Usage and grammar guides Books

Book SynopsisOlivia Stockard, PhD, is a New York-based communications consultant who helps business writers use their skills in analysis and logic to produce successful business messages. In this new edition of The Write Approach, Dr. Stockard discusses how the speed of technology can cause business writers to shortcut the thinking, planning, and editing needed for good writing. Rather than "pushing the send button" without considering the consequences, writers are guided in ways to be more thoughtful in their use of communication tools and practices. The new edition's expanded commentary and exercises underscore the author's basic premise: writers must determine their purpose for writing, consider their readers' expectations, and polish the final product. Self-instructional activities invite readers to practice evaluating and improving business writing. This edition was previously published by Emerald Ltd. under ISBN 9780857248312.Table of Contents1. What is "Effective" Business Writing? 2. Organizing Business Documents 3. Developing the Document's Structure 4. Principles of Readability 5. Clarifying Your Voice 6. Purpose and Vocabulary 7. Straight Talk 8. Tone 9. The Impact of Technology on Business Writing 10. Business Writing in the 21st Century

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Book SynopsisA Grammar of Prinmi represents the first in-depth description of a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Pǔmǐ Nationality and the Zàng Nationality (in Mùlǐ, Sichuan) in southwest China. Prinmi belongs to the Qiangic branch and is closely related to the extinct language of Tangut. Picus Ding examines in the grammar the phonology (both segmental and suprasegmental), morphology, syntax and information structure of Prinmi, with two sample texts and an English-Prinmi glossary provided in appendices. Some noteworthy features of Prinmi include a wealth of clitics (appearing as proclitic, enclitic, mesoclitic or endoclitic), a lexical tone system akin to Japanese, and a collection of existential verbs that discriminates concreteness, animacy, and location.

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Book SynopsisA grammar of Kurtöp is the first descriptive grammar of Kurtöp, a threatened language of Bhutan, and the only reference grammar of any East Bodish language. The East Bodish languages are a relatively unstudied branch of the larger Tibeto-Burman family, situated in Bhutan and neighbouring regions in Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. The chapters introduce the language and the people who speak in a historical context and then go on to detail the synchronic and diachronic phonology, discuss word classes and cause structure, morphosyntax and syntax, and illustrate rich system of evidentiality and related categories. The book will be of interest to Tibeto-Burmanists, historical linguists and those interested in the prehistory of the eastern Himalayas, and to typologists.Trade Review[...], this book will prove indispensible for anyone interested in reconstructing the common ancestors of Tibetan and East Bodish languages and as such is undoubtedly a welcome addition to the expanding field of Tibeto-Burman Linguistics - Joanna Bialek, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

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Book SynopsisA Grammar of Nungon is the most comprehensive modern reference grammar of a language of northeast Papua New Guinea. Nungon is a previously-undescribed Finisterre-Huon Papuan language spoken by about 1,000 people in the Saruwaged Mountains, Morobe Province. Hannah Sarvasy provides a rich description of the language in its cultural context, based on original immersion fieldwork. The exposition is extraordinarily thorough, covering phonetics, phonology, word classes, morphology, grammatical relations, switch-reference, valency, complex predicates, clause combining, possession, information structure, and the pragmatics of communication. Four complete interlinearized Nungon monologues and dialogues supplement the copious textual examples. A Grammar of Nungon sets a new standard of thoroughness for reference works on languages of this region.Trade Review"My minor critical comments and tentative alternative proposals do not diminish in any way my great admiration for this grammar, which forms an exemplary model and sets a high standard for future grammarians of New Guinea languages. Precisely because the exposition is so clear and the description so rich, the book both allows and invites the reader to participate in the scholarly conversation about Nungon, so brilliantly started by Hannah Sarvasy in this book." – Lourens de Vries, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in: Oceanic Linguistics, 2018

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Book SynopsisThe Kurux Language: Grammar, Texts and Lexicon by Masato Kobayashi and Bablu Tirkey is a comprehensive description of Kurux, a northern Dravidian tribal language with two million speakers. Isolated in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Eastern India, Kurux shows a unique mixture of archaic Dravidian traits and innovations induced by contact with neighboring Indo-Aryan and Munda languages, and has posed questions regarding language change and Dravidian subgrouping. Making use of first-hand materials from their fieldwork, Kobayashi and Tirkey analyze the complexities of the language in the grammar section. This book also contains transcribed and glossed texts, and a lexicon with more than 9,000 entries, and serves both as reference for linguists and learning resource for students.Table of ContentsList of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction  § 1 Typological Overview  § 2 Profile of the Language  § 3 Language Endangerment  § 4 Writing Systems and Transcription  § 5 Name of the Language  § 6 Dialectal Variation  § 7 Genetic Relationship  § 8 Lexicon  § 9 Convergence  § 10 Previous Studies  § 11 Fieldwork and Materials  § 12 Organization of the Book  § 13 Acknowledgment Grammar 2 Phonology  § 14 Vowels  § 15 Vowel Length  § 16 Umlaut  § 17 Consonants  § 18 Geminates and Singletons  § 19 Metathesis and Linearity  § 20 Syllable  § 21 Stress and Rhythm  § 22 Intonation  § 23 Morphophonology  § 24 Sound Changes up to Proto-Kurux-Malto  § 25 Phonological Alternations within Kurux  § 26 Summary of Historical Phonology 3 Morphology  § 27 Characteristics of Kurux Morphology  § 28 Parts of Speech  § 29 Nouns: Nominal Stems and Bases  § 30 Nouns: Gender  § 31 Nouns: Number  § 32 Nouns: Cases  § 33 Diminutive and Augmentative  § 34 Compound Nouns and Adjectives  § 35 Pronouns: Personal Pronouns  § 36 Pronouns: Reflexives  § 37 Pronouns: Possessives  § 38 Pronouns: Demonstratives  § 39 Pronouns: Interrogatives and Indefinites  § 40 Pronouns: Cases of Personal and Reflexive Pronouns  § 41 Pronouns: Cases of Demonstratives and Interrogatives  § 42 Adpositions  § 43 Agreement Suffix and Predicative Nominals  § 44 Adjectives: Simple  § 45 Adjectives in -taː, -iyaː, -madʰheː and -aːboː  § 46 Adjectives: Suffixes Deriving Demonyms etc.  § 47 Numerals and Classifiers  § 48 Adverbs  § 49 Preverbs  § 50 Verbs  § 51 Verbal Roots and Verbal Bases  § 52 Past Stem and the Primary Verb Classes  § 53 Irregular Verb Inflection  § 54 Verb Inflection: Simple Tenses  § 55 Complex Aspectual Forms: Perfect  § 56 Complex Aspectual Forms: Progressive  § 57 Complex Aspectual Forms: ciʔ-aː Benefactive  § 58 Verb Inflection: Modal Forms  § 59 Verb Inflection: Inter-Female Forms  § 60 Copula and Existential Verbs  § 61 Copular Clauses and Concord  § 62 Derived Verbal Bases  § 63 Frequentative Verbs  § 64 Infinitives  § 65 Inflection Reduction  § 66 Perfect and Imperfect Participles  § 67 Agentive Participle  § 68 Adverbial Participles  § 69 Converb  § 70 Origin of the Kurux-Malto Past Inflection 4 Syntax and Pragmatics  § 71 Word Order  § 72 Coordinating Conjunctions  § 73 Subordinating Conjunctions  § 74 Complementizer  § 75 Reflexives and Logophorics  § 76 Relative Clauses  § 77 The -madʰheː Construction and Adnominal PPs  § 78 Conditional and Counterfactual  § 79 Complex Predicates  § 80 Voice and Argument Alternation  § 81 Passive and Grammatical Relations  § 82 Stative Passive Construction  § 83 Use of the -aː Infinitive  § 84 Use of the -naː Infinitive  § 85 Non-nominative Subjects  § 86 Impersonal Construction  § 87 Topic and Focus  § 88 Phrasal Clitics  § 89 Clausal Clitics 5 Semantics  § 90 Spatial Deixis  § 91 Animacy, Number, Gender and Person  § 92 Use of the Copular Verbs  § 93 Possession  § 94 Question  § 95 Deictic Verbs  § 96 Definiteness and Differential Object Marking  § 97 Lexical Aspect  § 98 Use of the Simple Tenses  § 99 Use of the Aspectual Forms  § 100 Modality  § 101 Use of the Causative  § 102 Function of the Passive Voice  § 103 Volition or Control over the Action  § 104 Negation  § 105 Negative Polarity Items  § 106 Politeness  § 107 Use of Cases: Nominative  § 108 Use of Cases: Accusative  § 109 Use of Cases: Dative  § 110 Use of Cases: Instrumental-Ablative  § 111 Use of Cases: Genitive  § 112 Use of Cases: Locative 6 Lexicon  § 113 Characteristics of the Kurux Lexicon  § 114 Inherited Etyma  § 115 Loanwords and Toponyms  § 116 Source of Loanwords  § 117 Semantic Shift, Doublets and False Friends  § 118 Kinship Terms  § 119 Personal Names  § 120 Echo Words and Onomatopoeia  § 121 Interjections  § 122 Euphemistic Expression  § 123 Fauna and Flora Texts 7 Glossed Texts  § 124 Home Visit (Dialogue)  § 125 From Bablu Tirkey, Poor Ropna’s Dream (2017)  § 126 Sone the Vulture  § 127 Life Story of a Farmer  § 128 The Bihar Famine (1966–1967) and my Father  § 129 Letiya the Thief  § 130 Building a Career  § 131 King’s Seven Daughters and a Rakshas  § 132 Story of Two Orphans and the Banyan Seed  § 133 Seven Brothers and a Sister  § 134 Story of a Man and a Tiger  § 135 Myth of Fire and Rain  § 136 Why Oraons Observe the Karam Festival Lexicon Bibliography Word Index General Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume is a collection of grammar sketches from several Italo-Romance varieties. The contributions cover various areas of linguistics (phonology, morphology, syntax) and are organized in sections according to the customary geolinguistic classification. Each chapter provides the description of a salient phenomenon for a given language, based on novel data, as well as the state-of-the-art knowledge on that phenomenon. The articles are in-depth studies carried out by prominent experts as well as promising young scholars. The theoretical apparatus is kept to a minimum in order to make the book accessible to scholars without specific expertise. For the same reason, hypotheses and formalisms are introduced gradually, only if necessary for the description of the data.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures, Maps and Tables Introduction Northern Varieties 1 The Distribution of Gender and Number in Lunigiana Nominal Expressions  Edoardo Cavirani 2 On the Interpretation of an Interrogative Form in North-Eastern Italian Dialects  Patrizia Cordin 3 Verb-Second and (Micro)Variation in Two Rhaeto-Romance Varieties of Northern Italy  Jan Casalicchio and Federica Cognola Central Varieties 4 On the Palatalization of /s/ + Consonant in Some Dialects of Middle and Southern Italy  Luca Lorenzetti 5 On the Gender System of Viterbese  Michele Loporcaro 6 Indefinite Determiners. Variation and Optionality in Italo-Romance  Anna Cardinaletti and Giuliana Giusti Upper Southern Varieties 7 Italo-Romance Phonological Rules and Indo-Aryan Lexicon: The Case of Abruzzian Romani  Andrea Scala 8 Avita fatta: Non-Etymological Forms of Auxiliary habere in Southern Italian Dialects  Carlo Schirru 9 Adjectival Positions in Barese: Prenominal Exceptions to the Postnominal Rule  Luigi Andriani Extreme Southern Varieties and Sardinian 10 Metaphony in Southern Salento: New Analysis and New Data  Mirko Grimaldi and Andrea Calabrese 11 The ‘go for’ Construction in Sicilian  Silvio Cruschina 12 The Complementizers ca and chi in Sardinian: Syntactic Properties and Geographic Distribution  Caroline Bacciu and Guido Mensching Index

