Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisIntroduction to Antenna Placement and Installationintroduces the characteristics of antennas and their integration onaircraft. The book covers antenna siting and placement,computational antenna modelling on structures, measurement onsub-scale models of the airframe, full-scale ground measurementsand in-flight measurements.Trade Review"In summary, this book provides an excellent reference and source of information for a specialised subject. It will be a very useful resource for any design organisation involved in the installation of antennas on aircraft." (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Series Preface. 1 Basic Antenna and Propagation Theory. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves. 1.3 Interaction between Two Waves. 1.4 Polarization. 1.5 Characteristics of an Antenna. 1.6 Propagation. References. 2 Aircraft Systems Using Antennas. 2.1 Aircraft Systems. 2.2 Frequencies of the Most Common Aircraft Systems. 2.3 Automatic Direction Finding. 2.4 Distress/SOS. 2.5 Distance Measuring Equipment. 2.6 Electronic Counter Measures. 2.7 Electronic Support Systems. 2.8 Emergency Locator Transmitter/Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon. 2.9 Global Positioning System. 2.10 HF. 2.11 Instrument Landing System. 2.12 In-Flight Telephony. 2.13 Microwave Landing System. 2.14 Radar. 2.15 SatCom Civilian. 2.16 Signals Intelligence. 2.17 Tactical Air Navigation. 2.18 Traffic Collision Avoidance System. 2.19 Telemetry. 2.20 UHF. 2.21 VHF Comms. 2.22 VHF Omnidirectional Ranging. 2.23 Equipment Designation. References. 3 The Antenna Siting Process. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 New Antenna Layouts. 3.3 Optimum Positions for Blades. 3.4 Design Phase. 3.5 Certification and Qualification Phase. 3.6 Typical Antenna Layouts. References. 4 Frequency and Spatial Coverage Considerations. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Effect of the Structure on the Spatial Characteristics of the Antenna. 4.3 Combination of Two Waves. 4.4 Measurements on Scaled Test Bodies. 4.5 Effect of Frequency on the Radiation Pattern. 4.6 Effect of Distance from Obstacles. 4.7 Effect of Wings on the Radiation Pattern. 4.8 Effect of the Curved Ground Plane and the Electrical Dimensions of the Fuselage. 4.9 Radiation Patterns on Cylinders in the Absence of Obstacles. References. 5 Antennas Used on Aircraft. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Near and Far Fields of an Antenna. 5.3 Antennas on Aerostructures. 5.4 Polar Radiation Patterns. 5.5 Dipoles. 5.6 Monopoles. 5.7 Loops and Notches. 5.8 Helixes. 5.9 Flat/Planar Spirals. 5.10 Patches. 5.11 Aperture Antennas. 5.12 Reflectors. 5.13 Waveguide Fed Antennas. 5.14 Model Numbers Used by Different Manufacturers. References. 6 RF Interoperability. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Coupling between Systems on an Aircraft. 6.3 Techniques for Achieving RF Interoperability. 6.4 Modulation. 6.5 Coupling due to Radiated Emissions through the Antennas. 6.6 Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas. 6.7 Coupling between Systems for Antennas on Opposite Surfaces of the Fuselage. 6.8 Existing Formulas Used for Calculating Coupling between Two Antennas on Opposite Surfaces. 6.9 Derivation of an Empirical Formula that Correlates with the Measured Data. References. 7 Computer Modelling Techniques. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Overview of Computer Modelling. 7.3 Generic Types of Computer Modelling. 7.4 Method of Moments. 7.5 Finite Difference Time Domain. 7.6 GTD/UTD. 7.7 Physical Optics. 7.8 Hybrid Methods. 7.9 Comparison of Predicted Surface Currents. 7.10 Code-to-code Comparison of Radiation Patterns Predicted on the Simplistic Airframe. 7.11 Relationship between Number of Unknowns and Surface Area. References. 8 Measurements. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Positioners. 8.3 Test Facility Antennas. 8.4 Scaled Models. 8.5 Scaled Antennas. 8.6 Absorbers. 8.7 Measurement Facilities. 8.8 Indoor Test Facilities. 8.9 Anechoic Chambers. 8.10 Compact Ranges. 8.11 Near-Field Facilities. 8.12 Outdoor Far-Field Ranges. 8.13 Ground Test Measurements. 8.14 In-Flight Measurements for System and Inter-System Testing. References. 9 Reference. 9.1 Centigrade to Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion. 9.2 Conductivity of Common Metals. 9.3 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees. 9.4 Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Common Materials. 9.5 Electrochemical Series. 9.6 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency Bands for Different Nomenclatures. 9.7 Formulas. 9.8 Frequency to Wavelength. 9.9 Gain in dB and Gain as a Linear Ratio. 9.10 Greek Alphabet. 9.11 Imperial to Metric Conversions – Distance, Area, Volume, Speed. 9.12 Periodic Table Alphabetically. 9.13 Polarization Matching Matrix. 9.14 Power in dBm and Power in Watts. 9.15 Preferred SI Scientific Prefixes. 9.16 Terms and Definitions. 9.17 VSWR to Return Loss. Appendix: Abbreviations and Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisMushrooms as Functional Foods provides up-to-date information on the chemistry and biology, cultivation, nutritional and medicinal value, and use of mushrooms in the modern functional foods industry. It covers physiology and genetics and highlights applications for functional food, such as sclerotia, and medicinal uses.Trade Review"This well-edited hardcover is an authoritative guide for mushroom biologists, and caters to a range of experts in diverse fields of medicine and horticulture from a nutritional viewpoint. The topics covered in the book's six chapters will speak volumes to researchers and students alike." (Microbiology Today, May 2009)Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Contributors xxi 1 Overview of Mushroom Cultivation and Utilization as Functional Foods 1Shu-Ting Chang 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. What Are Mushrooms? 3 1.2.1. Definition of a Mushroom 3 1.2.2. Ecological Classification of Mushrooms 4 1.2.3. Identification of Mushrooms 4 1.3. Concept of Mushroom Biology and Applied Mushroom Biology 6 1.3.1. Mushroom Biology 6 1.3.2. Applied Mushroom Biology 7 1.3.3. Impact of Applied Mushroom Biology 9 1.3.3.1. Nongreen Revolution 9 1.3.3.2. Mushroom Bioremediation 11 1.4. Mushroom Cultivation 11 1.4.1. Major Phases of Mushroom Cultivation 12 1.4.2. Cultivation of Several Selected Mushrooms 13 1.4.2.1. Cultivation of it Agaricus 14 1.4.2.2. Cultivation of Lentinula edodes 14 1.4.2.3. Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju 17 1.4.2.4. Cultivation of Volvariella 17 1.4.2.5. Cultivation of Agaricus brasiliensis 18 1.4.2.6. Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum 19 1.4.3. Utilization of Mushroom Germplasm 20 1.5. World Mushroom Production 21 1.6. Mushroom Biotechnology 23 1.6.1. Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Mushrooms 23 1.6.2. Nutriceuticals and Dietary Supplements 24 1.7. Development of World Mushroom Industry Movements 25 1.7.1. International Movement for Edible Mushrooms 26 1.7.2. International Movement for Medicinal Mushrooms 27 1.7.3. International Movement for Wild Mushrooms 27 1.8. Concluding Remarks 28 References 29 2 Molecular Analysis and Genomic Studies of Shiitake Mushroom Lentinula edodes 35Hoi-Shan Kwan and Winnie W. Y. Chum 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Isolation of Genes 36 2.2.1. Growth 36 2.2.1.1. Substrate-Utilizing Genes 36 2.2.2. Development 37 2.2.2.1. Mating-Type Genes 38 2.2.2.2. Genes Differentially Expressed in Dikaryotic Mycelium 38 2.2.2.3. Genes for Initial Fruiting Bodies/Primordium Formation 38 2.2.2.4. Genes for Mature Fruiting Bodies Formation 44 2.2.3. Physiological Processes in Lentinula edodes 47 2.2.3.1. Signal Transduction 47 2.2.3.2. Energy Production 47 2.2.3.3. Structural Proteins in Development 48 2.3. Molecular Genetics 48 2.3.1. Generation of Markers 49 2.3.2. Typing/Fingerprinting 50 2.3.3. Genetic Mapping 50 2.4. Functional Genomic Approaches for Gene Expression Analysis 50 2.4.1. Differential Display: RAP-PCR 51 2.4.2. cDNA Representation Difference Analysis 52 2.4.3. SAGE and LongSAGE 52 2.4.3.1. SAGE Profiles: Mycelium to Primordium 53 2.4.3.2. SAGE Profiles: Fruiting Bodies 53 2.4.4. cDNA Microarray 53 2.4.5. Expressed Sequence Tag 54 2.4.6. Yeast Two-Hybrid System 54 2.4.7. Sequencing-by-Synthesis Approach (454 Life Science) 54 2.5. Transcriptional Regulation 55 2.5.1. Transcriptional Factors 55 2.5.2. Promoter Analysis 55 2.6. Transformation 56 2.6.1. Transformation Methods 56 2.6.1.1. PEG-Mediated Transformation 56 2.6.1.2. Restriction Enzyme–Mediated Integration 57 2.6.1.3. Others 58 2.6.2. Lentinula edodes Genes Used in Transformation 58 2.7. Process Analysis 59 2.7.1. Postharvest Studies 59 2.7.2. Stress Responses 59 2.7.2.1. Studies of Temperature Stress in Mushrooms 59 2.7.2.2. Studies of Molecular Chaperones in Fungi 59 2.7.3. Lignocellulose Degradation 60 2.7.4. Meiosis 60 2.8. Conclusion 61 References 61 3 Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Mushrooms 71Peter C. K. Cheung 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. Wild and Cultivated Edible Mushrooms 72 3.3. Production of Cultivated Mushrooms 72 3.4. Nutritional Composition 73 3.4.1. Conventional Edible Mushrooms 73 3.4.1.1. Moisture 73 3.4.1.2. Protein and Amino Acids 74 3.4.1.3. Fat 75 3.4.1.4. Ash and Minerals 75 3.4.1.5. Vitamins 76 3.4.1.6. Dietary Fiber 77 3.4.1.7. Carbohydrates 78 3.4.1.8. Energy 78 3.4.1.9. Other Components 78 3.5. Newly Cultivated/Nonconventional Mushrooms 79 3.6. Nutritional Evaluation 80 3.6.1. General Aspects 80 3.6.2. Biological Methods for Nutritional Evaluation 80 3.6.3. Mushroom Protein Quality 87 3.7. Health Benefits of Edible Mushrooms 89 3.7.1. General Aspects 89 3.7.2. Antioxidants in Mushrooms 89 3.7.2.1. Bioactive Components and Their Antioxidative Activities 89 3.7.2.2. Characterization of Mushroom Phenolic Antioxidants 91 3.7.2.3. Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds from Mushrooms or Fungi 93 3.7.3. Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Mushrooms 94 3.7.4. Hypoglycemic Effect of Mushrooms 97 3.8. Conclusion 99 References 99 4 Sclerotia: Emerging Functional Food Derived from Mushrooms 111Ka-Hing Wong and Peter C. K. Cheung 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Concepts of Mushroom Sclerotia 112 4.3. Ontogeny of Sclerotia 112 4.3.1. Morphological Aspects 112 4.3.2. Physiological Aspects 114 4.3.2.1. Translocation 114 4.3.2.2. Exudation 115 4.4. Structure of Sclerotia 115 4.4.1. Rind 115 4.4.2. Cortex 116 4.4.3. Medulla 117 4.5. Cultivation of Mushroom Sclerotia 117 4.5.1. Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer 118 4.5.2. Sclerotia of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke 119 4.5.3. Sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. Et Gilbn [Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf] 120 4.6. Biochemical, Nutritional, and Technological Characteristics of Mushroom Sclerotia 121 4.6.1. Biochemical Components of Mushroom Sclerotia 121 4.6.1.1. Cell Walls 121 4.6.1.2. Extracellular Matrix 122 4.6.1.3. Cytoplasmic Reserves 122 4.6.2. Nutritional Evaluation of Mushroom Sclerotia 123 4.6.2.1. Proximate Composition 123 4.6.2.2. Sclerotial Dietary Fiber 124 4.6.3. Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Mushroom Sclerotial DF 126 4.7. Biopharmacological Values of Mushroom Sclerotia of P. tuber-regium, P. rhinocerus, and W. cocos 128 4.7.1. In Vitro Mineral Binding Capacity 128 4.7.2. In Vitro Fermentability 129 4.7.3. In Vivo Ca and Mg Absorption 131 4.7.4. Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities 132 4.8. Conclusion 134 References 134 5 Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of Mushroom Polysaccharides 147Vincent E. C. Ooi 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. Antitumor Polysaccharides from Mushrooms (Higher Fungi) 149 5.3. Mechanisms of Antitumor Action of Mushroom Polysaccharides 153 5.3.1. Antiproliferation of Cancer Cells and Induction of Apoptosis 153 5.3.2. Immunomodulation 161 5.3.2.1. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Macrophages and Spleen Cells 163 5.3.2.2. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on NK Cells 167 5.3.2.3. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on DCs 168 5.3.2.4. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Hematopoietic Stem Cells 170 5.3.3. Antimetastasis 171 5.3.4. Antiangiogenesis 172 5.4. Structure and Antitumor Activity Relationship of Polysaccharides 173 5.4.1. Effect of Molecular Mass 174 5.4.2. Impact of Branching Configuration 174 5.4.3. Relationship of Antitumor Activity and Conformation 175 5.4.4. Improvement of Antitumor Activity by Chemical Modifications 176 5.5. Conclusions 178 References 179 6 Regulatory Issues of Mushrooms as Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements: Safety and Efficacy 199Solomon P. Wasser and Eden Akavia 6.1. Introduction 199 6.2. Legal and Regulatory Issues of Introducing and Controlling Dietary Supplements from Medicinal Mushrooms in Different Countries 202 6.2.1. World Health Organization Guidelines 202 6.2.2. Codex Alimentarius 202 6.2.3. United States 203 6.2.4. European Union 208 6.2.5. Canada 210 6.2.6. Australia and New Zealand 212 6.2.7. Japan 213 6.2.8. Israel 215 6.3. Safety and Diversity of Dietary Supplement Types from Culinary–Medicinal Mushrooms 216 6.4. Submerged Culturing as Best Technique for Obtaining Consistent and Safe Mushroom Products 220 6.5. Experiences of Seven Countries in Consolidating Their Food Safety Systems 220 6.6. Summary 221 References 221 Index 227

