Volcanology and seismology Books

Book SynopsisSubduction dynamics has been actively studied through seismology, mineral physics, and laboratory and numerical experiments.Understanding the dynamics of the subducting slab is critical to a better understanding of the primary societally relevant natural hazards emerging from our planetary interior, the megathrust earthquakes and consequent tsunamis. Subduction Dynamics is the result of a meeting that was held between August 19 and 22, 2012 on Jeju island, South Korea, where about fifty researchers from East Asia, North America and Europe met. Chapters treat diverse topics ranging from the response of the ionosphere to earthquake and tsunamis, to the origin of mid-continental volcanism thousands kilometers distant from the subduction zone, from the mysterious deep earthquakes triggered in the interior of the descending slabs, to the detailed pattern of accretionary wedges in convergent zones, from the induced mantle flow in the deep mantle, to the nature of the paradigTable of ContentsContributors vii Introduction: The Impact of Subduction Dynamics on Mantle Flow, Continental Tectonics, and Seismic HazardGabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott D. King, Sang-Mook Lee, and Seth Stein 1 1 Evidence from Caustic Waveform Modeling for Long Slab Thickening above the 660-km Discontinuity under Northeast Asia: Dynamic ImplicationsJuan Li, Nicola Tosi, Petra Maierová, and David A. Yuen 5 2 The Continental Collision Process Deduced from the Metamorphic Pattern in the Dabie Hongseong and Himalayan Collision BeltsChang Whan Oh 19 3 A New Tectonic Model for the Genesis of Adakitic Arc Magmatism in Cretaceous East AsiaChangyeol Lee and In-Chang Ryu 69 4 Incoming Plate Variations along the Northern Manila Trench: Implications for Seafloor Morphology and SeismicityChuanxu Chen, Shiguo Wu, Jin Qian, Changlei Zhao, and Lingmin Cao 81 5 Source of the Cenozoic Volcanism in Central AsiaGabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Sang-Mook Lee, and Siqi Zhang 97 6 Influence of Variable Thermal Expansivity and Conductivity on Deep SubductionNicola Tosi, Petra Maierová, and David A. Yuen 115 7 Slab]driven Mantle Weakening and Rapid Mantle FlowM. A. Jadamec 135 8 Influence on Earthquake Distributions in Slabs from Bimaterial Shear HeatingByung-Dal So and David A. Yuen 157 9 The Seismology of the Planet Mongo: The 2015 Ionospheric Seismology ReviewGiovanni Occhipinti 169 10 Why We Need a New Paradigm of Earthquake OccurrenceRobert J. Geller, Francesco Mulargia, and Philip B. Stark 183 Index 193

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Book SynopsisNeotectonics involves the study of the motions and deformations of the Earth''s crust that are current or recent in geologic time. The Mediterranean region is one of the most important regions for neotectonics and related natural hazards. This volume focuses on the neotectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region, which has experienced many major extensive earthquakes, including the devastating Izmit, Turkey earthquake on August 17, 1999. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing around 17,000 people, injuring 44,000 people, and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. Since then, several North American, European, and Turkish research groups have studied the neotectonics and earthquake potential of the region using different geological and geophysical methods, including GPS studies, geodesy, and passive source seismology. Some results from their studies were presented in major North American and European geological meetings. This volume highlights the work involviTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix 1 Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Introduction 1Ibrahim Çemen and Yücel Yılmaz Part I: Morphotectonic Characteristics of Neotectonics in Anatolia and Its Surroundings 9 2 Morphotectonic Development of Anatolia and the Surrounding Regions 11Yücel Yılmaz 3 Diversion of River Courses Across Major Strike‐Slip Faults and Keirogens 93A. M. Celâl Şengör Part II: Neotectonics of the Aegean-Western Anatolian Region 103 4 Effect of Slab‐Tear on Crustal Structure in Southwestern Anatolia: Insight From Gravity Data Modeling 105Rezene Mahatsente, Süleyman Alemdar, and Ibrahim Çemen 5 Geodynamical Models for Continental Delamination and Ocean Lithosphere Peel Away in an Orogenic Setting 121Oğuz H. Göğüş, Russell N. Pysklywec, and Claudio Faccenna 6 Major Problems of Western Anatolian Geology 141Yücel Yilmaz 7 The Çataldağ Plutonic Complex in Western Anatolia: Roles of Different Granites on the Crustal Buildup in Connection With the Core Complex Development 189Ömer Kamacı, Alp Ünal, Şafak Altunkaynak, Stoyan Georgiev, and Zeki M. Billor Part III: Seismotectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 223 8 Fault Structures in Marmara Sea (Turkey) and Their Connection to Earthquake Generation Processes 225Mustafa Aktar 9 North Aegean Active Fault Pattern and the 24 May 2014, Mw 6.9 Earthquake 239Sotiris Sboras, Alex Chatzipetros, and Spyros B. Pavlides 10 Seismic Intensity Maps for the Eastern Part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey) Based on Recorded and Simulated Ground‐Motion Data 273 Aysegul Askan, Shaghayegh Karimzadeh, and Mustafa Bilal Index 289

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Book SynopsisAdventures in Volcanoland charts journeys across deserts, through jungles and up ice caps, to some of the world''s most important volcanoes, from Nicaragua to Hawaii, Santorini to Ethiopia, exploring Tamsin Mather''s obsession with these momentous geological formations, the cultural and religious roles they have played in the minds of those living around them at different times throughout history, and the science behind their formation and eruptions.Volcanoes help to make and shape our world, bursting forth from inside of the earth and, in many places, looming over us. Present since the earth''s beginning they continue to maintain its life support systems and, their extraordinary chemistry may even have created the ingredients needed for life to kick start.In some places volcanoes are even beginning to provide us with part of the energy we need to curb our use of fossil fuels. They have fascinated humans for millennia, their eruptions charted throughout

