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Book SynopsisIn 1999-2000, VoIP (Voice-over-IP) telephony was one of the successful buzzwords of the telecom bubble era. However, in 2001-2003, VoIP faced a very tough reality check. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the issues to solve in order to deploy global revenue-generating effective "multimedia" services.Table of ContentsGlossary. List of Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The rebirth of VoIP. 1.2 Why beyond VoIP protocols? 1.3 Scope of this book. 1.4 Intended audience. 1.5 Conclusion. 1.6 References. 2. Introduction to Speech-coding Techniques. 2.1 A primer on digital signal processing. 2.2 The basic tools of digital signal processing. 2.3 Overview of speech signals. 2.4 Advanced voice coder algorithms. 2.5 Waveform coders. ADPCM ITU-T G.726. 2.6 Hybrids and analysis by synthesis (ABS) speech coders. 2.7 Codebook-excited linear predictive (CELP) coders. 2.8 Quality of speech coders. 2.9 Conclusion on speech-coding techniques and their near future. 2.10 References. 2.11 Annexes. 3. Voice Quality. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reference VoIP media path. 3.3 Echo in a telephone network. 3.4 Delay. 3.5 Acceptability of a phone call with echo and delay. 3.6 Conclusion. 3.7 Standards. 4. Quality of Service. 4.1 Introduction: What is QoS? 4.2 Describing a data stream. 4.3 Queuing techniques for QoS. 4.4 Signaling QoS requirements. 4.5 The CableLabs® PacketCableTM quality-of-service specification: DQoS. 4.6 Improving QoS in the best effort class. 4.7 Issues with slow links. 4.8 Conclusion. 4.9 References. 4.10 Packet size annex. 5. Network Dimensioning. 5.1 Simple compressed voice flow model. 5.2 Building a network dedicated to IP telephony. 5.3 Merging data communications and voice communications on one common IP backbone. 5.4 Multipoint communications. 5.5 Modeling call seizures. 5.6 Conclusion. 5.7 References. 6. IP Multicast Routing. 6.1 Introduction . 6.2 When to use multicast routing. 6.3 The multicast framework. 6.4 Controling scope in multicast applications. 6.5 Building the multicast delivery tree. 6.6 Multicast-routing protocols. 6.7 The mBone. 6.8 MULTICAST issues on non-broadcast media. 6.9 Conclusion. 6.10 References . Index.

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Book SynopsisFinally a comprehensive overview of speech quality in VoIP from the user''s perspective! Speech Quality of VoIP is an essential guide to assessing the speech quality of VoIP networks, whilst addressing the implications for the design of VoIP networks and systems. This book bridges the gap between the technical network-world and the psychoacoustic world of quality perception. Alexander Raake's unique perspectivecombines awareness of the technical characteristics of VoIP networks and original research concerning the perception of speech transmitted across them. Starting from the network designer's point of view, the different characteristics of the network are addressed, and then linked to features perceived by users. This book provides an overview of the available knowledge on the principal, relevant aspects of speech and speech quality perception, of speech quality assessment, and of transmission properties of telephone and VoIP networks, and of the related percTable of ContentsPreface. List of Abbreviations. Introduction. 1 Speech Quality in Telephony. 1.1 Speech. 1.2 Speech Quality. 2 Speech Quality Measurement Methods. 2.1 Auditory Methods. 2.2 Instrumental Methods. 2.3 Speech Quality Measurement Methods: Summary. 3 Quality Elements and Quality Features of VoIP. 3.1 Speech Transmission Using Internet Protocol. 3.2 Overview of Quality Elements. 3.3 Quality Elements and Related Features. 3.4 Quality Dimensions. 3.5 Combined Elements and Combined Features. 3.6 Listening and Conversational Features. 3.7 Desired Nature. 3.8 Open Questions. 3.9 From Elements to Features: Modeling VoIP Speech Quality. 3.10 Quality Elements and Quality Features of VoIP: Summary. 4 Time-Varying Distortion: Quality Features and Modeling. 4.1 Microscopic Loss Behavior. 4.2 Macroscopic Loss Behavior. 4.3 Interactivity. 4.4 Packet Loss and Combined Impairments. 4.5 Time-Varying Distortion: Summary. 5 Wideband Speech, Linear and Non Linear Distortion: Quality Features and Modeling. 5.1 Wideband Speech: Improvement Over Narrowband. 5.2 Bandpass-Filtered Speech. 5.3 Wideband Codecs. 5.4 Desired Nature. 6 From Elements to Features: Extensions of the E-model. 6.1 E-model: Packet Loss. 6.2 E-model: Additivity. 6.3 E-model: Wideband, Linear and Non-Linear Distortion. 7 Summary and Conclusions. 