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Book SynopsisThis classic opens with a history of the development of the infrared portion of the spectrum, probes the system engineering process, and then examines the characteristics of the successful system engineer. The next eleven chapters delve deeply into the elements of infrared technology.Table of ContentsPART 1. THE ELEMENTS OF THE INFRARED SYSTEM. Chapter 1. Introduction to Infrared System Engineering. Chapter 2. Infrared Radiation. Chapter 3. Source of Infrared Radiation. Chapter 4. transmission of Infrared Radiation Through the Earth's Atmosphere. Chapter 5. Optics. Chapter 6. Optical Modulation. Chapter 7. Introduction to Detectors. Chapter 8. Noise. Chapter 9. The Measurement of Detector Characteristics. Chapter 10. Modern Detectors and the Ultimate Limits on their Performance. Chapter 11. Techniques for Cooling Detectors. Chapter 12. Signal Processing and Displays. Chapter 13. The Analysis of Infrared Systems. Chapter 14. The Design of an Infrared Search System. PART II: THE APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED. Chapter 15. An Introduction to the Applications of Infrared techniques. Chapter 16. Military Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 17. Industrial Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 18. Medical Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 19. Scientific Applications of Infrared Techniques. Appendix 1: The Symbols and Abbreviations Used in This Book. Appendix 2: Symbols and Nomenclature for Radiometry and Photometry. Appendix 3: Conversion Factors. Appendix 4: The Unpublished Literature of the Infrared. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive tutorial on the design and practical applications of antenna arrays An antenna array is an assembly of antenna elements that maximizes a received or transmitted signal in a desired direction. This practical book covers a wide range of antenna array topics that are becoming increasingly important in wireless applications, with emphasis on array design, applications, and computer modeling. Each chapter in Antenna Arrays builds upon the previous chapter, progressively addressing more difficult material. Beginning with basic electromagnetics/antennas/antenna systems information, the book then deals with the analysis and synthesis of arrays of point sources and their associated array factors. It presents a sampling of different antenna elements that replace these point sources, then presents element configurations that do not have to lie along a line or in a plane. The complex and difficult-to-predict interactions of elements and electromagnetTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Antenna Array Basics. 1.1. History of Antenna Arrays. 1.2. Electromagnetics for Array Analysis. 1.3. Solving for Electromagnetic Fields. 1.3.1. The Wave Equation. 1.3.2. Point Sources. 1.3.3. Hertzian Dipole. 1.3.4. Small Loop. 1.3.5. Plane Waves. 1.4. Antenna Models. 1.4.1. An Antenna as a Circuit Element. 1.4.2. An Antenna as a Spatial Filter. 1.4.3. An Antenna as a Frequency Filter. 1.4.4. An Antenna as a Collector. 1.4.5. An Antenna as a Polarization Filter. 1.5. Antenna Array Applications. 1.5.1. Communications System. 1.5.2. Radar System. 1.5.3. Radiometer. 1.5.4. Electromagnetic Heating. 1.5.5. Direction Finding. 1.6. Organization and Overview. References. 2. Array Factor Analysis. 2.1. The Array Factor. 2.1.1. Phase Steering. 2.1.2. End-Fire Array. 2.1.3. Main Beam Steering with Frequency. 2.1.4. Focusing. 2.2. Uniform Arrays. 2.2.1. Uniform Sum Patterns. 2.2.2. Uniform Difference Patterns. 2.3. Fourier Analysis of Linear Arrays. 2.4. Fourier Analysis of Planar Arrays. 2.5. Array Bandwidth. 2.6. Directivity. 2.7. Amplitude Tapers. 2.8. z Transform of the Array Factor. 2.9. Circular Arrays. 2.10. Direction Finding Arrays. 2.10.1. Adcock Array. 2.10.2. Orthogonal Linear Arrays. 2.11. Subarrays. 2.12. Errors. 2.12.1. Random Errors. 2.12.2. Quantization Errors. 2.13. Fractal Arrays. References. 3. Linear and Planar Array Factor Synthesis. 3.1. Synthesis of Amplitude and Phase Tapers. 3.1.1. Fourier Synthesis. 3.1.2. Woodward-Lawson Synthesis. 3.1.3. Least Squares Synthesis. 3.2. Analytical Synthesis of Amplitude Tapers. 3.2.1. Binomial Taper. 3.2.2. Dolph-Chebyshev Taper. 3.2.3. Taylor Taper. 3.2.4. Bickmore-Spellmire Taper. 3.2.5. Bayliss Taper. 3.2.6. Unit Circle Synthesis of Arbitrary Linear Array Factors. 3.2.7. Partially Tapered Arrays. 3.3. Numerical Synthesis of Low-Sidelobe Tapers. 3.4. Aperiodic Arrays. 3.4.1. Thinned Arrays. 3.4.2. Nonuniformly Spaced Arrays. 3.5. Low-Sidelobe Phase Taper. 3.6. Suppressing Grating Lobes Due to Subarray Weighting. 3.6.1. Subarray Tapers. 3.6.2. Thinned Subarrays. 3.7. Plane Wave Projection. 3.8. Interleaved Arrays. 3.9. Null Synthesis. References. 4. Array Factors and Element Patterns. 4.1. Pattern Multiplication. 4.2. Wire Antennas. 4.2.1. Dipoles. 4.2.2. Helical Antenna. 4.3. Aperture Antennas. 4.3.1. Apertures. 4.3.2. Open-Ended Waveguide Antennas. 4.3.3. Slots in Waveguides. 4.3.4. Horn Antennas. 4.4. Patch Antennas. 4.5. Broadband Antennas. 4.5.1. Spiral Antennas. 4.5.2. Dipole-Like Antennas. 4.5.3. Tapered Slot Antennas. 4.5.4. Dielectric Rod Antennas. References. 5. Nonplanar Arrays. 5.1. Arrays with Multiple Planar Faces. 5.2. Arrays on Singly Curved Surfaces. 5.2.1. Circular Adcock Array. 5.3. Arrays Conformal to Doubly Curved Surfaces. 5.4. Distributed Array Beamforming. 5.5. Time-Varying Arrays. 5.5.1. Synthetic Apertures. 5.5.2. Time-Modulated Arrays. 5.5.3. Time-Varying Array Element Positions. References. 6. Mutual Coupling. 6.1. Mutual Impedance. 6.2. Coupling Between Two Dipoles. 6.3. Method of Moments. 6.4. Mutual Coupling in Finite Arrays. 6.5. Infinite Arrays. 6.5.1. Infinite Arrays of Point Sources. 6.5.2. Infinite Arrays of Dipoles and Slots. 6.6. Large Arrays. 6.6.1. Fast Multipole Method. 6.6.2. Average Element Patterns. 6.6.3. Representative Element Patterns. 6.6.4. Center Element Patterns. 6.7. Array Blindness and Scanning. 6.8. Mutual Coupling Reduction/Compensation. References. 7. Array Beamforming Networks. 7.1. Transmission Lines. 7.2. S Parameters. 7.3. Matching Circuits. 7.4. Corporate and Series Feeds. 7.5. Slotted Waveguide Arrays. 7.5.1. Resonant Waveguide Arrays. 7.5.2. Traveling-Wave Waveguide Arrays. 7.6. Blass Matrix. 7.7. Butler Matrix. 7.8. Lenses. 7.8.1. Bootlace Lens. 7.8.2. Rotman Lens. 7.9. Refl ectarray. 7.10. Array Feeds for Refl ectors. 7.11. Array Feeds for Horn Antennas. 7.12. Phase Shifters. 7.13. Transmit/Receive Modules. 