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Book SynopsisHead waves – also called refraction arrivals, lateral waves, or conical waves – have been used extensively in near-earthquake studies, geophysical prospecting, and deep-crustal seismological investigations. In the past, research was confined largely to the kinematic characteristics of the waves, but emphasis is now being given to the dynamic characteristics: amplitudes, spectra, and wave forms. In the last fifteen years, several new mathematical and computational techniques have been developed to study these waves.This is an advanced, technical book presenting a consistent theory of head waves, using methods developed in the famous Leningrad school under G.I. Petrashen and his colleagues. It proceeds from a consideration of the simplest problem of one interface to a study of the situation in which there are many interfaces (some of which may not be plane or parallel to one another) and the material between the interfaces is not necessarily homogenous. The method i

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Book SynopsisThe volcano among the most familiar and perhaps the most terrifying of all geological phenomena. However, Earth isn''t the only planet to harbour volcanoes. In fact, the Solar System, and probably the entire Universe, is littered with them. Our own Moon, which is now a dormant piece of rock, had lava flowing across its surface billions of years ago, while Mars can be credited with the largest volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, which stands 25km high. While Mars''s volcanoes are long dead, volcanic activity continues in almost every other corner of the Solar System, in the most unexpected of locations. We tend to think of Earth volcanoes as erupting hot, molten lava and emitting huge, billowing clouds of incandescent ash. However, it isn''t necessarily the same across the rest of the Solar System. For a start, some volcanoes aren''t even particularly hot. Those on Pluto, for example, erupt an icy slush of substances such as water, methane, nitrogen or ammonia, that fTrade ReviewFire and Ice is an assured, essential read on everything you could hope to know about volcanoes on both our world and others. It captures the intrigue, mystery and wonder of space, and underscores just how much we have to thank volcanoes for on Earth. * New Scientist *Starkey’s excellent book is the first to examine these extra-terrestrial volcanoes of our Solar System … It’s an explosive read in more ways than one. * Forbes *In Fire and Ice, geologist and solar system maven Natalie Starkey reveals to us that Earth is not the only host for active volcanoes. You can find them in places not previously imagined, like the surfaces of other planets and their moons. And you think you’ve seen everything? Some of these volcanoes even spew ice. Read all about it in this mind-expanding book. * Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist American Museum of Natural History *[Starkey] masterfully weaves the latest information we have about volcanoes throughout the Solar System into a broader narrative about planets and moons themselves. The result is a book about volcanoes — and so much more ... entertaining and informative. * Nature *A FANTASTIC exploration of the hidden workings of the planets, and a timely reminder of what a fascinating and dramatic place our solar system is. * Dallas Campbell, Science television presenter and author *Fire and Ice explores a unique blend of space volcanoes – from the inner workings to the outer landscapes. Natalie journeys into the weird nature of volcanism and dives into current outstanding questions that we are still exploring. * Dr Caitlin Ahrens, NASA / USRA *Natalie Starkey leads us on an incredible journey across our Solar System, revealing a wonderful variety of volcanic geology. A fascinating look at volcanoes and the space science that enables us to study them. * Rebecca Williams, Volcanologist *Starkey takes readers on NASA’s expeditions, onto islands, and between tectonic plates undersea with vivid, immersive descriptions. The result is a thoroughly accessible look at a lesser-known part of the universe. * Publisher's Weekly *Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Destruction Chapter 3: Making a Magma Chapter 4: Construction Chapter 5: Creating a Life-giving World Chapter 6: Peering In Chapter 7: Warming Up Chapter 8: Cooling Off Chapter 9: Fiery Moons Chapter 10: Fiery Planets Chapter 11: Ice Worlds Chapter 12: What Next? Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisWritten by Dr David Rothery, a volcanologist, geologist, planetary scientist and Professor of Planetary Geosciences at the Open University, Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis: A Complete Introduction is designed to give you everything you need to succeed, all in one place. It covers the key areas that students are expected to be confident in, outlining the basics in clear English and providing added-value features like a glossary of essential terms and even examples of questions you might be asked in your seminar or exam.The book uses a structure chosen to cover the essentials of most university courses, with an introduction on how the Earth moves, followed by separate sections on volcanoes (including eruptions, types of volcano, volcanic hazards, volcanoes and climate, monitoring volcanoes, predicting eruptions and living with volcanoes), earthquakes (including faults, measurement, seismic monitoring, prediction, prevention and preparedness) and tsunamis.