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Book SynopsisA Grammar of Pévé is the first full description of the Pévé language, a member of the Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Pévé is spoken in parts of the southwestern area of the Republic of Chad and the Northern province of the Republic of Cameroon. The grammar will add to information and analyses concerning Afro-Asiatic languages and will help Pévé speakers preserve their language, history, cultural activities, and intercultural relations. The goal of the volume is to document and preserve the language for the benefit of generations to come and to make characteristics of the language available for further research in linguistics, history, anthropology, sociology and related fields.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Tables Abbreviations 1 The Pévé Language  1 Introduction  2 Classification and Nomenclature  3 Existing Works on the Pévé Language  4 Nature and Sources of the Data  5 Notes on the Transcription  6 Outline of the Grammar  3 Conclusion 2 Phonology  1 Introduction  2 Consonants  3 Vowels  4 Phonotactics  5 Tone  6 Conclusion 3 Parsing Morphology  1 Introduction  2 Existing Approaches  3 Distribution of Phrase-Final Forms  4 Function of Final Vowel Addition  5 Conclusion 4 Verbs  1 Introduction  2 Phonological Structure of the Verb  3 Morphology  4 Derivation  5 Singular vs. Plural Verbs  6 Conclusion 5 Nouns and the Noun Phrase  1 Introduction  2 Phonological Structure of the Noun  3 Number  4 Noun Phrase  5 Prenominal Modifiers  6 Post-nominal Modifiers  7 Conjoined Noun Phrase  8 Proper Names  9 Derived Nouns  10 Conclusion 6 Coding Grammatical Relations  1 Introduction  2 Subject  3 Direct Object Function  4 Indirect Object  5 Summary of the Coding of Grammatical Roles  6 Conclusion 7 Coding Semantic Relations  1 Introduction  2 Semantic Role of the Subject  3 Semantic Role of the Direct Object  4 Semantic Role of the Indirect Object  5 Source  6 Reciprocal  7 Coreferentiality of Subject and Object  8 Conclusion 8 Tense and Aspect  1 Introduction  2 Future Tense  3 Aspect  4 Conclusion 9 Mood and Modality  1 Introduction  2 Subjunctive Mood  3 Epistemic Mood  4 Conclusion 10 Locative Expressions and Locative Predications  1 Introduction  2 Locative Predication in Pévé  3 Semantic Functions of Inherently Locative Predicates  4 Locative Serial Verb Constructions  5 Spatial Prepositions and Specifiers  6 Conclusion 11 Verbless and Copular Predications  1 Introduction  2 Identificational Predication  3 Equational Predication  4 Attributive Predication  5 Possessive Predication  6 Conclusion 12 System of Reference  1 Introduction  2 First Mention: Bare Noun Phrase  3 Deducible Reference Markers: nə, rə and kunə  4 Reference to an Unspecified Entity  5 Anaphoric Reference  6 Deictic Reference  7 Conclusion 13 Interrogatives  1 Introduction  2 Polar Questions  3 Content Questions  4 Conclusion 14 Negation  1 Introduction  2 Indicative Clauses  3 Scope of Negation  4 Conclusion 15 Topicalization and Focus  1 Introduction  2 Topicalization  3 Focus  4 Conclusion 16 Conjoined Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Conjunction ɓay  3 Counterexpectation  4 Conclusion 17 Relative Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Subject Head  3 Object Head  4 Adjunct Head  5 Deictic Relative Clauses  6 Conclusion 18 Conditional and Temporal Constructions  1 Introduction  2 Conditional Constructions  3 Temporal Constructions  4 Conclusion 19 Complementation  1 Introduction  2 Verbs of Saying  3 Verbs of Perception  4 Verbs of Cognition  5 Volitional Verb wàʔ  6 Ability Verb gàk ‘Can, Be Able’  7 Counterfactual Matrix Clause  8 Complements of Other Verbs  9 Conclusion 20 Comparative Constructions  1 Introduction  2 Equal Comparison  3 Unequal Comparison  4 Conclusion 21 Adjunct Phrases and Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Temporal Adjuncts  3 Associative and Instrumental Adjuncts  4 Manner Adjuncts  5 Intensity, Repetition, and Recurrence  6 Purpose Clauses  7 Reason Clauses  8 Positive Adjunct  9 Conclusion 22 Sample Texts  1 Monitor Lizard and Guinea Fowl  2 Bus Trip: Lazare Wambadang Appendix 1: A Compilation of Tables Appendix 2: A Summary of Morphological Forms and Functions Pévé-English Lexicon English-Pévé Lexicon References Index