7.14. Digital Beamforming. 7.15. Neural Beamforming. 7.16. Calibration. References. 8. Smart Arrays. 8.1. Retrodirective Arrays. 8.2. Array Signals and Noise. 8.3. Direction of Arrival Estimation. 8.3.1. Periodogram. 8.3.2. Capon's Minimum Variance. 8.3.3. MUSIC Algorithm. 8.3.4. Maximum Entropy Method. 8.3.5. Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition. 8.3.6. ESPRIT. 8.3.7. Estimating and Finding Sources. 8.4. Adaptive Nulling. 8.4.1. Sidelobe Blanking and Canceling. 8.4.2. Adaptive Nulling Using the Signal Correlation Matrix. 8.4.3. Adaptive Nulling via Power Minimization. 8.5. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) System. 8.6. Reconfigurable Arrays. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHighly Commended at the BMA Medical Book Awards 2015 Mann s Pharmacovigilance is the definitive reference for the science of detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of the adverse effects of medicines, including vaccines and biologics.Trade Review“I highly recommend this comprehensive reference for everyone who has any role in developing, delivering, or regulating drugs, or educating prescribers to administer these drugs to patients so that drug therapy can maximize efficacy in treating diseases while minimizing adverse events.” (Doody’s, 9 January 2015)Highly Commended at the BMA Medical Book Awards 2015Table of ContentsContributors xi Foreword xxi 1 Introduction: Updated from Second Edition 1 Ronald D. Mann and Elizabeth B. Andrews 2 History of Pharmacovigilance 11 Judith K. Jones and Elyse Kingery I The Regulatory Basis Of Pharmacovigilance 3 Legal Basis: European Union 27 Brian Edwards, Calvin Johnson, and Shelley Gandhi 4 Ethical Oversight, Consent, and Confi dentiality 37 Suzanne L. West and Wendy A. Visscher 5 Pharmacovigilance-Related Topics at the Level of the International Conference on Harmonisation 47 Priya Bahri 6 The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences Working Groups and Their Contributions to Pharmacovigilance 63 Gunilla Sjölin-Forsberg and William Gregory 7 Terminologies in Pharmacovigilance 77 Elliot Brown and Daniel von Sydow 8 Nonclinical Toxicological Support for Phase I Trials 95 David R. Jones and James W. MCBlane 9 The Evaluation of Adverse Events in Clinical Trials (with a Particular Focus on the Use of Meta Analysis) 109 Jesse A. Berlin, Brenda Crowe, and H. Amy Xia 10 Case Reports as Evidence in Pharmacovigilance 121 Jeffrey K. Aronson 11 Periodic Safety Update Reports 139 Patrice Verpillat and Mondher Toumi 12 The Principles behind Risk Management in the European Union 153 Stella C.F. Blackburn and June M. Raine II Pharmacovigilance Systems Pharmacovigilance in Europe 13a Regulatory Pharmacovigilance in the European Union 173 Priya Bahri and Peter Arlett 13b Spontaneous Reporting: United Kingdom 185 Mick Foy, Paul Barrow, and June M. Raine 13c Spontaneous Reporting: France 203 Jacques Caron, Sophie Gautier, and Michel Mallaret 13d How Pharmacovigilance is Organized in Germany 207 Ulrich Hagemann and Norbert Paeschke 13e Organization of Pharmacovigilance in the Netherlands 213 Eugène Van Puijenbroek and Kees Van Grootheest 13f Pharmacovigilance in Spain 217 Dolores Montero, Miguel Angel Maciá, and César De La Fuente 13g Italian Pharmacovigilance System 221 Laura Sottosanti and Fernanda Ferrazin 13h Pharmacovigilance in Turkey 225 Sinem Ezgi Gülmez Pharmacovigilance in the Americas 14a Spontaneous Reporting and Pharmacovigilance Practice: USA 229 Min-Chu Chen, Solomon Iyasu, Alfred Sorbello, and Linda Scarazzini 14b Spontaneous Reporting in Mexico 241 Alejandra Rosete and Ricardo Benítez-Vázquez 14c Pharmacovigilance in Argentina: A Lot Done, A Lot To Do 245 Luis Alesso and Raquel Herrera Comoglio Pharmacovigilance in Asia 15a Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management in Japan 249 Kiyoshi Kubota and Tsugumichi Sato 15b Pharmacovigilance in Hong Kong 259 Thomas Y.K. Chan 15c Pharmacovigilance in China 263 Hong-Hao Zhou, Fan-Dian Zeng, and Jie Tang 15d China 267 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15e Malaysia 271 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15f Philippines 273 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15g Singapore 277 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15h Thailand 279 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15i Vietnam 283 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15j Pharmacovigilance in India 285 Pipasha Biswas Pharmacovigilance in New Zealand and Australia 16a Pharmacovigilance in New Zealand 291 Mira Harrison-Woolrych, Michael Tatley, and Desiree Kunac 16b Pharmacovigilance: Australia 295 John MCEwen Pharmacovigilance in Africa 17 Pharmacovigilance in Africa 299 Alexander N.O. Dodoo and Haggar H. Ampadu III Signal Detection/Generation in Spontaneous Reporting Programs and Other Sources: From Spontaneous Reporting To Pharmacoepidemiology 18 Vaccine Safety Surveillance 305 Emily Jane Woo, Jerry Labadie, and M. Miles Braun 19 How We Assess Causality 319 Judith K. Jones and Elyse Kingery 20 Quantitative Signal Detection and Analysis in Pharmacovigilance 331 Andrew Bate, Antoine Pariente, Manfred Hauben, and Bernard Bégaud 21 Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis 355 Paddy Farrington 22 Prescription–Event Monitoring (PEM): The Evolution to the New Modifi ed PEM and its Support of Risk Management 359 Deborah Layton and Saad Shakir 23 Prescription–Event Monitoring in New Zealand 385 Mira Harrison-Woolrych 24 A Description of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance as a Global Resource for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology 403 Thomas Goedecke and Peter Arlett 25 Overview of North American Databases 409 Brian L. Strom, Rita Schinnar, and Judith L. Kinman 26 The Clinical Practice Research Datalink: The New 54 Million Fully Integrated Research Data and Clinical Trial System 421 John Parkinson 27 Active Surveillance: The United States Food and Drug Administration’s Sentinel Initiative 429 Ryan M. Carnahan, Carlos J. Bell, and Richard Platt 28 Leveraging Routinely Collected Healthcare Data to Scale Up Drug Safety Surveillance: The EU-ADR Experience 439 Gianluca Trifi rò and Preciosa Coloma 29 Development and Evaluation of Infrastructure and Analytic Methods for Systematic Drug Safety Surveillance: Lessons and Resources from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership 453 Paul Stang, Patrick Ryan, Abraham G. Hartzema, David Madigan, J. Marc Overhage, Emily Welebob, Christian G. Reich, and Thomas Scarnecchia IV Pharmacovigilance and Drug/System Organ Classes 30 Mechanisms of Adverse Drug Reactions 465 Munir Pirmohamed 31 Fatal Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Reactions 