8 Outlook. A Aspects of a Parametric Description of Time-Varying Distortion. B Simulation of Quality Elements. C Frequency Responses. D Test Data Normalization and Transformation. E E-model Algorithm. F Interactive Short Conversation Test Scenarios (iSCTs). G Auditory Test Settings and Results. H Modeling Details. I Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisBridge data and voice with Asterisk! Create and maintain an economical Asterisk phone system from scratch Asterisk is the open-source PBX software that offers you the chance to save real money on your voice communications.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction. Part I: Introducing . . . ASTERISK! Chapter 1: Evaluating the Possibilities with Asterisk. Chapter 2: Installing Asterisk. Chapter 3: Installing AsteriskNOW. Chapter 4: Configuring the Hardware. Part II: Using Dialplans — the Building Blocks of Asterisk. Chapter 5: Comprehending Dialplan Syntax. Chapter 6: Adding Features to Dialplans. Chapter 7: Building Dialplan Infrastructure. Chapter 8: Operating the AsteriskNOW GUI. Chapter 9: Utilizing VoIP Codecs. Part III: Maintaining Your Phone Service with Asterisk. Chapter 10: Troubleshooting VoIP Calls with Packet Captures. Chapter 11: Maintaining Your Telecom Services. Chapter 12: Addressing Call-Quality Concerns and Completion Issues. Chapter 13: Handling Dedicated Digital Troubles. Chapter 14: Managing Asterisk for Peak Capacity. Chapter 15: Providing Long-Term Health for Your Asterisk Switch. Part IV: The Part of Tens. Chapter 16: Ten Things You Should Never Do with Asterisk. Chapter 17: Ten Fun Things to Do with Your Asterisk. Chapter 18: Ten Places to Go for Help. Part V: Appendixes. Appendix A: Visualizing the Dialplan. Appendix B: VoIP Basics. Appendix C: Understanding Basic Linux. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis work presents the economics, volume practicalities, and the technical and operational aspects of planning and maintaining fixed wireless access networks.Trade Review"This reference for students and professionals covers the design, operation, and maintenance of fixed wireless access and wireless local loop networks." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiPart I Fundamentals of Fixed Wireless 11. The Case for Fixed Wireless Networks 3 2. Radio Communication, The Radio Spectrum and it’s Management 23 3. Point-to-Point (PTP) and Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) Wireless Systems & Antennas 41 4. Radio Modulation 57 5. Multiple Access Schemes for Point-to-Multipoint Operation 69 Part II system and Network Design 79 6. Basic Radio System Design and Functionality 81 7. Radio Propagation, System Range, Reliability and Availability 115 8. Radio Path and Radio Network Planning Considerations 139 9. Radio Network Frequency Planning 161 Part III Applications and Network Integration 195 10. Radio Applications and Network Integration 195 11. Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 227 12. Backbone, Backhaul and High Capacity Access Radio Systems 247 13. Data Networks and Radio 267 14. Broadband Wireless Access 283 15. Radio System Installation 301 16. Operation and Management of Wireless Access Networks 319 Appendices Appendix 1 Radio Bands and Channel Rasters for Fixed Wireless Systems 337 Appendix 2 ETSI Radio Specifications for Fixed Wireless 343 Appendix 3 IEEE Publications and FCC Standards 347 Appendix 4 Waveguide Specifications 349 Appendix 5 Coaxial Cable Waveguides (RG-Nomenclature) 351 Appendix 6 Forward Error Correction Codes 353 Appendix 7 Wireless propagation, Frequency Re-use, Design and Operations 359 Appendix 8 world Climate Zones and their Precipitation Characteristics 373 Appendix 9 Rainfall Attenuation Prediction Model 379 Appendix 10 Safety, Environmental and EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) Standards Relevant to Fixed Wireless 381 Appendix 11 Radio Spectrum Charges for PTP and PMP System Operations 383 Appendix 12 Radio Regulations Agencies 385 Glossary of Terms 389 Bibliography 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisA A well--written, innovative book, which makes an important contribution to current debates about the role of communication technology in society. A Based upon his own case studies, Hutchby shows how human conversation is being shaped by technological media such as the telephone, the Internet and video--conferencing.Trade Review"'Postmodern babble has done little to help us understand how contemporary communication technologies have changed our world. This book fills a crucial gap in our knowledge by sticking to a focus on how ordinary people actually interact with these technologies. Using the insights of