Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisThis book explores the benefits of deploying Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the health care environment. The authors study different research directions that are working to serve challenges faced in building strong healthcare infrastructure with respect to the pandemic crisis. The authors take note of obstacles faced in the rush to develop and alter technologies during the Covid crisis. They study what can be learned from them and what can be leveraged efficiently. The authors aim to show how healthcare providers can use technology to exploit advances in machine learning and deep learning in their own applications. Topics include remote patient monitoring, data analysis of human behavioral patterns, and machine learning for decision making in real-time.Table of Contents1. Pandemic effect of COVID-19: Identification, Present scenario and preventive measures using Machine learning model..- 2. A Comprehensive Review of the Smart Health Records to prevent Pandemic.- 3. Automation of COVID-19 Disease Diagnosis from Radiograph.- 4. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.- 5. A Novel Model for IoT Blockchain Assurance Based Compliance to COVID Quarantine.- 6. DEEP LEARNING BASED CONVOLUTIONALNEURAL NETWORK WITH RANDOM FOREST APPROACH FOR MRI BRAIN TUMOUR SEGMENTATION .- 7. Expert systems for improving the effectiveness of remote health monitoring in Covid-19 Pandemic - A Critical Review.- 8. Artificial Intelligence-based predictive tools for Life-threatening diseases.- 9. Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network for Metastatic Tissue Diagnosis in Lymph Node Section.- 10. Transformation in Health Sector during Pandemic by Photonics Devices .- 11. DIAGNOSIS OF COVID-19 FROM CT IMAGES AND RESPIRATORY SOUND SIGNALS USING DEEP LEARNING STRATEGIES.- 12. The Role of Edge Computing in Pandemic and Epidemic Situations with its Solutions.- 13. Advances and application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning in the field of cardiovascular diseases and its role during the Pandemic condition.- 14. Effective Health Screening and Prompt Vaccination to Counter the Spread of Covid-19 and Minimize its Adverse Effects.- 15. CROWD DENSITY ESTIMATION USING NEURAL NETWORK FOR COVID’19 AND FUTURE PANDEMICS.- 16. “Role of digital healthcare in rehabilitation during pandemic”.- 17. AN EPIDEMIC OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE ANALYSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES.- 18. Covid-19 Growth Curve Forecasting for India using Deep Learning Techniques.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBereits in der Entwurfsphase eines Bauvorhabens kann der Schallschutz eine bedeutende Rolle für die Gebäudeausrichtung sowie die Grundrissgestaltung spielen. Zu berücksichtigen sind hierbei der Lärm, der von außen auf ein Gebäude einwirkt, sowie der Lärm, der durch den Menschen und technische Anlagen innerhalb des Gebäudes verursacht wird. Basics Schallschutz vermittelt dem Leser ein grundlegendes Verständnis der schalltechnischen Anforderungen für das Planen und Konstruieren. Zunächst werden die Grundlagen der Akustik erläutert, wobei auf die physikalischen Grundbegriffe, die Schallentstehung und -ausbreitung sowie die Schallempfindung eingegangen wird. Dann wird erklärt, wie Schallimmissionen beurteilt und welche lärmmindernden und gestalterischen Möglichkeiten für die Planung werden können.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes the most complex machine ever sent to another planet: Curiosity. It is a one-ton robot with two brains, seventeen cameras, six wheels, nuclear power, and a laser beam on its head. No one human understands how all of its systems and instruments work. This essential reference to the Curiosity mission explains the engineering behind every system on the rover, from its rocket-powered jetpack to its radioisotope thermoelectric generator to its fiendishly complex sample handling system. Its lavishly illustrated text explains how all the instruments work -- its cameras, spectrometers, sample-cooking oven, and weather station -- and describes the instruments' abilities and limitations. It tells you how the systems have functioned on Mars, and how scientists and engineers have worked around problems developed on a faraway planet: holey wheels and broken focus lasers. And it explains the grueling mission operations schedule that keeps the rover working day in and day out. Trade Review“It is a fascinating read … . Emily does a great job making the book easy to understand … . I think this is a great book and any engineer who develops (or wants to develop) systems should read it. … I think this is the only book that I am aware of that presents all the required engineering elements to design and build a complex robot system. ... For experienced engineers it is also useful to read.” (David Kohanbash, robotsforroboticists.com, February 2, 2022)“This book presents an in-depth explanation of how ‘the most complex machine ever sent to another planet’ works. … There are in-depth discussions on wheel design and degradation as well as complete listings of the drill and scoop sampling campaign. Beautifully written and illustrated, Ladawalla’s essay is truly encyclopaedic.” (Richard McKim, The Observatory, Vol. 138 (1267), December, 2018)“The Design and Engineering of Curiosity is a comprehensive look at how the Mars Curiosity mission became a reality. Lakdawalla, an independent scholar, begins with an overview of the various iterations of the mission, starting with the goal of developing a bigger lander, and shows how the designers converged on the final mission and spacecraft design. … The book has a broad audience, ranging from general readers to the technical community.” (D. B. Spencer, Choice, Vol. 56 (03), 2018)​Table of ContentsDedication.- Foreword.- Acknowledgements.- Preface.- Chapter 1: Mars Science Laboratory.- Chapter 2: Getting to Mars.- Chapter 3: Mars Operations.- Chapter 4: How the Rover Works.- Chapter 5: SA/SPaH: Acquisition, Processing, and Handling.- Chapter 6: The Mast, Engineering Cameras, Navigation, and Hazard Avoidance.- Chapter 7: Curiosity's Science Cameras.- Chapter 8: Curiosity's Environmental Sensing Instruments.- Chapter 9: Curiosity's Chemistry Instruments.- Epilogue: Back on Earth.- Appendix.- About the Author.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a guide to numerical methods for solving fluid dynamics problems. The most widely used discretization and solution methods, which are also found in most commercial CFD-programs, are described in detail. Some advanced topics, like moving grids, simulation of turbulence, computation of free-surface flows, multigrid methods and parallel computing, are also covered. Since CFD is a very broad field, we provide fundamental methods and ideas, with some illustrative examples, upon which more advanced techniques are built. Numerical accuracy and estimation of errors are important aspects and are discussed in many examples. Computer codes that include many of the methods described in the book can be obtained online. This 4th edition includes major revision of all chapters; some new methods are described and references to more recent publications with new approaches are included. Former Chapter 7 on solution of the Navier-Stokes equations has been split into two Chapters to allow for a more detailed description of several variants of the Fractional Step Method and a comparison with SIMPLE-like approaches. In Chapters 7 to 13, most examples have been replaced or recomputed, and hints regarding practical applications are made. Several new sections have been added, to cover, e.g., immersed-boundary methods, overset grids methods, fluid-structure interaction and conjugate heat transfer.Table of ContentsBasic Concepts of Fluid Flow.- Introduction to Numerical Methods.- Finite Difference Methods.- Finite Volume Methods.- Solution of Linear Equation Systems.-Methods for Unsteady Problems.- Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations.- Complex Geometries.- Turbulent Flows.- Compressible Flows.- Efficiency, Accuracy and Grid Quality.- Special Topics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMit der neun Teile umfassenden Neuausgabe der DIN 4109 von Juli 2016 wurden die baurechtlichen Mindestanforderungen an die Schalldämmung neu gefasst. Die bisherigen Anforderungen und Berechnungsverfahren wurden grundlegend überarbeitet. Neu hinzugekommen ist ein Bauteilkatalog sowie ein Nachweisverfahren für den Schallschutz im Baugenehmigungsverfahren. Somit ist die neue DIN 4109 unverzichtbar für die bauakustische Planung und Erstellung von bauaufsichtlichen Schallschutznachweisen. Aufgrund der gravierenden Änderungen stellt sie die Anwender bei der Umsetzung der neuen Anforderungen aber auch vor große Herausforderungen. An diesem Punkt setzt das neue Handbuch zur DIN 4109 an: es stellt Bauingenieuren, Architekten, Bauakustikern, Bauphysikern, Sachverständigen, Herstellern, aber auch Lehrenden und Studierenden ein umfassendes Kompendium zur Norm und ihrer praktischen Anwendung zur Verfügung. Das "Handbuch zu DIN 4109" versteht sich als Einführung in eine an den Grundlagen der Bauakustik orientierte Planung des baulichen Schallschutzes, als kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der neuen Norm und als Nachschlagewerk zu Fragen ihrer praktischen Anwendung. Das Werk gibt einen Überblick über die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Norm und die Änderungen gegenüber der Vorgängerausgabe von 1989. Die Autoren erläutern leicht verständlich fachliche und normungstechnische Grundlagen sowie die Anwendung der neuen Anforderungen und Nachweisverfahren in der Praxis. Die wesentlichen Passagen aller neun Teile der Norm werden ausführlich kommentiert und durch Anwendungsfälle und -beispiele veranschaulicht. Das Zusammenwirken mit weiteren Richtlinien und Regelwerken wie z. B. der DIN EN 12354 wird aufgezeigt. Da sich die neuen Berechnungsverfahren an den physikalischen Grundsätzen der Bauakustik orientieren, werden auch diese in Grundzügen umrissen, um das Verständnis zu verbessern. Aufbau der neuen DIN 4109 - DIN 4109-1:2016-07 Schallschutz im Hochbau - Teil 1: Mindestanforderungen - DIN 4109-2:2016-07 Teil 2: Rechnerische Nachweise der Erfüllung der Anforderungen - DIN 4109-4:2016-07 Teil 4: Bauakustische Prüfungen - DIN 4109-31:2016-07 Teil 31: Daten für die rechnerischen Nachweise des Schallschutzes (Bauteilkatalog) - Rahmendokument - DIN 4109-32:2016-07 Teil 32: Bauteilkatalog - Massivbau - DIN 4109-33:2016-07 Teil 33: Bauteilkatalog - Holz-, Leicht- und Trockenbau - DIN 4109-34:2016-07 Teil 34: Bauteilkatalog - Vorsatzkonstruktionen vor massiven Bauteilen - DIN 4109-35:2016-07 Teil 35: Bauteilkatalog - Elemente, Fenster, Türen, Vorhangfassaden - DIN 4109-36:2016-07 Teil 36: Bauteilkatalog - Gebäudetechnische AnlagenTable of ContentsVorwort der Autoren Danksagung Autorenporträts 1 Einführung 1.1 Bedeutung der DIN 4109 1.2 Notwendigkeit der Neuerarbeitung 1.3 Geschichte der DIN 4109 1.4 Konzept der neuen DIN 4109 1.5 Gliederung der neuen DIN 4109 1.6 Grundbegriffe der Bauakustik 1.7 Kenngrößen des baulichen Schallschutzes 2 DIN 4109-1-Mindestanforderungen 2.1 Grundlagen, Übersicht und Allgemeines 2.2 Luft- und Trittschalldämmung in Gebäuden mit Wohn- oder Arbeitsbereichen 2.3 Luft- und Trittschalldämmung in Nichtwohngebäuden 2.4 Anforderungen an die Luftschalldämmung von Außenbauteilen 2.5 Anforderungen an die Luft- und Trittschalldämmung zwischen ?besonders lauten? und schutzbedürftigen Räumen 2.6 Schalldruckpegel von gebäudetechnischen Anlagen und baulich mit dem Gebäude verbundenen Gewerbebetrieben 2.7 Weitere Angaben zum Schallschutz 3 DIN 4109-2 3.1 Einführung und Grundlagen zu den neuen Berechnungsverfahren 3.2 Luftschalldämmung: Berechnung und Nachweise 3.3 Trittschalldämmung: Berechnung und Nachweise 3.4 Nachweis für den Außenlärm 3.5 Nachweise für gebäudetechnische Anlagen 4 DIN 4109-31 bis 36: Bauteilkatalog 4.1 DIN 4109-31: Rahmendokument 4.2 DIN 4109-32: Massivbau 4.3 DIN 4109-33: Holz-, Leicht- und Trockenbau 4.4 DIN 4109-34: Vorsatzkonstruktionen 4.5 DIN 4109-35: Elemente, Fenster, Türen, Vorhangfassaden 4.6 DIN 4109-36: Gebäudetechnische Anlagen 5 Messtechnische Nachweise: DIN 4109-4 5.1 abP und Eignungsprüfungen 5.2 Güteprüfungen 5.3 Nationale Abweichungen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Stichwortverzeichnis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces the fundamental design concepts of Eurocode 3 for steel structures in building construction, and their practical application. Following a discussion of the basis of design, above all the principles of the limit state approach, the material standards and their use are detailed. The fundamentals of structural analysis and modeling are presented, followed by the design criteria and approaches for various types of structural members. The following chapters expand on the principles and applications of elastic and plastic design, each exemplified by the step-by-step design calculation of a braced steel-framed building and an industrial building, respectively. Besides providing the necessary theoretical concepts for a good understanding, this manual intends to be a supporting tool for practicing engineers. To that end, numerous worked examples are provided throughout the book, concerning the analysis of steel structures and the design of elements under several types of actions. These examples facilitate the application of Eurocode regulations in practice. The second edition contains more worked examples and extended explications on issues like torsion.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION General Observations Codes of Practice and Normalization Basis of Design Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit states Durability Sustainability Materials Material specification Mechanical properties Toughness and through thickness properties Fatigue properties Corrosion resistance Geometric Characteristics and Tolerances STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural Modelling, Worked Examples Global Analysis of Steel Structures, Worked Examples Classification of Cross Sections DESIGN OF MEMBERS Tension, Worked Examples Laterally Restrained Beams, Worked Examples Torsion, Worked Examples Compression, Worked Examples Laterally Unrestrained Beams, Worked Examples Beam-Columns, Worked Examples ELASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Simplified Methods of Analysis Amplified sway-moment method Sway-mode buckling length method Worked Example Member Stability of Non-prismatic Members and Components Non-prismatic members Members with intermediate restraints General method Worked Example Design Example 1: Elastic Design of Braced Steel-Framed Building PLASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 345 General Rules for Plastic Design Plastic limit analysis: method of mechanisms Code requirements for plastic analysis Methods of Analysis Approximate methods for pre-design Computational analysis 2nd order effects Worked Example Member Stability and Buckling Resistance General criteria for the verification of the stability of members with plastic hinges Bracings Verification of the stability of members with plastic hinges Worked Examples Design Example 2: Plastic Design of Industrial Building REFERENCES

Read more less

Book SynopsisPerformance-Based Building Design This third book in a series of three dealing with building physics and its application, looks to the impact a performance requirements linked approach has on building design and construction. It starts with a resumption of what's expected from buildings, followed by discussing a range of materials needed to guarantee a correct heat, air, moisture response. Then, looked is to preparing the building site, the excavations needed, the foundations, the below-grade parts and spaces, the structural systems commonly used, the floors, different types of outer walls, different types of roof assemblies, inside walls, the glazing, windows, outer doors, glass façades, bal-conies, all kind of shafts, chimneys, stairs, timber-frame construction, wall, floor and ceiling finishes. Each time again, not only the heat, air, moisture related metrics but also structural integrity, durability, fire safety, acoustics, maintenance, sustainability and buildability are dis- cuss