489 Robin E. Ferner and Sarah E. Mcdowell 32 Dermatological Adverse Drug Reactions 503 Laurence Valeyrie-Allanore and Jean-Claude Roujeau 33 Gastrointestinal Adverse Drug Reactions 513 Angel Lanas Arbeloa and Carlos Sostres Homedes 34 Hematological Adverse Drug Reactions 527 Peter J. Carey 35 Hepatic Adverse Drug Reactions 539 Guruprasad P. Aithal and Dominique Larrey 36 Ocular Side Effects of Prescription Medications 557 Frederick W. Fraunfelder 37 Renal Adverse Drug Reactions 567 Gert A. Verpooten 38 The Cardiovascular Spectrum of Adverse Drug Reactions 577 Charles Schubert and Judith Hsia 39 Neurological Adverse Events 585 Bradford B. Walters Special Populations 40 Drug Safety in Pregnancy 611 Christina D. Chambers and Elizabeth B. Andrews 41 Pharmacovigilance in Pediatrics 625 M. Dianne Murphy, Judith Cope, and Solomon Iyasu 42 Drugs and the Elderly 639 Jamie J. Coleman Special Product Classes 43 Anesthetic Adverse Drug Reactions 659 Anita Holdcroft and Karine Nouette-Gaulain 44 Pharmacoepidemiology as Part of Pharmacovigilance for Biologic Therapies 685 John Acquavella, Brian Bradbury, Cathy Critchlow, Jason B. Litten, J. Michael Sprafka, and John Sullivan 45 Surveillance for Medical Devices: USA 703 Thomas P. Gross 46 The Effi cacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents 719 J. Magno Zito, D.J. Safer, and Satish Valluri 47 Nonsteroidal Anti-infl ammatory Drugs – Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: Risks and Benefits 735 K. Arnold Chan 48 Introduction to Pharmionics: The Vagaries in Ambulatory Patients’ Adherence to Prescribed Drug Dosing Regimens, and Some of Their Clinical and Economic Consequences 751 John Urquhart and Bernard Vrijens 49 Design and Implementation of Surveys to Assess Patient and Healthcare Provider Understanding of Risks and Safe Use Conditions 769 Kelly Hollis and Alicia Gilsenan VI Training and Education And Directions 50 Eu2P: The First European Online Public–Private Joint Training Program in Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology 787 Karine Palin, Christa Bataille, Stéphane Liège, Ralph Schimmer, and Annie Fourrier-Réglat 51 Teaching and Learning Pharmacovigilance 793 Frank May 52 Practical Experience in Teaching Pharmacovigilance 805 Stephen Evans and Ian Douglas 53 An Historical Perspective of the Future of Pharmacovigilance 807 Nicholas Moore Index 819

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Book SynopsisA lively study of orbital mechanics by the writer responsible for the computer simulations and systems analysis for the Saturn V moon rocket, Project Skylab and many others. Provides thorough coverage of all background theories, including unusual concepts and paradoxes that will enhance appreciation of this field. Includes discussion of rocket propulsion and optimization of techniques for maximizing payload and minimizing fuel consumption, plus complete coverage of the interaction of space vehicles and space bodies.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Orbital Mechanics. Satellite Orbits. The Orbital Environment. Powered Flight Maneuvers. Boosting a Satellite Into Orbit. Today's Family of Global Boosters. Enhancing the Performance of Booster Rockets. Choosing the Proper Orbit for a Satellite. Choosing the Proper Constellation Architecture. Space-Age Technologies for the Twenty-First Century. Bibliography. About the Author. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the packaging of electronic equipment to prevent damage from vibration and exposure to large variations in temperature.Trade Review"...text s purpose is to show manufacturers how to design, analyze, and evaluate electronic systems for lower cost and improved reliability in harsh environments..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Symbols. Physics of Failure In Electronic Systems. Thermal Expansion Displacements, Forces, and Stresses. Vibration of Beams and Other Simple Structures. Vibration of Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates. Estimating Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironments. Octave Rule, Snubbers, Dampers, and Isolation for PreventingVibration Damage to Electronic Systems. Displacements, Forces, and Stresses in Axial Leaded ComponentWires Due to Thermal Expansions. Designing Electronic Equipment for Sinusoidal Vibration. Assessment of Random Vibration on Electronic Design. Combining Fatigue Damage for Random Vibration and Thermal Cycling. Thermal Cycling Failures in Surface-Mounted Components. Stresses and Fatigue Life in Component Lead Wires and SolderJoints Due to Dynamic Forces and PCB Displacements. Fatigue Life of Long Components, Tall Components, and SmallComponents Mounted on PCBs. Wear and Interface Surface Fretting Corrosion in ElectricalConnectors. Case Histories of Failures and Failure Analyses. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDevice-independent reproduction of colour is the qualities of image reproduction achieved through the use of different input and output devices, for instance colour monitors and graphic user interfaces. This work provides a coverage of this key aspect of design and presentation. It is suitable for colour engineers, colour scientists, and students.Trade Review"...an excellent text that provides the essential tools, techniques and references required by those involved in colour management..." (Coloration Technology, Issue 3, 2003)Table of ContentsColour plate captions. Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Light and colour (A. Tarrant). Instruments and methods for colour measurement (D. Rich). Colorimetry and colour difference (P. Green). The CIE 1997 colour appearance model: CIECAM97s (M. Luo). Colour notation systems (P. Rhodes). Overview of characterization methods (P. Green). Methods for characterizing displays (R. Berns and N. Katoh). Methods for characterizing colour scanners and digital cameras (T. Johnson). Color processing for digital photography (J. Holm, et al.). Characterizing hard copy printers (P. Green). Color management and transformation through ICC profiles (D. Wallner). Colour gamut determination (M. Mahy). Colour gamut mapping (J. Morovic). Implementation of device-independent color at Kodak (K. Spaulding and E. Giorgianni). Engineering color at Adobe (J. King). Colour management in digital film post-production (W. Lempp and L. Noriega). Managing color in digital image libraries (S. Süsstrunk). Standards activities for colour imaging (D. McDowell). Author biographies. Index.