conversation analysis in an easy to understand way, this impressive volume will be required reading for students of work, technology, organizations and cultural studies." David Silverman, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Goldsmiths' College, London Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction: Technologies for Communication. Chapter 2: The Communicative Affordances of Technological Artifacts. Chapter 3: Communication as Computation?. Chapter 4: Talk in Interaction. Chapter 5: The Telephone: Technology of Sociability. Chapter 6: Telephone Interaction and Social Identity. Chapter 7: Technological Mediation and Asymmetrical Interaction. Chapter 8: Computers, Humans, Conversation. Chapter 9: Virtual Conversation. Chapter 10: Conclusion: A Reversion to the Real?. Appendix: Transcription Conventions. Bibliography. Index

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Book SynopsisPut your phone system on your computer network and see the savings See how to get started with VoIP, how it works, and why it saves you money VoIP is techspeak for "voice over Internet protocol," but it could spell "saving big bucks" for your business! Here's where to get the scoop in plain English.Table of ContentsForeword xxi Introduction 1 Part I: VoIP Basics 9 Chapter 1: Getting Down to Business with VoIP 11 Chapter 2: VoIP: Not Your Father’s Telephone Service 21 Chapter 3: Everything You Need to Know About Charges 41 Part II: Taking VoIP to Your Network 61 Chapter 4: Road Map to VoIP Transports and Services 63 Chapter 5: Getting Switched 81 Chapter 6: Going Broadband 93 Chapter 7: We’re Dedicated 105 Chapter 8: Going Wireless 119 Chapter 9: Using VoIP on the Internet 129 Chapter 10: Telephones and VoIP 141 Part III: Making the Move to VoIP 153 Chapter 11: Simplifying Cost Management 155 Chapter 12: Locations Galore 173 Chapter 13: Setting Up the Smaller Office 187 Chapter 14: Providing Dollars and Support for VoIP 199 Part IV: The Part of Tens 209 Chapter 15: Ten Reasons Why Your Company Should Switch to VoIP 211 Chapter 16: Ten Reasons Why You Should Switch to VoIP at Home 217 Chapter 17: Ten VoIP Myths 221 Chapter 18: Ten VoIP Manufacturers 227 Part V: Appendixes 233 Appendix A: VoIP Providers 235 Appendix B: Glossary 239 Index 259

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Book SynopsisDesigned for a single-semester course, this concise and approachable text covers all of the essential concepts needed to understand modern communications systems. Balancing theory with practical implementation, it presents key ideas as a chain of functions for a transmitter and receiver, covering topics such as amplification, up- and down-conversion, modulation, dispersive channel compensation, error-correcting codes, acquisition, multiple-antenna and multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, and higher level communications functions. Analog modulations are also presented, and all of the basic and advanced mathematics, statistics, and Fourier theory needed to understand the concepts covered is included. Supported online with PowerPoint slides, a solutions manual, and additional MATLAB-based simulation problems, it is ideal for a first course in communications for senior undergraduate and graduate students.Trade Review'… strikes an elegant balance between fundamental concepts, their applications, and the depth of explanation. It's the kind of book that you want to hand to all beginners in wireless.' Ashutosh Sabharwal, Rice University'… an ideal introduction to modern communications systems. Theoretical principles and practical considerations are presented in an integrated fashion, and the material is introduced in an intuitive manner with a logical progression of ideas, making this the perfect text for a beginner with an interest in pursuing serious study of modern communications systems. This book should be on the required or recommended text list of all introductory communications courses!' Siddhartan Govindasamy, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Communications Systems: 1. Notation; 2. Basic radio; 3. Fundamental limits on communications; 4. Amplifiers and noise; 5. Up- and down-conversion; 6. Modulation and demodulation; 7. Dispersive channels; 8. Error-correcting codes; 9. Acquisition and synchronization; 10. Radio duplex, access, and networks; 11. Multiple-antenna and multiple-Input multiple-output communications; 12. Analog radio systems; Part II. Mathematical Background: 13. Useful mathematics; 14. Probability and statistics; 15. Fourier analysis; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces digital mobile communications with an emphasis on digital