Read more less

Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, this continues to serve as an ideal textbook for introductory courses on materials characterization, based on the author's experience in teaching advanced undergraduate and postgraduate university students. The new edition retains the successful didactical concept of introductions at the beginning of chapters, exercise questions and an online solution manual. In addition, all the sections have been thoroughly revised, updated and expanded, with two major new topics (electron backscattering diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscopy), as well as fifty additional questions - in total about 20% new content. The first part covers commonly used methods for microstructure analysis, including light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as scanning probe microscopy. The second part of the book is concerned with techniques for chemical analysis and introduces X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, fluorescence X-ray spectroscopy and such popular surface analysis techniques as photoelectron and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. This section concludes with the two most important vibrational spectroscopies (infra-red and Raman) and the increasingly important thermal analysis. The theoretical concepts are discussed with a minimal involvement of mathematics and physics, and the technical aspects are presented with the actual measurement practice in mind. Making for an easy-to-read text, the book never loses sight of its intended audience.Table of Contents1 Light Microscopy 1 1.1 Optical Principles 1 1.1.1 Image Formation 1 1.1.2 Resolution 3 1.1.2.1 Effective Magnification 5 1.1.2.2 Brightness and Contrast 5 1.1.3 Depth of Field 6 1.1.4 Aberrations 7 1.2 Instrumentation 9 1.2.1 Illumination System 9 1.2.2 Objective Lens and Eyepiece 13 1.2.2.1 Steps for Optimum Resolution 15 1.2.2.2 Steps to Improve Depth of Field 15 1.3 Specimen Preparation 15 1.3.1 Sectioning 16 1.3.1.1 Cutting 16 1.3.1.2 Microtomy 17 1.3.2 Mounting 17 1.3.3 Grinding and Polishing 19 1.3.3.1 Grinding 19 1.3.3.2 Polishing 21 1.3.4 Etching 23 1.4 Imaging Modes 26 1.4.1 Bright-Field and Dark-Field Imaging 26 1.4.2 Phase-Contrast Microscopy 27 1.4.3 Polarized-Light Microscopy 30 1.4.4 Nomarski Microscopy 35 1.4.5 Fluorescence Microscopy 37 1.5 Confocal Microscopy 39 1.5.1 Working Principles 39 1.5.2 Three-Dimensional Images 41 References 45 Further Reading 45 2 X-Ray Diffraction Methods 47 2.1 X-Ray Radiation 47 2.1.1 Generation of X-Rays 47 2.1.2 X-Ray Absorption 50 2.2 Theoretical Background of Diffraction 52 2.2.1 Diffraction Geometry 52 2.2.1.1 Bragg’s Law 52 2.2.1.2 Reciprocal Lattice 53 2.2.1.3 Ewald Sphere 55 2.2.2 Diffraction Intensity 58 2.2.2.1 Structure Extinction 60 2.3 X-Ray Diffractometry 62 2.3.1 Instrumentation 62 2.3.1.1 System Aberrations 64 2.3.2 Samples and Data Acquisition 65 2.3.2.1 Sample Preparation 65 2.3.2.2 Acquisition and Treatment of Diffraction Data 65 2.3.3 Distortions of Diffraction Spectra 67 2.3.3.1 Preferential Orientation 67 2.3.3.2 Crystallite Size 68 2.3.3.3 Residual Stress 69 2.3.4 Applications 70 2.3.4.1 Crystal-Phase Identification 70 2.3.4.2 Quantitative Measurement 72 2.4 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering 75 2.4.1 Wide-Angle Diffraction 76 2.4.2 Wide-Angle Scattering 79 References 82 Further Reading 82 3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 83 3.1 Instrumentation 83 3.1.1 Electron Sources 84 3.1.1.1 Thermionic Emission Gun 85 3.1.1.2 Field Emission Gun 86 3.1.2 Electromagnetic Lenses 87 3.1.3 Specimen Stage 89 3.2 Specimen Preparation 90 3.2.1 Prethinning 91 3.2.2 Final Thinning 91 3.2.2.1 Electrolytic Thinning 91 3.2.2.2 Ion Milling 92 3.2.2.3 Ultramicrotomy 93 3.3 Image Modes 94 3.3.1 Mass–Density Contrast 95 3.3.2 Diffraction Contrast 96 3.3.3 Phase Contrast 101 3.3.3.1 Theoretical Aspects 102 3.3.3.2 Two-Beam and Multiple-Beam Imaging 105 3.4 Selected-Area Diffraction (SAD) 107 3.4.1 Selected-Area Diffraction Characteristics 107 3.4.2 Single-Crystal Diffraction 109 3.4.2.1 Indexing a Cubic Crystal Pattern 109 3.4.2.2 Identification of Crystal Phases 112 3.4.3 Multicrystal Diffraction 114 3.4.4 Kikuchi Lines 114 3.5 Images of Crystal Defects 117 3.5.1 Wedge Fringe 117 3.5.2 Bending Contours 120 3.5.3 Dislocations 122 References 126 Further Reading 126 4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 127 4.1 Instrumentation 127 4.1.1 Optical Arrangement 127 4.1.2 Signal Detection 129 4.1.2.1 Detector 130 4.1.3 Probe Size and Current 131 4.2 Contrast Formation 135 4.2.1 Electron–Specimen Interactions 135 4.2.2 Topographic Contrast 137 4.2.3 Compositional Contrast 139 4.3 Operational Variables 141 4.3.1 Working Distance and Aperture Size 141 4.3.2 Acceleration Voltage and Probe Current 144 4.3.3 Astigmatism 145 4.4 Specimen Preparation 145 4.4.1 Preparation for Topographic Examination 146 4.4.1.1 Charging and Its Prevention 147 4.4.2 Preparation for Microcomposition Examination 149 4.4.3 Dehydration 149 4.5 Electron Backscatter Diffraction 151 4.5.1 EBSD Pattern Formation 151 4.5.2 EBSD Indexing and Its Automation 153 4.5.3 Applications of EBSD 155 4.6 Environmental SEM 156 4.6.1 ESEM Working Principle 156 4.6.2 Applications 158 References 160 Further Reading 160 5 Scanning Probe Microscopy 163 5.1 Instrumentation 163 5.1.1 Probe and Scanner 165 5.1.2 Control and Vibration Isolation 165 5.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 166 5.2.1 Tunneling Current 166 5.2.2 Probe Tips and Working Environments 167 5.2.3 Operational Modes 168 5.2.4 Typical Applications 169 5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 170 5.3.1 Near-Field Forces 170 5.3.1.1 Short-Range Forces 171 5.3.1.2 van der Waals Forces 171 5.3.1.3 Electrostatic Forces 171 5.3.1.4 Capillary Forces 172 5.3.2 Force Sensors 172 5.3.3 Operational Modes 174 5.3.3.1 Static Contact Modes 176 5.3.3.2 Lateral Force Microscopy 177 5.3.3.3 Dynamic Operational Modes 177 5.3.4 Typical Applications 180 5.3.4.1 Static Mode 180 5.3.4.2 Dynamic Noncontact Mode 181 5.3.4.3 Tapping Mode 182 5.3.4.4 Force Modulation 183 5.4 Image Artifacts 183 5.4.1 Tip 183 5.4.2 Scanner 185 5.4.3 Vibration and Operation 187 References 189 Further Reading 189 6 X-Ray Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis 191 6.1 Features of Characteristic X-Rays 191 6.1.1 Types of Characteristic X-Rays 193 6.1.1.1 Selection Rules 193 6.1.2 Comparison of K, L, and M Series 194 6.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 196 6.2.1 Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy 199 6.2.1.1 Analyzing Crystal 200 6.2.1.2 Wavelength Dispersive Spectra 201 6.2.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 203 6.2.2.1 Detector 203 6.2.2.2 Energy Dispersive Spectra 204 6.2.2.3 Advances in Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 204 6.2.3 XRF Working Atmosphere and Sample Preparation 206 6.3 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy in Electron Microscopes 207 6.3.1 Special Features 208 6.3.2 Scanning Modes 210 6.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 211 6.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 211 6.4.2 Quantitative Analysis 213 6.4.2.1 Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence 214 6.4.2.2 Fundamental Parameter Method 215 6.4.2.3 Quantitative Analysis in Electron Microscopy 216 References 219 Further Reading 219 7 Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis 221 7.1 Basic Principles 221 7.1.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 221 7.1.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 222 7.2 Instrumentation 225 7.2.1 Ultrahigh Vacuum System 225 7.2.2 Source Guns 227 7.2.2.1 X-Ray Gun 227 7.2.2.2 Electron Gun 228 7.2.2.3 Ion Gun 229 7.2.3 Electron Energy Analyzers 229 7.3 Characteristics of Electron Spectra 230 7.3.1 Photoelectron Spectra 230 7.3.2 Auger Electron Spectra 233 7.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 235 7.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 235 7.4.1.1 Peak Identification 239 7.4.1.2 Chemical Shifts 239 7.4.1.3 Problems with Insulating Materials 241 7.4.2 Quantitative Analysis 246 7.4.2.1 Peaks and Sensitivity Factors 246 7.4.3 Composition Depth Profiling 247 References 250 Further Reading 251 8 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for Surface Analysis 253 8.1 Basic Principles 253 8.1.1 Secondary Ion Generation 254 8.1.2 Dynamic and Static SIMS 257 8.2 Instrumentation 258 8.2.1 Primary Ion System 258 8.2.1.1 Ion Sources 259 8.2.1.2 Wien Filter 262 8.2.2 Mass Analysis System 262 8.2.2.1 Magnetic Sector Analyzer 263 8.2.2.2 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 264 8.2.2.3 Time-of-Flight Analyzer 264 8.3 Surface Structure Analysis 266 8.3.1 Experimental Aspects 266 8.3.1.1 Primary Ions 266 8.3.1.2 Flood Gun 266 8.3.1.3 Sample Handling 267 8.3.2 Spectrum Interpretation 268 8.3.2.1 Element Identification 269 8.4 SIMS Imaging 272 8.4.1 Generation of SIMS Images 274 8.4.2 Image Quality 275 8.5 SIMS Depth Profiling 275 8.5.1 Generation of Depth Profiles 276 8.5.2 Optimization of Depth Profiling 276 8.5.2.1 Primary Beam Energy 278 8.5.2.2 Incident Angle of Primary Beam 278 8.5.2.3 Analysis Area 279 References 282 9 Vibrational Spectroscopy for Molecular Analysis 283 9.1 Theoretical Background 283 9.1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 283 9.1.2 Origin of Molecular Vibrations 285 9.1.3 Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy 286 9.1.3.1 Infrared Absorption 286 9.1.3.2 Raman Scattering 287 9.1.4 Normal Mode of Molecular Vibrations 289 9.1.4.1 Number of Normal Vibration Modes 291 9.1.4.2 Classification of Normal Vibration Modes 291 9.1.5 Infrared and Raman Activity 292 9.1.5.1 Infrared Activity 293 9.1.5.2 Raman Activity 295 9.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 297 9.2.1 Working Principles 298 9.2.2 Instrumentation 300 9.2.2.1 Infrared Light Source 300 9.2.2.2 Beamsplitter 300 9.2.2.3 Infrared Detector 301 9.2.2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra 302 9.2.3 Examination Techniques 304 9.2.3.1 Transmittance 304 9.2.3.2 Solid Sample Preparation 304 9.2.3.3 Liquid and Gas Sample Preparation 304 9.2.3.4 Reflectance 305 9.2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy 307 9.2.4.1 Instrumentation 307 9.2.4.2 Applications 309 9.3 Raman Microscopy 310 9.3.1 Instrumentation 310 9.3.1.1 Laser Source 311 9.3.1.2 Microscope System 311 9.3.1.3 Prefilters 312 9.3.1.4 Diffraction Grating 313 9.3.1.5 Detector 314 9.3.2 Fluorescence Problem 314 9.3.3 Raman Imaging 315 9.3.4 Applications 316 9.3.4.1 Phase Identification 317 9.3.4.2 Polymer Identification 319 9.3.4.3 Composition Determination 319 9.3.4.4 Determination of Residual Strain 321 9.3.4.5 Determination of Crystallographic Orientation 322 9.4 Interpretation of Vibrational Spectra 323 9.4.1 Qualitative Methods 323 9.4.1.1 Spectrum Comparison 323 9.4.1.2 Identifying Characteristic Bands 324 9.4.1.3 Band Intensities 327 9.4.2 Quantitative Methods 327 9.4.2.1 Quantitative Analysis of Infrared Spectra 327 9.4.2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Raman Spectra 330 References 331 Further Reading 332 10 Thermal Analysis 333 10.1 Common Characteristics 333 10.1.1 Thermal Events 333 10.1.1.1 Enthalpy Change 335 10.1.2 Instrumentation 335 10.1.3 Experimental Parameters 336 10.2 Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry 337 10.2.1 Working Principles 337 10.2.1.1 Differential Thermal Analysis 337 10.2.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 338 10.2.1.3 Temperature-Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry 340 10.2.2 Experimental Aspects 342 10.2.2.1 Sample Requirements 342 10.2.2.2 Baseline Determination 343 10.2.2.3 Effects of Scanning Rate 344 10.2.3 Measurement of Temperature and Enthalpy Change 345 10.2.3.1 Transition Temperatures 345 10.2.3.2 Measurement of Enthalpy Change 347 10.2.3.3 Calibration of Temperature and Enthalpy Change 348 10.2.4 Applications 348 10.2.4.1 Determination of Heat Capacity 348 10.2.4.2 Determination of Phase Transformation and Phase Diagrams 350 10.2.4.3 Applications to Polymers 351 10.3 Thermogravimetry 353 10.3.1 Instrumentation 354 10.3.2 Experimental Aspects 355 10.3.2.1 Samples 355 10.3.2.2 Atmosphere 356 10.3.2.3 Temperature Calibration 358 10.3.2.4 Heating Rate 359 10.3.3 Interpretation of Thermogravimetric Curves 360 10.3.3.1 Types of Curves 360 10.3.3.2 Temperature Determination 362 10.3.4 Applications 362 References 365 Further Reading 365 Index 367