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Book SynopsisDetails infallible techniques for designing electronic hardware to withstand severe thermal environments. Using both SI and English units throughout, it presents methods for the development of various reliable electronic systems without the need of high-speed computers. It also offers mathematical modeling applications, using analog resistor networks, to provide the breakup of complex systems into numerous individual thermal resistors and nodes for those who prefer high-speed digital computer solutions to thermal problems.Table of ContentsEvaluating the Cooling Requirements. Designing the Electronic Chassis. Conduction Cooling for Chassis and Circuit Boards. Mounting and Cooling Techniques for Electronic Components. Practical Guides for Natural Convection and RadiationCooling. Forced-Air Cooling for Electronics. Thermal Stresses in Lead Wires, Solder Joints, and PlatedThroughholes. Predicting the Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironment. Transient Cooling for Electronic Systems. Special Applications for Tough Cooling Jobs. Effective Cooling for Large Racks and Cabinets. Finite Element Methods for Mathematical Modeling. Environmental Stress Screening Techniques. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn print for over a century, it is the definitive guide to cane sugar processing, treatment and analysis. This edition expands coverage of new developments during the past decade--specialty sugars, plant maintenance, automation, computer control systems and the latest in instrumental analysis for the sugar industry.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: RAW SUGAR MANUFACTURE. Sugarcane (J. Irvine). Methods of Cane Purchase (J. Chen). The Crystallization of Sugar (J. Chen). CANE SUGAR REFINING. Raw Sugar Purchase, Marketing and Receiving (F. Hill). Decolorization (R. Riffer). Centrifugation (C. Stowe). PRODUCTION AND PROCESS CONTROLS. Definitions and Terms in Sugar Factory and Refinery Controls (J.Chen & C.-C. Chou). Sugar House and Refinery Calculations (J. Chen & C.-C. Chou). Energy Conservation (K. Sinclair). ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Special Laboratory Reagents (J. Chen). Instrumental Analysis for the Sugar Industry (C.-C. Chou). Determination of Color and Turbidity in Sugar Products (C.-C. Chou). Reference Tables. Index.

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Book SynopsisLeading experts explore the exotic properties and exciting applications of electromagnetic metamaterials Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I: DOUBLE-NEGATIVE (DNG) METAMATERIALS. SECTION I: THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC DNG METAMATERIALS. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND SELECTED TOPICS IN FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METAMATERIALS (Richard W. Ziolkowski and Nader Engheta). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Wave Parameters in DNG Media. 1.3 FDTD Simulations of DNG Media. 1.4 Causality in DNG Media. 1.5 Scattering from a DNG Slab. 1.6 Backward Waves. 1.7 Negative Refraction. 1.8 Phase Compensation with a DNG Medium. 1.9 Dispersion Compensation in a Transmission Line Using a DNG Medium. 1.10 Subwavelength Focusing with a DNG Medium. 1.11 Metamaterials with a Zero Index of Refraction. 1.12 Summary. References. CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVEGUIDE AND ANTENNA APPLICATIONS INVOLVING DNG AND SNG METAMATERIALS (Nader Engheta, Andrea Alù, Richard W. Ziolkowski, and Aycan Erentok). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Subwavelength Cavities and Waveguides. 2.3 Subwavelength Cylindrical and Spherical Core–Shell Systems. 2.4 ENG–MNG and DPS–DNG Matched Metamaterial Pairs for Resonant Enhancements of Source-Generated Fields. 2.5 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: DNG Nested Shells. 2.6 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: ENG Nested Shells—Analysis. 2.7 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: HFSS Simulations of Dipole–ENG Shell Systems. 2.8 Metamaterial Realization of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor for Antenna Applications. 2.9 Zero-Index Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. 2.10 Summary. References. CHAPTER 3: WAVEGUIDE EXPERIMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE PROPERTIES OF SNG AND DNG METAMATERIALS (Silvio Hrabar). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Types of Bulk Metamaterials with Inclusions. 3.3 Theoretical Analysis of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with General Metamaterial. 3.4 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic ENG Metamaterial. 3.5 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic MNG Metamaterial. 3.6 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Uniaxial MNG Metamaterial. 3.7 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic DNG Metamaterial. 3.8 Investigation of Subwavelength Resonator. 3.9 Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 4: REFRACTION EXPERIMENTS IN WAVEGUIDE ENVIRONMENTS (Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Jin Au Kong, and Ran Lixin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Views of Metamaterials. 4.3 Measurement Techniques. 4.4 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. SECTION II: TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR NEGATIVE-INDEX STRUCTURES. CHAPTER 5: ANTENNA APPLICATIONS AND SUBWAVELENGTH FOCUSING USING NEGATIVE-REFRACTIVE-INDEX TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES (George V. Eleftheriades). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Planar Transmission Line Media with Negative Refractive Index. 5.3 Zero-Degree Phase-Shifting Lines and Applications. 5.4 Backward Leaky-Wave Antenna Radiating in Its Fundamental Spatial Harmonic. 5.5 Superresolving NRI Transmission Line Lens. 5.6 Detailed Dispersion of Planar NRI-TL Media. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 6: RESONANCE CONE ANTENNAS (Keith G. Balmain and Andrea A. E. Lüttgen). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Planar Metamaterial, Corner-Fed, Anisotropic Grid Antenna. 6.3 Resonance Cone Refraction Effects in a Low-Profile Antenna. 6.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 7: MICROWAVE COUPLER AND RESONATOR APPLICATIONS OF NRI PLANAR STRUCTURES (Christophe Caloz and Tatsuo Itoh). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Metamaterials. 7.3 Metamaterial Couplers. 7.4 Metamaterial Resonators. 7.5 Conclusions. References. PART II: ELECTROMAGNETIC BANDGAP (EBG) METAMATERIALS. SECTION I: THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC EBG MEDIA. CHAPTER 8: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES WITH EMPHASIS ON VOLUMETRIC EBGs (Maria Kafesaki and Costas M. Soukoulis). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theoretical and Numerical Methods. 8.3 Comparison of Different Numerical Techniques. 8.