transmission methods This book presents mathematical analyses of signals, mobile radio channels, and digital modulation methods. The new edition covers the evolution of wireless communications technologies and systems. The major new topics are OFDM (orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing), MIMO (multi-input multi-output) systems, frequency-domain equalization, the turbo codes, LDPC (low density parity check code), ACELP (algebraic code excited linear predictive) voice coding, dynamic scheduling for wireless packet data transmission and nonlinearity compensating digital pre-distorter amplifiers. The new systems using the above mentioned technologies include the second generation evolution systems, the third generation systems with their evolution systems, LTE and LTE-advanced systems, and advanced wireless local area network systems. The second edition of Digital Mobile Communication:Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Digital Mobile Radio Communication System 1 1.2 The Purpose of Digitization of Mobile Radio Communications 5 1.2.1 Data Communication 5 1.2.2 Voice Scrambling 6 1.2.3 Spectrum Efficiency 6 1.2.4 System Cost 7 2 Signal and Systems 9 2.1 Signal Analysis 9 2.1.1 Delta Function 9 2.1.2 Fourier Analysis 15 2.1.3 Signals 26 2.1.4 Digital Signals 31 2.1.5 Modulated Signals 34 2.1.6 The Equivalent Base‐Band Complex Expression 36 2.2 Noise Analysis 37 2.2.1 Noise in Communication System 37 2.2.2 Statistics of Noise 39 2.2.3 Power Spectral Density of Noise 42 2.2.4 Autocorrelation Function of Filtered Noise 43 2.2.5 Bandpass Noise 44 2.2.6 Envelope and Phase of a Sinusoidal Signal in Bandpass Noise 48 2.2.7 Generation of Correlated Noises and its Probability Density Function 49 2.2.8 Sums of Random Variables and the Central Limit Theorem 51 2.3 Linear System 55 2.3.1 Linear Time‐Invariant System 55 2.3.2 Response of Linear System 55 2.3.3 System Description with Differential Equations 63 2.3.4 Examples of Linear Systems 66 2.4 Discrete‐time System 75 2.4.1 Sampling and the Sampling Theorem 75 2.4.2 The Energy, Power, and Correlation of Discrete-Time Signals 78 2.4.3 The Fourier Transform of Discrete‐Time Signals 79 2.4.4 Response of Discrete‐Time System 85 2.4.5 Description with Difference Equation 92 2.4.6 Digital Filter 94 2.4.7 Downsampling, Upsampling, and Subsampling 98 2.4.8 Inverse Circuit 101 2.4.9 Window Function 101 2.4.10 Discrete Fourier Transform 102 2.4.11 The Fast Fourier Transform 106 2.5 Optimization and Adaptive Signal Processing 108 2.5.1 Solution of Optimization Problem 108 2.5.2 Adaptive Signal Processing 112 Appendix 2.A limΩ→∞ (sinΩt/πt) = δ (t) 124 Appendix 2.B Conditions for a Test Function for the Delta Function, limT , Ω→∞ ⌠TƐ g(t) (sinΩtdt)=0 125 Appendix 2.C Formulae for the Trigonometric Functions 126 References 126 3 The Elements of Digital Communication System 127 3.1 Pulse Shaping 127 3.1.1 Nyquist’s First Criterion 128 3.1.2 Nyquist’s Second Criterion 132 3.1.3 Nyquist’s Third Criterion 134 3.1.4 Other Pulse‐Shaping Methods 135 3.2 Line Coding 137 3.2.1 Unipolar (On–Off) Code and Polar Codes 137 3.2.2 Multilevel Codes 137 3.2.3 The Gray Codes 138 3.2.4 Manchester (Split‐Phase) Code 139 3.2.5 Synchronized Frequency Shift Keying Code 141 3.2.6 Correlative Coding 141 3.2.7 Differential Encoding 148 3.3 Signal Detection 149 3.3.1 C/N, S/N, and Eb/N0 149 3.3.2 Bit Error Rate 150 3.3.3 NRZ Signaling with Integrate‐and‐Dump Filter Detection 156 3.3.4 Nyquist‐I Signaling System 157 3.3.5 The Matched Filter 157 3.3.6 Joint Optimization of the Transmit and the Receive Filters 162 3.3.7 The Optimum Receiver 164 3.3.8 The Maximum‐Likelihood Receiver and the Viterbi Algorithm 170 3.3.9 The Optimum Receiver for Signals without Intersymbol Interference 174 3.4 Synchronization 175 3.4.1 Symbol Timing Recovery 175 3.4.2 Frame Synchronization 176 3.5 Scrambling 177 3.6 Public Key Cryptosystem 180 3.7 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 182 3.8 The Channel Capacity 183 Appendix 3.A Fermat’s Theorem and the Chinese Remainder Theorem 185 References 187 4 Mobile Radio Channels 189 4.1 Path Loss 190 4.2 Shadowing 193 4.3 Fast Fading 193 4.3.1 RF Power Spectrum Spread due to Fast Fading 195 4.3.2 Correlations Between the In‐phase and Quadrature Components 196 4.3.3 Correlation of the Envelope 197 4.3.4 Spatial Correlation of the Envelope 198 4.3.5 Random Frequency Modulation 198 4.4 Delay Spread and Frequency‐Selective Fading 200 4.4.1 Coherence Bandwidth 202 4.4.2 Frequency‐Selective Fading 203 4.5 The Near–Far Problem 204 4.6 Cochannel Interference 205 4.6.1 Rayleigh Fading 206 4.6.2 Shadowing 206 4.6.3 Combined Fading and Shadowing 207 4.6.4 Discussion 207 4.7 Receive Power Distribution and Radio Channel Design 207 4.7.1 Receive Power Distribution 209 4.7.2 Channel Link Design 210 Appendix 4.A Propagation Loss Formula 214 Appendix 4.B Interference Probability under Shadowing 216 Appendix 4.C Interference Probability under Combined Fading and Shadowing 217 References 217 5 Elements of Digital Modulation 219 5.1 Digitally Modulated Signals 219 5.2 Linear Modulation Versus Constant Envelope Modulation 220 5.3 Digital Modulations 221 5.3.1 Phase Shift Keying 221 5.