haptic Communication 5 1.2.5 Smart Healthcare 5 1.2.6 Five-Sense Information 6 1.2.7 The Internet of Everything 6 1.2.8 5G to 6G 6 1.3 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 10 1.4 Fusion of IoT, AI, and Cybersecurity 10 1.4.1 Where Did AI Begin? 12 1.4.2 Role of AI 12 1.4.3 Disadvantages of AI 12 1.4.4 Advantages of AI 12 1.4.5 Threats from Hackers 14 1.5 How AI Can Help Solve These Problems 15 1.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 16 1.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 17 1.8 Conclusion 17 References 18 2 Networks of the Future 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 The Motive for Energy-Efficient ICTs 22 2.2.1 Approaches 23 2.3 Wireless Networks 24 2.3.1 Wi-Fi 26 2.3.2 Lte 28 2.3.3 Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.3.4 Femtocell Repeater 29 2.3.5 The Dawn of 5G Wireless Systems 30 2.3.6 Advancing from 5G to 6G Networks 32 2.4 Cognitive Networking 33 2.4.1 Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 34 2.4.2 Zero-Trust Networking 35 2.4.3 Information-Centric Networking 35 2.4.3.1 Basic Concepts of ICN 36 2.4.4 In-Network Computing 36 2.4.5 Active Networking 36 2.5 Mobile Edge Computing 37 2.6 Quantum Communications 37 2.6.1 Quantum Computing and 6G Wireless 38 2.7 Cybersecurity of 6G 38 2.8 Massive Machine-Type Communications (MTC) 39 2.9 Edge-Intelligence and Pervasive Artificial Intelligence in 6G 40 2.10 Blockchain: Foundations and Role in 6G 40 2.11 Role of Open-Source Platforms in 6G 40 2.11.1 PHY Technologies for 6G Wireless 40 2.11.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for 6G Wireless Networks 41 2.11.3 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Spectrum for 6G Wireless 41 2.11.4 Challenges in Transport Layer for Terabit Communications 41 2.11.5 High-Capacity Backhaul Connectivity for 6G Wireless 42 2.11.6 Cloud-Native Approach for 6G Wireless Networks 42 2.11.7 Machine Type Communications in 6G 42 2.11.8 Impact of 5G and 6G on Health and Environment 42 2.12 Integration of 5G with AI and IoT and Roadmap to 6G 43 2.13 3gpp 47 2.14 Conclusion 49 References 49 3 The Future of Wireless Communication with 6G 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Recent Trends Leading to 6G Technology Evolution 53 3.3 Security and Privacy Challenges in 6G Wireless Communications 53 3.4 The Impact of 6G on Healthcare Systems 56 3.5 The Impact of 6G on Space Technology and Satellite Communication 58 3.6 The Impact of 6G on Other Industries 60 3.7 Terahertz Wireless Systems and Networks with 6G 61 3.8 The Future of 6G and Its Role in IT 62 References 62 4 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Era of 5G and 6G Technology 65 4.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Definitions, Applications, and Challenges 66 4.1.1 Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.1.2 Challenges for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.2 Artificial Intelligence: Laws, Regulations, and Ethical Issues 67 4.2.1 Ethical Governance in Artificial Intelligence 67 4.2.2 The Future of Regulation for AI 67 4.3 Potentials of Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 68 4.3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G 68 4.3.2 Benefits and Challenges of AI in 5G and 6G 68 4.3.3 How Can AI Be Used to Enhance 6G Wireless Security? 68 4.3.4 The 6G Era’s Edge Intelligence and Cloudification 69 4.3.5 Distributed Artificial Intelligence in 6G Security 69 4.4 Cybersecurity Issues in Advanced 5G and 6G 70 4.5 Benefits and Challenges of Using AI in Cybersecurity: Help or Hurt? 70 4.6 How Can AI Be Used by Hackers Attacking Networks? 