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Book SynopsisThe Vend nyelvtan is a grammar completed in 1942 by the linguist Avgust Pavel that was designed to serve as a modern standard for the Prekmurje Slovenes who were to be subjects of Hungary. Though the grammar was meant to divide the Prekmurje Slovenes from the Slovenes of Yugoslavia, it was never put into use. Today it serves as a reflection of the lexical and grammatical peculiarities of the Prekmurje dialect as it was spoken during Pavel’s lifetime (1886–1946). The English translation of the grammar, originally written in Hungarian, offers linguists insight into a key part of the remarkable variation in Slovene. A peripheral area of Slovene, the Prekmurje dialect is in contact with German, Hungarian, and Croatian Kajkavian.Trade Review“Greenberg’s critical edition is a model of how to present such historical treasures to the contemporary scholarly community. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in Slovene diachronic linguistics, dialectology, the history of Slavic grammars, and related topics, as well as an indispensable reference for anyone interested in the Prekmurje dialect and its written tradition.” ~ Marko Snoj, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in Canadian Slavonic Papers (63/3-4, 2021).

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Generative Syntax provides the student with a comprehensive overview of all major developments in generative syntax since its inception in the 1950s and until the present time. In 250 units, topics commonly encountered in the study of syntax are presented in an accessible and straightforward manner suitable for both students and casual readers. Covered theories and topics include Phrase Structure Rules, X'-Theory, Transformational Grammar, Theta Theory, Government and Binding Theory, Raising and Control, Movement Constraints, Split Projections, the Minimalist Program, and many others.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements To the Teacher Part 1 Lexicon Unit 1 Language I Unit 2 Language II Unit 3 Grammaticality I Unit 4 Grammaticality II Unit 5 Lexical vs. Functional Categories Unit 6 Lexical Categories Unit 7 Functional Categories Unit 8 Categorization I Unit 9 Categorization II Unit 10 Categorization III Unit 11 Categorization IV Unit 12 Categorization V Unit 13 Categorization VI Unit 14 Categorization VII Unit 15 Categorization VIII Part 2 Phrase Structure Unit 16 Heads Unit 17 Specifiers Unit 18 Complements Unit 19 Complement Selection I Unit 20 Complement Selection II Unit 21 Adjunct I Unit 22 Adjunct II Unit 23 Summary Unit 24 Constituency Unit 25 Stand-Alone Test Unit 26 Substitution Test Unit 27 Displacement Test Unit 28 Coordination Test Part 3 Phrase Structure Rules Unit 29 Basics I Unit 30 Basics II Unit 31 Noun Phrase I Unit 32 Noun Phrase II Unit 33 Random Phrases Unit 34 Verb Phrase I Unit 35 Verb Phrase II Unit 36 Sentence I Unit 37 Sentence II Unit 38 Complementizer Unit 39 Conjunction Unit 40 Adjunction Unit 41 Summary I Unit 42 Summary II Part 4 Tree Structure Unit 43 Representation Unit 44 Nodes and Branches Unit 45 Dominance Unit 46 Precedence Unit 47 Noun Phrases Unit 48 Random Phrases Unit 49 Verb Phrases Unit 50 Sentences Unit 51 Complementizer Phrases Unit 52 Conjunction Phrases Unit 53 Adjoined Phrases Unit 54 Tree Drawing I Unit 55 Tree Drawing II Unit 56 Tree Drawing III Unit 57 Ambiguity Part 5 X-Bar Theory Unit 58 Motivation I Unit 59 Motivation II Unit 60 Motivation III Unit 61 Motivation IV Unit 62 Motivation V Unit 63 Motivation VI Unit 64 Motivation VII Unit 65 Motivation VIII Unit 66 Motivation IX Unit 67 Representation I Unit 68 Representation II Unit 69 Representation III Unit 70 NP, AP, PP, AdvP, VP Unit 71 TP and CP Unit 72 Adjunction Rules I Unit 73 Adjunction Rules II Unit 74 Determiner Phrase I Unit 75 Determiner Phrase II Unit 76 Determiner Phrase III Unit 77 Determiner Phrase IV Unit 78 Determiner Phrase V Unit 79 Determiner Phrase VI Unit 80 Determiner Phrase VII Unit 81 Complementizer Phrase I Unit 82 Complementizer Phrase II Unit 83 Complementizer Phrase III Unit 84 Auxiliaries and Modals I Unit 85 Auxiliaries and Modals II Part 6 Transformations Unit 86 Yes/No Questions I Unit 87 Yes/No Questions II Unit 88 Yes/No Questions III Unit 89 Yes/No Questions IV Unit 90 Yes/No Questions V Unit 91 Yes/No Questions VI Unit 92 Principles I Unit 93 Principles II Unit 94 Principles III Unit 95 Principles IV Unit 96 Principles V Unit 97 Principles VI Unit 98 Negation Movement I Unit 99 Negation Movement II Unit 100 Verb Movement I Unit 101 Verb Movement II Unit 102 Tense Markers I Unit 103 Tense Markers II Unit 104 Affix Hopping I Unit 105 Affix Hopping II Unit 106 Wh-Questions I Unit 107 Wh-Questions II Unit 108 Wh-Questions III Unit 109 Wh-Questions IV Unit 110 Wh-Questions V Unit 111 Wh-Questions VI Unit 112 Wh-Questions VII Unit 113 Adjunction Revisited I Unit 114 Adjunction Revisited II Unit 115 Topicalization I Unit 116 Topicalization II Part 7 Theta Theory Unit 117 Thematic Roles I Unit 118 Thematic Roles II Unit 119 Thematic Roles III Unit 120 Thematic Roles IV Unit 121 Thematic Roles V Unit 122 Thematic Roles VI Unit 123 Thematic Roles VII Unit 124 Thematic Roles VIII Unit 125 Subject Condition I Unit 126 Subject Condition II Unit 127 Subject Condition III Unit 128 Subject Condition IV Unit 129 Subject Condition V Unit 130 Subject Condition VI Unit 131 Subject Condition VII Unit 132 Passive I Unit 133 Passive II Unit 134 Passive III Unit 135 A- and A′-movement I Unit 136 A- and A′-movement II Unit 137 Summary Part 8 Constraints on Movements Unit 138 PBC I Unit 139 PBC II Unit 140 PBC III Unit 141 Locality I Unit 142 Locality II Unit 143 Subjacency I Unit 144 Subjacency II Unit 145 Islands I Unit 146 Islands II Unit 147 Islands III Unit 148 Islands IV Unit 149 Islands V Unit 150 Islands VI Unit 151 Summary Part 9 Government and Binding Theory Unit 152 Case Markers I Unit 153 Case Markers II Unit 154 Case Markers III Unit 155 Case Assignment I Unit 156 Case Assignment II Unit 157 Case Assignment III Unit 158 Case Assignment IV Unit 159 Case Checking I Unit 160 Case Checking II Unit 161 Exceptional Case Marking I Unit 162 Exceptional Case Marking II Unit 163 Exceptional Case Marking III Unit 164 Exceptional Case Marking IV Unit 165 Exceptional Case Marking V Unit 166 Exceptional Case Marking VI Unit 167 Exceptional Case Marking VII Unit 168 Unaccusative I Unit 169 Unaccusative II Unit 170 Unaccusative III Unit 171 Binding Theory I Unit 172 Binding Theory II Unit 173 Binding Theory III Unit 174 Binding Theory IV Unit 175 Binding Theory V Unit 176 Binding Theory VI Part 10 Advanced Topics Unit 177 Raising I Unit 178 Raising II Unit 179 Raising III Unit 180 Raising IV Unit 181 Raising V Unit 182 Raising VI Unit 183 Control Theory I Unit 184 Control Theory II Unit 185 Control Theory III Unit 186 Control Theory IV Unit 187 Control Theory V Unit 188 Control Theory VI Unit 189 Control Theory VII Unit 190 Control Theory VIII Unit 191 Control Theory IX Unit 192 Control Theory X Unit 193 Control Theory XI Unit 194 Control Theory XII Unit 195 Control Theory XIII Unit 196 Raising vs. Control I Unit 197 Raising vs. Control II Unit 198 ECM vs. Control I Unit 199 ECM vs. Control II Part 11 Split Projections Unit 200 Split DP Hypothesis I