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Book SynopsisIn 1816, the climate went berserk. The winter brought extreme cold, and torrential rains unleashed massive flooding in Asia. Western Europe and North America experienced a ‘year without a summer’, while failed harvests in 1817 led to the ‘year of famine’. At the time, nobody knew that all these disturbances were the result of a single event: the eruption of Mount Tambora in what is now Indonesia – the greatest volcanic eruption in recorded history. In this book, leading climate historian Wolfgang Behringer provides the first globally comprehensive account of a climate catastrophe that would cast the world into political and social crises for years to come. Concentrating on the period between 1815 and 1820, Behringer shows how this natural occurrence led to worldwide unrest. Analysing events as diverse as the persecution of Jews in Germany, the Peterloo Massacre in the United Kingdom, witch hunts in South Africa and anti-colonial uprisings in Asia, Behringer demonstrates that no region on earth was untouched by the effects of the eruption. Drawing parallels with our world today, Tambora and its aftermath become a case study for how societies and individuals respond to climate change, what risks emerge and how they might be overcome. This comprehensive account of the impact of one of the greatest environmental disasters in human history will be of interest to a wide readership and to anyone seeking to understand better how we might mitigate the effects of climate change.Trade Review‘In this masterly work, Behringer draws on a wealth of detail to demonstrate the profound effects of the Tambora eruption on human society globally. Engagingly written, it will appeal to students and scholars of history as well as a wide general readership.’J. Donald Hughes, University of Denver ‘Charting Tambora’s effects on climate, global politics, the history of science, the world economy and individual lives, this outstanding book makes the history of most places in the world between the years 1815 and 1820 unthinkable without the story of the largest volcanic eruption ever recorded. Fast-paced and intricately constructed, this is climate crisis as page-turner.’Alan Mikhail, Yale University ‘This is a truly remarkable book, a global history ranging from Indonesia to Munich to Tasmania. Behringer shows how a volcano in Tambora touched off a weather crisis that brought famine and political instability in Europe, witch hunting in Africa and even genocide in Australia. He brings the story to life through the voices of contemporaries: Mary Wollstonecraft, Goethe, Constable ... unforgettable.’Lyndal Roper, University of Oxford “Behringer provides a brilliant illustration of the truly global character of this natural catastrophe and all its ramifications.”Deutsche Presse-Agentur “By showing how the planet was completely transformed by extreme weather events some 200 years ago, Behringer offers a highly original contribution to current climate debates.” Deutschlandradio Kultur "The largest volcanic eruption ever recorded took place in Indonesia in April 1815 — and no region on earth was untouched by its effects. This comprehensive account of the impact of one of the greatest environmental disasters in human history offers a case study for how societies and individuals respond to climate change, what risks emerge and how they might be overcome."Climate & CapitalismTable of Contents 1. Introduction: The Tambora Crisis 2. The year of the explosion: 1815 3. The year without a summer: 1816 4. The year of famine: 1817 5. The turbulent years that followed: 1818Ð1820 6. The long-range effects of the Tambora Crisis 7. Epilogue: From meaningless to meaningful crisis Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Picture credits Index