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying 226 5.3.3 Constant Envelope PSK 228 5.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 229 5.4 Power Spectral Density of Digitally Modulated Signals 229 5.4.1 Linear Modulation 231 5.4.2 Digital FM 231 5.5 Demodulation 233 5.5.1 Coherent Detection 233 5.5.2 Envelope Detection 245 5.5.3 Differential Detection 246 5.5.4 Frequency Discriminator Detection 250 5.5.5 Error Rates in Fading Channels 264 5.6 Computer Simulation of Transmission Systems 270 Appendix 5.A Distortion of Modulated Signal Applied to a Nonlinear Circuit 275 Appendix 5.B Derivation of the Expected Gaussian Noise Power for Frequency Discriminator 276 Appendix 5.C M–Sequence Generator 277 References 278 6 Digital Modulation/Demodulation for Mobile Radio Communication 281 6.1 Digital Modulation for Analog FM Mobile Radio Systems 282 6.2 Constant Envelope Modulation 282 6.2.1 MSK 283 6.2.2 Partial‐Response Digital FM 294 6.2.3 Nyquist‐Filtered Digital FM 306 6.2.4 Performance Comparison 310 6.3 Linear Modulation 313 6.3.1 π/4‐Shifted QPSK 315 6.3.2 Eight‐Level PSK 320 6.3.3 16QAM 322 6.4 Spread‐Spectrum System 322 6.5 Multicarrier Transmission 329 6.5.1 Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiplexing 329 6.5.2 Generation of Multicarrier Digital Signal 337 6.5.3 Demodulation of Multicarrier Signals 341 6.6 Single‐Carrier Frequency‐Division Modulation 343 Appendix 6.A Mathematical Principles of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 346 6.A.1 Band‐Limited System 347 6.A.2 Nonband‐Limited System 348 References 349 7 Other Topics in Digital Mobile Radio Transmission 355 7.1 Diversity Transmission System 355 7.1.1 Probability Density Function of SNR for Diversity System 357 7.1.2 Average Error Rate for Diversity Systems 360 7.1.3 Multiple Transmitter Diversity System 367 7.1.4 Antenna Selection Diversity System 370 7.2 Multi‐Input Multi‐Output Systems 375 7.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Systems 375 7.2.2 Space–Time Codes 385 7.2.3 SDM in MIMO Systems 386 7.3 Adaptive Automatic Equalizer 401 7.3.1 Linear Equalizer 402 7.3.2 Performance Criteria for Equalization 405 7.3.3 Decision Feedback Equalizer 409 7.3.4 The Viterbi Equalizer 410 7.3.5 Adaptation and Prediction Algorithm 411 7.3.6 Preequalization 411 7.3.7 Frequency‐Domain Equalizer 418 7.3.8 Turbo Equalizer 419 7.3.9 Discussions on Equalization 419 7.3.10 Applications to a Mobile Radio Channel 421 7.4 Error Control Techniques 422 7.4.1 Linear Block Codes 424 7.4.2 Cyclic Codes 426 7.4.3 Convolutional Codes 429 7.4.4 Concatenated Codes 430 7.4.5 Turbo Codes 430 7.4.6 LDPC Code 444 7.4.7 A Phenomenological Expression of the a Priori Probability and Error Rates 449 7.4.8 ARQ 452 7.4.9 Applications to Mobile Radio Channels 453 7.5 Trellis‐Coded Modulation 453 7.6 Adaptive Interference Cancellation 456 7.6.1 Adaptive Array Antenna 457 7.6.2 Adaptive Interference Suppression 466 7.6.3 Discussion 467 7.7 Voice Coding 469 7.7.1 Pulse Code Modulation 470 7.7.2 Delta Modulation 471 7.7.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation 472 7.7.4 Adaptive Predictive Coding 473 7.7.5 Multipulse Coding 476 7.7.6 Code‐Excited Linear Predictive (CELP) Coding 477 7.7.7 LPC Vocoder 482 7.7.8 Application to Mobile Radio Communications 482 Appendix 7.A Average Error Rate for Maximal Ratio Combiner with Coherent Detector 484 Appendix 7.B Average Error Rate of Maximal Ratio Combining System with Coherent Detector with Use of Approximate Probability Density Function 485 References 486 8 Equipment and Circuits for Digital Mobile Radio 493 8.1 Base Station 493 8.2 Mobile Station 494 8.3 Superheterodyne and Direct Conversion Receivers 495 8.3.1 Image Rejection Downconverter 497 8.4 Transmit and Receive Duplexing 501 8.5 Frequency Synthesizer 501 8.6 Transmitter Circuits 503 8.6.1 Digital Signal Waveform Generator 503 8.6.2 Modulator 504 8.6.3 Linear Power Amplifier 507 8.6.4 Transmit Power Control 525 8.7 Receiver Circuits 527 8.7.1 AGC Circuit 527 8.7.2 Signal Processing with Logic Circuits 529 8.7.3 Demodulator 532 8.8 Countermeasures Against dc Blocking and dc Offset 535 