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Book SynopsisIn A Grammar of Lopit, Jonathan Moodie and Rosey Billington provide the first detailed description of Lopit, an Eastern Nilotic language traditionally spoken in the Lopit Mountains in South Sudan. Drawing on extensive primary data, the authors describe the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the Lopit language. Their analyses offer new insights into phenomena characteristic of Nilo-Saharan languages, such as ‘Advanced Tongue Root’ vowel distinctions, tripartitite number marking, and marked-nominative case systems, and they uncover patterns which are previously unattested within the Eastern Nilotic family, such as a three-way contrast in aspect, number marking with the ‘greater singular’, and two kinds of inclusory constructions. This book offers a significant contribution to the descriptive and typological literature on African languages.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables 1 Introduction  1 Historical Involvement of Women in Crime in Early Modern Europe  2 Crime and Gender in an Early Modern Italian City  3 Criminal Court Records as Sources for Social History  4 Composition of This Book 2 Women’s Roles, Institutions, and Social Control  1 Political and Demographic Developments  2 Household Structures, Property Rights and Legal Capacity  3 Women within the Urban Economy  4 Interlocking Systems of Assistance and Control  5 Conclusion: Agency within a Culture of Constraint 3 The Torroneand the Prosecution of Crimes  1 The Tribunale del Torrone within Bologna’s Legal Landscape  2 The Administration of Criminal Justice  3 Criminal Procedures  4 Italian Women’s Involvement in Recorded Crime  5 The Character of Indicted Crime in Bologna  6 Gender Dynamics in the Sentencing of Crimes  7 Conclusion: Distinguishing Features of Women’s Prosecution 4 Denunciations and the Uses of Justice  1 Women and the Uses of Justice  2 Denunciations before the Torrone  3 The Torrone as a Forum for Conflict Resolution  4 The Urban Context of Women’s Litigation  5 The Users of Justice  6 Objectives of Litigation  7 Conclusion: Criminal Litigation, Gender and Agency 5 Violence and the Politics of Everyday Life  1 The Culture of Violence between Prosecution and Reconciliation  2 Lethal Violence in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries  3 Insults and the Politics of Daily Life  4 The Importance of Petty Physical Violence  5 Severity and Weapons  6 Violence and Social Relations  7 The Gendered Geography of Violence  8 Framing Men’s and Women’s Violence  9 Conclusion: Everyday Violence and the Uses of Justice 6 Theft and Its Prosecution  1 Legal Attitudes towards Theft  2 Prosecution and Sentencing  3 The Social Profile of Thieves and Economies of Makeshift  4 Stolen Goods  5 The Geographies of Theft  6 The Distribution of Stolen Goods  7 Conclusion: Judicial Paternalism and Women’s Roles in Thieving 7 Conclusion  1 The Case of Bologna and Patterns of Female Crime  2 The Impact of Institutionalisation, Judicial Paternalism and Peacemaking Practices  3 Crime and Italian Women’s Agency  4 Avenues for Future Research Appendix: Information on Samples Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis is the first broad, detailed grammar of the Giziga language, which belongs to the Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. The language is spoken in parts of the Far North Region of the Republic of Cameroon and can be divided into two dialects, Giziga and Northern Giziga, with about 80,000 native speakers in total. This volume describes the Giziga dialect, occasionally referring to the Northern variety, and aims to provide new information about this and other Afro-Asiatic languages for further research in linguistics, history, anthropology, sociology and related fields. The book will also be a tool helping Giziga speakers preserve their language, history and culture for future generations.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Tables Abbreviations 1 The Giziga Language  1 Name, Classification, and Geographical Location  2 Existing Literature  3 Data Sources  4 Notes on Data and Transcription  5 Outline of the Grammar  6 Conclusion 2 Phonology  1 Introduction  2 Consonants  3 Vowels  4 Syllable Structures and Syllabification  5 Phonotactics  6 Tone  7 Conclusions 3 Verbs  1 Introduction  2 The Nature of the Underlying Form  3 Structural Classes of Verbs  4 Tone in the Verbal Piece  5 Monosyllabic Verbs  6 Bisyllabic Verbs  7 Deriving the Infinitive Stem  8 Deriving the Participial Stem  9 Conclusions 4 Nouns, Pronouns and Noun Phrases  1 Introduction  2 Phonology of Nouns  3 Vowel-Final Nouns  4 Glide-Final Nouns  5 Consonant-Final Nouns  6 Derived Nouns  7 Semantic Categories of Nouns  8 Conjoining Noun Phrases  9 Independent Pronouns  10 The Noun Phrase  11 Modifying Constructions  12 Number in the Noun Phrase  13 Conclusions 5 Coding Grammatical Relations  1 Introduction  2 Subject  3 Object Suffixes  4 Classes of Verbs  5 Conclusions 6 Coding Semantic Relations  1 Introduction  2 Default Semantic Roles  3 Conclusions 7 Tense and Aspect  1 Introduction  2 Perfective Aspect  3 Imperfective Aspect  4 Progressive Aspect  5 Frequentative Aspect  6 Past Tense  7 Future Tense  8 Conclusions 8 Marking the End of the Event  1 Introduction  2 Form and Distribution of the End-of-Event Marker  3 Conclusions 9 Modality  1 Introduction  2 Deontic Modality  3 Hypothetical Modality  4 Coding Pretense  5 Doubt in Truth  6 The Modal Particle gú ‘be able to’  7 Conclusions 10 Locative Predication  1 Introduction  2 Locative Verbs  3 Ventive Extension -áwà  4 Stative Predications  5 Prepositions  6 Spatial Specifiers  7 Cardinal Directions  8 Serial Verb Constructions  9 Conclusions 11 Verbless Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Identificational Clauses  3 Attributive Clauses  4 Existential Clauses  5 Possessive Clauses  6 Temporal Distinctions in the Verbless Clause  7 Conclusions 12 System of Reference  1 Introduction  2 Anaphoric Reference to Participants  3 Remote Previous Mention  4 Referential Object Clitic =a  5 Anaphoric Reference to Location, Time, and Events  6 Deictic Reference to Participants  7 Unspecified Referent  8 Conclusions 13 Interrogatives  1 Introduction  2 Polar Interrogatives  3 Disjunctive Questions: X or Y?  4 Content Interrogatives  5 Questions in the Domain de dicto  6 Conclusions 14 Negative Predication  1 Introduction  2 Negating the Verbless Clause  3 Negation in the Verbal Clause  4 Coding Tense in the Negative Clause  5 Negating the Non-referential Subject  6 Conclusions 15 Topics and Topicalization  1 Introduction  2 Topicalized Subject  3 Topicalized Direct Object  4 Topicalized Indirect Object  5 Other Topicalized Constituents  6 Non-constituent Topic  7 Shift in Topic  8 Conclusions 16 Contrastive Focus  1 Introduction  2 Focused Subject  3 Focused Object  4 Focused Predicate  5 Contrastive Focus on Other Constituents  6 Conclusions 17 Conjoining Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Parataxis (Asyndetic Conjunction)  3 The Conjunction páɗ  4 Sequential Conjunction  5 Conjoining Affirmative and Negative Clauses  6 Conclusions 18 Complement Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Comment on a Noun Phrase  3 Comment on an Adjunct  4 Comment on the Protasis  5 Comment on the Purpose Clause  6 Comment on the Matrix Clause  7 Comment on a Complete Clause  8 Interrogative as Comment  9 Conclusions 19 Relative Clauses  1 Introduction  2 Form of the Relative Clause  3 Tense and Aspect in the Relative Clause  4 Coding the Role of the Relativized Constituent  5 Conclusions 20 Conditional and Temporal Constructions  1 Introduction  2 Conditional/Temporal Protasis  3 Conclusions 21 Complementation  1 Introduction  2 Complements of Verbs  3 Conclusions 22 Coding Purpose and Reason  1 Introduction  2 Irrealis Purpose Adjuncts  3 Reason Phrases  4 Conclusions 23 Comparative Constructions  1 Introduction  2 Equal Comparison  3 Unequal Comparison  4 Conclusions 24 Adjuncts  1 Introduction  2 Temporal Adjuncts  3 Manner Adjuncts  4 Interjections and Terms of Address  5 Intensifiers  6 Ideophones  7 Conclusions 25 Sample Texts  1 Introduction  2 The Story of Kay and Her Brother Gòló (Narrated by Saini Sikoua in 2006)  3 A History of Muturua (Narrated by Saini Sikoua in 2007) Appendix 1: A Compilation of Tables Appendix 2: A Summary of Morphological Forms and Functions Giziga-English Lexicon English-Giziga Lexicon References Index