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Book SynopsisAn epoch-changing work on scientific developments which can save countless lives.Each year the world faces thousands of earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or greater, resulting in devastating property destruction and tragic loss of life. To help avert these catastrophes, scientists have long searched for ways to predict when and where earthquakes will happen. The earth science establishment in the US says that earthquake prediction still lies outside the realm of possibility. But recent scientific developments across the globe suggest that seismic forecasting is on the horizon.Earthquake Prediction: Dawn of the New Seismology examines the latest scientific clues in hopes of discovering seismic precursors which may shed light on real earthquake prediction in the future. It is destined to be nothing less than an epoch-changing work, addressing this ancient enigma by joining the parts of a scientific detective story that ranges from the steppes of Russia to the coast of Chile, bringing to light astounding breakthroughs by researchers in Italy, India and elsewhere.Governments in countries such as China and Japan provide support for seismic forecasting, and it is time for our country to do the same. Earthquake Prediction makes the case, with an important message for the tens of millions of Americans on the US West Coast, the Mississippi River Valley, and other seismically active zones.Trade ReviewPraise for David Nabhan and his theory:“Nabhan’s theory deserves to be taken note of.” —Dr. Kate Hutton, chief seismologist, California Institute of Technology“This is simple but brilliant observation, followed by reasonable applications; impossible to dismiss as coincidence.” —Dr. Cort Stoskopf, Popular Science Radio“If you believe that predicting earthquakes is impossible than everything you think you know about it could be wrong.” —Thom Hartmann, RT Television“What if I were to tell you that nearly every single deadly Southern Californian earthquake in the past happened at dawn or at dusk and during a new or full moon?” —Paul Magers, news anchor, CBS 2, Los Angeles“If proven this would be the ‘Holy Grail’ of seismology.” —Conan Nolan, KNBC News, Los Angeles“Nabhan’s forecasts nailed three of the largest seismic events on the West Coast in 1996.” —Erin Aubrey, staff writer, Los Angeles Weekly“There you go; seems to me you’re right.” —George Noory, Coast to Coast AM“David Nabhan is the man who says he's worked out how to predict earthquakes in Southern California... quakes happen during either a new or a full moon, and within three hours of dawn or dusk.” —London Daily Mail“This is the first guy to go back and check what all those seismic events have in common? The idea that it just took somebody to say ‘let’s look and see if there’s a pattern’ is pretty shocking to me.” —Scott Cox, KERN TV/Radio“While some studies indicate that tidal effect may have an effect on smaller quakes, there’s no evidence they have an effect on bigger quakes.” —Dr. Tom Jordan, director, Southern California Earthquake Center“We’ve got a guy coming on who predicted a quake the last time on the show; I don’t know what to make of this earthquake prediction stuff.” —Howard Stern, Howard Stern Show“Ladies and gentlemen, you read it here first: Nabhan’s near dead-on calculation for the August 20 shaker near Wrightwood.” —Theresa Moreau, Pasadena Weekly“Whether or not Nabhan can predict earthquakes, he certainly predicts seismic skepticism.” —David Moye, America Online News“It’s such a no-no. Seismologists won’t even talk about it!” —Kate Delaney, America Tonight“Nabhan is confident enough in his work to urge government leaders to take action and prepare for major tremors during certain periods of time.” —Andrew Ireland, World Net Daily“There’s a huge difference between a prediction and an advisory. But the hardships unprepared Valley residents face if the Big One hits? That’s a promise.” —Jeff Jardin, Modesto Bee“It’s simply mind-boggling that with the evidence Nabhan has placed in front of scientific and governmental authorities over the last two decades, that they are still reluctant to move forward to at least consider the advisory system he proposes. Simply mind-boggling.” —Rob Mc Connell, The ‘X’ Zone radio show“What’s wrong with trying to warn people? How does this hurt anyone?” —Wendy Snyder, WGN, Chicago“We’re not interested in anyone saying the sky’s falling, but David Nabhan is a rational man who has studied earthquakes seriously and has intelligent, useful information to offer.” —Whitley Strieber, Dreamland radio show“An intriguing and fascinating book. Nabhan’s simply asking us to look at the data, the way science used to be done. Here’s the evidence, you look at it and figure out what it means.” —Dave Bowman, KFIV, Modesto“David Nabhan is no stranger to controversy for his belief that we can predict earthquakes to some degree. His theory is pinned to gravitational tides, and these are immense forces!” —Faune Riggin, Morning News, KZIM & KSIM, Southeastern Missouri“This is a no-brainer for me; facts are facts.” —Rick Wiles, Trunews“His ideas warrant better scrutiny, because maybe there is a grain of truth in his hypotheses and all of us deserve the best chance to survive the next Big One.” —David Fox, Anchorage Press“This is the multi-billion dollar question. Does David Nabhan have the answer?” —David Page, KSRO, San Francisco Bay AreaPraise for David Nabhan and his theory:“Nabhan’s theory deserves to be taken note of.” —Dr. Kate Hutton, chief seismologist, California Institute of Technology“This is simple but brilliant observation, followed by reasonable applications; impossible to dismiss as coincidence.” —Dr. Cort Stoskopf, Popular Science Radio“If you believe that predicting earthquakes is impossible than everything you think you know about it could be wrong.” —Thom Hartmann, RT Television“What if I were to tell you that nearly every single deadly Southern Californian earthquake in the past happened at dawn or at dusk and during a new or full moon?” —Paul Magers, news anchor, CBS 2, Los Angeles“If proven this would be the ‘Holy Grail’ of seismology.” —Conan Nolan, KNBC News, Los Angeles“Nabhan’s forecasts nailed three of the largest seismic events on the West Coast in 1996.” —Erin Aubrey, staff writer, Los Angeles Weekly“There you go; seems to me you’re right.” —George Noory, Coast to Coast AM“David Nabhan is the man who says he's worked out how to predict earthquakes in Southern California... quakes happen during either a new or a full moon, and within three hours of dawn or dusk.” —London Daily Mail“This is the first guy to go back and check what all those seismic events have in common? The idea that it just took somebody to say ‘let’s look and see if there’s a pattern’ is pretty shocking to me.” —Scott Cox, KERN TV/Radio“While some studies indicate that tidal effect may have an effect on smaller quakes, there’s no evidence they have an effect on bigger quakes.” —Dr. Tom Jordan, director, Southern California Earthquake Center“We’ve got a guy coming on who predicted a quake the last time on the show; I don’t know what to make of this earthquake prediction stuff.” —Howard Stern, Howard Stern Show“Ladies and gentlemen, you read it here first: Nabhan’s near dead-on calculation for the August 20 shaker near Wrightwood.” —Theresa Moreau, Pasadena Weekly“Whether or not Nabhan can predict earthquakes, he certainly predicts seismic skepticism.” —David Moye, America Online News“It’s such a no-no. Seismologists won’t even talk about it!” —Kate Delaney, America Tonight“Nabhan is confident enough in his work to urge government leaders to take action and prepare for major tremors during certain periods of time.” —Andrew Ireland, World Net Daily“There’s a huge difference between a prediction and an advisory. But the hardships unprepared Valley residents face if the Big One hits? That’s a promise.” —Jeff Jardin, Modesto Bee“It’s simply mind-boggling that with the evidence Nabhan has placed in front of scientific and governmental authorities over the last two decades, that they are still reluctant to move forward to at least consider the advisory system he proposes. Simply mind-boggling.” —Rob Mc Connell, The ‘X’ Zone radio show“What’s wrong with trying to warn people? How does this hurt anyone?” —Wendy Snyder, WGN, Chicago“We’re not interested in anyone saying the sky’s falling, but David Nabhan is a rational man who has studied earthquakes seriously and has intelligent, useful information to offer.” —Whitley Strieber, Dreamland radio show“An intriguing and fascinating book. Nabhan’s simply asking us to look at the data, the way science used to be done. Here’s the evidence, you look at it and figure out what it means.” —Dave Bowman, KFIV, Modesto“David Nabhan is no stranger to controversy for his belief that we can predict earthquakes to some degree. His theory is pinned to gravitational tides, and these are immense forces!” —Faune Riggin, Morning News, KZIM & KSIM, Southeastern Missouri“This is a no-brainer for me; facts are facts.” —Rick Wiles, Trunews“His ideas warrant better scrutiny, because maybe there is a grain of truth in his hypotheses and all of us deserve the best chance to survive the next Big One.” —David Fox, Anchorage Press“This is the multi-billion dollar question. Does David Nabhan have the answer?” —David Page, KSRO, San Francisco Bay Area