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 9: FABRICATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF EBG STRUCTURES (Peter de Maagt and Peter Huggard). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Manufacturing. 9.3 Experimental Characterization of EBG Crystals. 9.4 Current and Future Applications of EBG Systems. 9.5 Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 10: SUPERPRISM EFFECTS AND EBG ANTENNA APPLICATIONS (Boris Gralak, Stefan Enoch, and G´erard Tayeb). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Refractive Properties of a Piece of Photonic Crystal. 10.3 Superprism Effect. 10.4 Antenna Applications. 10.5 Conclusion. References. SECTION II: TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR EBG STRUCTURES. CHAPTER 11: REVIEW OF THEORY, FABRICATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES (Dan Sievenpiper). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Surface Waves. 11.3 High-Impedance Surfaces. 11.4 Surface Wave Bands. 11.5 Reflection Phase. 11.6 Bandwidth. 11.7 Design Procedure. 11.8 Antenna Applications. 11.9 Tunable Impedance Surfaces. 11.10 Reflective-Beam Steering. 11.11 Leaky-Wave Beam Steering. 11.12 Backward Bands. 11.13 Summary. References. CHAPTER 12: DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX ARTIFICIAL GROUND PLANES IN ANTENNA ENGINEERING (Yahya Rahmat-Samii and Fan Yang). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 FDTD Analysis of Complex Artificial Ground Planes. 12.3 Various Complex Artificial Ground-Plane Designs. 12.4 Applications of Artificial Ground Planes in Antenna Engineering. 12.5 Summary. References. CHAPTER 13: FSS-BASED EBG SURFACES (Stefano Maci and Alessio Cucini). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 MoM Solution. 13.3 Accessible Mode Admittance Network. 13.4 Pole–Zero Matching Method for Dispersion Analysis. 13.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 14: SPACE-FILLING CURVE HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES (John McVay, Nader Engheta, and Ahmad Hoorfar). 14.1 Resonances of Space-Filling Curve Elements. 14.2 High-Impedance Surfaces Made of Space-Filling Curve Inclusions. 14.3 Use of Space-Filling Curve High-Impedance Surfaces in Antenna Applications. 14.4 Space-Filling Curve Elements as Inclusions in DNG Bulk Media. 14.5 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFriction and Wear of Materials Second Edition Written by one of the world''s foremost authorities on friction, this classic book offers a lucid presentation of the theory of mechanical surface interactions as it applies to friction, wear, adhesion, and boundary lubrication. To aid engineers in design decisions, Friction and Wear of Materials evaluates the properties of materials which, under specified conditions, cause one material to function better as a bearing material than another. Featured also are thorough treatments of lubricants and the sizes and shapes of wear particles. This updated Second Edition includes new material on erosive wear, impact wear, and friction. Professor Rabinowicz''s book will be especially welcomed by mechanical and design engineers, surface scientists, tribologists and others who design, produce and operate products, machines and equipment which involve friction and its effects.Table of ContentsMaterial Properties That Influence Surface Interactions. Surface Interactions. Friction. Types of Wear. Adhesive Wear. Abrasive and Other Types of Wear. Lubrication. Adhesion. Appendix. Sample Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisFunctional Biochemistry in Health and Disease provides aclear and straightforward account of the biochemistry that isnecessary to understand the physiological functions of tissues ororgans essential to the life of human beings.Trade Review"This text and resource will appeal to biochemists looking to better translate their knowledge and undersatnding into real situations. It will particularly appeal to physiologists and medical students hoping to unravel the biochemical processes that underpin the physiology of life." (ChemBioChem, 11 April 2011) "Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease provides a clear and straightforward account of the biochemistry that is necessary to understand the physiological functions of tissues or organs essential to the life of human beings'. The book makes a strong connection between biochemistry and medical practice." (Australian Biochemist, December 2010)Table of ContentsAbbreviations. I INTRODUCTION. 1 The Structural and Biochemical Hierarchy of a Cell and a Human. Cell structure. Tissues. The whole human. The biochemical hierarchy. II ESSENTIAL TOPICS IN DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY. 2 Energy: In the Body, Tissues and Biochemical Processes. Energy transformations in the whole body. Energy transformations in tissues and organs. Energy transformation in biochemical reactions and pathways. Adenosine triphosphate: its role in the cell. 3 Enzymes: Activities, Properties, Regulation and Physiology. Nomenclature and classifi cation. Basic facts. Mechanisms by which an enzyme enhances the rate of a reaction. Cofactors and prosthetic groups. Factors that change the activity of an enzyme. Allosteric inhibition. The physiological signifi cance of Km and Vmax values. Enzymes as tools. Enzymes in diagnosis. Enzymes as therapeutic agents. Enzymes as targets for therapy. Kinetic structure of a biochemical pathway. Regulation of enzyme activity. 4 Transport into the Body: The Gastrointestinal Tract, Digestion and Absorption. Gross structure of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemistry of cooking and food preparation. Digestion and absorption. The gastrointestinal tract and disease. 5 Transport into the Cell: Particles, Molecules and Ions. Structure of the plasma membrane. Diffusion through membranes. Active transport. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Physiological importance of some transport systems. III ESSENTIAL METABOLISM. 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism. Glycolysis. The biochemical and physiological importance of anaerobic glycolysis. Regulation of the flux through glycolysis. Glycogen synthesis. Synthesis of Fructose and lactose. The pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis: glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources. Role of the liver in the regulation of the blood glucose concentration. Hormones and control of gluconeogenesis. Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by ATP/ADP concentration ratio in the liver. Hypoglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia. 7 Fat Metabolism. Fats in nutrition. Fat fuels. Physiological importance of fat fuels. Limitations or drawbacks of fats as a fuel. Genetic defects in fatty acid oxidation. Pathological concentrations of fat fuels. 