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Book SynopsisMursi is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by a small group of people who live in the Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia, and is one of the most endangered languages of the country. Based on the fieldwork that the author conducted in beautiful villages of the Mursi community, this descriptive grammar is organized into fourteen chapters rich in examples and an appendix containing four transcribed texts. The readers are thus provided with a clear and useful tool, which constitutes and important addition to our knowledge of Mursi and of other related languages spoken in the area. Besides being an empirical data source for linguists interested in typology and endangered language description and documentation, the grammar constitutes an invaluable gift to the speech community.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Tables, Maps, Diagrams, and Figures Abbreviations and Conventions 1 Introduction  1.1 The Mursi People: Historical Background  1.2 Linguistic Profile of Mursi  1.3 Geography and Mursi Neighbours  1.4 Economy and Subsistence  1.5 Traditional Leadership  1.6 Local Groups, Clans, Kinship System and Age Sets  1.7 Major Traditional Practices  1.8 Cattle, Color Terms and Naming  1.9 Linguistic Affiliation  1.10 Sociolinguistic Situation  1.11 Previous Studies; Ethnographic Exploration in the Lower Omo Valley  1.12 Fieldwork Methodology and Language Data 2 Phonology  2.1 Introduction  2.2 Notes on Orthography and Phonetic Transcriptions  2.3 Inventory of Phonemes  2.4 Syllable Structure  2.5 Phonological Processes  2.6 Tone  2.7 Wordhood  2.8 Clitics  2.9 Special Phonology  2.10 Female Register 3 Word Classes  3.1 Introduction  3.2 Open Word Classes  3.3 Closed Word Classes 4 Noun Phrase Structure  4.1 Introduction  4.2 Non-clausal Modifiers of NP  4.3 Clausal Modifiers  4.4 Nominalizers  4.5 Complex Modification  4.6 Summary of Head-Modifier Dependency Relation 5 Possession  5.1 Introduction  5.2 Juxtaposed System  5.3 Possessive Construction with A and B Possessors  5.4 Possessive Construction with C-type (Possessive Pronouns)  5.5 Pertensive  5.6 Noun Modification Constructions  5.7 Predicative Possessive Construction  5.8 Summary 6 Number  6.1 Introduction  6.2 The Realization of Number  6.3 Suffixation  6.4 Suppletion  6.5 Number Marking by Tone  6.6 n/g Alternation  6.7 The Bound Number/Aspect Marking Forms -t/-ɗ  6.8 Additional Suffixes  6.9 Number-Determined Suppletive Verb Forms  6.10 Reduplication  6.11 Number Words  6.12 Number and Agreement 7 The Verb and Predicate Structure  7.1 Introduction  7.2 Phonological Properties of Verb Roots  7.3 Morphological Properties 8 Adjectives  8.1 Introduction  8.2 Phonological Properties of Adjectives  8.3 Morphological Properties of Adjectives  8.4 Syntactic Properties  8.5 Semantic Properties  8.6 Summary 9 Valency Changing Operations  9.1 Introduction  9.2 Valency Decreasing Derivations  9.3 Valency-Increasing Derivations 10 Grammatical Relations  10.1 Introduction  10.2 Constituent Order  10.3 Case Markers  10.4 Adpositions  10.5 Verb-Final Suffix 11 Comparative Constructions  11.1 Introduction  11.2 Mono-clausal Comparative Construction  11.3 Phrasal plus Mono-clausal Construction  11.4 Bi-clausal Construction Type I  11.5 Bi-clausal Construction Type II  11.6 ɓá Construction  11.7 Other Types of Comparative Constructions  11.8 Equality Construction 12 Questions  12.1 Introduction  12.2 Content Questions  12.3 Non-interrogative Particles  12.4 Tag Questions  12.5 Polar Questions  12.6 Other Question Strategies 13 Negation  13.1 Introduction  13.2 Bound Negators  13.3 Negating a Copula Clause  13.4 Negative Existential Verb níŋɛ ‘Not Present’  13.5 Inherently Negative Verb ímág  13.6 Indefinite-Like Words  13.7 Interjection ɪmm ɪmm ‘no’  13.8 Tracing and Linking Negators 14 Clause Types, Clause Combining and Coordination  14.1 Introduction  14.2 Clause Types  14.3 Clause Coordination Appendix: Transcribed Texts Bibliography Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is the very first comprehensive description of the Arabic variety spoken in the South-Western Iranian province of Khuzestan. It contains a detailed description of its phonology and morphology with numerous examples and a collection of authentic texts presented in transcription with an English translation. The author uses a corpus-based method for the grammatical analysis relying on original data collected during fieldwork in Khuzestan as well as among other Khuzestani Arab communities in Kuwait and Austria. The introduction and text collection offer the reader insights into Khuzestani Arab culture and traditions. The book highlights the peripheral character of Khuzestani Arabic spoken as a minority dialect in Iran and isolated from influence by both Standard Arabic and regional prestige varieties. It also provides an in-depth description of the linguistic development of Ahvaz, Khuzestan’s capital city.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Tables, Maps and Figures Abbreviations Part 1 Introduction and General Classification of Khuzestani Arabic 1 Introduction  1.1 Area  1.2 History of Arabs and Arab Tribes in Khuzestan  1.3 Current Situation of the Arabs and of Arabic in Iran  1.4 Khuzestani Arabic and Cognate gələt-Type Arabic Dialects  1.5 Data, Methodology, Organization 2 General Classification and Internal Subdivisions of Khuzestani Arabic (KhA)  2.1 Classification of KhA—The Position of KhA among the Mesopotamian Arabic Dialects  2.2 Internal Subdivisions of KhA  2.3 Conclusion  2.4 Illustrations Part 2 Grammar 3 Phonology  3.1 Consonants  3.2 Vowels  3.3 Diphthongs  3.4 Emphasis  3.5 Syllable Structure  3.6 Stress  3.7 Phonotactics 4 Morphology  4.1 Pronouns  4.2 Quantifiers  4.3 Adverbs  4.4 Prepositions  4.5 Paradigms of Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes  4.6 māl Constructions and the Analytic Genitive  4.7 Conjunctions  4.8 Particles  4.9 Nouns  4.10 Numerals  4.11 Verbal Morphology 5 Texts  5.1 Ahvaz, Abu Khazʕal [A1]  5.2 Umm Saʕad [A10]  5.3 ʕArab (ʕazīb) [A12], Semi-Nomads References Index