Appendix 8.A Quarter‐wavelength Line 538 References 539 9 Digital Mobile Radio Communication Systems 543 9.1 Fundamental Concepts 543 9.1.1 The Cellular Concept 543 9.1.2 Multiple Access 551 9.1.3 Channel Assignment 554 9.1.4 Multiple‐Access System 563 9.1.5 Intercell Interference Suppression 566 9.1.6 Repeater System 566 9.1.7 A Performance Analysis of Digital Cellular System 567 9.2 Digital Transmission in Analog Mobile Communication Systems 577 9.3 Paging Systems 578 9.4 Two‐Way Digital Mobile Radio 579 9.5 Mobile Data Service Systems 580 9.5.1 MOBITEX 580 9.5.2 Teleterminal System 580 9.5.3 Mobile Data Systems in Analog Cellular Systems 580 9.6 Digital Cordless Telephone 581 9.6.1 Second‐Generation Cordless Telephone 581 9.6.2 Digital European Cordless Telecommunications 582 9.6.3 Personal Handy System 582 9.7 Digital Mobile Telephone Systems 583 9.7.1 The GSM System 584 9.7.2 Digital Cellular Systems in North America 587 9.7.3 Digital Cellular Systems in Japan 591 9.7.4 Evolution of the Second‐Generation Systems 592 9.7.5 The Third‐Generation System 592 9.7.6 Evolution of 3G Systems 595 9.7.7 WiMAX 599 9.7.8 The Fourth-Generation System 600 9.8 Wireless Local Area Network 600 9.8.1 IEEE 802.11 Series 600 9.8.2 Bluetooth 605 9.8.3 UWB 605 9.8.4 ZigBee 606 9.8.5 BWN 606 9.8.6 MBWA 608 Appendix 9.A Poisson Arrival Rates 608 References 609 Index 613

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Book SynopsisWhat every electrical engineering student and technical professional needs to know about data exchange across networks While most electrical engineering students learn how the individual components that make up data communication technologies work, they rarely learn how the parts work together in complete data communication networks. In part, this is due to the fact that until now there have been no texts on data communication networking written for undergraduate electrical engineering students. Based on the author's years of classroom experience, Fundamentals of Data Communication Networks fills that gap in the pedagogical literature, providing readers with a much-needed overview of all relevant aspects of data communication networking, addressed from the perspective of the various technologies involved. The demand for information exchange in networks continues to grow at a staggering rate, and that demand will continue to mount exponentially as the number of interconnected IoT-enaTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Overview of Data Communication Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Data Communication Network Model 1 1.3 Classification of Data Communication Networks 3 1.3.1 Transmission Method 3 1.3.2 Data Flow Direction 3 1.3.3 Network Topology 4 1.3.4 Geographical Coverage 7 1.3.5 Transmission Medium 8 1.3.6 Data Transfer Technique 8 1.3.7 Network Access Technique 9 1.3.8 Media Sharing Technique 9 1.4 Data Network Architecture 11 1.4.1 The OSI Protocol Reference Model 11 1.4.2 The Internet Architecture 12 1.5 Summary 14 2 Physical Layer 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Classification of Signals 17 2.3 Periodic Signals 18 2.4 Fourier Analysis of Periodic Signals 18 2.4.1 Reconstructing a Function from its Fourier Series 20 2.4.2 Fourier Analysis of Even and Odd Functions 21 2.4.3 Parseval’sTheorem 22 2.4.4 Complex Form of Fourier Series 23 2.5 Fourier Transform of Nonperiodic Signals 23 2.6 Filters 24 2.7 Line Coding 26 2.8 Modulation 28 2.8.1 Trigonometric Refresher Course 30 2.8.2 Amplitude Modulation 31 2.8.2.1 Overmodulation and Distortion 34 2.8.2.2 Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Amplitude Modulation 34 2.8.3 Frequency Modulation 36 2.8.4 Phase Modulation 38 2.9 SamplingTheorem 38 2.9.1 Analyzing Impulse Train Sampling 39 2.9.2 Reconstruction of the Continuous-Time Signal 40 2.9.3 Statement of the SamplingTheorem 42 2.9.4 Proof of the SamplingTheorem 42 2.10 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: From PAM to PCM 44 2.10.1 Pulse Code Modulation 44 2.10.2 Quantization Noise 45 2.11 Basic DigitalModulation Schemes 46 2.11.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 46 2.11.2 Frequency-Shift Keying 47 2.11.3 Phase-Shift Keying 48 2.12 Media Sharing Schemes 50 2.12.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 50 2.12.1.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 52 2.12.2 Time Division Multiplexing 52 2.12.2.1 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous TDM 52 2.13 Modems 54 2.14 Transmission Media 54 2.14.1 Twisted Pair 55 2.14.2 Coaxial Cable 55 2.14.3 Optical Fiber 56 2.14.3.1 Fiber Modes 58 2.14.4 Wireless Medium 59 2.15 Channel Impairments 61 2.15.1 Attenuation 61 2.15.2 Noise 61 2.15.2.1 Concept of Decibel 63 2.15.2.