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Book SynopsisJapan is a place where powerful earthquakes have occurred more frequently and have caused more harm in the modern era than they have in all but a handful of other locations on the planet. In the twentieth century alone, earthquake disasters in Japan took almost as many lives as they had in all of the country’s recorded history up to that point. Predicting Disasters is the first English-language book to explore how scientists convinced policy makers and the public in postwar Japan that catastrophic earthquakes were coming, and the first to show why earthquake prediction has played such a central role in Japan’s efforts to prepare for a dangerous future ever since. Kerry Smith shows how, in the twentieth century, scientists struggled to make large-scale earthquake disasters legible to the public and to policy makers as significant threats to Japan’s future and as phenomena that could be anticipated and prepared for. Smith also explains why understanding those struggles matters. Disasters, Smith contends, belong alongside more familiar topics of analysis in modern Japanese history—such as economic growth and its impacts, political crises and popular protest, and even the legacies of the war—for the work they do in helping us better understand how the past has influenced beliefs about Japan’s possible futures, and how beliefs about the future shape the present. Predicting Disasters makes relevant elements of Japan’s past more accessible to readers interested in the histories of disaster and scientific communities, as well as to those who want to gain a better understanding of the risk and uncertainty surrounding natural phenomena.Trade Review"An authoritative study that documents far more than Japan’s chimerical quest to master earthquake prediction. Kerry Smith beautifully illustrates how seismic vulnerability and risk, science and speculation, personal ambition and politics, anticipation and fear, have all shaped Japan’s modern approach to earthquakes and thus the nation we know today. Innovative, imaginative, and provocative, Predicting Disasters is a thoroughly compelling read." * J. Charles Schencking, author of The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan *"Kerry Smith masterfully narrates the ways in which Japanese seismologists’ promise of earthquake prediction have played out against the geological reality and socioeconomic conditions of Japan since the late nineteenth century. Predicting Disasters is not only an excellent history of Japanese seismology but also a vivid testimony to the fact that paradigm shifts in science can be a gradual and arduous process." * Yoshikuni Igarashi, author of Japan, 1972: Visions of Masculinity in an Age of Mass Consumerism *

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Book SynopsisThe author gives a systematic account of various Earth Movements. These comprise Earthquakes, or the sudden violent movements of the ground; Earth Tremors, or minute movements which escape our attention by the smallness of their amplitude; Earth Pulsations, or movements which are overlooked on account of the length of their period; and lastly, Earth Oscillations, or movements of long period and large amplitude which attract so much attention from their geological importance.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Seismometry; Earthquake Motion Discussed Theoretically; Earthquake Motion as Deduced from Experiment; Earthquake Motion as Deduced from Observation on Earthquakes; Effects Produced by Earthquakes Upon Buildings; Effects Produced Upon Buildings (Continued); Effects of Earthquakes on Land; Disturbances in the Ocean; Determination of Earthquake Origins; The Depth of an Earthquake Centrum; Distribution of Earthquakes in Space & Time; Distribution of Earthquakes in Time (Continued); Distribution of Earthquakes in Time (Continued); Barometrical Fluctuations & Earthquakes -- Fluctuations in Temperature & Earthquakes; Relation of Seismic to Volcanic Phenomena; The Cause of Earthquakes; Prediction of Earthquakes; Earth Tremors; Earth Pulsations; Earth Oscillations; Appendix; Index.

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Book SynopsisPrepare for and survive the Big One with this guide full of convenient checklists and do-it-yourself tips for both your home and your workplace. Don't be caught unprepared.

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Book SynopsisIn this book the author will present several approaches for modelling and identification of seismic records based on formulations for source and transmission path. This will demonstrate an approach based on a criterion other that statistical goodness of fit. They will provide reasons for the success of the models and methods that are used frequently. This will provide a criterion to decide which models are good for all data sets, not just for the data at hand. Moreover, we will explain the relationships that exist between certain geophysical variables (e.g. corner frequency) and statistical quantities (e.g. zero-crossing) and use that to support our modelling and identification approaches.

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Book SynopsisBecause most sedimentary rocks encountered in oil and gas exploration are effectively anisotropic, it is imperative to properly estimate seismic anisotropy and incorporate it into data-processing and imaging algorithms. Seismology of Azimuthally Anisotropic Media and Seismic Fracture Characterization (SEG Geophysical References Series No. 17) presents a systematic analysis of seismic signatures for azimuthally anisotropic media and describes anisotropic inversion/processing methods for wide-azimuth reflection data and VSP (vertical seismic profiling) surveys. The main focus is on kinematic parameter-estimation techniques operating with P-waves as well as with the combination of PP and PS (mode-converted) data. The part devoted to prestack amplitudes includes azimuthal AVO (amplitude variation with offset) analysis and a concise treatment of attenuation coefficients, which are highly sensitive to the presence of anisotropy. Discussion of fracture characterization is based on modern effective media theories and illustrates both the potential and limitations of seismic methods. Field-data examples highlight the improvements achieved by accounting for anisotropy in seismic processing, imaging, and fracture detection.

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Book SynopsisIn his classic text, Seismic Prospecting for Oil, C. Hewitt Dix remarks that the correlation of one reflection record with another, that is, the interpretation of seismic data, is a procedure that “can hardly be described in words.” First Steps in Seismic Interpretation (Geophysical Monograph Series No. 16) is a book about fundamental concepts and practices of seismic interpretation that attempts to achieve such a description. Intended for beginning interpreters, this book approaches interpretation via synthesis of concepts and practical applications rather than through formal treatment of basic physics and geology. It is based on the author’s personal experience as a seismic interpreter and is organized along the lines of notes from interpretation classes that he designs and teaches.

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Book SynopsisMicroseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: Improved Engineering of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs (SEG Distinguished Instructor Series No. 17) covers the use of microseismic data to enhance engineering design of hydraulic fracturing and well completion. The book, which accompanies the 2014 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course, describes the design, acquisition, processing, and interpretation of an effective microseismic project. The text includes a tutorial of the basics of hydraulic fracturing, including the geologic and geomechanical factors that control fracture growth. In addition to practical issues associated with collecting and interpreting microseismic data, potential pitfalls and quality-control steps are discussed. Actual case studies are used to demonstrate engineering benefits and improved production through the use of microseismic monitoring. Providing a practical user guide for survey design, quality control, interpretation, and application of microseismic hydraulic fracture monitoring, this book will be of interest to geoscientists and engineers involved in development of unconventional reservoirs.