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by an excellent, highly experienced and motivated team of lecturers, this textbook is based on one of the most successful courses in catalysis and as such is tried-and-tested by generations of graduate and PhD students, i.e. the Catalysis-An-Integrated-Approach (CAIA) course organized by NIOK, the Dutch Catalysis research school. It covers all essential aspects of this important topic, including homogeneous, heterogeneous and biocatalysis, but also kinetics, catalyst characterization and preparation, reactor design and engineering. The perfect source of information for graduate and PhD students in chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as for scientists wanting to refresh their knowledgeTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1Leon Lefferts, Ulf Hanefeld, and Harry Bitter 1.1 A FewWords at the Beginning 1 1.2 Catalysis in a Nutshell 1 1.3 History of Catalysis 3 1.3.1 Industrial Catalysis 4 1.3.2 Environmental Catalysis 5 1.4 Integration Homo–Hetero-Biocatalysis 5 1.5 Research in Catalysis 10 1.5.1 S-Curve, Old Processes Improvement Is Knowledge Intensive 10 1.5.2 Interdependence with Other Fields 11 1.5.3 Recent and Future Issues 12 1.6 Catalysis and Integrated Approach or How to Use this Book 14 References 14 2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 15Leon Lefferts, Emiel Hensen, and Hans Niemantsverdriet 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Concept of Heterogeneous Catalysis 15 2.1.2 Applications of Heterogeneous Catalysis 16 2.1.3 Catalytic Cycle 23 2.2 Adsorption on Surfaces 23 2.2.1 Physisorption and Chemisorption 24 2.2.2 Adsorption Isotherms 26 2.2.3 Chemisorption and Chemical Bonding 28 2.2.4 Connecting Kinetic andThermodynamic Formulations 33 2.3 Surface Reactions 35 2.3.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics 35 2.4 Types of Heterogeneous Catalysts 41 2.4.1 Supported Metals 41 2.4.2 Oxides and Sulfides 51 2.4.3 Solid Acid Catalysts 62 Question 1 69 Question 2 69 References 70 3 Homogeneous Catalysis 73Elisabeth Bouwman,Martin C. Feiters, and Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink 3.1 Framework and Outline 73 3.1.1 Outline of this Chapter 73 3.1.2 Definitions and Terminology 74 3.2 Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry 75 3.2.1 Coordination Chemistry: d Orbitals, Geometries, Crystal Field Theory 75 3.2.2 σ and π donors and back-donation: CO, alkene, phosphane, H2 77 3.2.3 Organometallics: Hapticity, Metal–Alkyl/Allyl, Agostic Interaction, Carbenes 80 3.2.4 Electron Counting: Ionogenic or Donor-Pair versus Covalent or Neutral-Ligand 81 3.2.5 Effect of Binding on Ligands andMetal Ions, Stabilization of Oxidation States 83 3.3 Elementary Steps in Homogeneous Catalysis 84 3.3.1 Formation of the Active Catalyst Species 84 3.3.2 Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination 85 3.3.3 Migration and Elimination 87 3.3.4 Oxidative Coupling and Reductive Cleavage 90 3.3.5 Alkene or Alkyne Metathesis and σ-Bond Metathesis 90 3.3.6 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Attack 92 3.4 Homogeneous Hydrogenation 95 3.4.1 Background and Scope 95 3.4.2 H2 DihydrideMechanism:Wilkinson’s Catalyst 96 3.4.3 H2 Monohydride Mechanism and Heterolytic Cleavage 97 3.4.4 Asymmetric Homogeneous Hydrogenation 98 3.4.5 Transfer Hydrogenation with 2-Propanol 100 3.4.6 Other Alkene Addition Reactions 102 3.5 Hydroformylation 104 3.5.1 Scope and Importance of the Reaction and Its Products 104 3.5.2 Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation 105 3.5.3 Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation 107 3.5.4 Asymmetric Hydroformylation 110 3.6 Oligomerization and Polymerization of Alkenes 112 3.6.1 Scope and Importance of Oligomerization and Polymerization 112 3.6.2 Oligomerization of Ethene (Ni, Cr) 113 3.6.3 Stereochemistry and Mechanism of Propene Polymerization 115 3.6.4 Metallocene Catalysis 117 3.6.5 Polymerization with Non-Metallocenes (Pd, Ni, Fe, Co) 118 3.7 Miscellaneous Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 118 3.7.1 Cross-Coupling Reactions: Pd-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation 118 3.7.2 Metathesis Reactions 120 Question 1 (total 20 points) 122 Question 2 (total 20 points) 122 References 123 Further Reading 124 4 Biocatalysis 127Guzman Torrelo, Frank Hollmann, and Ulf Hanefeld 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Why Are Enzymes So Huge? 129 4.3 Classification of Enzymes 137 4.3.1 Oxidoreductases (EC 1) 139 4.3.2 Transferases (EC 2) 147 4.3.3 Hydrolases (EC 3) 147 4.3.4 Lyases (EC 4) 157 4.4 Concepts and Methods 157 4.4.1 Cofactor Regeneration Systems 158 4.4.2 Methods to Shift Unfavorable Equilibria 159 4.4.3 Two-Liquid-Phase Systems (and Related) 164 4.4.4 (Dynamic) Kinetic Resolutions and Desymmetrization 164 4.4.5 Enantiomeric Ratio E 168 4.5 Applications and Case Studies 169 4.5.1 Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1) 169 4.5.2 Transferases (EC 2) 177 4.5.3 Hydrolases (EC 3) 179 4.5.3.1 Lipases and Esterases (EC 3.1.1) 179 4.5.4 Lyases (EC 4) 181 Question 1 186 Question 2 186 Question 3 187 Question 4 188 Further Reading 188 5 Chemical Kinetics of Catalyzed Reactions 191Freek Kapteijn, Jorge Gascon, and T. Alexander Nijhuis 5.1 Introduction 191 5.2 Rate Expressions – Quasi-Steady-State Approximation and Quasi-Equilibrium Assumption 193 5.3 Adsorption Isotherms 198 5.3.1 One-Component Adsorption 198 5.3.2 Multicomponent Adsorption 199 5.3.3 Dissociative Adsorption 200 5.4 Rate Expressions – Other Models and Generalizations 200 5.5 Limiting Cases – Reactant and Product Concentrations 202 5.6 Temperature and Pressure Dependence 206 5.6.1 Transition-StateTheory 207 5.6.2 Forward Reaction – Temperature and Pressure Dependence 208 5.6.3 Forward Reaction – Limiting Cases 209 5.7 Sabatier Principle – Volcano Plot 213 5.8 Concluding Remarks 214 Notation 216 Greek 217 Subscripts 217 Superscripts 217 Question 1 217 Question 2 218 Question 3 218 References 219 6 Catalytic Reaction Engineering 221Freek Kapteijn, Jorge Gascon, and T. Alexander Nijhuis 6.1 Introduction 221 6.2 Chemical Reactors 222 6.2.1 Balance and Definitions 222 6.2.2 Batch Reactor 224 6.2.2.1 Multiple Reactions 226 6.2.3 Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 228 6.2.4 Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 231 6.2.5 Comparison between Plug-flow and CSTR reactor 233 6.3 Reaction and Mass Transport 236 6.3.1 External Mass Transfer 237 6.3.2 Internal Mass Transport 242 6.3.3 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 248 6.3.4 Heat Transfer 254 6.4 Criteria to Check for Transport Limitations 257 6.4.1 Numerical Checks 257 6.4.2 Experimental Checks 260 Notation 264 Greek symbols 265 Subscripts 265 Question 1 265 Question 2 266 Question 3 267 References 269 7 Characterization of Catalysts 271Guido Mul, Frank de Groot, Barbara Mojet-Mol, and Moniek Tromp 7.1 Introduction 271 7.1.1 Importance of Characterization of Catalysts 271 7.1.2 Overview of the Various Techniques 271 7.2 Techniques Based on Probe Molecules 273 7.2.1 Temperature-Programmed Techniques 273 7.2.2 Physisorption and Chemisorption 275 7.3 Electron Microscopy Techniques 280 7.4 Techniques from Ultraviolet up to Infrared Radiation 283 7.4.1 UV/Vis Spectroscopy 283 7.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 286 7.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy 289 7.5 Techniques Based on X-Rays 291 7.5.1 Introduction 291 7.5.2 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 293 7.5.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 294 7.5.4 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 295 7.5.5 X-Ray Scattering 299 7.5.6 X-Ray Microscopy 302 7.6 Ion Spectroscopies 303 7.7 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Techniques 304 7.7.1 NMR 304 7.7.2 EPR 306 7.8 Summary 310 Question 1 310 Question 2 311 Question 3 312 References 313 8 Synthesis of Solid Supports and Catalysts 315Petra de Jongh and Krijn de Jong 8.1 Introduction 315 8.2 Support Materials 317 8.2.1 Mesoporous Metal Oxides 318 8.2.2 Ordered Microporous Materials 326 8.2.3 Carbon Materials 331 8.2.4 Shaping 333 8.3 Synthesis of Supported Catalysts 333 8.3.1 Colloidal Synthesis Routes 334 8.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 335 8.3.3 Ion Adsorption 338 8.3.4 Deposition Precipitation 341 8.3.5 Co-Precipitation 345 8.3.6 Impregnation and Drying 349 Question 1 357 Question 2 357 Question 3 358 References 358 Index 361

Read more less

Book SynopsisFosters a thorough understand of radiation dosimetry concepts: detailed solutions to the exercises in the textbook "Fundamentals of Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry"!Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Background and Essentials 1 2 Charged Particle Interactions 5 3 Uncharged Particle Interactions with Matter 23 4 Field and Dosimetric Quantities and Radiation Equilibrium: Definitions and Interrelations 35 5 Elementary Aspects of the Attenuation of Uncharged Particles through Matter 47 6 Macroscopic Aspects of the Transport of Radiation through Matter 53 Implementation 54 Normalization of Results 55 7 Characterization of Radiation Quality 57 8 The Monte Carlo Simulation of the Transport of Radiation through Matter 69 9 Cavity Theory 85 10 Overview of Radiation Detectors and Measurements 93 11 Primary Radiation Standards 99 12 Ionization Chambers 109 13 Chemical Dosimeters 117 14 Solid-State Dosimeters 123 15 Reference Dosimetry for External Beam Radiation Therapy 129 16 Dosimetry of Small and Composite Radiotherapy Photon Beams 143 17 Reference Dosimetry for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology 145 18 Absorbed-Dose Determination for Radionuclides 153 19 Neutron Dosimetry 169

Read more less

Book SynopsisA one-stop reference that reviews protein design strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications is a comprehensive resource that offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the field, and contains detailed information on the methodologies and strategies behind these approaches. The authors—noted experts on the topic—explore the distinctive advantages and disadvantages of the presented methodologies and strategies in a targeted and focused manner that allows for the adaptation and implementation of the strategies for new applications. The book contains information on the directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design of proteins and offers a review of the most recent applications in industrial and medical biotechnology. This important book: Covers technologies and methodologies used in protein engineering Includes the strategies behind the approaches, designed to help with the adaptation and implementation of these strategies for new applications Offers a comprehensive and thorough treatment of protein engineering from primary strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Presents cutting edge advances in the continuously evolving field of protein engineering Written for students and professionals of bioengineering, biotechnology, biochemistry, Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications offers an essential resource to the design strategies in protein engineering and reviews recent applications.Table of ContentsPart I Directed Evolution 1 1 Continuous Evolution of Proteins In Vivo 3Alon Wellner, Arjun Ravikumar, and Chang C. Liu 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Challenges in Achieving In Vivo Continuous Evolution 5 1.3 Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution (PACE) 10 1.4 Systems That Allow In Vivo Continuous Directed Evolution 13 1.4.1 Targeted Mutagenesis in E. coli with Error-Prone DNA Polymerase I 13 1.4.2 Yeast Systems That Do Not Use Engineered DNA Polymerases for Mutagenesis 16 1.4.3 Somatic Hypermutation as a Means for Targeted Mutagenesis of GOIs 18 1.4.4 Orthogonal DNA Replication (OrthoRep) 20 1.5 Conclusion 22 References 22 2 In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 29Song Buck Tay and Ee Lui Ang 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Nucleic Acid-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 32 2.2.1 RNA-Type Biosensors 32 2.2.2 DNA-Type Biosensors 35 2.3 Protein-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 37 2.3.1 Transcription Factor-Type Biosensors 37 2.3.2 Enzyme-Type Biosensors 41 2.4 Characteristics of Biosensors for In Vivo Directed Protein Evolution 44 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 3 High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Complements Protein Engineering 57Tong Si, Pu Xue, Kisurb Choe, Huimin Zhao, and Jonathan V. Sweedler 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Procedures and Instrumentation for MS-Based Protein Assays 59 3.3 Technology Advances Focusing on Throughput Improvement 62 3.4 Applications of MS-Based Protein Assays: Summary 63 3.4.1 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Analysis 64 3.4.2 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Engineering 66 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 68 Acknowledgments 68 References 69 4 Recent Advances in Cell Surface Display Technologies for Directed Protein Evolution 81Maryam Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh and Wilfred Chen 4.1 Cell Display Methods 81 4.1.1 Phage Display 81 4.1.2 Bacterial Display Systems 83 4.1.3 Yeast Surface Display 84 4.1.4 Mammalian Display 85 4.2 Selection Methods and Strategies 86 4.2.1 High-Throughput Cell Screening 86 4.2.1.1 Panning 86 4.2.1.2 FACS 86 4.2.1.3 MACS 87 4.2.2 Selection Strategies 88 4.2.2.1 Competitive Selection (Counter Selection) 88 4.2.2.2 Negative/Positive Selection 89 4.3 Modifications of Cell Surface Display Systems 89 4.3.1 Modification of YSD for Enzyme Engineering 89 4.3.2 Yeast Co-display System 91 4.3.3 Surface Display of Multiple Proteins 91 4.4 Recent Advances to Expand Cell-Display Directed Evolution Techniques 93 4.4.1 μSCALE (Microcapillary Single-Cell Analysis and Laser Extraction) 93 4.4.2 Combining Cell Surface Display and Next-Generation Sequencing 94 4.4.3 PACE (Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution) 94 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96 References 97 5 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis for Semi-rational Enzyme Design 105Ge Qu, Zhoutong Sun, and Manfred T. Reetz 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Recent Methodology Developments in ISM-Based Directed Evolution 108 5.2.1 Choosing Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets Properly 109 5.2.1.1 Limonene Epoxide Hydrolase as the Catalyst in Hydrolytic Desymmetrization 109 5.2.1.2 Alcohol Dehydrogenase TbSADH as the Catalyst in Asymmetric Transformation of Difficult-to-Reduce Ketones 110 5.2.1.3 P450-BM3 as the Chemo- and Stereoselective Catalyst in a Whole-Cell Cascade Sequence 112 5.2.1.4 Multi-parameter Evolution Aided by Mutability Landscaping 115 5.2.2 Further Methodology Developments of CAST/ISM 117 5.2.2.1 Advances Based on Novel Molecular Biological Techniques and Computational Methods 117 5.2.2.2 Advances Based on Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis of SM Libraries 118 5.3 B-FIT as an ISM Method for Enhancing Protein Thermostability 120 5.4 Learning from CAST/ISM-Based Directed Evolution 121 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 121 Acknowledgment 124 References 124 Part II Rational and Semi-Rational Design 133 6 Data-driven Protein Engineering 135Jonathan Greenhalgh, Apoorv Saraogee, and Philip A. Romero 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 The Data Revolution in Biology 136 6.3 Statistical Representations of Protein Sequence, Structure, and Function 138 6.3.1 Representing Protein Sequences 138 6.3.2 Representing Protein Structures 140 6.4 Learning the Sequence-Function Mapping from Data 141 6.4.1 Supervised Learning (Regression/Classification) 141 6.4.2 Unsupervised/Semisupervised Learning 144 6.5 Applying Statistical Models to Engineer Proteins 145 6.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 147 References 148 7 Protein Engineering by Efficient Sequence Space Exploration Through Combination of Directed Evolution and Computational Design Methodologies 153Subrata Pramanik, Francisca Contreras, Mehdi D. Davari, and Ulrich Schwaneberg 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Protein Engineering Strategies 154 7.2.1 Computer-Aided Rational Design 155 7.2.1.1 FRESCO 155 7.2.1.2 FoldX 157 7.2.1.3 CNA 158 7.2.1.4 PROSS 159 7.2.1.5 ProSAR 160 7.2.2 Knowledge Based Directed Evolution 161 7.2.2.1 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis (ISM) 161 7.2.2.2 Mutagenic Organized Recombination Process by Homologous In Vivo Grouping (MORPHING) 161 7.2.2.3 Knowledge Gaining Directed Evolution (KnowVolution) 162 7.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 171 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 8 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzymes 177Kevin A. Harnden, Yajie Wang, Lam Vo, Huimin Zhao, and Yi Lu 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Rational Design 177 8.2.1 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 177 8.2.2 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 179 8.2.2.1 Redesign of Native Proteins 179 8.2.2.2 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 181 8.2.2.3 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 184 8.2.2.4 Supramolecular Anchoring in Native Protein 187 8.3 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzyme by Directed Evolution in Combination with Rational Design 188 8.3.1 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 188 8.3.2 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 189 8.3.2.1 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 189 8.3.2.2 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 192 8.3.2.3 Non-covalent Anchoring in Native Proteins 194 8.4 Summary and Outlook 200 Acknowledgment 201 References 201 9 Engineered Cytochromes P450 for Biocatalysis 207Hanan Alwaseem and Rudi Fasan 9.1 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases 207 9.2 Engineered Bacterial P450s for Biocatalytic Applications 210 9.2.1 Oxyfunctionalization of Small Organic Substrates 211 9.2.2 Late-Stage Functionalization of Natural Products 220 9.2.3 Synthesis of Drug Metabolites 224 9.3 High-throughput Methods for Screening Engineered P450s 227 9.4 Engineering of Hybrid P450 Systems 229 9.5 Engineered P450s with Improved Thermostability and Solubility 230 9.6 Conclusions 231 Acknowledgments 232 References 232 Part III Applications in Industrial Biotechnology 243 10 Protein Engineering Using Unnatural Amino Acids 245Yang Yu, Xiaohong Liu, and Jiangyun Wang 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Methods for Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation 246 10.3 Applications of Unnatural Amino Acids in Protein Engineering 247 10.3.1 Enhancing Stability 248 10.3.2 Mechanistic Study Using Spectroscopic Methods 248 10.3.3 Tuning Catalytic Activity 250 10.3.4 Tuning Selectivity 252 10.3.5 Enzyme Design 252 10.3.6 Protein Engineering Toward a Synthetic Life 255 10.4 Outlook 256 10.5 Conclusions 258 References 258 11 Application of Engineered Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) 265Juan Mangas-Sanchez, Sebastian C. Cosgrove, and Nicholas J. Turner 11.1 Introduction 265 11.1.1 Transferases 266 11.1.1.1 Transaminases 266 11.1.2 Oxidoreductases 267 11.1.2.1 Ketoreductases 267 11.1.2.2 Amino Acid Dehydrogenases 271 11.1.2.3 Cytochrome P450 Monoxygenases 272 11.1.2.4 Baeyer–Villiger Monoxygenases 273 11.1.2.5 Amine Oxidases 274 11.1.2.6 Hydroxylases 276 11.1.2.7 Imine Reductases 276 11.1.3 Lyases 278 11.1.3.1 Ammonia Lyases 278 11.1.4 Isomerases 278 11.1.5 Hydrolases 279 11.1.5.1 Esterases 279 11.1.5.2 Haloalkane Dehalogenase 279 11.1.6 Multi-enzyme Cascade 281 11.2 Conclusions 282 References 287 12 Directing Evolution of the Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295Javier Viña-Gonzalez and Miguel Alcalde 12.1 The Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295 12.2 Functional Expression in Yeast 297 12.2.1 The Evolution of Signal Peptides 297 12.2.2 Secretion Mutations in Mature Protein 300 12.2.3 The Importance of Codon Usage 301 12.3 Yeast as a Tool-Box in the Generation of DNA Diversity 302 12.4 Bringing Together Evolutionary Strategies and Computational Tools 305 12.5 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays for Ligninase Evolution 306 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook 309 Acknowledgments 309 References 310 13 Engineering Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Progress and Opportunities 317Annalee W. Nguyen and Jennifer A. Maynard 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Antibody Formats 318 13.2.1 Human IgG1 Structure 318 13.2.2 Antibody-Drug Conjugates 319 13.2.3 Bispecific Antibodies 320 13.2.4 Single Domain Antibodies 321 13.2.5 Chimeric Antigen Receptors 321 13.3 Antibody Discovery 322 13.3.1 Antibody Target Identification 322 13.3.1.1 Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Targets 323 13.3.1.2 Infectious Disease Targets 323 13.3.2 Screening for Target-Binding Antibodies 324 13.3.2.1 Synthetic Library Derived Antibodies 324 13.3.2.2 Host-Derived Antibodies 325 13.3.2.3 Immunization 325 13.3.2.4 Pairing the Light and Heavy Variable Regions 326 13.3.2.5 Humanization 327 13.3.2.6 Hybrid Approaches to Antibody Discovery 328 13.4 Therapeutic Optimization of Antibodies 328 13.4.1 Serum Half-Life 328 13.4.1.1 Antibody Half-Life Extension 329 13.4.1.2 Antibody Half-Life Reduction 331 13.4.1.3 Effect of Half-Life Modification on Effector Functions 331 13.4.2 Effector Functions 331 13.4.2.1 Effector Function Considerations for Cancer Therapeutics 332 13.4.2.2 Effector Function Considerations for Infectious Disease Prophylaxis and Therapy 333 13.4.2.3 Effector Function Considerations for Treating Autoimmune Disease 334 13.4.2.4 Approaches to Engineering the Effector Functions of the IgG1 Fc 334 13.4.3 Tissue Localization 335 13.4.4 Immunogenicity 335 13.4.4.1 Reducing T-Cell Recognition 336 13.4.4.2 Reducing Aggregation 336 13.5 Manufacturability of Antibodies 336 13.5.1 Increasing Antibody Yield 337 13.5.1.1 Codon Usage 337 13.5.1.2 Signal Peptide Optimization 337 13.5.1.3 Expression Optimization 338 13.5.2 Alternative Production Methods 338 13.6 Conclusions 339 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 14 Programming Novel Cancer Therapeutics: Design Principles for Chimeric Antigen Receptors 353Andrew J. Hou and Yvonne Y. Chen 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Metrics to Evaluate CAR-T Cell Function 354 14.3 Antigen-Recognition Domain 356 14.3.1 Tuning the Antigen-Recognition Domain to Manage Toxicity 356 14.3.2 Incorporation of Multiple Antigen-Recognition Domains to Engineer “Smarter” CARs 356 14.3.3 Novel Antigen-Recognition Domains to Enhance CAR Modularity 359 14.3.4 Engineering CARs that Target Soluble Factors 360 14.4 Extracellular Spacer 360 14.5 Transmembrane Domain 362 14.6 Signaling Domain 362 14.6.1 First- and Second-Generation CARs 362 14.6.2 Combinatorial Co-stimulation 363 14.6.3 Other Co-stimulatory Domains: ICOS, OX40, TLR2 364 14.6.4 Additional Considerations for CAR Signaling Domains 364 14.7 High-Throughput CAR Engineering 366 14.8 Novel Receptor Modalities 367 References 369 Part IV Applications in Medical Biotechnology 377 15 Development of Novel Cellular Imaging Tools Using Protein Engineering 379Praopim Limsakul, Chi-Wei Man, Qin Peng, Shaoying Lu, and Yingxiao Wang 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Cellular Imaging Tools Developed by Protein Engineering 380 15.2.1 Fluorescent Proteins 380 15.2.1.1 The FP Color Palette 380 15.2.1.2 Photocontrollable Fluorescent Proteins 381 15.2.1.3 Other Engineered Fluorescent Proteins 383 15.2.2 Antibodies and Protein Scaffolds 383 15.2.2.1 Antibodies 383 15.2.2.2 Antibody-Like Protein Scaffolds 384 15.2.2.3 Directed Evolution 384 15.2.3 Genetically Encoded Non-fluorescent Protein Tags 385 15.3 Application in Cellular Imaging 386 15.3.1 Cell Biology Applications 386 15.3.1.1 Localization 386 15.3.1.2 Cell Signaling 387 15.3.2 Application in Diagnostics and Medicine 390 15.3.2.1 Detection 390 15.3.2.2 Screening for Drugs 392 15.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 393 References 394 Index 403