71 4.7 Conclusion 72 References 72 5 6G Wireless Communication Systems: Emerging Technologies, Architectures, Challenges, and Opportunities 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Important Aspects of Sixth-Generation Communication Technology 73 5.2.1 A Much Higher Data Rate 74 5.2.2 A Much Lower Latency 74 5.2.3 Network Reliability and Accuracy 74 5.2.4 Energy Efficiency 74 5.2.5 Focus on Machines as Primary Users 74 5.2.6 AI Wireless Communication Tools 74 5.2.7 Personalized Network Experience 74 5.3 Enabling Technologies Behind the Drive for 6G 76 5.3.1 Artificial Intelligence 76 5.3.2 Terahertz Communications 78 5.3.3 Optical Wireless Technology 78 5.4 Extreme Performance Technologies in 6G Connectivity 79 5.4.1 Quantum Communication and Quantum ml 79 5.4.2 Blockchain 80 5.4.2.1 Internal Network Operations 80 5.4.2.2 Ecosystem for Productive Collaboration 80 5.4.2.3 Tactile Internet 80 5.4.2.4 Spectrum Sharing (FDSS) and Free Duplexing 80 5.5 6G Communications Using Intelligent Platforms 81 5.5.1 Integrated Intelligence 82 5.5.2 Satellite-Based Integrated Network 82 5.5.3 Wireless Information and Energy Transfer Are Seamlessly Integrated 83 5.6 Artificial Intelligence and a Data-Driven Approach to Networks 83 5.6.1 Zero-Touch Network 84 5.6.2 AI by Design 85 5.6.3 Technological Fundamentals for Zero-Touch Systems 85 5.7 Sensing for 6G 85 5.7.1 A Bandwidth as Well as Carrier Frequency Rise 85 5.7.2 Chip Technologies of the Future 86 5.7.3 Models of Consistent Channels 86 5.7.4 X-Haul and Transport Network for 6G 87 5.8 Applications 87 5.9 Innovative 6G Network Architectures 89 5.10 Conclusion 89 References 90 6 6G: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 6G Network Architecture Vision 93 6.2.1 6G Use Cases, Requirements, and Metrics 94 6.2.2 What 5G Is Currently Covering 95 6.3 6th Generation Networks: A Step Beyond 5G 97 6.3.1 6G and the Fundamental Features 98 6.4 Emerging Applications of 6G Wireless Networks 99 6.4.1 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality 99 6.4.2 Holographic Telepresence 100 6.4.3 Automation: The Future of Factories 101 6.4.4 Smart Lifestyle with the Integration of the Internet of Things 101 6.4.5 Autonomous Driving and Connected Devices 101 6.4.6 Healthcare 101 6.4.7 Nonterrestrial Communication 101 6.4.8 Underwater Communication 102 6.4.9 Disaster Management 102 6.4.10 Environment 102 6.5 The Requirements and KPI Targets of 6G 102 6.5.1 Extremely Low Latency 102 6.5.2 Low Power Consumption 102 6.5.3 High Data Rates 103 6.5.4 High-Frequency Bands 103 6.5.5 Ultra-Reliability 103 6.5.6 Security and Privacy 103 6.5.7 Massive Connection Density 104 6.5.8 Extreme Coverage Extension 104 6.5.9 Mobility 104 6.6 6G Applications 104 6.7 Challenges in 6G: Standardization, Design, and Deployment 104 References 106 7 Cybersecurity in Digital Transformation Era: Security Risks and Solutions 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Digital Transformation and Mesh Networks of Networks 109 7.3 Security as the Enemy of Digital Transformation 111 7.4 The Current State of Cybercrime 113 7.5 Security and Technologies of the Digital Transformation Economy 115 7.6 Tackling the Cybersecurity Maturity Challenges to Succeed with Digital Transformation 116 7.7 Security Maturity and Optimization: Perception versus Reality 117 7.7.1 Why Cybersecurity Maturity Is Not What It Should Be in the Digital Business and Transformation Reality 118 7.7.2 Why Cybersecurity Maturity and Strategy Are Lagging 119 7.8 Changing Security Parameters and Cyber Risks Demand a Holistic Security Approach for Digital Business 120 7.9 Cybersecurity Challenges and Digital Risks for the Future 121 7.10 Conclusion 122 References 122 8 Next Generations Networks: Integration, Trustworthiness, Privacy, and Security 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 The State of 5G Networks 127 8.2.1 Applications and Services of 5G Technologies 128 8.3 6G: Key Technologies 130 8.4 6G: Application and Services 134 8.5 Benefits of 6G over 5G: A Comparison 135 8.5.1 Artificial Intelligence in 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 135 8.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity 136 8.5.3 Benefits and Challenges of AI and 6G for Cybersecurity as Defense and Offense 136 8.6 6G: Integration and Roadmap 137 8.7 Key Words in Safeguarding 6G 137 8.7.1 Trust 137 8.7.2 Security 137 8.7.3 Privacy 138 8.8 Trustworthiness in 6G 138 8.8.1 Is Trust Networking Needed? 