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Book SynopsisDolgan is a severely endangered Turkic language spoken in the extreme north of the Russian Federation which has undergone noticeable substrate influence and thus exhibits grammatical structures differing from other Turkic languages. The grammar at hand is the first fully-fledged grammar of Dolgan in English language: It describes the Dolgan language system from an internal perspective basing on corpus data of natural Dolgan speech. It takes historical, comparative and typological perspectives, if applicable, but refrains from pertaining to a particular linguistic theory. Consequently, both Turcologists and general linguists can make use of it independently from their individual research question.Table of ContentsPreface Abbreviations List of Charts, Figures and Maps 1 Introduction  1.1 How to Read This Book  1.2 The Speakers of Dolgan  1.3 Historical and Ethnographical Background  1.4 Traditional Way of Life  1.5 The Language  1.6 Material and Data 2 Phonology and Phonetics  2.1 Vowel System  2.2 Consonant System  2.3 Phonotactics  2.4 Prosody  2.5 Morphonological Processes 3 Word Classes  3.1 Nouns  3.2 Adjectives  3.3 Pronouns  3.4 Numerals and Quantifiers  3.5 Verbs  3.6 Adverbs  3.7 Postpositions  3.8 Particles and Clitics  3.9 Interjections, Conversational Formulas and Onomatopoeia 4 Nominal Inflectional Morphology  4.1 Number  4.2 Case  4.3 Possession  4.4 Predicate Forms of Nominals 5 Pronominal Inflectional Morphology  5.1 Personal Pronouns  5.2 Other Pro-Forms 6 Verbal Inflectional Morphology  6.1 Verbal Stems  6.2 Sets of Personal Endings  6.3 Non-finite Verb Forms  6.4 Tense-Aspect Forms  6.5 Mood, Modality and Illocution  6.6 Evidentiality 7 Non-clausal Syntax  7.1 Noun Phrase  7.2 Adjective Phrase  7.3 Verb Phrase  7.4 Adpositional Phrase  7.5 Adverb Phrase 8 Clausal Syntax—Simple Clauses  8.1 Verbal Predication  8.2 Non-verbal Predication  8.3 Syntax of Adverbials  8.4 Non-declarative Clauses  8.5 Negation in Simple Clauses 9 Clausal Syntax—Complex Clauses  9.1 Clause Chaining  9.2 Coordination  9.3 Subordination 10 Discourse Organization  10.1 Word Order  10.2 Information Structure  10.3 Reference Tracking and Information Status  10.4 False Starts, Fillers and Placeholder Items  10.5 Direct and Indirect Speech 11 Lexicon  11.1 Semantic Fields  11.2 Loanwords 12 Derivational Processes  12.1 Nominal > Nominal  12.2 Verb > Nominal  12.3 Nominal > Verb  12.4 Verb > Verb 13 Sample Texts  13.1 Text 1: The Reindeer and the Mouse  13.2 Text 2: Dolgan Birth Customs  13.3 Text 3: Discussing the Correct Order  13.4 Text 4: We Hit the Road Again  13.5 Text 5: Khatanga’s School—90 Years 14 References Index

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Book SynopsisWhat you need to build your German lexicon as well as your confidence in communicating in the languageGerman Vocabulary Drills provides a thematic approach by presenting clusters of essential terms. These terms are reinforced by a variety of written exercises, from fill-in the blank to translations to matching games. In addition, unlike other vocabulary titles on the market, a companion flashcard app also incorporates the key vocabulary for study and practice on-the-go.Features: Clear presentation of more than 2,250 essential vocabulary terms More than 100 written exercises Access to a FREE companion flashcard app Table of Contents1. Places2. Describing places and things3. Nationalities and Professions4. Food5. Work6. Travel7. Shopping and cooking8. Entertainment9. Daily Routine10. Likes and dislikes11. Health12. School13. Office14. Vacations15. Relationships16. EmotionsEtc.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Basics of Conversational Spanish 1.1 Pronunciation 1.2 Syntax and Grammar 1.3 Verb Conjugation 1.4 Addressing the Patient: Tú versus Usted CHAPTER 2 Setting the Stage for the Clinical Encounter 2.1 General Greetings 2.2 Addressing the Patient 2.3 Provider's Introduction 2.4 Extended Introduction: Getting to Know the Patient 2.5 Setting the Agenda CHAPTER 3 History of the Present Illness 3.1 Basic Anatomy 3.2 Chief Complaint 3.3 History of the Present Illness CHAPTER 4 Past Medical History and Review of Systems 4.1 Past Medical History of Chronic Diseases 4.2 Past Medical History of Acute Diseases 4.3 Past Surgical History 4.4 Review of Systems CHAPTER 5 Medications and Drug Effects 5.1 Medication History 5.2 Allergy History 5.3 Medication Instructions 5.4 Drug Side Effects 5.5 Diabetes Medication CHAPTER 6 Family History 6.1 Naming Family Members 6.2 Talking about Family Life and Health 6.3 Family History CHAPTER 7 Social and Sexual History 7.1 Assuring the Patient of Confidentiality 7.2 Social History 7.3 Travel History and Special Exposures 7.4 Substance Use History 7.5 Sexual History 7.6 Review of Reproductive Systems CHAPTER 8 Mental Health and Cognition 8.1 General Mental Health 8.2 Spirituality and Health 8.3 Cognitive Assessment 8.4 Psychiatric History and Review of Systems CHAPTER 9 Preventive Health and Nutrition 9.1 Access to Preventive Medical Care 9.2 Preventive Routine Screening Tests 9.3 Adult Immunization History 9.4 Exercise and Adult Health Safety Screening 9.5 Diet History 9.6 Body Mass Index, Special Diets, and Recommendations CHAPTER 10 Pediatrics 10.1 Addressing the Pediatric Patient 10.2 Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal History 10.3 Developmental History 10.4 Pediatric Safety 10.5 Immunization History 10.6 Infant Diet 10.7 Common Pediatric Illnesses CHAPTER 11 Physical Examination 11.1 General Physical Examination 11.2 Specialized Physical Examination 11.3 Physical Findings CHAPTER 12 Procedures and Informed Consent 12.1 Informed Consent 12.2 Discussing Common Procedures 12.3 Discussing Emergent Procedures 12.4 Advanced Directives CHAPTER 13 Impression and Plan 13.1 Physician's Impression 13.2 Plan of Care: Additional Testing 13.3 Plan of Care: Treatment and Follow-up 13.4 Discussing Test Results 13.5 Delivering Bad News 13.6 System-Based Summary of Impression and Plan 13.7 Concluding the Visit CHAPTER 14 Knowing your Limitations: When and How to Use a Medical Interpreter 14.1 When to Use a Medical Interpreter 14.2 Types of Medical Interpretation 14.3 Working Effectively with a Medical Interpreter APPENDIX Abbreviated Spanish Medical Interview Guide Extended Spanish Medical Interview Guide ANSWER KEY BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisMedia Persian gives learners the relevant contemporary expressions, jargon and new coinages to express modern concepts across broad areas of interest such as the media, the internet, law and business.Trade ReviewA useful introduction to the specialized Persian vocabulary of the modern media. -- Professor W. M. Thackston, author of An Introduction to Persian A useful introduction to the specialized Persian vocabulary of the modern media.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. General; 2. Politics and Government; 3. Elections; 4. Conflict and Security; 5. Law and Order; 6. Human Rights; 7. Economics; 8. Trade and Industry; 9. Science and Technology; 10. Energy; 11. Environment; 12. Aid and Development; 13. Culture and Sport.