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresents uparalleled coverage of Na-ion battery technology, including the most recent research and emerging applications Na-ion battery technologies have emerged as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to Li-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale storage applications where battery size is less of a concern than in portable electronics or electric vehicles. Scientists and engineers involved in developing commercially viable Na-ion batteries need to understand the state-of-the-art in constituent materials, electrodes, and electrolytes to meet both performance metrics and economic requirements. Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology provides in-depth coverage of the material constituents, characterization, applications, upscaling, and commercialization of Na-ion batteries. Contributions by international experts discuss the development and performance of cathode and anode materials and their characterization - using methods such as NMR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computational studies - as well as ceramics, ionic liquids, and other solid and liquid electrolytes. Discusses the development of battery technology based on the abundant alkali ion sodium Features a thorough introduction to Na-ion batteries and their comparison with Li-ion batteries Reviews recent research on the structure-electrochemical performance relationship and the development of new solid electrolytes Includes a timely overview of commercial perspectives, cost analysis, and safety issues of Na-ion batteries Covers emerging technologies including Na-ion capacitors, aqueous sodium batteries, and Na-S batteries The handbook Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology is an indispensable reference for researchers and development engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists, and engineering scientists in both academia and industry.Table of ContentsVolume 1 Preface xiii Part I Anodes 1 1 Graphite as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries 3Gustav Avall, Mustafa Goktas, and Philipp Adelhelm 2 Hard Carbon Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries 27Fei Xie, Zhen Xu, Zhenyu Guo, Yuqi Li, Yaxiang Lu, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, and Yong-Sheng Hu 3 Alloy Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 61Yan Yu, Xianhong Rui, and Xianghua Zhang Part II Cathodes 93 4 Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode Materials 95A. Robert Armstrong, Stephanie F. Linnell, Philip A. Maughan, Begoña Silván, and Nuria Tapia-Ruiz 5 Phosphate-Based Polyanionic Sodium-Ion Electrode Materials 129G. M. Nolis, M. Casas-Cabanas, and M. Galceran 6 Prussian Blue Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 167Sai Gourang Patnaik and Philipp Adelhelm Part III Advanced Characterization of Na-Ion Battery Electrodes 189 7 Understanding Na-Ion Batteries on the Atomic Scale Through Operando X-ray and Neutron Scattering 191Christian Kolle Christensen and Dorthe Bomholdt Ravnsbæk 8 NMR Investigations of Sodium-Ion Batteries 215Christopher A. O’Keefe and Clare P. Grey 9 Computational Studies on Na-Ion Electrode Materials 259Emilia Olsson and Qiong Cai 10 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries 301Phoebe K. Allan and Joshua M. Stratford Volume 2 Preface xiii Part IV Electrolytes 333 11 Ester- and Ether-Based Electrolytes for Na-Ion Batteries 335Yuqi Li, Lin Zhou, Fei Xie, Yu Li, Zhao Chen, Yaxiang Lu, and Yong-Sheng Hu 12 Ionic Liquid and Polymer-Based Electrolytes for Sodium Battery Applications 357Maria Forsyth, Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Fangfang Chen, Ju Sun, and Patrick C. Howlett 13 Sodium-ion-conducting Oxides Used as Solid Electrolytes in Sodium Batteries -- Learning from the Past 391F. Tietz 14 Polymers in Sodium-Ion Batteries 429Heather Au and Maria Crespo-Ribadeneyra Part V Safety and Other Practical Aspects 501 15 Sodium-Ion Batteries: Aging, Degradation, Failure Mechanisms and Safety 503Julia Weaving, James Robinson, Daniela Ledwoch, Guanjie He, Emma Kendrick, Paul Shearing, and Daniel Brett 16 Practical Application of Room Temperature Na-Ion Batteries 531Kun Tang and Yu Ren 17 On the Environmental Competitiveness of Sodium-Ion Batteries -- Current State of the Art in Life Cycle Assessment 551Jens Peters, Manuel Baumann, Marcel Weil, and Stefano Passerini Part VI Other Na Based Technologies 573 18 High-Power Sodium-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Capacitors 575Binson Babu and Andrea Balducci 19 Rechargeable Seawater Batteries 603Wang-geun Lee and Youngsik Kim 20 Sodium Solid-state Batteries 641Edouard Quérel and Ainara Aguadero Index 705

Read more less

Book SynopsisBasic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology Understand the basics of a thriving interdisciplinary research field Microbial electrochemistry is a subfield of bioelectrochemistry which concerns interactions between microbial organisms and electrically active surfaces such as electrodes. Its growth as a subject of research has been rapid in recent years, and its technological applications are many, particularly as the race to find sustainable organic energy sources accelerates. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology offers an accessible overview of this interdisciplinary subject and its potential applications. Moving smoothly from the general to the specific, it offers both fundamental principles and some of the most relevant specific examples, such as biofilm electrodes, microbial fuel cells or microbial electrosynthesis cells, making it the ideal choice for building a working knowledge of this exciting new field. Its solid foundation of microbial electrochemical technologies also serves as a starting point for a wide range of applied research areas. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology readers will also find: Carefully designed artistic illustrations Hands-on exercises throughout to facilitate entry into laboratory work Numerous illustrative examples and calculations designed to demonstrate and reinforce key principles Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology is the perfect point of entry into this growing field for both students and researchers.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix List of Boxes xxi Preface xxiii 1 A Reader’s Guide to Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 1 2 A Basic Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1 Introduction to Microbial Energy Conversion and Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1.1 Microbial Conversions 3 2.1.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and Microbial Electrolysis Cells 5 2.2 Electroactive Microorganisms and Mechanisms of Extracellular Electron Transfer 7 2.2.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms: The Role Models of Electroactive Microorganisms 7 2.2.2 A Snapshot on Electroactive Microorganisms 8 2.3 Energetics: The Redox Tower and a Water Analogy 9 2.4 Wastewater Characteristics 13 2.4.1 Physical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.2 Chemical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.3 Organic Constituents in Wastewater 15 2.4.4 Biological Wastewater Characteristics 16 2.5 Microbial Electrochemical Technologies: Systems and Design 17 2.5.1 Main Components and Design 17 2.5.2 Operational Modes 18 2.5.3 Electrodes and Current Collectors 19 2.5.4 Ionic Charge Transport and Membranes 21 2.5.5 Lab Measurements and Criteria for Normalization 22 2.6 Short Alert on Terminology 23 Questions 24 References 25 3 Electrochemical Potential, Electrode Potential, and the Need for Reference Electrodes 27 3.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Potentials 27 3.1.1 A Physical-Chemical Approach Toward Electrochemical Potentials 28 3.2 Electrodes and Electrode Reactions 36 3.2.1 Definition of Electrodes and Electrochemical Half-Cells 36 3.2.2 Scientific Notation of Electrochemical Cells 37 3.2.3 Types of Electrodes 38 3.3 The Relative Electrode Potential and the Need for Reference Electrodes 40 3.3.1 Point of Reference for Electrode Potentials 42 3.3.2 Reference Electrodes Explained via the Water Analogy 45 Questions 46 References 47 4 Reaction Equations and Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Reactions 49 4.1 Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction Reactions and Thermodynamic Limits 49 4.2 How to Write and Balance Reaction Equations of (Bio)electrochemical Reactions 50 4.2.1 Reaction Equations for the Hydrogen Fuel Cell 51 4.2.2 Reaction Equations for a Microbial Electrolysis Cell 53 4.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Conversions 57 4.3.1 Calculations Assuming Standard Conditions 57 4.3.2 The Effect of Actual Concentrations on Gibbs Free Energy Change 62 4.3.3 The Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy Change 65 Questions 68 References 68 5 Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.1 Introduction to Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.2 What Is a Three-Electrode Arrangement, a Potentiostat or Power Supply, and for What Are They Needed? 70 5.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer and Capacitive Current 74 5.4 Potentiometry, Amperometry, Coulometry, and Constant Current Measurements 78 5.5 Chronoamperometry 82 Questions 87 References 88 6 Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.2 Basics of Electrochemical Kinetics 90 6.3 Electrochemical Reversibility 91 6.4 Overpotentials 94 6.5 The Overpotential Due to Mass Transfer 98 6.6 Potential-Current Plots and Electrode Kinetics 101 6.7 The Butler–Volmer Equation 103 6.8 Tafel Equation and Tafel Plots 106 6.9 Electrocatalysis 108 Questions 113 References 114 7 Dynamic Electrochemical Methods 115 7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Methods with Changing Electrode Potential 115 7.2 Voltammetry 117 7.3 Performing Dynamic Electrochemical Methods Using Potentiostats: Discriminating Capacitive and Faradaic Current 117 7.3.1 The Principles of Linear Sweep Voltammetry 120 7.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 123 7.4.1 General Considerations and Basic Data Analysis 123 7.4.2 Studying Biofilm Electrodes Using Cyclic Voltammetry 131 7.4.3 Experimental Design and Limits of Information from Data 134 7.5 Redox-Active Components in Microorganisms 136 7.6 Acquisition of Polarization and Power Curves Using Stepwise Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry 139 7.7 Acquisition of Polarization Curves Using External Resistance 145 7.8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 147 Questions 152 References 152 8 Electrochemical Analysis of Reactors 155 8.1 Introduction to Characterization of Microbial Electrochemical Cells 155 8.2 Mass and Electron Balances and Efficiency of Conversions 157 8.2.1 Establishing Balances for Mass and Electrons 157 8.2.2 Removal Efficiency 158 8.2.3 Coulombic Efficiency 159 8.3 Polarization and Power Curves: Analysis of Measured Data 161 8.4 Internal Resistance and Potential Losses 168 8.5 Energy Efficiency and Voltage Efficiency 174 8.6 Ionic Current and Transport Numbers 176 8.6.1 Ionic Current for the Specific Removal and Recovery of Ions 176 8.6.2 Ionic Current and pH Gradients 177 Questions 178 References 179 9 Seizing the Beauty and Acknowledging the Complexity of Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 181 Appendix A Abbreviations 185 Appendix B Symbols with Definition and Unit 187 Appendix C Solutions to Exercises 193 Appendix D Tabulated Values 217 Index 219