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Book SynopsisProviding geophysicists with an in-depth understanding of the theoretical and applied background for the seismic diffraction method, Classical and Modern Diffraction Theory covers the history and foundations of the classical theory and the key elements of the modern diffraction theory. Chapters include an overview and a historical review of classical theory, a summary of the experimental results illustrating this theory, and key principles of the modern theory of diffraction; the early cornerstones of classical diffraction theory, starting from its inception in the 17th century and an extensive introduction to reprinted works of Grimaldi, Huygens, and Young; details of the classical theory of diffractions as developed in the 19th century and reprinted works of Fresnel, Green, Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and Rayleigh; and the cornerstones of the modern theory including Keller’s geometrical theory of diffraction, boundary-layer theory, and super-resolution. Appendices on the Cornuspiral and Babinet’s principle also are included.

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Book SynopsisThe scope of engineering seismology includes geotechnical site investigations for buildings and engineering infrastructures, such as dams, levees, bridges, and tunnels, landslide and active- fault investigations, seismic microzonation, and geophysical investigations of historic buildings. These projects require multidisciplinary participation by the geologist, geophysicist, and geotechnical and earthquake engineers. A key objective of this book (SEG Investigations in Geophysics Series No. 17) by Öz Yilmaz is to encourage the specialists from these disciplines to apply the seismic method to solve the many challenging engineering problems they face. The broader scope of engineering seismology also includes exploration of earth resources, including groundwater exploration, coal and mineral exploration, and geothermal exploration. While focusing on the application of the seismic method to geotechnical site investigations, this book includes many case studies in all of the applications of engineering seismology.

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Book SynopsisElements of 3D Seismology, Third Edition is a thorough introduction to the acquisition, processing, and interpretation of 3D seismic data. This third edition is a major update of the second edition. Sections dealing with interpretation have been greatly revised in accordance with improved understanding and availability of data and software. Practice exercises have been added, as well as a 3D seismic survey predesign exercise. Discussions include: conceptual and historical foundations of modern reflection seismology; an overview of seismic wave phenomena in acoustic, elastic, and porous media; acquisition principles for land and marine seismic surveys; methods used to create 2D and 3D seismic images from field data; concepts of dip moveout, prestack migration, and depth migration; concepts and limitations of 3D seismic interpretation for structure, stratigraphy, and rock property estimation; and the interpretation role of attributes, impedance estimation, and AVO. This book is intended as a general text on reflection seismology, including wave propagation, data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, and it will be of interest to entry-level geophysicists, experts in related fields (geology, petroleum engineering), and experienced geophysicists in one subfield wishing to learn about another (e.g., interpreters wanting to learn about seismic waves or data acquisition).

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Book SynopsisThe eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, was the most catastrophic and deadly volcanic event ever experienced in the United States. That event had the force of thousands of atom bombs and destroyed 234 square miles of forestland. This highly visual book tells the scientific and human story of that cataclysm and the remarkable recovery that has occurred. Some surprising facts are that the late winter of 1980 contributed to the survival of some hibernating animals; the larger mammals, including elk, brown bears, and cougars have all returned; and unaffected forests quickly spread to cover areas that were wiped out by the blast.

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Book SynopsisConcise and engaging visual guide to Earth's most devastating natural forces: earthquakes, volcanoes, and plate tectonicsOne in 20 people in the world live within range of an active volcano. On average, Magnitude 2 and smaller earthquakes occur several hundred times a day worldwide. Volcanoes and Earthquakes explores the massive natural forces from within the Earth that greatly affect its surface, often with dramatic and long-lasting consequences.Written in an accessible style, and fully illustrated with photographs, diagrams, and maps, the book explains the violence of earthquakes and volcanoes that impact humankind, and the gradual continental drift and mountain building that have transformed the Earth over the 4.5 billion years of its existence. It details the processes that have and continue to form, destroy, and move the Earth's surface.The authors describe how the Earth formed, from the beginnings of the solar system to the growth of the continents as they are today, and delve deep into the Earth's core to explore what drives the plates and feeds volcanoes. The last chapter examines the changes in the tectonic processes that link the Earth's mass, water, atmosphere, and life, including the effects on climate, sea-level, and the distribution of plant and animal species. Volcanoes and Earthquakes is a powerful reminder of the impact of natural forces on our everyday lives.

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Book SynopsisEarthquakes pose myriad dangers to heritage collections worldwide. This book provides an accessible introduction to these dangers and to the methodologies developed at the Getty and other museums internationally for mitigating seismic vulnerability. Conceived as a primer and reference, this abundantly illustrated volume begins with an engaging overview of explanations for earthquakes from antiquity to the nineteenth century. A series of chapters then addresses our modern understanding of seismic events and approaches for mitigating the damage they cause to heritage collections, covering such subjects as earthquake measurement, hazard analysis, the response of buildings and collections to seismic events, mount making, and risk assessment; short sections by specialists in seismic engineering complement the main text throughout. Readers will find a range of effective seismic mitigation measures, from simple low-cost approaches to complex base-isolation techniques. In bridging the gap between seismologists and seismic engineers, on the one hand, and collections care professionals, on the other, this volume will be of interest to conservators, registrars, designers, mount makers, and others involved in the management and care of collections in museums and other cultural institutions. "Trade Review"With this volume, Podany makes an important contribution to museums of all sizes, whether or not they are located in areas where earthquakes are a daily concern."--Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