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 64 2.15.3 Distortion 65 2.15.4 Equalization 66 2.16 Summary 68 3 Data Link Layer Protocols 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Framing 73 3.3 Bit Stuffing 74 3.4 Flow Control 74 3.4.1 The Stop-and-Wait Protocol 75 3.4.2 The SlidingWindow Flow Control 75 3.5 Error Detection 76 3.5.1 Parity Checking 76 3.5.2 Two-Dimensional Parity 77 3.5.3 Cyclic Redundancy Checking 78 3.6 Error Control Protocols 80 3.6.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 81 3.6.2 Go-Back-N ARQ 81 3.6.3 Selective Repeat ARQ 82 3.7 Data Link Control Protocols 82 3.7.1 High-level Data Link Control 83 3.7.1.1 HDLC Frame Format 84 3.7.1.2 Control Field Format 85 3.7.2 Point-to-Point Protocol 86 3.7.2.1 PPP Components 87 3.7.2.2 PPP Frame Format 87 3.7.2.3 PPP Link Control 88 3.8 Summary 89 4 Multiple Access Schemes 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Multiplexing Schemes Revisited 92 4.2.1 FDM 93 4.2.2 TDM 93 4.2.3 CDM 93 4.3 Orthogonal Access Schemes 93 4.3.1 FDMA 94 4.3.2 TDMA 94 4.3.3 CDMA 95 4.4 Controlled Access Schemes 96 4.4.1 Centralized Polling 96 4.4.2 Token Passing 96 4.4.3 Service Policies 96 4.5 Random Access Schemes 97 4.5.1 Aloha System 97 4.5.2 Slotted Aloha 98 4.5.3 CSMA 98 4.5.4 CSMA/CD 99 4.5.4.1 Why Listen While Transmitting in CSMA/CD 100 4.5.5 CSMA/CA 102 4.6 Summary 102 5 Local Area Networks 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Ethernet 105 5.2.1 Ethernet Frame Structure 106 5.2.2 IEEE 802.3 LAN Types 107 5.2.3 Ethernet Topologies 108 5.2.4 LAN Switching 110 5.2.5 Classification of Ethernet Switching 111 5.2.6 Frame Forwarding Methods 112 5.2.6.1 Store-and-Forward Switching 112 5.2.6.2 Cut-Through Switching 113 5.2.6.3 Fragment-Free Switching 113 5.2.7 Highest Layer used for Forwarding 113 5.2.7.1 Layer 2 Switching 114 5.2.7.2 Layer 3 Switching 114 5.2.7.3 Layer 4 Switching 115 5.3 Virtual LANs 115 5.3.1 Advantages of VLANs 115 5.3.2 Types of VLANs 117 5.3.2.1 Port-Based VLAN 117 5.3.2.2 MAC Address-Based VLAN 118 5.3.2.3 Protocol-Based VLANs 119 5.3.3 VLAN Tagging 120 5.3.4 Comments 121 5.4 Gigabit Ethernet 122 5.4.1 Frame Bursting 123 5.5 Wireless LANs 123 5.5.1 IEEE 802.11bWLAN 125 5.5.2 IEEE 802.11aWLAN 125 5.5.3 IEEE 802.11gWLAN 125 5.5.4 Architecture of the IEEE 802.11WLAN 126 5.5.5 Ad Hoc Mode Deployment 126 5.5.6 Infrastructure Mode Deployment 126 5.5.7 IEEE 802.11WLAN Timers 127 5.5.8 IEEE 802.11WLAN Operation 127 5.5.9 DCF Mechanism 128 5.5.10 PCF Mechanism 128 5.5.11 Range and Data Rate Comparison in the PCF Environment 129 5.6 Token Ring Network 129 5.6.1 Token Frame Fields 130 5.6.2 Token-Passing Access Method 130 5.6.3 Data/Command Frame Fields 131 5.6.4 Token Access Priority 132 5.6.5 Logical and Physical Implementation 133 5.7 Summary 134 6 Network Layer Part I – IP Addressing 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 IP Address 137 6.3 Maximum Transmission Unit 139 6.4 IP Version 4 Addressing 140 6.4.1 Class A IPv4 Addresses 141 6.4.2 Class B IPv4 Addresses 141 6.4.3 Class C IPv4 Addresses 142 6.4.4 Class D IPv4 Addresses 142 6.4.5 Class E IPv4 Addresses 142 6.5 IP Subnetting 143 6.6 Variable Length Subnet Mask Networks 145 6.7 IP Quality of Service 147 6.8 Operation of the Explicit Congestion Notification 149 6.9 Address Resolution Protocol 149 6.9.1 Source and Sink in Same LAN 150 6.9.2 Source and Sink in Different LANs: Proxy ARP 150 6.9.3 Source and Sink in Different Remote LANs 151 6.10 Dealing with Shortage of IPv4 Addresses 152 6.10.1 Private Internets 152 6.10.2 Network Address Translation 153 6.10.3 Classless Inter-Domain Routing 153 6.11 IPv6 154 6.11.1 IPv6 Header 156 6.11.2 Concept of Flexible Addressing in IPv6 157 6.12 Summary 157 7 Network Layer Part II – Routing 159 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Routing Principle 159 7.3 Routing Algorithms 159 7.4 Static Versus Dynamic Routing 160 7.5 Link-State Versus Distance–Vector Routing 160 7.6 Flat Versus Hierarchical Routing 161 7.7 Host-Based Versus Router-Intelligent Routing 161 7.8 Centralized Versus Distributed Routing 162 7.9 Routing Metrics 162 7.9.1 Path Length 163 7.9.2 Reliability 163 7.9.3 Delay 163 7.9.4 Bandwidth 163 7.9.5 Load 164 7.9.6 Communication Cost 164 7.10 Flooding Algorithm 164 7.11 Distance–Vector Routing Algorithms 164 7.12 Link-State Routing Algorithms 165 7.13 Routing Protocols 166 7.14 Routing Information Protocol 168 7.15 Routing Information Protocol Version 2 168 7.16 Open Shortest Path First Protocol 169 7.16.1 OSPF Routing Hierarchy 169 7.16.2 OSPF Routers 169 7.16.3 OSPF Routing 170 7.16.4 Maintaining