Read more less

Book SynopsisPlasma Science and Technology An accessible introduction to the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications In Plasma Science and Technology: Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering, distinguished researcher Dr. Alexander Fridman delivers a comprehensive introduction to plasma technology, including fulsome descriptions of the fundamentals of plasmas and discharges. The author discusses a wide variety of practical applications of the technology to medicine, energy, catalysis, coatings, and more, emphasizing engineering and science fundamentals. Offering readers illuminating problems and concept questions to support understanding and self-study, the book also details organic and inorganic applications of plasma technologies, demonstrating its use in nature, in the lab, and in both novel and well-known applications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the kinetics of excited atoms and molecules Comprehensive explorations of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure cold discharges Practical discussions of plasma processing in microelectronics and other micro-technologies Expert treatments of plasma in environmental control technologies, including the cleaning of air, exhaust gases, water, and soil Perfect for students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry, Plasma Science and Technology will also benefit professionals working in these fields who seek a contemporary refresher in the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications.Table of ContentsPreface xxxi Part I Plasma Fundamentals: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Electrodynamics 1 Lecture 1 The Major Component of the Universe, the Cornerstone of Microelectronics, The High-Tech Magic Wand of Technology 3 Lecture 2 Elementary Processes of Charged Particles in Plasma 17 Lecture 3 Elementary Processes of Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma 43 Lecture 4 Physical Kinetics and Transfer Processes of Charged Particles in Plasma 71 Lecture 5 Physical and Chemical Kinetics of Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma 89 Lecture 6 Plasma Statistics and Thermodynamics, Heat and Radiation Transfer Processes 111 Lecture 7 Plasma Electrostatics and Electrodynamics, Waves in Plasma 133 Lecture 8 Plasma Magneto-hydrodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics 151 Part II Plasma Physics and Engineering of Electric Discharges 173 Lecture 9 Electric Breakdown, Steady-state Discharge Regimes, and Instabilities 175 Lecture 10 Nonthermal Plasma Sources: Glow Discharges 197 Lecture 11 Thermal Plasma Sources: Arc Discharges 219 Lecture 12 Radio-frequency, Microwave, and Optical Discharges 245 Lecture 13 Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Discharges: Corona, Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), Atmospheric Pressure Glow (APG), Plasma Jet 277 Lecture 14 Nonequilibrium Transitional “Warm” Discharges: Nonthermal Gliding Arc, Moderate-pressure Microwave Discharge, Different Types of Sparks and Microdischarges 297 Lecture 15 Ionization and Discharges in Aerosols; Dusty Plasma Physics; Electron Beams and Plasma Radiolysis 311 Lecture 16 Electric Discharges in Water and Other Liquids 331 Part III Plasma in Inorganic Material Treatment, Energy Systems, and Environmental Control 343 Lecture 17 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Plasma-chemical Processes, Plasma Dissociation of CO2 345 Lecture 18 Synthesis of Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, and Other Gas-phase Plasma Synthetic and Decomposition Processes 367 Lecture 19 Plasma Metallurgy: Production and Processing of Metals and their Compounds 391 Lecture 20 Plasma Powders, Micro- and Nano-technologies: Plasma Spraying, Deposition, Coating, Dusty Plasma-chemistry 411 Lecture 21 Plasma Processing in Microelectronics and Other Micro-technologies: Etching, Deposition, and Ion Implantation Processes 431 Lecture 22 Plasma Fuel Conversion and Hydrogen Production, Plasma Catalysis 455 Lecture 23 Plasma Energy Systems: Ignition and Combustion, Thrusters, High-speed Aerodynamics, Power Electronics, Lasers, and Light Sources 481 Lecture 24 Plasma in Environmental Control: Cleaning of Air, Exhaust Gases, Water, and Soil 505 Part IV Organic and Polymer Plasma Chemistry, Plasma Medicine, and Agriculture 523 Lecture 25 Organic Plasma Chemistry: Synthesis and Conversion of Organic Materials and Their Compounds, Synthesis of Diamonds and Diamond Films 525 Lecture 26 Plasma Polymerization, Processing of Polymers, Treatment of Polymer Membranes 545 Lecture 27 Plasma Biology, Nonthermal Plasma Interaction with Cells 567 Lecture 28 Plasma Disinfection and Sterilization of Different Surfaces, Air, and Water Streams 587 Lecture 29 Plasma Agriculture and Food Processing, Chemical and Physical Properties of Plasma-activated Water, Fundamentals and Applications to Wash and Disinfect Produce 607 Lecture 30 Plasma Medicine: Safety, Selectivity, and Efficacy; Penetration Depth of Plasma-Medical Effects; Standardization and Dosimetry 639 Lecture 31 Plasma Medicine: Healing of Wounds and Ulcerations, Blood Coagulation 665 Lecture 32 Plasma Medicine: Dermatology and Cosmetics, Dentistry, Inflammatory Dysfunctions, Gastroenterology, Cardiovascular, and Other Diseases, Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Treatment and Immunotherapy 687 Afterword and Acknowledgements 717 References 721 Index 741

Read more less

Book SynopsisChemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products A comprehensive resource presenting different manufacturing bioprocesses of chemical substitutes, from agricultural and industrial by-products to value-added biorefinery products Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining discusses the biorefinery of chemical substitutes from agricultural and industrial by-products, covering the consolidated bioconversion, bioprocessing, and downstream process of the significant chemical substitutes produced. In each chapter, the individual aspects of bioconversion, bioprocessing, and downstream process of chemical substitutes produced from selected agricultural and industrial by-products to selected chemical substitutes are discussed. The text includes helpful case studies of specific processes to aid in reader comprehension. Edited by four highly qualified academics, Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining includes information on: Common substitutes for chemicals obtained from biomass of agricultural wastes and industrial by-products, including antioxidants, oleoresin, nanocarbon materials, enzymes, essential oils, bio-bleaching agents, and biosugars Alternative substitutes, including biofertilizers, cocoa butter substitutes, bio-succinic acids, furfural derivatives, levulinic acids, and cellulases Economic calculations, such as cost analysis, of different bioprocesses to analyze their feasibility in business and general industry Environmental impact analysis of chemical substitutes from agricultural and industrial by-products for a sustainable agriculture system Enabling readers to create a change in the perception of the waste agricultural biomass from waste to resource, Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining is an essential resource for biotechnologists, chemists in industry, natural products chemists, process engineers, chemical engineers, and environmental chemists.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Editors xvii 1 A Glance on Biorefinery of Chemical Substitutes from Agriculture and Industrial By-products 1Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Lai-Yee Phang, and Mohd A. Jenol 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential for Chemical Substitutes 3 1.3 Potential Application of Chemical Substitute Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes and Industrial By-products 9 1.4 Conclusions 13 2 Antioxidants from Agricultural Wastes and their Potential Applications 19Mohd A. Jenol, Yazmin Hussin, Pei H. Chu, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Noorjahan B. Alitheen 2.1 Introduction to Antioxidants and their Usages 19 2.2 Sources of Antioxidants 21 2.3 Alternative Antioxidants Sources from Agricultural Wastes 22 2.4 Extraction of Antioxidants from Selected Agricultural Waste 22 2.5 Potential Applications of Antioxidants Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes 30 2.6 Future Direction of Antioxidants from AgricultureWastes 34 2.7 Conclusions 35 3 Lemongrass Oleoresin in Food Flavoring 39Madihah Md Salleh, Shankar Ramanathan, and Rohaya Mohd Noor 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Types of Lemongrass and Their Components 40 3.3 Potential Chemical Substitutes from Lemongrass 42 3.4 Characteristics and Properties of Oleoresin 44 3.5 Lemongrass Oleoresin Composition and Function 44 3.6 Extraction Technique of Lemongrass Oleoresin 46 3.7 Application of Lemongrass Oleoresin as Food Flavoring 51 3.8 Oleoresin Prospect 53 3.9 Conclusions 53 4 Nanocarbon Material and Chemicals from Seaweed for Energy Storage Components 59Tirto Prakoso, Hary Devianto, Heri Rustamaji, Praswasti PDK Wulan, and Misri Gozan 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Source of Seaweed 62 4.3 Potential Material Substitute from Seaweed 64 4.4 Utilization of Seaweed-based Material for Energy Storage Component 76 4.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 82 4.6 Conclusions 83 5 Spent Mushroom Substrate as Alternative Source for the Production of Chemical Substitutes 87Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Chia Wei Phan, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, and Jegadeesh Raman 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as Source of Bulk Enzymes 90 5.3 Various Challenges and Future Prospects in the Use of SMS 94 5.4 Conclusions 97 6 Essential Oil from Pineapple Wastes 103Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Nurshazana Mohamad, Mariam J. M. Fairus, Mohd A. Jenol, and Suraini Abd-Aziz 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 PineappleWastes 104 6.3 Pineapple Essential Oil 105 6.4 Extraction of Essential Oils 106 6.5 Extracted Essential Oil Compounds 112 6.6 Conclusions 117 7 Chicken Feather as a Bioresource to Produce Value-added Bioproducts 123Kai L. Sim, Radin S. R. Yahaya, Suriana Sabri, and Lai-Yee Phang 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Valorization of Chicken Feathers 124 7.3 Bioprocessing of Chicken Feathers into Chemical Substitutes 128 7.4 Molecular Approaches to Improve Keratinolytic Propensity of Native Host 132 7.5 Molecular Approaches to Improve Recombinant Keratinase Production and Characteristics 135 7.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 138 7.7 Conclusions 140 8 Bio-bleaching Agents Used for Paper and Pulp Produced from the Valorization of Corncob, Wheat Straw, and Bagasse 145Kanya C. H. Alifia, Tjandra Setiadi, Ramaraj Boopathy, Hendro Risdianto, Muhammad Irfan, and Ibnu M. Hidayatullah 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Characteristics of Biomass Substrate for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 146 8.3 Microbial Sources of Bio-bleaching Enzymes 148 8.4 Bio-bleaching Enzymes and Their Usage in Pulp and Paper Industry 150 8.5 Bioprocessing of AgriculturalWastes for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 154 8.6 Techno-economic Evaluation 159 8.7 Challenges and Future Outlooks 165 8.8 Conclusions 167 9 Recovery of Industrially Useful Enzymes from Rubber Latex Processing By-products 173Tan W. Kit, Yong Y. Seng, Siti N. Azlan, Nurulhuda Abdullah, and Fadzlie W. F. Wong 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Processing of Natural Rubber Latex for the Production of Rubber Products 175 9.3 General Characteristics of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 177 9.4 Conventional and Alternative Activity Assays for Lysozymes and Chitinases 178 9.5 Potential Application of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 182 9.6 Potential Strategy for Recovering Lysozymes and Chitinases from NRL 182 9.7 Conclusions 187 10 Sago Wastes as a Feedstock for Biosugar, Precursor for Chemical Substitutes 193Mohd A. Jenol, Muhd N. Ahmad, Dayang S. A. Adeni, Micky Vincent, and Nurashikin Suhaili 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Current Status of Sago Starch Industry 194 10.3 SagoWastes Biomass 196 10.4 Bioconversion of SagoWastes into Biosugars and its Derivative Precursors 200 10.5 Bioprocessing SagoWastes Fermentable Sugar for Chemicals Substitute 202 10.6 Challenges and Prospect of SagoWastes Biorefinery 207 10.7 Conclusions 209 11 Biofertilizer and Other Chemical Substitutes from Sugarcane By-products 213Is Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Tatang S. Julianto, Rudy Syahputra, and Habibi Hidayat 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Biofertilizer 216 11.3 Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for Soil Improver: Phenol Degradation 218 11.4 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Chemical 223 11.5 Sugarcane By-product as Material for Biocomposites 227 11.6 Future Perspective of Sugarcane By-products Conversion in the Sugarcane Industrial Cycle 228 11.7 Future Usage and Applications of Sugarcane By-products 229 11.8 Conclusions 230 12 Cocoa Butter Substitute from Tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera) 235Muhammad A. Darmawan, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Misri Gozan 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Composition and Characteristics of Tengkawang Butter 237 12.3 Traditional Treatment Process 241 12.4 Extraction and Purification Process of Tengkawang 242 12.5 Economic Feasibility Based on Process Simulation 244 12.6 Benefits and Future Outlook of Tengkawang Butter 249 12.7 Conclusions 250 13 Bio-succinic Acid Production from Biomass and their Applications 255Abdullah A. I. Luthfi, Jian P. Tan, Wen X. Woo, Nurul A. Bukhari, and Hikmah B. Hariz 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 Valorization of Biomass to Bio-succinic Acid 257 13.3 Bio-succinic Acid as Fermentative Metabolite 260 13.4 Purification and Recovery of Succinic Acid 267 13.5 Application of Bio-succinic Acid 272 13.6 Conclusions 273 14 Furfural and Derivatives from Bagasse and Corncob 279Muryanto Muryanto, Yanni Sudiyani, Andre F. P. Harahap, and Misri Gozan 14.1 Introduction 279 14.2 Furfural as a Building Block Material 280 14.3 Furfural Derivatives 281 14.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Raw Material for Furfural Production 285 14.5 Furfural Production 288 14.6 Techno-economical Aspect 295 14.7 Future Trends 296 14.8 Conclusions 297 15 Levulinic and Formic Acids from Rice Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse 301Jabosar R. H. Panjaitan and Misri Gozan 15.1 Introduction 301 15.2 Potential of Biomass Source for the Production of Levulinic and Formic Acids 304 15.3 Levulinic Dan Formic Acids Formation 306 15.4 Pretreatment and Production Technologies 306 15.5 Purification Technologies 309 15.6 Economic Feasibilities 312 15.7 Case Studies 313 15.8 Conclusions 314 16 Cellulase as Biocatalyst Produced from Agricultural Wastes 319Wichanee Bankeeree, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Syahriar NMM Ibrahim, and Hunsa Punnapayak 16.1 Introduction 319 16.2 Cellulases Diversity 320 16.3 Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 323 16.4 Cellulase Properties 325 16.5 Strategies to Improve Cellulase Production 326 16.6 Techno-economic Analysis to Produce Biofuels 331 16.7 Conclusions 332 17 Conversion of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production to Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 337Prawit Kongjan, Alissara Reungsang, and Sureewan Sittijunda 17.1 Introduction 337 17.2 Crude Glycerol Characteristics and Impurities 338 17.3 Bioconversion of Crude Glycerol into Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 340 17.4 Purification and Recovery of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 343 17.5 Applications of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 346 17.6 Challenges and Future Perspective 348 17.7 Conclusions 349 18 Sustainability of Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-products 355Lai-Yee Phang, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, and Mohamad F. Ibrahim 18.1 Introduction 355 18.2 Sustainable Development Strategies, Policies and Regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia 358 18.3 Case Study 1: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Cellulase 360 18.4 Case Study 2: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Biofertilizer 364 18.5 Challenges and Market Opportunities 368 18.6 Conclusions 369 References 370 Index 375