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Book SynopsisClose to 75 million people in 39 states face some risk from earthquakes. Seismic hazards are greatest in the western United States, particularly California, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and Hawaii. The Rocky Mountain region, a portion of the central United States known as the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and portions of the eastern seaboard, particularly South Carolina, also have a relatively high earthquake hazard. Compared to the loss of life in other countries, relatively few Americans have died as a result of earthquakes over the past 100 years. The United States, however, faces the possibility of large economic losses from earthquake damaged buildings and infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisHazardous volcanic activity continue to occur because of rising populations, development pressures and expanding national and international air traffic over volcanic regions. Moreover, rapid globalisation makes U.S. businesses, financial markets, and government interests vulnerable to volcano hazards throughout the world. This book addresses these concerns and addresses the question of whether volcanic activity has been increasing over the past decades. The world''s highest volcanoes, their locations and their effects on the local populations are also examined. Additionally, volcanoes have many different types of eruptions. The duration of the eruptions, how often they occur, and the magma supply system and preparatory processes for these eruptions are reviewed. Finally, this book reviews the effects of mud volcanoes, occurring in different geologic settings around the world.

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Book SynopsisAsh produced as a consequence of explosive volcanic eruptions can cause multiple hazards both close to the volcano and at great distances. Explosive volcano eruptions often release volcanic plumes into the atmosphere, which consist of tephra (submillimeter-sized rock particles), water vapor and other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Particles from volcano eruptions are transported by wind to thousands of kilometers away, or even over 10,000 km from their source for some fine particles. This book discusses the environmental impact and health risks volcanic ash poses as well as its chemical composition.

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Book SynopsisAn earthquake is always an unexpected phenomenon. Modern science is not able to predict the time or the place or the earthquake strength. The problem of locating the focus of a starting earthquake has not even been set due to the poor level of understanding the processes preceding its start. At present the main earthquake hypothesis is the “explosive” relaxation of the high elastic stresses accumulated in the lithosphere. Understanding a fault’s slip behavior, as well as its length and connectivity, is important for constraining the magnitude range and frequency of earthquakes that a particular fault is likely to produce.This book, Earthquake Geology, presents contributions from researchers of different countries in the world that point out the study of seismoinduced phenomena associated with recent and historical earthquakes. First chapter aims to estimate the response of freestanding full-scale equipment to 2% in 50 years hazard level motions, and the results are used to generate ready-to-use fragility curves and second chapter emphasizes on earthquake forecast with the seismic sequence hierarchization method. Third chapter encompasses the micro-earthquake monitoring with sparsely sampled data. In fourth chapter, we analyze in detail the features of the experimental weakening curves and provide a general fit which is purely empirical, with the synthesis of a large number of experiments and their result in terms of frictional breakdown energy Gf. Fifth chapter presents how to locate the focus of a starting earthquake and sixth chapter presents research on earthquake radon anomalies. Seventh chapter highlights on seismic sequence structure and earthquakes triggering patterns and eighth chapter emphasizes on predicting earthquakes with microsequences and reversed phase repetitive patterns. Application of commensurability in earthquake prediction is discussed in ninth chapter and tenth chapter gives out the co-planarity and symmetry theory of earthquake occurrence. Eleventh chapter presents a numerical investigation of earthquake shielding with seismic crystals and twelfth chapter presents an evaluation of strain accumulation in global subduction zones from seismicity data. Thirteenth chapter reveals on modification in atmospheric refractivity and GPS based TEC as earthquake precursors, and fourteenth chapter proposes a seismic-acoustic system for monitoring the earthquake origin process. The aim of fifteenth chapter is to calculate hydrodynamical phenomena: Earth’s tidal and precursory variations in level of liquid in wells (boreholes) using identical systems of equations and to clarify data on distribution of hydrodynamical precursors on the Earth’s surface. The objective of sixteenth chapter is to provide a wavelet transform method to detect P and S-phases in three component seismic data. In seventeenth chapter, basic models and standard mechanisms of earthquakes are briefly considered, results of processing of information on the earthquakes in the context of global spatial anisotropy caused by the existence of the vector Ag, are presented, and an analysis of them is given. Eighteenth chapter concentrates more on the actual relationship between earthquakes and solar activity and treats the effects causing the correlation only in the aspect of geomagnetic field strength variations. Nineteenth chapter presents a study on correlation of tidal forces with global great earthquakes, and an analysis and verification of forecasting the locations of future large earthquakes is given in last chapter. Forecasts of the locations of future major earthquakes play an important role in earthquake preparedness and determining earthquake insurance costs. Many such forecasts have been carried out with examples in this chapter.