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Book SynopsisMedia Persian gives learners the relevant contemporary expressions, jargon and new coinages to express modern concepts across broad areas of interest such as the media, the internet, law and business.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. General; 2. Politics and Government; 3. Elections; 4. Conflict and Security; 5. Law and Order; 6. Human Rights; 7. Economics; 8. Trade and Industry; 9. Science and Technology; 10. Energy; 11. Environment; 12. Aid and Development; 13. Culture and Sport.

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Book SynopsisThis is a thoroughly revised edition of Integrated Korean: Intermediate 2, the fourth volume of the best-selling series developed collaboratively by leading classroom teachers and linguists of Korean. All the seriesâ volumes have been developed in accordance with performance-based principles and methodologyâcontextualization, learner-centeredness, use of authentic materials, usage-orientedness, balance between skill getting and skill using, and integration of speaking, listening, reading, writing, and culture. Grammar points are systematically introduced in simple but adequate explanations and abundant examples and exercises. Each situation/topic-based lesson of the main texts consists of model dialogues, narration, new words and expressions, vocabulary notes, culture, grammar, usage, and English translation of dialogues. In response to comments from hundreds of students and instructors of the first edition, this new edition features a more attractive two-colour design with all new pho

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Trade Review"Martin Edwardes has written a knowledgeable and thoughtful book on the origins of grammar. I am happy to say that Edwardes' book complements my own book of the same title, taking a similar view on central issues such as the importance of meaning, of social interaction and a gradualist view of evolution. Valuably, Edwardes approaches the topic from an anthropological viewpoint, as his subtitle makes clear. Together, both books offer innovative and thorough coverage of the field. " -- James R. Hurford, Professor (Emeritus), University of Edinburgh, Scotland"Martin Edwardes has written a wonderfully clear book that sets out the central issues in linguistics that are pertinent to the evolution of grammar and brings them into contact with psychological and anthropological concerns. The style is accessible and will meet a broad audience but the thesis will set academics thinking, arguing and reaching for their pens." -- Tom Dickins, Reader in the School of Psychology, University of East London, UK ... a very useful primer on many issues in evolutionary anthropology for readers with little previous knowledge of the subfields... it is a valuable work. -- Journal of the Royal Astronomical Institute Issue 17:4Table of ContentsPart I: Making The Case \ 1. Why All the Fuss? \ 2. The Story So Far \ Part II: Looking at Grammar \ 3. The Heavy Hand of Generative Linguistics \ 4. Grammar Without Tiers \ 5. It's All in the Mind \ Part III: Looking at People \ 6. Being Human \ 7. The Weirdness of Self \ Part IV: A Speculation on Evolution \ 8. How Did We Come to Be Human? \ 9. How Did We Come to Use Language? \ Part V: Uncovering the Evidence \ 10. Animals: what nonhumans tell us about being human \ 11. Children: what human development tells us about being human \ 12. Temporality: what our understanding of time tells us about being human \ Part VI: Conclusions \ 13. What Are the Universals of Grammar \ 14. The Evolution of Grammar: what should we look for? \ Bibliography \ Index

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Book SynopsisFew people can write with as much authority on the English language as Bryan A. Garner. The author of The Chicago Manual of Style s popular Grammar and Usage chapter, Garner is adept at explaining the vagaries of English with absolute precision and utmost clarity. With The Chicago Guide to English Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, he has written the definitive guide for writers who want their prose to be both memorable and correct. Throughout the book Garner describes standard literary English the forms that mark writers and speakers as educated users of the language. He also offers historical context for understanding the development of these forms. The section on grammar explains how the canonical parts of speech came to be identified, while the section on syntax covers the nuances of sentence patterns as well as both traditional sentence diagramming and transformational grammar. The usage section offers an unprecedented trove of empirical evidence in the form of Google Ngrams, diagrams that illustrate the changing prevalence of specific terms over decades and even centuries of English literature. The book also covers punctuation and word formation, concluding with an exhaustive glossary of grammatical terms and a bibliography of suggested further reading and references. The Chicago Guide to English Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation is a magisterial work, the culmination of Garner s life-long study of the English language. The result is a landmark resource that will offer clear guidelines to students, writers, and editors alikeTrade ReviewGarner is the greatest writer on grammar and usage that this country has ever produced. This book will be an instant classic. --David Yerkes, Columbia University"

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Book SynopsisThis history of legal language slices through the polysyllabic thicket of legalese. The text shows to what extent legalese is simply a product of its past and demonstrates that arcane vocabulary is not an inevitable feature of our legal system.

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Book SynopsisThis reference guide provides comprehensive information on how the Spanish language is copyedited for publication.Trade Review"The importance of this book ... is indisputable... Its usefulness will apply to an audience far beyond students of Spanish; it will, in fact, become a companion text, like the MLA Style Manual, to a larger audience of users running the gamut from bilingual writers, i.e., fiction writers and journalists, to editors who are unsure about proper usage." --Dick Gerdes, Professor and Chair of Modern and Classical Languages, George Mason UniversityTable of Contents Preface Punctuation Spelling and Word Division Spelling Rules and Variations Accents Prefixes Word Divisions Gender and Number Forms Gender Number Word Formation Affective Suffixes and Spelling Changes Compound Words Prefixes and Suffixes Capitalization General Rules Calendar and Time Designations Religious Names Titles of Publications Titles of Persons Professions and Occupations Terminology Geographical Terms Names of Organizations Historical Terms Citation of Books, Periodicals, and Other Works Monographs Periodicals Book Chapters Bibliography Preparation Abbreviations Appendix 1. Anonymous Spanish Classics Appendix 2. Latin Authors Appendix 3. Greek Authors Appendix 4. Latin Expressions Appendix 5. Literary and Dramaturgical Terminology Appendix 6. Linguistic Terminology Appendix 7. Common Biblical Allusions and References Appendix 8. Common Classical Allusions and References Appendix 9. Common Literary Allusions and References A Dictionary of Spanish Grammatical and Lexical Doubts Bibliography of Special Terminology Bibliographical References Index

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Book SynopsisMunsee Delaware, an Eastern Algonquian language, is spoken by a small and steadily declining number of individuals. The Delaware-speaking peoples originally lived in the area of what is now New York City, adjacent regions of New York State, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Today, a small number of speakers of the closely related Unami Delaware language are located in Oklahoma, and, of the three sites where Munsee Delaware was the predominant Delaware language spoken in Canada, only Moraviantown, Ontario, has surviving speakers.Based on linguistic research carried out with Delaware speakers at Moraviantown, this is the first modern dictionary of Munsee Delaware. Each of the 7,100 entries in the Delaware-English section includes information on the word''s grammatical category and gives examples of different inflected forms where appropriate. Also included are sample sentences used by Delaware speakers, grammatical and usage notes, cross-references, and indications of worTrade Review'The author, a linguist, has produced an exceptional work, easy to use and beautifully produced, that will appeal to various audiences - linguists, Delaware people, culture historians, and anyone interested in American Indian languages.' -- D.R. Parks Choice 'In short, O'Meara's Delaware dictionary is the product of many years of dedicated and painstaking research, as well as the most recent example of an increasingly sophisticated Algonquian lexicographical tradition. It is designed with all potential users in mind, whether academic or Native. We are very fortunate to have it.' -- Paul Proulx, National Coalition of Independent Scholars Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 'This work is an outstanding addition to the rapidly growing list of Algonquian language dictionaries that have appeared in the last few years ... We are all deeply indebted to O'Meara for his valiant and painstaking efforts to capture so much of this language before it comes to its untimely end as it sadly seems destined to do.' -- Marc Picard Language '[This dictionary] belongs on the shelf of every Algonquianist and in the hands of everyone who cares about the Delaware language.' -- Anthony P. Grant International Journal of American Linguistics