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new up-to-date edition of the successful handbook and ready reference retains the proven concept of the first, covering basic and advanced methods and applications in infrared imaging from two leading expert authors in the field. All chapters have been completely revised and expanded and a new chapter has been added to reflect recent developments in the field and report on the progress made within the last decade. In addition there is now an even stronger focus on real-life examples, with 20% more case studies taken from science and industry. For ease of comprehension the text is backed by more than 590 images which include graphic visualizations and more than 300 infrared thermography figures. The latter include many new ones depicting, for example, spectacular views of phenomena in nature, sports, and daily life. Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition XVII Preface to First Edition XIX List of Acronyms XXIII 1 Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Infrared Radiation 6 1.2.1 ElectromagneticWaves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 6 1.2.2 Basics of Geometrical Optics for Infrared Radiation 10 1.2.2.1 Geometric Properties of Reflection and Refraction 10 1.2.2.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection 12 1.2.2.3 Portion of Reflected and Transmitted Radiation: Fresnel Equations 12 1.3 Radiometry and Thermal Radiation 14 1.3.1 Basic Radiometry 15 1.3.1.1 Radiant Power, Excitance, and Irradiance 15 1.3.1.2 Spectral Densities of Radiometric Quantities 15 1.3.1.3 Solid Angles 16 1.3.1.4 Radiant Intensity, Radiance, and Lambertian Emitters 17 1.3.1.5 Radiation Transfer between Surfaces: Fundamental Law of Radiometry and View Factor 20 1.3.2 Blackbody Radiation 21 1.3.2.1 Definition 21 1.3.2.2 Planck Distribution Function for Blackbody Radiation 22 1.3.2.3 Different Representations of Planck’s Law 24 1.3.2.4 Stefan–Boltzmann Law 26 1.3.2.5 Band Emission 26 1.3.2.6 Order-of-Magnitude Estimate of Detector Sensitivities of IR Cameras 29 1.4 Emissivity 31 1.4.1 Definition 31 1.4.2 Classification of Objects according to Emissivity 32 1.4.3 Emissivity and Kirchhoff’s Law 32 1.4.4 Parameters Affecting Emissivity Values 34 1.4.4.1 Material 34 1.4.4.2 Irregular Surface Structure 34 1.4.4.3 Viewing Angle 35 1.4.4.4 Regular Geometry Effects 39 1.4.4.5 Wavelength 41 1.4.4.6 Temperature 42 1.4.4.7 Conclusion 43 1.4.5 Techniques toMeasure/Guess Emissivities for PracticalWork 44 1.4.6 Blackbody Radiators: Emissivity Standards for Calibration Purposes 45 1.5 Optical Material Properties in IR 49 1.5.1 Attenuation of IR Radiation while Passing throughMatter 50 1.5.2 Transmission of Radiation through the Atmosphere 51 1.5.3 Transmission of Radiation through Slablike SolidMaterials 54 1.5.3.1 Nonabsorbing Slabs 54 1.5.3.2 Absorbing Slabs 55 1.5.4 Examples of Transmission Spectra of Optical Materials for IR Thermal Imaging 56 1.5.4.1 Gray Materials in Used IR Spectral Ranges 56 1.5.4.2 Some Selective Absorbers 61 1.6 Thin Film Coatings: IR Components with Tailored Optical Properties 62 1.6.1 Interference ofWaves 63 1.6.2 Interference and Optical Thin Films 64 1.6.3 Examples of AR Coatings 65 1.6.4 Other Optical Components 66 1.7 Some Notes on the History of Infrared Science and Technology 69 1.7.1 Infrared Science 69 1.7.1.1 Discovery of Heat Rays and Atmospheric Absorption 69 1.7.1.2 Blackbodies and Blackbody Radiation 72 1.7.1.3 Radiation Laws 73 1.7.2 Development of Infrared Technology 76 1.7.2.1 Prerequisites for IR Imaging 77 1.7.2.2 Quantitative Measurements 84 1.7.2.3 Applications and Imaging Techniques 88 References 97 2 Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems 107 2.1 Introduction 107 2.2 Detectors and Detector Systems 107 2.2.1 Parameters That Characterize Detector Performance 108 2.2.2 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference 110 2.2.3 Thermal Detectors 111 2.2.3.1 Temperature Change of Detector 111 2.2.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Resistance of Bolometer 112 2.2.3.3 NEP and D* forMicrobolometer 113 2.2.4 Photon Detectors 117 2.2.4.1 Principle of Operation and Responsivity 117 2.2.4.2 D* for Signal-Noise-Limited Detection 119 2.2.4.3 D* for Background Noise Limited Detection 120 2.2.4.4 Necessity to Cool Photon Detectors 123 2.2.5 Types of Photon Detectors 125 2.2.5.1 Photoconductors 125 2.2.5.2 Photodiodes 126 2.2.5.3 Schottky Barrier Detectors 128 2.2.5.4 Quantum Well IR Photodetectors 128 2.2.5.5 Recent Developments in IR Detector Technology 132 2.3 Basic Measurement Process in IR Imaging 142 2.3.1 Radiometric Chain 142 2.3.2 Wavebands for Thermal Imaging 146 2.3.3 Selecting the AppropriateWaveband for Thermal Imaging 147 2.3.3.1 Total Detected Amount of Radiation 148 2.3.3.2 Temperature Contrast–Radiation Changes upon Temperature Changes 151 2.3.3.3 Influence of Background Reflections 155 2.3.3.4 Influence of Emissivity and Emissivity Uncertainties 158 2.3.3.5 Potential use of Bolometers in MWor SWband 168 2.4 Complete Camera Systems 173 2.4.1 Camera Design – Image Formation 173 2.4.1.1 Scanning Systems 174 2.4.1.2 Staring Systems–Focal-Plane Arrays 176 2.4.1.3 Nonuniformity Correction 180 2.4.1.4 Bad Pixel Correction 186 2.4.2 Photon Detector versus Bolometer Cameras 186 2.4.3 Detector Temperature Stabilization and Detector Cooling 188 2.4.4 Optics and Filters 191 2.4.4.1 Spectral Response 191 2.4.4.2 Chromatic Aberrations 191 2.4.4.3 Field of View 192 2.4.4.4 Extender Rings 195 2.4.4.5 Narcissus Effect 196 2.4.4.6 Spectral Filters 199 2.4.5 Calibration 200 2.4.6 Camera Operation 204 2.4.6.1 Switch-On Behavior of Cameras 205 2.4.6.2 Thermal Shock Behavior 206 2.4.7 Camera Software – Software Tools 208 2.5 Camera Performance Characterization 209 2.5.1 Temperature Accuracy 209 2.5.2 Temperature Resolution – Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) 210 2.5.3 Spatial Resolution – IFOV and Slit Response Function 213 2.5.4 Image Quality: MTF, MRTD, and MDTD 216 2.5.5 Time Resolution – Frame Rate and Integration Time 221 References 226 3 AdvancedMethods in IR Imaging 229 3.1 Introduction 229 3.2 Spectrally Resolved Infrared Thermal Imaging 229 3.2.1 Using Filters 230 3.2.1.1 Glass Filters 231 3.2.1.2 Plastic Filters 233 3.2.1.3 Influence of Filters on Object Signal and NETD 234 3.2.2 Two-Color or Ratio Thermography 236 3.2.2.1 Neglecting Background Reflections 237 3.2.2.2 Approximations of Planck’s Radiation Law 240 3.2.2.3 Tobj Error for True Gray Bodies withinWien Approximation 242 3.2.2.4 Additional Tobj Errors Owing to Nongray Objects 246 3.2.2.5 Ratio Versus Single-Band-Radiation Thermometry 247 3.2.2.6 Exemplary Application of Two-Color Thermography 248 3.2.2.7 Extension of Ratio Method and Applications 254 3.2.3 Multi- and Hyperspectral Infrared Imaging 256 3.2.3.1 Principal Idea 256 3.2.3.2 Basics of FTIR Spectrometry 258 3.2.3.3 Advantages of FTIR Spectrometers 262 3.2.3.4 Example of a Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument 263 3.3 Superframing 265 3.3.1 Method 266 3.3.2 Example of High-Speed Imaging and Selected Integration Times 268 3.3.3 Cameras with Fixed Integration Time 270 3.4 Polarization in Infrared Thermal Imaging 271 3.4.1 Polarization and Thermal Reflections 272 3.4.1.1 Transition from Directed to Diffuse Reflections from Surfaces 272 3.4.1.2 Reflectivities for SelectedMaterials in the Thermal Infrared Range 276 3.4.1.3 Measuring Reflectivity Spectra: Laboratory Experiments 278 3.4.1.4 Identification and Suppression of Thermal Reflections: Practical Examples 281 3.4.2 Polarization-Sensitive Thermal Imaging 284 3.5 Processing of IR Images 285 3.5.1 Basic Methods of Image Processing 287 3.5.1.1 Image Fusion 287 3.5.1.2 Image Building 289 3.5.1.3 Image Subtraction 290 3.5.1.4 Consecutive Image Subtraction: Time Derivatives 293 3.5.1.5 Consecutive Image Subtraction: High-Sensitivity Mode 296 3.5.1.6 Image Derivative in Spatial Domain 296 3.5.1.7 Infrared Image Contrast and Digital Detail Enhancement 300 3.5.2 Advanced Methods of Image Processing 309 3.5.2.1 Preprocessing 311 3.5.2.2 Geometrical Transformations 313 3.5.2.3 Segmentation 314 3.5.2.4 Feature Extraction and Reduction 316 3.5.2.5 Pattern Recognition 319 3.5.2.6 Deblurring of Infrared Images 321 3.6 Active Thermal Imaging 327 3.6.1 Transient Heat Transfer – ThermalWave Description 330 3.6.2 Pulse Thermography 333 3.6.3 Lock-in Thermography 337 3.6.3.1 Nondestructive Testing of Metals and Composite Structures 340 3.6.3.2 Solar Cell Inspection 343 3.6.4 Pulsed Phase Thermography 345 References 346 4 Some Basic Concepts in Heat Transfer 351 4.1 Introduction 351 4.2 The Basic Heat TransferModes: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 352 4.2.1 Conduction 352 4.2.2 Convection 355 4.2.3 Radiation 356 4.2.4 Convection Including Latent Heats 357 4.3 Selected Examples of Heat Transfer Problems 359 4.3.1 Overview 359 4.3.2 Conduction within Solids: The Biot Number 361 4.3.3 Steady-State Heat Transfer through One-DimensionalWalls and U-Value 364 4.3.4 Heat Transfer ThroughWindows 369 4.3.5 Steady-State Heat Transfer in Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems: Thermal Bridges 370 4.3.6 Dew Point Temperatures 372 4.4 Transient Effects: Heating and Cooling of Objects 373 4.4.1 Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity 374 4.4.2 Short Survey of Quantitative Treatments of Time-Dependent Problems 375 4.4.3 Demonstration of Transient Heat Diffusion 377 4.4.4 Typical Time Constants for Transient Thermal Phenomena 377 4.4.4.1 Cooling Cube Experiment 379 4.4.4.2 Theoretical Modeling of Cooling of Solid Cubes 379 4.4.4.3 Time Constants for Different Objects 382 4.5 Some Thoughts on the Validity of Newton’s Law 383 4.5.1 Theoretical Cooling Curves 383 4.5.2 Relative Contributions of Radiation and Convection 385 4.5.3 Experiments: Heating and Cooling of Light Bulbs 389 References 392 5 Basic Applications for Teaching: Direct Visualization of Physics Phenomena 393 5.1 Introduction 393 5.2 Mechanics: Transformation of Mechanical Energy into Heat 394 5.2.1 Sliding Friction andWeight 394 5.2.2 Sliding Friction during Braking of Bicycles and Motorcycles 395 5.2.3 Sliding Friction: the Finger or Hammer Pencil 398 5.2.4 Inelastic Collisions: Tennis 398 5.2.5 Inelastic Collisions: The Human Balance 401 5.2.6 Temperature Rise of Floor and Feet whileWalking 402 5.2.7 Temperature Rise of Tires during Normal Driving of a Vehicle 403 5.2.8 Generating Heat by Periodic Stretching of Rubber 404 5.3 Thermal Physics Phenomena 406 5.3.1 Conventional Hot-Water-Filled Heaters 407 5.3.2 Thermal Conductivities 407 5.3.3 Conduction of Heat in Stack of Paper 410 5.3.4 Convection in Liquids 410 5.3.5 Convection Effects Due to Gases 414 5.3.6 Evaporative Cooling 414 5.3.7 Adiabatic Heating and Cooling 417 5.3.8 Heating of Cheese Cubes 418 5.3.9 Cooling of Bottles and Cans 422 5.4 Electromagnetism 424 5.4.1 Energy and Power in Simple Electric Circuits 424 5.4.2 Eddy Currents 426 5.4.3 Thermoelectric Effects 427 5.4.4 Experiments with Microwave Ovens 429 5.4.4.1 Setup 429 5.4.4.2 Visualization of Horizontal Modes 430 5.4.4.3 Visualization of Vertical Modes 431 5.4.4.4 Aluminum Foil in Microwave Ovens 431 5.5 Optics and Radiation Physics 432 5.5.1 Transmission ofWindow Glass, NaCl, and SiliconWafers 433 5.5.2 From Specular to Diffuse Reflection 435 5.5.3 Some Light Sources 437 5.5.4 Blackbody Cavities 437 5.5.5 Emissivities and Leslie Cube 439 Contents XI 5.5.6 From Absorption to Emission of Cavity Radiation 441 5.5.7 Selective Absorption and Emission of Gases 443 References 444 6 Shortwave Infrared Thermal Imaging 447 6.1 Introduction 447 6.2 The Why and How of SWInfrared Imaging 447 6.3 Some Applications of SWInfrared Imaging 450 6.3.1 Water OpticalMaterial Properties 452 6.3.2 Cameras Used in the Experiments 452 6.3.3 Selected Examples of SWImaging 454 6.3.3.1 High-Temperature Measurements 454 6.3.3.2 Vegetation Studies 456 6.3.3.3 Sky-to-Cloud Contrast Enhancement 458 6.3.3.4 Sorting Plastics and Detecting Liquid Levels in Plastic Containers 460 6.3.3.5 Looking Beneath the Surface 461 6.3.3.6 Undamaged Fresh Fruit/Vegetable Test 466 6.3.3.7 Material Properties of Liquids 467 6.3.3.8 Moisture onWalls 470 6.3.3.9 Other Applications of SW Imaging 470 6.4 Survey of Commercial Systems 472 References 472 7 IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure 477 7.1 Introduction 477 7.1.1 Publicity of IR Images of Buildings 478 7.1.2 Just Colorful Images? 479 7.1.2.1 Level and Span 480 7.1.2.2 Choice of Color Palette 480 7.1.2.3 More on Palette, Level, and Span 480 7.1.3 General Problems Associated with Interpretation of IR Images 485 7.1.4 Energy Standard Regulations for Buildings 488 7.2 Some Standard Examples for Building Thermography 490 7.2.1 Half-Timbered Houses behind Plaster 490 7.2.2 Other Examples with OutsideWalls 493 7.2.3 Determining whether a Defect Is Energetically Relevant 494 7.2.4 The Role of Inside Thermal Insulation 497 7.2.5 Floor Heating Systems 498 7.3 Geometrical Thermal Bridges versus Structural Problems 500 7.3.1 Geometrical Thermal Bridges 500 7.3.2 Structural Defects 504 7.4 External Influences 507 7.4.1 Wind 507 7.4.2 Effect of Moisture in Thermal Images 509 7.4.3 Solar Load and Shadows 513 7.4.3.1 Modeling Transient Effects Due to Solar Load 513 7.4.3.2 Experimental Time Constants 516 7.4.3.3 Shadows 518 7.4.3.4 Solar Load of Structures withinWalls 519 7.4.3.5 Direct Solar Reflections 520 7.4.4 General View Factor Effects in Building Thermography 525 7.4.5 Night Sky Radiant Cooling and the View Factor 528 7.4.5.1 Cars Parked Outside or Below a Carport 529 7.4.5.2 Walls of Houses Facing a Clear Sky 531 7.4.5.3 View Factor Effects: Partial Shielding ofWalls by Carport 531 7.4.5.4 View Factor Effects: The Influence of Neighboring Buildings and Roof Overhang 533 7.5 Windows 534 7.5.1 General Features 534 7.5.2 Optically Induced Thermal Effects 539 7.6 Thermography and Blower-Door Tests 541 7.6.1 Close-Up Studies 543 7.6.2 Overview Studies 547 7.7 Quantitative IR Imaging: Total Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 549 7.8 New Developments and Conclusions 552 References 556 8 Industrial Application: Detection of Gases 561 8.1 Introduction 561 8.2 Spectra of Molecular Gases 561 8.3 Influences of Gases on IR Imaging: Absorption, Scattering, and Emission of Radiation 567 8.3.1 Introduction 567 8.3.2 Interaction of Gases with IR Radiation 567 8.3.3 Influence of Gases on IR Signals from Objects 569 8.4 Absorption by Cold Gases: Quantitative Aspects 572 8.4.1 Attenuation of Radiation by a Cold Gas 572 8.4.2 From Transmission Spectra to Absorption Constants 574 8.4.3 Transmission Spectra for Arbitrary Gas Conditions and IR Camera Signal Changes 574 8.4.4 Calibration Curves for Gas Detection 577 8.4.5 Problem: the Enormous Variety ofMeasurement Conditions 578 8.5 Thermal Emission from Hot Gases 580 8.6 New Developments 582 8.7 Practical Examples: Gas Detection with Commercial IR Cameras 588 8.7.1 Organic Compounds 588 8.7.2 Some Inorganic Compounds 591 8.7.3 CO2: Gas of the Century 594 8.7.3.1 Comparison of Broadband and Narrowband Detection 596 8.7.3.2 Detecting Volume Concentration of CO2 in Exhaled Air 597 8.7.3.3 Absorption, Scattering, and Thermal Emission of IR Radiation 597 8.7.3.4 Quantitative Result: Detecting Minute Amounts of CO2 in Air 599 8.7.3.5 Quantitative Result: Detection ofWell-Defined CO2 Gas Flows from a Tube 599 8.A Appendix: Survey of Transmission Spectra of Various Gases 602 8.A.1 Inorganic Compounds 1 604 8.A.2 Inorganic Compounds 2 605 8.A.3 Simple Hydrocarbons 1 606 8.A.4 Simple Hydrocarbons 2 607 8.A.5 Simple Multiple Bond Compounds and Some Alcohols 608 8.A.6 Some Ketones/Ethers 609 8.A.7 Some Benzene Compounds 610 8.A.8 Some HydrocarbonsWith Halogens 611 References 612 9 Microsystems 615 9.1 Introduction 615 9.2 Special Requirements for Thermal Imaging 616 9.2.1 Mechanical Stability of Setup 616 9.2.2 Microscope Objectives, Close-up Lenses, Extender Rings 616 9.2.3 High-Speed Recording 618 9.2.4 Temperature Measurement 618 9.3 Microfluidic Systems 619 9.3.1 Microreactors 619 9.3.1.1 Stainless Steel Falling Film Microreactor 619 9.3.1.2 Glass Microreactor 623 9.3.1.3 Silicon Microreactor 625 9.3.2 Micro Heat Exchangers 626 9.4 Microsensors 628 9.4.1 Thermal IR Sensors 628 9.4.1.1 IR Thermopile Sensors 629 9.4.1.2 IR Bolometer Sensors 632 9.4.2 Semiconductor Gas Sensors 635 9.5 Microsystems with Electric to Thermal Energy Conversion 637 9.5.1 Miniaturized IR Emitters 637 9.5.2 Micro Peltier Elements 639 9.5.3 Cryogenic Actuators 640 References 642 10 Selected Topics in Industry 645 10.1 Introduction 645 10.2 Miscellaneous Industrial Applications 645 10.2.1 Predictive Maintenance and Quality Control 645 10.2.2 Pipes and Valves in a Power Plant 647 10.2.3 Levels of Liquids in Tanks in Petrochemical Industry 648 10.2.4 Polymer Molding 651 10.2.5 Rack-Storage Fire Testing 652 10.3 Low-Voltage Electrical Applications 653 10.3.1 Early Microelectronic Boards 654 10.3.2 Macroscopic Electric Boards 655 10.3.3 ModernMicroelectronic Boards 656 10.4 High-Voltage Electrical Applications 656 10.4.1 Substation Transformers 657 10.4.2 Overheated High-Voltage Line 659 10.4.3 Electric Fan Defects 660 10.4.4 Oil Levels in High-Voltage Bushings 660 10.5 Metal Industry and High Temperatures 662 10.5.1 Direct Imaging of HotMetal Molds 662 10.5.2 Manufacturing Hot SolidMetal Strips: Thermal Reflections 663 10.5.3 Determination of Metal Temperatures if Emissivity Is Known 665 10.5.4 Determining Metal Temperatures for Unknown Emissivity: Gold Cup Method 666 10.5.5 Determining Metal Temperatures for Unknown Emissivity:Wedge and Black Emitter Method 667 10.5.6 Other Applications of IR Imaging in Metal Industry or at High Temperatures 669 10.6 Automobile Industry 670 10.6.1 Quality Control of Heating Systems 671 10.6.2 Active and Passive IR Night Vision Systems 672 10.6.3 IR Imaging of Race Cars 675 10.6.4 Motorcycles 676 10.7 Airplane and Spacecraft Industry 676 10.7.1 Imaging of Aircraft 676 10.7.2 Imaging of Spacecraft 678 10.8 Plastic Foils 683 10.8.1 Spectra: Selective Emitters 683 10.8.2 Images: Looking through Plastics 685 10.9 Surveillance and Security: Range of IR Cameras 687 10.9.1 Applications in Surveillance 687 10.9.2 Range of IR Cameras 688 10.10 Line Scanning Thermometry ofMoving Objects 694 10.11 Remote Sensing Using IR Imaging 695 10.11.1 Survey ofMethods 695 10.11.2 Some IR Imaging Applications Using Drones 699 References 702 11 Selected Applications in Other Fields 709 11.1 Medical Applications 709 11.1.1 Introduction 709 11.1.2 Diagnosis andMonitoring of Pain 712 11.1.3 Acupuncture 716 11.1.4 Breast Thermography and Detection of Breast Cancer 718 11.1.5 Other Medical Applications 719 11.1.5.1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon 719 11.1.5.2 Pressure Ulcers 720 11.2 Animals and Veterinary Applications 721 11.2.1 Pets 722 11.2.2 Zoo Animals 723 11.2.3 Equine Thermography 725 11.2.4 Wildlife 726 11.3 Sports 729 11.3.1 High-Speed Recording of Tennis Serve 729 11.3.2 Squash and Volleyball 732 11.3.3 Other Applications in Sports 734 11.4 Arts: Music, Contemporary Dancing, and Paintings 735 11.4.1 Musical Instruments 735 11.4.2 Contemporary Dance 737 11.4.3 Paintings 740 11.5 Nature 742 11.5.1 Sky and Clouds 742 11.5.2 Wildfires 746 11.5.3 Sun and Moon 749 11.5.4 InfraredMirages 752 11.5.5 Geothermal Phenomena 754 11.5.5.1 Geysers and Hot Springs 754 11.5.5.2 IR Thermal Imaging in Volcanology 756 References 760 Index 765