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Book SynopsisFinalist, Balsillie Prize for Public Policy and Victoria Butler Book PrizeA Globe and Mail Top 100 BookThe Big One and what we can do to get ready for it.Mention the word earthquake and most people think of California. But while the Golden State shakes on a regular basis, Washington State, Oregon, and British Columbia are located in a zone that can produce the world’s biggest earthquakes and tsunamis. In the eastern part of the continent, small cities and large, from Ottawa to Montréal to New York City, sit in active earthquake zones. In fact, more than 100-million North Americans live in active seismic zones, many of whom do not realize the risk to their community.For more than a decade, Gregor Craigie interviewed scientists, engineers, and emergency planners about earthquakes, disaster response, and resilience. He has also collected vivid first-hand accounts from people who have survived deadly earthquakes. His fascinating and deeply researched book dives headfirst into explaining the science behind The Big One — and asks what we can do now to prepare ourselves for events geologists say aren't a matter of if, but when.Trade Review“On Borrowed Time takes us on a tour of North American earthquakes, from the West Coast to the Atlantic Ocean. Gregor Craigie’s well-written and comprehensive jewel provides us with an accurate understanding of earthquake science, while exploring our fears and perceptions about future large quakes.” -- John Clague, Emeritus Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University“On Borrowed Time is an impressive and timely reminder that large earthquakes can occur right across North America and that each passing day draws us closer to the inevitable next big one. But, as Craigie reminds us, earthquakes should not be anything to fear — providing we prepare properly.” -- Edwin Nissen, Associate Professor/Canada Research Chair in Geophysics, University of Victoria“On Borrowed Time is the culmination of decades of interviews and research and about four and a half years of actual writing. What sets it apart is Craigie not only speaks with seismologists and oceanographers, but actual survivors.” -- John Ackermann * City News 1130 *“On Borrowed Time is not a breezy read. It is an exhausting and sobering treatise on the very nature of the Earth beneath our feet and the peril of neglecting the individual and collective community preparedness that must take place — if not now, then soon.” -- Clin Newell * Coffee Crew *“On Borrowed Time moves swiftly from the west to the east coast of North America, and the earthquake phenomenon reveals itself as Craigie describes the causes and results of quakes that most readers will never have heard of.” -- Brian Harvey * Ormsby Review *

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Book SynopsisScotland's mountains and glens retain the secrets of the long and frequently violent geological history that has gone into their making. Volcanoes have played a major role in the creation of Scotland and while the youngest, a mere sixty million years old, were responsible for much of the scenic splendour of the Inner Hebrides, the rocks composing many of the famous Scottish landforms as, for example, those of Glencoe and the Edinburgh district are also the direct result of volcanism.Volcanoes and the Making of Scotland explores back in time from the most recent examples to volcanoes of the obscure Precambrian times which left their signature in the ancient rocks of the far north-west. Geographically the book ranges across all of Scotland from Shetland to the Borders. Reflecting current research into Scotland's geology, the author also speculates as to the climate, geography and ecology of the long-gone landscapes in which the volcanoes of differing ages were created and destroyed.The book is extensively illustrated with maps, sketches, cross-sections and photographs and relates what can currently be seen in the worn-down remains of Scotland's old volcanoes to active analogues around the world. This book vividly brings life and meaning to what the layman would otherwise regard as cold and incomprehensible rocks.Trade Review'We will all have our favourite Scottish volcanoes and there really is something in this book for everyone. But it will be welcomed in particular by students at all levels and by amateur geologists such as those who read The Edinburgh Geologist. They will learn so much about all the fascinating volcanic relics that we are fortunate to have in Scotland, will clarify their understanding of volcanic and magmatic processes in general and, above all, will thoroughly enjoy reading an undoubted masterpiece.' The Edinburgh Geologist'This is a well-produced book, 240mm x 160m and 20mm thick, but quite heavy so you probably wouldn’t carry it in your ruck- sack! Printed on shiny paper, reading some of the diagrams can be a bit tricky in certain light.The book comprises 12 chapters, a bibliography and an index. I thought that having no glossary would be a problem, but technical terms are explained at least once within the text. They can be found in the index, though you then have to turn to the particular page for definitions — just a niggle really. The first four chapters give an introduction as to what to expect from the book: information on how volcanoes form, plate tectonics, geologic time, mantle plumes, magmas, pyroclastics, lava and igneous rocks. I found these chapters a really good revision of basics, with some new information too. Upton uses modern analogies too. There are lots of diagrams, although references to them are sometimes not as clear as they might be. The photos are generally of good quality.The next seven chapters go into detail about the various volcanoes that have formed in ‘Scotland’. And this is where the book becomes somewhat unusual (which Brian Upton admits!). He takes the formation of the various igneous centres chronologically, but from the most recent backwards. This is not something I am used to — I tend to think in terms of old-to- young, in geological chronology, not vice versa. Also, when making something, you usually start at the beginning not the end. However, his point is that there is more evidence available from the most recent volcanoes about their formation and history. He then applies this to the more limited evidence of the older areas, ‘imagining’ what might have happened, say, in the Devonian, while pointing out that it is ‘informed guesswork’ and that we will probably never know: so much time, so much erosion, so little left! There is a comprehensive section on the Edinburgh volcanics, with very specific examples. Chapter 11 concerning the Pre-Cambrian is particularly fascinating, and shows the information available through geochemical analysis. Chapter 12 contains a summary. In a nutshell, Scotland is a graveyard of volcanoes.The book took very careful reading. Rereading of some sections was needed, as the story is very complicated — I think I knew it was, but not quite that complicated. While this is a serious book, Brian Upton’s style includes the colloquial and he does add humour on occasions (but I’ll leave the reader to find these!).Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed the book and I think it would be a valuable addition to your bookshelf, especially if you are interested in Scottish geology. I will take it with me every time I am in Scotland, albeit not in my rucksack.' Proceedings of the OUGSTable of ContentsForeword. 1: Introduction; 2: Time on Earth and a Brief History of Scotland; 3: Magmas, Igneous Rocks and Volcanic Products; 4. Lava Flows and Pyroclastic Deposits; 5. Early Cainozoic Volcanism and the Birth of the North Atlantic; 6. Early Cainozoic Volcanoes: the Big Ones. 7. Scotland within a Super-continent: Upper Carboniferous and Permian Volcanoes; 8. Post-Caledonian Relaxation: the Lower Carboniferous Volcanoes; 9. Volcanoes in the Old Red Sandstone Continent; 10. Volcanoes and the Iapetus Ocean; 11. Volcanoes as seen through a glass darkly: the earlier pre-Cambrian record; 12. Epilogue. Select Bibliography. Index of Place Names. Index of Selected Technical Terms.

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