138 8.8.2 Benefits of Trust Networking for 6G 138 8.8.3 Constraints of Trust Networking in 6G 138 8.8.4 Principles for Trust Networking 139 8.8.5 Challenges in Trust Networking for 6G 139 8.9 Network Security Architecture for 6G 140 8.9.1 Privacy and Security in IoT for 6G 140 8.10 6G Wireless Systems 141 8.10.1 Advances 141 8.10.2 Physical Layer Security as a Means of Confidentiality 142 8.10.3 Challenges of Implementing Federated Learning 143 8.10.4 Physical Layer Security for Six-Generation Connectivity 143 8.10.5 Physical Layer Security Using Light Communications 144 8.10.6 Challenges for Physical Layer Security 144 8.10.7 Privacy Requirements for 6G 145 8.10.8 Is Personal Information Really Personal? 145 8.11 Fifth Generation vs. Sixth Generation 145 8.12 Conclusion 146 References 147 9 Artificial Intelligence: Cybersecurity and Security Threats 149 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 5G and 6G 150 9.3 Cybersecurity in Its Current State 151 9.4 AI as a Concept 153 9.5 AI: A Solution for Cybersecurity 154 9.6 AI: New Challenges in Cybersecurity 154 9.7 Conclusion 156 References 156 10 Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on Cybersecurity 159 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? 160 10.2.1 Reactive Machines 160 10.2.2 Limited Memory 160 10.2.3 Theory of Mind 160 10.2.4 Self-Awareness 161 10.3 The Transformative Power of AI 161 10.4 Understanding the Relationship Between AI and Cybersecurity 161 10.5 The Promise and Challenges of AI for Cybersecurity 162 10.5.1 Risks and Impacts of AI on Cybersecurity (Threats and Solutions) 163 10.5.1.1 Domestic Risks 164 10.5.1.2 Local Risks 164 10.5.1.3 National Risks 164 10.5.1.4 Why Prediction and Prevention 164 10.6 Broad Domain of AI Security (Major Themes in the AI Security Landscape) 164 10.6.1 Digital/Physical 165 10.6.2 Protection from Malicious Use of AI and Automated Cyberattacks 165 10.6.3 Other Technologies with AI and Their Integration 165 10.6.4 Political 165 10.6.5 Manipulation and Disinformation Protection 165 10.6.6 Infrastructure Based on AI and Digital Expertise of Government 166 10.6.6.1 Economic 166 10.6.6.2 Labor Displacement and Its Mitigation 166 10.6.6.3 Promotion of AI R&D 166 10.6.6.4 Education and Training That Is Updated 167 10.7 Transparency of Artificial Intelligence and Accountability Societal Aspects 167 10.7.1 Rights of Privacy and Data 167 10.8 Global AI Security Priorities 168 10.8.1 Global Economy 168 10.8.2 Global Privacy and Data Rights 168 10.8.2.1 AI and Ethics 169 10.8.3 Automation of Cyberattacks or Social Engineering Attacks 170 10.8.4 Target Prioritizing with Machine Learning 170 10.9 Automation of Services in Cybercriminal Offense 170 10.9.1 Increased Scale of Attacks 170 10.10 The Future of AI in Cybersecurity 171 10.11 Conclusion 171 References 172 11 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 175 11.1 Introduction 175 11.2 IoT Security and the Role of AI 176 11.3 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity 179 11.4 How Can AI Help Solve These Problems? 181 11.5 The Realm of Cyberspace 181 11.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 182 11.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 183 11.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 12 Future 6G Networks 185 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Vision, Challenges, and Key Features for Future 6G Networks 186 12.2.1 Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G-LTE) 187 12.3 Rationale for 6G Networks with Prevailing and Future Success of 5G 188 12.4 Missing Units from LTE and 5G That 6G Will Integrate 189 12.5 Features of 6G Networks 189 12.5.1 Large Bandwidth 189 12.5.2 Artificial Intelligence 189 12.5.3 Operational Intelligence 190 12.6 Wireless Networks 190 12.6.1 Beyond 5G and Toward 6G 190 12.6.2 Visible-Light Communications 191 12.6.3 E-MBB Plus 191 12.6.4 Big Communications 191 12.6.5 Secure Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications 192 12.6.6 Three-Dimensional Integrated Communications 192 12.6.7 Underwater Communication 193 12.6.8 Space Communication 194 12.6.9 UAV-Based Communication 194 12.6.10 Unconventional Data Communications 194 12.6.11 Tactical Communications 195 12.6.12 Holographic Communications 195 12.6.13 Human-Bond Communications 196 12.7 Challenges for 6G Networks 196 12.7.1 Potential Health Issues 196 12.7.2 Security and Privacy Concerns 197 12.7.3 Research Activities and Trends 197 12.8 Conclusion 198 References 200 Index 203

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