Read more less

Book SynopsisPhysics and Chemistry of Interfaces Comprehensive textbook on the interdisciplinary field of interface science, fully updated with new content on wetting, spectroscopy, and coatings Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of surface and interface science, focusing on essential concepts rather than specific details, and on intuitive understanding rather than convoluted math. Numerous high-end applications from surface technology, biotechnology, and microelectronics are included to illustrate and help readers easily comprehend basic concepts. The new edition contains an increased number of problems with detailed, worked solutions, making it ideal as a self-study resource. In topic coverage, the highly qualified authors take a balanced approach, discussing advanced interface phenomena in detail while remaining comprehensible. Chapter summaries with the most important equations, facts, and phenomena are included to aid the reader in information retention. A few of the sample topics included in Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces are as follows: Liquid surfaces, covering microscopic picture of a liquid surface, surface tension, the equation of Young and Laplace, and curved liquid surfaces Thermodynamics of interfaces, covering surface excess, internal energy and Helmholtz energy, equilibrium conditions, and interfacial excess energies Charged interfaces and the electric double layer, covering planar surfaces, the Grahame equation, and limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann theory Surface forces, covering Van der Waals forces between molecules, macroscopic calculations, the Derjaguin approximation, and disjoining pressure Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces is a complete reference on the subject, aimed at advanced students (and their instructors) in physics, material science, chemistry, and engineering. Researchers requiring background knowledge on surface and interface science will also benefit from the accessible yet in-depth coverage of the text.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Liquid Surfaces 2.1 Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface 2.2 Surface Tension 2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace 2.3.1 Curved Liquid Surfaces 2.3.2 Derivation of Young?Laplace Equation 2.3.3 Applying the Young?Laplace Equation 2.4 Techniques to Measure Surface Tension 2.5 Kelvin Equation 2.6 Capillary Condensation 2.7 Nucleation Theory 2.8 Summary 2.9 Exercises 3. Thermodynamics of Interfaces 3.1 Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems 3.2 Surface Excess 3.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface 3.3.1 Internal Energy and Helmholtz Energy 3.3.2 Equilibrium Conditions 3.3.3 Location of Interface 3.3.4 Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy 3.3.5 Interfacial Excess Energies 3.4 Pure Liquids 3.5 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 3.5.1 Derivation 3.5.2 System of Two Components 3.5.3 Experimental Aspects 3.5.4 Marangoni Effect 3.6 Summary 3.7 Exercises 4. Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Poisson?Boltzmann Theory of Diffuse Double Layer 4.2.1 Poisson?Boltzmann Equation 4.2.2 Planar Surfaces 4.2.3 The Full One-Dimensional Case 4.2.4 The Electric Double Layer around a Sphere 4.2.5 Grahame Equation 4.2.6 Capacitance of Diffuse Electric Double Layer 4.3 Beyond Poisson?Boltzmann Theory 4.3.1 Limitations of Poisson?Boltzmann Theory 4.3.2 Stern Layer 4.4 Gibbs Energy of Electric Double Layer 4.5 Electrocapillarity 4.5.1 Theory 4.5.2 Measurement of Electrocapillarity 4.6 Examples of Charged Surfaces 4.7 Measuring Surface Charge Densities 4.7.1 Potentiometric Colloid Titration 4.7.2 Capacitances 4.8 Electrokinetic Phenomena: the Zeta Potential 4.8.1 Navier?Stokes Equation 4.8.2 Electro-Osmosis and Streaming Potential 4.8.3 Electrophoresis and Sedimentation Potential 4.9 Types of Potential 4.10 Summary 4.11 Exercises 5. Surface Forces 5.1 Van der Waals Forces between Molecules 5.2 Van der Waals Force between Macroscopic Solids 5.2.1 Microscopic Approach 5.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation ? Lifshitz Theory 5.2.3 Retarded Van der Waals Forces 5.2.4 Surface Energy and the Hamaker Constant 5.3 Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces 5.3.1 The Derjaguin Approximation 5.3.2 Disjoining Pressure 5.4 Measurement of Surface Forces 5.5 Electrostatic Double-Layer Force 5.5.1 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Identical Surfaces 5.5.2 DLVO Theory 5.6 Beyond DLVO Theory 5.6.1 Solvation Force and Confined Liquids 5.6.2 Non-DLVO Forces in Aqueous Medium 5.7 Steric and Depletion Interaction 5.7.1 Properties of Polymers 5.7.2 Force between Polymer-Coated Surfaces 5.7.3 Depletion Forces 5.8 Spherical Particles in Contact 5.9 Summary 5.10 Exercises 6. Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting 6.1 Young?s Equation 6.1.1 Contact Angle 6.1.2 Derivation 6.1.3 Line Tension 6.1.4 Complete Wetting and Wetting Transitions 6.1.5 Theoretical Aspects of Contact Angle Phenomena 6.2 Important Wetting Geometries 6.2.1 Capillary Rise 6.2.2 Particles at Interfaces 6.2.3 Network of Fibers 6.3 Measurement of Contact Angles 6.3.1 Experimental Methods 6.3.2 Hysteresis in Contact Angle Measurements 6.3.3 Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity 6.3.4 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 6.4 Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting 6.4.1 Spontaneous Spreading 6.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle 6.4.3 Coating and Dewetting 6.5 Applications 6.5.1 Flotation 6.5.2 Detergency 6.5.3 Microfluidics 6.5.4 Electrowetting 6.6 Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another 6.7 Summary 6.8 Exercises 7. Solid Surfaces 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Description of Crystalline Surfaces 7.2.1 Substrate Structure 7.2.2 Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction 7.2.3 Description of Adsorbate Structures 7.3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces 7.3.1 Thermal Treatment 7.3.2 Plasma or Sputter Cleaning 7.3.3 Cleavage 7.3.4 Deposition of Thin Films 7.4 Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces 7.4.1 Surface Energy, Surface Tension, and Surface Stress 7.4.2 Determining Surface Energy 7.4.3 Surface Steps and Defects 7.5 Surface Diffusion 7.5.1 Theoretical Description of Surface Diffusion 7.5.2 Measurement of Surface Diffusion 7.6 Solid?Solid Interfaces 7.7 Microscopy of Solid Surfaces 7.7.1 Optical Microscopy 7.7.2 Electron Microscopy 7.7.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 7.8 Diffraction Methods 7.8.1 Diffraction Patterns of Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures 7.8.2 Diffraction with Electrons, X-Rays, and Atoms 7.9 Spectroscopic Methods 7.9.1 Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces 7.9.2 Spectroscopy Using Mainly Inner Electrons 7.9.3 Spectroscopy with Outer Electrons 7.9.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 7.10 Summary 7.11 Exercises 8. Adsorption 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Definitions 8.1.2 Adsorption Time 8.1.3 Classification of Adsorption Isotherms 8.1.4 Presentation of Adsorption Isotherms 8.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 8.2.1 Heats of Adsorption 8.2.2 Differential Quantities of Adsorption and Experimental Results 8.3 Adsorption Models 8.3.1 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 8.3.2 Langmuir Constant and Gibbs Energy of Adsorption 8.3.3 Langmuir Adsorption with Lateral Interactions 8.3.4 BET Adsorption Isotherm 8.3.5 Adsorption on Heterogeneous Surfaces 8.3.6 Potential Theory of Polanyi 8.4 Experimental Aspects of Adsorption from Gas Phase 8.4.1 Measuring Adsorption to Planar Surfaces 8.4.2 Measuring Adsorption to Powders and Textured Materials 8.4.3 Adsorption to Porous Materials 8.4.4 Special Aspects of Chemisorption 8.5 Adsorption from Solution 8.6 Summary 8.7 Exercises 9. Surface Modification 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition 9.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 9.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 9.3 Soft Matter Deposition 9.3.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers 9.3.2 Physisorption of Polymers 9.3.3 Polymerization on Surfaces 9.3.4 Plasma Polymerization 9.4 Etching Techniques 9.5 Lithography 9.6 Summary 9.7 Exercises 10. Friction, Lubrication, and Wear 10.1 Friction 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.2 Amontons? and Coulomb?s Law 10.1.3 Static, Kinetic, and Stick-Slip Friction 10.1.4 Rolling Friction 10.1.5 Friction and Adhesion 10.1.6 Techniques to Measure Friction 10.1.7 Macroscopic Friction 10.1.8 Microscopic Friction 10.2 Lubrication 10.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 10.2.2 Boundary Lubrication 10.2.3 Thin-Film Lubrication 10.2.4 Superlubricity 10.2.5 Lubricants 10.3 Wear 10.4 Summary 10.5 Exercises 11. Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams 11.1 Surfactants 11.2 Spherical Micelles, Cylinders, and Bilayers 11.2.1 Critical Micelle Concentration 11.2.2 Influence of Temperature 11.2.3 Thermodynamics of Micellization 11.2.4 Structure of Surfactant Aggregates 11.2.5 Biological Membranes 11.3 Macroemulsions 11.3.1 General Properties 11.3.2 Formation 11.3.3 Stabilization 11.3.4 Evolution and Aging 11.3.5 Coalescence and Demulsification 11.4 Microemulsions 11.4.1 Size of Droplets 11.4.2 Elastic Properties of Surfactant Films 11.4.3 Factors Influencing the Structure of Microemulsions 11.5 Foams 11.5.1 Classification, Application, and Formation 11.5.2 Structure of Foams 11.5.3 Soap Films 11.5.4 Evolution of Foams 11.6 Summary 11.7 Exercises 12. Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Phases of Monomolecular Films 12.3 Experimental Techniques to Study Monolayers 12.3.1 Optical Microscopy 12.3.2 Infrared and Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy 12.3.3 X-Ray Reflection and Diffraction 12.3.4 Surface Potential 12.3.5 Rheologic Properties of Liquid Surfaces 12.4 Langmuir?Blodgett Transfer 12.5 Summary 12.6 Exercises 13. Solutions to Exercises 14. Analysis of Diffraction Patterns 14.1 Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Crystals 14.1.1 Bragg Condition 14.1.2 Laue Condition 14.1.3 Reciprocal Lattice 14.1.4 Ewald Construction 14.2 Diffraction at Surfaces 14.3 Intensity of Diffraction Peaks Appendix A Symbols and Abbreviations References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisSuperconducting Radiofrequency Technology for Accelerators Single source reference enabling readers to understand and master state-of-the-art accelerator technology Superconducting Radiofrequency Technology for Accelerators provides a quick yet thorough overview of the key technologies for current and future accelerators, including those projected to enable breakthrough developments in materials science, nuclear and astrophysics, high energy physics, neutrino research and quantum computing. The work is divided into three sections. The first part provides a review of RF superconductivity basics, the second covers new techniques such as nitrogen doping, nitrogen infusion, oxide-free niobium, new surface treatments, and magnetic flux expulsion, high field Q slope, complemented by discussions of the physics of the improvements stemming from diagnostic techniques and surface analysis as well as from theory. The third part reviews the on-going applications of RF superconductivity in already operational facilities and those under construction such as light sources, proton accelerators, neutron and neutrino sources, ion accelerators, and crab cavity facilities. The third part discusses planned accelerator projects such as the International Linear Collider, the Future Circular Collider, the Chinese Electron Positron Collider, and the Proton Improvement Plan-III facility at Fermilab as well as exciting new developments in quantum computing using superconducting niobium cavities. Written by the leading expert in the field of radiofrequency superconductivity, Superconducting Radiofrequency Technology for Accelerators covers other sample topics such as: Fabrication and processing on Nb-based SRF structures, covering cavity fabrication, preparation, and a decade of progress in the field SRF physics, covering zero DC resistance, the Meissner effect, surface resistance and surface impedance in RF fields, and non-local response of supercurrent N-doping and residual resistance, covering trapped DC flux losses, hydride losses, and tunneling measurements Theories for anti-Q-slope, covering the Xiao theory, the Gurevich theory, non-equilibrium superconductivity, and two fluid model based on weak defects Superconducting Radiofrequency Technology for Accelerators is an essential reference for high energy physicists, power engineers, and electrical engineers who want to understand the latest developments of accelerator technology and be able to harness it to further research interest and practical applications.Table of ContentsPreface PART I. UPDATE OF SRF FUNDAMENTALS Introduction SRF Fundamentals Review PART I. UPDATE OF SRF FUNDAMENTALS Introduction SRF Fundamentals Review PART II. HIGH Q FRONTIER: PERFORMANCE ADVANCES AND UNDERSTANDING Nitrogen-Doping High Q via 300°C Bake (Mid-T-Bake) High Q's from DC Magnetic Flux Expulsion PART III. HIGH GRADIENT FRONTIER: PERFORMANCE ADVANCES AND UNDERSTANDING High Field Q Slope (HFQS) - Understanding and Cures Quest for Higher Gradients: Two Step Baking & N-Infusion Improvements in Cavity Preparation Pursuit of Higher Performance with Alternate Materials PART IV. APPLICATIONS New Cavity Developments Ongoing Applications Future Prospects for Large-Scale SRF Applications Quantum Computing with SRF Cavities Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book provides a complete overview of the SIMATIC automation system and the TIA Portal with the engineering tool STEP 7. "Automating with SIMATIC" addresses all those who - want to get an overview of the components of the system and their features, - wish to familiarize themselves with the topic of programmable logic controllers, or - intend to acquire basic knowledge about configuration, programming and interaction of the SIMATIC components. At first, the book introduces the hardware of SIMATIC S7-1200, S7-300, S7-400 and S7-1500, including the ET 200 peripheral modules. This is followed by describing the work with STEP 7 in the programming languages LAD, FBD, STL, SCL and S7-Graph, and offline testing with S7-PLCSIM. The next section describes the structure of the user program, which is followed by the illustration of the data communication between the controllers of the automation system as well as with the peripheral devices by use of the bus systems Profinet and Profibus. The book closes with a survey of the devices for operator control and process monitoring and their configuration software. Table of ContentsController STEP 7 Programming Language User Programm Communication Control and Process Monitoring.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis5G Outlook - Innovations and Applications is a collection of the recent research and development in the area of the Fifth Generation Mobile Technology (5G), the future of wireless communications. Plenty of novel ideas and knowledge of the 5G are presented in this book as well as divers applications from health science to business modeling.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a detailed compendium of these major advancements focusing exclusively on the emerging broadband wireless communication technologies which support broadband wireless data rate transmissions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent market research studies show that most of the traffic in the future wireless networks will be produced by mobile multimedia services which are expected to proliferate by the year 2010. On the other hand mobile and wireless communications technology is becoming more and more important in developing countries.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title contains the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the development of the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), which makes possible the widespread use of consumer camcorders and broadcasting color cameras. It is comprehensive enough to be of great value to researchers, industrialists and post-graduate students in image technology.Table of ContentsPreface to the Series, Preface, Acknowledgments, 1. Introduction, 2. Structure and Operation of CCD Image Sensor, 3. CCD Area Sensor, 4. The CCD Manufacturing Process, 5. Process Modeling and Simulation with the SPADES Simulator, 6. Imaging and Signal Processing, 7. CCD Camera and Applications, 8. CCD Delay Line and CCD Linear Sensor, 9. Conclusion, References, Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresents views on current developments in heat and mass transfer research related to the modern development of heat exchangers. Devotes special attention to the different modes of heat and mass transfer mechanisms in relation to the new development of heat exchangers design. Dedicates particular attention to the future needs and demands for further development in heat and mass transfer. GaN and related materials are attracting tremendous interest for their applications to high-density optical data storage, blue/green diode lasers and LEDs, high-temperature electronics for high-power microwave applications, electronics for aerospace and automobiles, and stable passivation films for semiconductors. In addition, there is great scientific interest in the nitrides, because they appear to form the first semiconductor system in which extended defects do not severely affect the optical properties of devices. This series provides a forum for the latest research in this rapidly-changing field, offering readers a basic understanding of new developments in recent research. Series volumes feature a balance between original theoretical and experimental research in basic physics, device physics, novel materials and quantum structures, processing, and systems.Table of Contents1. Plate Type Exchangers 2. Dynamic Systems 3. A Historical Survey of Research on Gallium Nitride 4. Growth of Group III Nitrides from Molecular Beams 5. Ternary Alloys 6. Optical Characterization of GaN and Related Materials 7. Theoretical Studies in GaN 8. GaAsN Alloys and GaN/GaAs Thin Layer Structures 9. The Contribution of Defects to the Electrical and Optical Properties of GaN 10. Growth of GaN Single Crystals Under High Nitrogen Pressure 11.Ion Implantation Doping and Isolation of III-Nitride Materials 12. High-Density ECR Etching of Group-III Nitrides 13. Contacts on III-Nitrides 14. III-V Nitride Based LEDs 15. III-V Nitride Electronic Devices 16. Physical Properties of the Bulk GaN Crystals Grown by the High-Pressure, High Temperature Method 17. Microstructure of Epitaxial III-V Nitride Thin Films 18. The Role of Hydrogen in GaN and Related Compounds