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Book SynopsisPublished through the Recovering Languages and Literacies of the Americas initiative, supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. A Native American language formerly spoken in hundreds of communities in the interior of California, Patwin (also known as Wintun T'ewe) is now spoken by a small but growing number of language revitalizationists and their students. A Grammar of Patwin brings together two hundred years of word lists, notebooks, audio recordings, and manuscripts from archives across the United States and synthesizes this scattered collection into the first published description of the Patwin language. This book shines a light on the knowledge of past speakers and researchers with a clear and well-organized description supported by ample archival evidence. Lewis C. Lawyer addresses the full range of grammatical structure with chapters on phonetics, phonology, nominals, nominal modifiers, spatial terms, verbs, and clauses. At every level of grammTrade Review"Lawyer's grammar of Patwin is an excellent work and an important new resource in that it takes diverse documentation from numerous scholars collected over approximately two centuries and creates a clear, concise, yet also in-depth description, which maintains the rich variation present across Patwin dialects while also remaining accessible to both the scholarly community and those outside of it. This grammar is also of significance and importance to those working to study and revitalize the Patwin language."—Uldis Balodis, Linguistic Typology"This is an incredibly complex study of the grammatical structure of a language that has not been studied with this degree of detail before. It is rare to find any grammar book that pushes beyond repeating what previous grammar textbooks have already stated. Thus, specialists in rare languages, and in particular of Patwin will greatly benefit from having it in their libraries or borrowing it from an academic library to further their relevant research."—Anna Faktorovich, Pennsylvania Literary Journal“This work is a model of the kind of scrupulous philological methodology that must be brought to bear on such projects. In addition to successfully adding Patwin to the canon of linguistically well-described California languages, it also serves as a model for the kind of methodology that will have to be employed on ever-increasing numbers of other Native North American languages that are no longer spoken, languages which are extensively documented in archival sources but not yet competently or comprehensively described.”—David J. Costa, author of The Miami-Illinois LanguageTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Alphabetical List of Morphemes 1. Background 1.1. The Patwin Language 1.2. Materials 1.3. Grammaticography 1.4. Orthography and Formatting 2. Phonemics and Phonetics 2.1. Phoneme Inventory 2.2. Minimal Pairs 2.3. Detailed Phonetic and Phonemic Descriptions 2.4. Stress and Intonation 3. Phonology 3.1. Phonotactics 3.2. The Syllable 3.3. Words and Stems 3.4. Stress Assignment and Syllable Weights 3.5. Segmental Phenomena 3.6. Reduplication 3.7. Loanwords 4. Nominals and Nominal Morphology 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Nouns 4.3. Kinship Terms 4.4. Nominalized Verbs 4.5. Number Marking 4.6. Case Marking 4.7. Absolutive Suffix 4.8. Vocatives 4.9. Order of Morphemes 4.10. Verbalization 4.11. Compound Constructions 5. Pronouns 5.1. Tables of Forms 5.2. Roots 5.3. Suffixes 5.4. Verbalization 5.5. In-Law Address Forms 5.6. Doubled Pronouns 6. Nominal Modifiers and the Noun Phrase 6.1. Pronouns as Modifiers 6.2. Adjectives 6.3. Numerals 6.4. Quantifiers 6.5. Relative Clauses 6.6. Nominal Coordination 6.7. Headless and Discontinuous Noun Phrases 7. Directionals and Cardinals 7.1. Directionals 7.2. Cardinals 8. The Verb and Verbal Morphology 8.1. The Verb Stem 8.2. Verbal Suffixes 8.3. Event and Participant Plurality 8.4. Nominalization 8.5. Verb Compounding 8.6. Citation Forms 9. The Clause 9.1. Auxiliary Verbs 9.2. Particles 9.3. Subordinate Clauses 9.4. Negation 9.5. Comparative Constructions 9.6. Clause Coordination with Connector /=ʔu/ ‘CONN’ Appendix: Attested Pronouns by Dialect A.1. Tables of Attested Pronouns by Dialect A.2. Discussion of Pronoun Data Notes References

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Book SynopsisWhat do we know about reading comprehension and what do we need to know in order to improve it and help all students become confident readers? This urgently needed research volume is the only cohesive, up-to-date compendium of knowledge about the behavioural, neurobiological, and genetic components of reading comprehension. More than 40 top researchers from multiple disciplines present the latest findings on comprehension, covering theory and science, effective instruction and intervention, and priorities for future research that will move the field forward.

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Book SynopsisThe Briefest English Grammar and Punctuation Guide Ever! is the bestselling book that will teach you all the basics of using the English language.It clearly and simply explains how language works and functions and makes understanding punctuation easy. The Briefest English Grammar and Punctuation Guide Ever! will help you sort out your verbs from your nouns and your adjectives from your adverbs, and whether a comma should go before or after a word or when to start a new sentence.This easy-to-understand guide is a must-read for all.

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Book SynopsisNeo-Firthian theories — which include Systemic Functional Linguistics and its congeners — have, unlike other functionally oriented theories, engaged minimally with linguistic typology and have made little impact on the wider discipline. This book offers a programmatic and Neo-Firthian informed typological investigation that points to potential mutual enrichments of linguistic typology and Neo-Firthian theories. On the one hand, this book identifies the inadequacies of the dominant ‘atheoretical’ approaches to linguistic typology, and shows how these can be circumvented through a firm foundation in a Neo-Firthian theoretical framework. On the other hand, it contends that Neo-Firthian approaches must take typology seriously as a criterion of theoretical adequacy, and be able to account for the full range of grammatical phenomena and their variation across languages, as well as those features that are universal. Case studies illustrate this argument through a selection of grammatical phenomena — in particular, grammatical relations, the noun phrase, complex sentence constructions, optional case marking and grammatical classification. This book will be of interest to typologists, and well as to linguistics working within Systemic Functional Linguistics and other functional theories.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 2 Grammatical Relations and Transitivity 3 The Noun Phrase 4 Complex Sentence Constructions 5 Optional Case Marking 6 Verb Classification 7 Conclusions

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Book SynopsisNeo-Firthian theories — which include Systemic Functional Linguistics and its congeners — have, unlike other functionally oriented theories, engaged minimally with linguistic typology and have made little impact on the wider discipline. This book offers a programmatic and Neo-Firthian informed typological investigation that points to potential mutual enrichments of linguistic typology and Neo-Firthian theories. On the one hand, this book identifies the inadequacies of the dominant ‘atheoretical’ approaches to linguistic typology, and shows how these can be circumvented through a firm foundation in a Neo-Firthian theoretical framework. On the other hand, it contends that Neo-Firthian approaches must take typology seriously as a criterion of theoretical adequacy, and be able to account for the full range of grammatical phenomena and their variation across languages, as well as those features that are universal. Case studies illustrate this argument through a selection of grammatical phenomena — in particular, grammatical relations, the noun phrase, complex sentence constructions, optional case marking and grammatical classification. This book will be of interest to typologists, and well as to linguistics working within Systemic Functional Linguistics and other functional theories.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 2 Grammatical Relations and Transitivity 3 The Noun Phrase 4 Complex Sentence Constructions 5 Optional Case Marking 6 Verb Classification 7 Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThe Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage is the first attempt for over four hundred years to provide an authentic record of current English from the Caribbean archipelago, Guyana and Belize. Drawing its data from a broad range of enquiry through teacher workshops in 22 territories in 18 states, from speech recordings and over 1,000 written sources of Caribbean literature, reference works, magazines, pamphlets and newspapers, the Dictionary surveys a range of over 20,000 words and phrases and includes hundreds of illustrative citations. With a specially designed system of labeling, the Dictionary offers maximum levels of clarity and accessibility Providing four levels of identification from Creole to Formal, and with labels to denote social or grammatical register, it also gives particular focus to Indic and French Creole loan-words. Etymological and Usage Notes are included, as well as a short supplement listing Caribbean French and Spanish equivalents to Caribbean English items selected from the main work. Covering as it does a large number of independent and non-contiguous states, the Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage is not only an instrument of education wherever Caribbean.Trade Review"a splendid book."-Frederic G. Cassidy; This is a work by a man who relishes language for its own sake and who uses it with gusto."-Ian Hancock, The University of Texas at Austin"

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