the Topological Database 171 7.17 Advantages of OSPF Over RIP 172 7.18 The Dijkstra’s Algorithm 172 7.19 Multicast Routing 176 7.20 Types of Multicast Systems 177 7.21 Host-Router Signaling 177 7.22 Multicast Routing Protocols 178 7.22.1 Opt-In Protocols 179 7.22.2 Opt-Out Protocols 180 7.22.3 Source-Based Tree Protocols 180 7.22.4 Shared Tree Protocols 180 7.23 Multicast Forwarding 181 7.24 Summary 183 8 Transport Layer – TCP and UDP 187 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 TCP Basics 189 8.2.1 TCP Ports 189 8.2.2 TCP Sockets 190 8.2.3 TCP Segment Format 191 8.3 How TCPWorks 193 8.3.1 TCP Connection Establishment 193 8.3.2 TCP Connection Release 194 8.3.3 TCP Connection Management 195 8.4 TCP Flow Control 196 8.4.1 Slow Start 198 8.4.2 Congestion Avoidance 200 8.4.3 Fast Retransmit 201 8.4.4 Fast Recovery 202 8.5 TCP and Explicit Congestion Notification 203 8.6 The SYN Flood DoS Attach 205 8.7 UDP 206 8.8 Summary 208 9 Transport Layer – SCTP and DCCP 209 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 209 9.2.1 Motivation for a New Transport Protocol 210 9.2.2 Illustration of the HOL Blocking 211 9.2.3 Summary of Features of SCTP 211 9.2.4 SCTP Packet 212 9.2.5 SCTP Header 212 9.2.6 Association Establishment 213 9.2.7 Four-Way Handshake and the SYN Flood DoS Attach 214 9.2.8 Multihoming 214 9.2.9 Multistreaming 216 9.2.10 SCTP Graceful Shutdown Feature 217 9.2.11 Selective Acknowledgments 218 9.3 Datagram Congestion Control Protocol 218 9.3.1 DCCP Packet Structure 219 9.3.2 DCCP Connection 221 9.3.3 DCCP Congestion Management 223 9.3.3.1 CCID 2–TCP-Like Congestion Control 224 9.3.3.2 CCID 3–TCP Friendly Rate Control 224 9.4 Summary 225 10 Application Layer Services 229 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 230 10.2.1 DHCP Basics 230 10.2.2 Discovery Phase 231 10.2.3 Offer Phase 231 10.2.4 Request Phase 231 10.2.5 Acknowledgment Phase 232 10.2.6 Example of Configuration Process Timeline 232 10.2.7 Address Lease Time 232 10.2.8 Static Addresses 233 10.3 Domain Name System 233 10.3.1 Structure of the DNS 234 10.3.2 DNS Queries 236 10.3.3 Name-to-Address Resolution Process 237 10.3.4 DNS Zones 238 10.3.5 DNS Zone Updates 239 10.3.5.1 Full Zone Transfer 239 10.3.5.2 Incremental Zone Transfer 239 10.3.5.3 Notify 240 10.3.6 Dynamic Update 240 10.3.7 Root Servers 241 10.4 Summary 241 11 Introduction to Mobile Communication Networks 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Radio Communication Basics 243 11.3 Model of Radio Communication System 244 11.4 RadioWave Propagation 246 11.4.1 Free-Space Propagation 246 11.4.2 Reflection 247 11.4.3 Diffraction 248 11.4.4 Scattering 249 11.5 Multipath Fading 250 11.6 Introduction to Cellular Communication 252 11.6.1 Frequency Reuse 252 11.6.2 Cellular System Architecture 253 11.7 Clusters and Frequency Reuse 256 11.8 Co-Channel Interference 258 11.9 Cell Splitting 258 11.10 Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks 258 11.11 Mobile Cellular Network Architecture 259 11.12 Mobility Management: Handoff 260 11.12.1 Handoff Schemes 261 11.12.2 Hard Handoff versus Soft Handoff 261 11.13 Generations of Mobile Communication Networks 261 11.13.1 First-Generation Networks 262 11.13.2 Second-Generation Networks 262 11.13.3 Introduction to the GSM Network 263 11.13.4 GSM Channels 265 11.13.5 Power Control 266 11.13.6 Overview of IS-136 TDMA Networks 266 11.13.7 Overview of IS-95 CDMA Networks 266 11.13.8 Third-Generation Networks 269 11.13.9 Fourth-Generation Networks 270 11.13.10 Fifth-Generation Networks 271 11.14 A Note on Internet-of-Things 274 11.15 Summary 274 12 Introduction to Network Security 277 12.1 Introduction 277 12.2 Types of Network Attacks 277 12.3 Security Services 280 12.4 Data Encryption Terminology 281 12.5 Cryptographic Systems 281 12.5.1 Symmetric Cryptosystems 281 12.5.2 Public-Key Cryptosystems 281 12.5.3 Comparing Symmetric and Public-Key Cryptosystems 282 12.5.4 A Hybrid Encryption Scheme 283 12.6 Technical Summary of Public-Key Cryptography 283 12.6.1 Introduction to NumberTheory 283 12.6.2 Congruences 284 12.6.3 The Square and Multiply Algorithm 284 12.6.4 Euclid’s Algorithm 285 12.6.5 Extended Euclid’s Algorithm 286 12.6.6 Euler’s Phi Function (Euler’s Totient Function) 287 12.6.7 The RSA Algorithm 287 12.7 Digital Signatures 289 12.7.1 Generating a Digital Signature 289 12.7.2 Verifying a Digital Signature 290 12.8 IP Security Protocols 291 12.8.1 IPSec Modes 291 12.8.2 Security Association 292 12.8.3 Authentication Header 292 12.8.4 Encapsulating Security Payload 292 12.8.5 Key Distribution 293 12.9 Summary 294 Bibliography 295 Index 297

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