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere are various techniques to optimize either structural parameters, or structural controllers, but there are not many techniques that can simultaneously optimize the structural parameters and controller. The advantage of integrating the structural and controller optimization problems is that structure and controller interaction is taken into account in the design process and a more efficient overall design (lower control force/lighter weight) can be achieved, and also multidisciplinary design optimization can be performed. The down side is that the combined optimization problem is more difficult to formulate and solve, and computations are increased. This volume is a comprehensive treatment of dynamic analysis and control techniques in structural dynamic systems and the wide variety of issues and techniques that fall within this broad area, including the interactions between structural control systems and structural system parameters.Table of Contents1. Techniques in Control-Oriented Reduction of Finite Element Modeling in Structural Dynamic Systems 2. Techniques in Active Dynamic Structural Control to Optimize Structural Controllers and Structural Parameters 3. Nonlinear Modal Control Techniques and Applications in Structural Dynamic Systems 4. Superelement Modeling of Vehicle Dynamic Structural Systems 5. Robust Control Design of a High Performance Flexible Electro-Mechanical System 6. A Component Modes Damping Assignment Methodology for Articulated Multi-Flexible Body Systems

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book covers a wide range of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Mathematical Methods issues, research and applications in the area of pavement, geomechanical and few examples on geo-environmental systems: Application of Artificial Neural Networks; Data mining applications; Stochastic Finite Element; Fuzzy Set Theory; Artificial Immune Systems; Probabilistic Reasoning; System Identification Techniques; Image Processing. This collection of papers provides researchers and engineers with a current comprehensive look at available and emerging AI and Mathematical Methods within pavement and geomechanical systems.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume brings together papers from the multidisciplinary Dimension Stone 2004 Conference, held in Prague. Looking at all aspects of this useful and attractive building material, experts from many fields of research offer their perspectives from geology, rock mechanics, geotechnics, the stone extractive industry, restoration work and architecture. The result is a wide-ranging and practical handbook for geologists, engineers and architects covering:- geological studies of traditional local stone types - advanced rock fabric and rock mechanics studies applied to dimension stone research- application of dimension stone databases for historical research and for stone marketing- GIS application to quarry planning- aspects of dimension stone deterioration- bowing of natural stone cladding and prevention- processing and benefits of waste from the stone industry.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a strong foundation in the basic thermodynamics needed to analyze real-world engineering applications of thermodynamics in the field of energy systems. Written in a format readable to students new to the subject, this book will also help entrepreneurs venturing into the world of energy and power without a background in mechanical engineering.This book presents the basic theories of thermodynamics by focusing on the application of the subject matter to the most common applications of thermodynamics. It takes real-world problems from the author's over 40 years of experience as a practical, professional engineer and provides in-depth solutions to each problem using concepts the student has learned from earlier chapters. The case studies provide both examples of how thermodynamics is used in state-of-the-art tools to solve the case studies' problems, as well as ideas for future energy-efficient systems.Related Link(s)

Read more less

Book SynopsisMain research skills.- Preparatory phase of research.- Classification of research methodologies.- Research methods in architecture.- Visual tools in research presentation.- Main rules of academic writing.- General conclusions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDespite aircraft coming in many shapes and sizes, they all utilize the same basic aerodynamic principles that have not changed much since the early days of flight. Whether you are a new pilot that is exploring aerodynamics in greater detail, or a commercial pilot who has been flying for countless years, it is essential to understand the aerodynamics of flight.From the author of the hugely popular Principles of Flight for the Private Pilot, this book takes the reader deeper into the world of aerodynamics. This book follows closely the syllabi of Aerodynamics for the Commercial Pilot from a range of aviation authorities around the world, with a particular focus on practical aviation, thereby linking science with the real world.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA must-have for gardeners, cooks, cottagers, and anyone who enjoys the bright flavours of summer.Trade Review".150 recipes for old favourites and new taste treats." Linda Turk, The Chronicle".contains lots of fun facts and delicious ideas." Calgary Herald".an encouraging book.should promote the cultivation and consumption of this admirable plant." Barbara Robertson, CBRA"I received a delightful little cookbook with all kinds of recipes using rhubarb.... I have tried some of the 150 recipes in this book. Besides cobbler and crisp recipes, there are soups, beverages, cakes, muffins, breads, jams, sauces, condiments, salads and main dishes." Alma Copeland, The Western ProducerDear Sir: I just purchased your Rhubarb cookbook and even though I don't need another cookbook I just had to buy this one as it brought back so many memories of my childhood in Scotland. Our late mother made so many different things with it as we grew it in the garden: rhubarb jam, rhubarb and ginger jam, stewed rhubarb as a spring tonic, stewed rhubarb for breakfast on your Cornflakes. It was interesting to read through the book to see a lot of new recipes that I will be trying in the near future. I have been baking for almost 53 years and I still enjoy finding new books to read and new recipes to try. Rhubarb Rules. Yours Sincerely, Alex McCrindle"Rhubarb fans will find Rhubarb More Than Just Pies by Sandi Vitt et al with an introduction by Lois hole is one of the most useful books around. This definitive guide was published by the University of Alberta Press. This contains easy to make recipes for every sort of dish from sauces and condiments to jams, soups, drinks, breads, and of course, desserts. The ingredients are given in metric as well as the usual cups, spoons, etc. In addition, this contains everything you would ever want to know about rhubarb, such as its culinary history. This title features all the in depth details on growing and caring for rhubarb in the garden, including the different varieties." Connie Krochmal, Bella Online, March 25, 2006"I had no idea what the possibilities were for rhubarb, before reading this book. With a HUGE rhubarb plant in my garden, I worked hard, every year, to make crisps, jams and pies from the fruit. And, always, there were the bags of rhubarb that ended up in the freezer, because time (and imagination) eventually ran out. Now, I see that there are endless possibilities for this fruit--and there are great veggie recipes included, as well." Kieran Leblanc, Book Publishers Association of Alberta"[Sandi Vitt and Michael Hickman] filled the 144-page book with rhubarb facts and history and many, many recipes including soups, drinks, desserts...and even main courses, condiments and jams. There are 36 recipes for pies, tortes and tarts alone. For the most part, the recipes are simple. A few are complex, involved and lengthy. Overall, there's something for everyone. Rhubarb is native to China and the Himalayas and as a result, it grows well in the Rockies and throughout Canada.... For those battling high cholesterol, rhubarb is your plant. The stalks are 74 per cent dietary fiber (66 per cent insoluble and six per cent soluble), which the book says reduces cholesterol and modulates body sugar absorption." Rob Alexander, Rocky Mountain Outlook, November 12, 2009"Rhubarb: More Than Just Pies deserves steady, ongoing recognition as remaining one of the few books on rhubarb on the market! Nearly 150 recipes feature rhubarb in breads and muffins to main courses - and of course, pies - and is packed with a range of ideas for cooking with rhubarb, from jams to desserts. Highly recommended!" California Bookwatch, May 2011"Rhubarb: More Than Just Pies" packs in recipes for rhubarb-over a hundred of them-that include everything from the usual desserts and breads to more unusual beverages and main courses. Rhubarb gardening and culinary facts blend with these dishes to provide cooks a wider range of uses and folklore than the traditional rhubarb cookbook offers." California BookwatchTable of ContentsThe Asbestos Strike; The New Betrayal of the Intellectuals; Etienne Parent: A Liberal Thinker One Century Before Pierre Elliott Trudeau; The Just Society: Individual Rights and Collective Rights; Conclusion.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSometime in the future the intelligence of machines will exceed that of human brain power. So are we on the edge of an AI-pocalypse, with superintelligent devices superseding humanity, as predicted by Stephen Hawking? Or will this herald a kind of Utopia, with machines doing a far better job at complex tasks than us? You might not realise it, but you interact with AIs every day. They route your phone calls, approve your credit card transactions and help your doctor interpret results. Driverless cars will soon be on the roads with a decision-making computer in charge. But how do machines actually think and learn? In Machines That Think, AI experts and New Scientist explore how artificial intelligence helps us understand human intelligence, machines that compose music and write stories - and ask if AI is really a threat.ABOUT THE SERIESNew Scientist Instant Expert books are definitive and accessible entry points to the most important subjects in science; subjects that challenge, attract debate, invite controversy and engage the most enquiring minds. Designed for curious readers who want to know how things work and why, the Instant Expert series explores the topics that really matter and their impact on individuals, society, and the planet, translating the scientific complexities around us into language that's open to everyone, and putting new ideas and discoveries into perspective and context.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDiscover how humanely handling your livestock can improve the day-to-day operation and profitability of your farm. Stressing the importance of understanding livestock behavior, Temple Grandin shows you how to develop a respectful working relationship with your animals to promote their health and productivity. With detailed construction plans for animal-friendly facilities of all sizes and dozens of low-stress methods for moving your livestock on pastures, padlocks, and feedlot pens, this guide has everything you need to know to create a comfortable atmosphere for thriving, happy livestock.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPlans included: Vorion Stenon Kerkiras (1:70 000) Rion - Andirrion Bridge (1:30 000) Approaches to Patras (1:15 000)

Read more less

Book SynopsisAt one time, most towns of any size had somewhere a small foundry that would undertake small casting jobs, often more out of interest and good neighbourliness than for commercial gain. Regrettably, those days are no more and the model engineer in many areas must either adapt commercially available castings or send away to a specialist foundry that will undertake small jobs, often at some expense and with some delay. The alternative is to make your own patterns and castings, which is in fact much easier than you may think. The Backyard Foundry covers basic principles, materials and techniques, pattern making, moulding boxes, cores and core-boxes, electric, gas and coke furnaces, and includes step-by-step procedures with examples of locomotive cylinders and wheels. Sources of specialised materials and even the design of an outdoor furnace suitable for small-scale commercial work are given. Each stage and subject is covered in detail so that even the inexperienced can undertake casting with confidence. Although the book is written primarily for the model engineer, anyone wishing to make mouldings or castings will profit from its pages.Table of ContentsPatterns. Plate Patterns. Cores, Core Boxes and Core Making. Casting Locomotive Cylinders. Wheels. Metal, the Furnace and Melting. Solid Fuel Furnace. Suppliers of Foundry Materials.

Read more less

Book SynopsisK. Eric Drexler is the founding father of nanotechnology,the science of engineering on a molecular level. In Radical Abundance , he shows how rapid scientific progress is about to change our world. Thanks to atomically precise manufacturing, we will soon have the power to produce radically more of what people want, and at a lower cost. The result will shake the very foundations of our economy and environment.Already, scientists have constructed prototypes for circuit boards built of millions of precisely arranged atoms. The advent of this kind of atomic precision promises to change the way we make things,cleanly, inexpensively, and on a global scale. It allows us to imagine a world where solar arrays cost no more than cardboard and aluminum foil, and laptops cost about the same.A provocative tour of cutting edge science and its implications by the field's founder and master, Radical Abundance offers a mind-expanding vision of a world hurtling toward an unexpected future.Trade ReviewKirkus"A stimulating tour through current thinking about and future possibilities for nanotechnology, from one of its creators... A crackerjack piece of science and technology writing." Albany Times Union"K. Eric Drexler writes in his accessible new book "Radical Abundance" that the digital revolution is about to give way to a form of production that will radically transform the world economy and that could also save the environment: nanotechnology, or more specifically, atomically precise manufacturing." Nature Magazine"Nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler bids us to leap in at the technological deep end. We can transform the way we make everything from bridges to circuit boards, he argues, by harnessing molecular machines that operate on digital principles. The result? Desktop or garage facilities that use less fuel, land and energy than today's vast factories and supply chains. The technical and political challenges of unleashing 'atomically precise manufacturing' are substantial, but Drexler cuts deftly through the complexities."

Read more less