8 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism. Introduction. Sources of amino acids. Protein and amino acid requirements. Fate of amino acids. Central role of transdeamination. Amino acid metabolism in different tissues. Glutamine: an amino acid of central importance. Urea 'salvage'. 9 Oxidation of Fuels and ATP Generation: Physiological and Clinical Importance. The Krebs cycle. The electron transfer chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Coupling of electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation. Transport into and out of mitochondria. 'Energy' transport in the cytosol: the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle. Regulation of fl uxes. The physiological importance of mitochondrial ATP generation. The effect of ageing on ATP generation. 10 Metabolism of Ammonia and Nucleic Acids. Roles of ammonia. Urea synthesis. Degradation of nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleosides and bases: the generation of ammonia. Ammonia toxicity. Defi ciencies of urea cycle enzymes. 11 Synthesis of Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerol, Phospholipids and Fatty Messengers: The Roles of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids. Phospholipids. Fatty messenger molecules. Fatty acids in neurological and behavioural disorders. 12 Hormones: From Action in the Cell to Function in the Body. Endocrine hormones: traditional and novel. The action, effects and functions of a hormone. Action of hormones. The biochemical and physiological effects of a hormone. Pheromones. Kinetic principles that apply to hormone action. IV ESSENTIAL PROCESSES OF LIFE. 13 Physical Activity: In Non-Athletes, Athletes and Patients. The mechanical basis of movement by skeletal muscle. Structure of muscle. Proteins involved in muscle action. Mechanism of contraction: the cross-bridge cycle. Regulation of contraction. Fuels for muscle. Fuels for various athletic events and games. Fatigue. Fatigue in patients. Physical training. Development of muscle. Health benefi ts of physical activity. Health hazards of physical activity. Skeletal muscle diseases. 14 Mental Activity and Mental Illness. Mental activity. Cells in the brain. Electrical communication. Chemical communication. Fuels and energy metabolism in the brain. Mental illnesses: biochemical causes. Recreational drugs. 15 Nutrition: Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathology. Basic information required for discussion of some biochemical aspects of nutrition. Vitamins. Minerals. A healthy diet. Nutrition for specifi c activities or conditions. Overnutrition. Malnutrition. Functional foods and nutraceuticals. Nutrition for patients with genetic disorders. Vegetarian diets. Eating disorders. 16 Starvation: Metabolic Changes, Survival and Death. Mechanisms for the regulation of the blood glucose concentration. Metabolic responses to starvation. Sequence of metabolic changes from intermediate starvation to death. Progressive decrease in protein degradation in starvation. 17 Defence Against Pathogens: Barriers, Enzymes and the Immune System. When the physical barrier is breached. The immune system. Adaptive immunity. Cytokines. Mechanisms for killing pathogens. Killing of intracellular bacteria and large parasites in the extracellular fluid. Allergy. Fuels and generation of ATP in immune cells: consequences for a patient. Essential fatty acids and proliferation. The lymph nodes. Tolerance. Chronic infl ammation and autoimmunity. Immunosuppressive agents. Conditions that reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Factors that increase the effectiveness of the immune system. Return of the 'old' infectious diseases. New infectious diseases. Defence in the intestine. 18 Survival after Trauma: Metabolic Changes and Response of the Immune System. Physiological and metabolie responses the ebb & fl ow phases. Nutrition. Mobilisation of triacylglycerol and protein in trauma. Metabolic changes in trauma and in starvation. Fever. Summary of the effects of trauma on the immune system and the whole body. 19 Sexual Reproduction. Male reproductive system. Female reproductive system. The menstrual cycle. Ovulation. Chemical communication in male and female reproduction. Coitus and the sexual response in the male and female. Fertilisation. Pregnancy. Parturition. Contraception. The menopause. Sexually transmitted diseases. 20 Growth and Death of Cells and Humans: The Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and Necrosis. Introduction to cell proliferation. The cell cycle. Death. V SERIOUS DISEASES. 21 Cancer: Genes, Cachexia and Death. Basic information. Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Proteins expressed by oncogenes. Processes by which proto-oncogenes can be activated or converted to oncogenes. Tumour suppressor genes. Telomeres and telomerase in tumour cells. Metastasis. Metabolic changes in cancer patients. Overview of cancer. Cancer-causing agents or conditions. Chemotherapy. Radiotherapy. 22 Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Heart Attack. Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the principles of industrial control and instrumentation. It is concerned with the basic principles of measurement, control systems and the hardware used, and covers the Business and Technician Education unit Industrial Control and Instrumentation U86/345.Table of Contents1. Measurement systems. 2. Control systems. 3. Transducers. 4. Signal conditioning and processing. 5. Controllers. 6. Correction units. 7. Data display. 8. Measurement systems. 9. Control systems.

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Book SynopsisA companion volume to Ocean Yachtmaster for those taking the Yachtmaster Ocean Certificate, and for navigation revision.

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition contains over 5,500 terms used by air traffic controllers, pilots, cabin crew, maintenance crews, ground staff and other airline personnel. Designed for those specialising in aviation and related industries, including trainee pilots, maintenance engineers and other professionals, this dictionary has all the words you need.

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Book SynopsisA history and description of the English narrowboat's traditional paintwork.

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Table of ContentsPublisher’s Note Chapter 1: Great Western Railway: Names of Engines (1911) Chapter 2: Great Western Railway Engines: Names, Numbers, Types and Classes (1928) Chapter 3: Great Western Railway (1938) Chapter 4: Great Western Railway: Names, Numbers, Types, Classes, Etc of Great Western Railway Locomotives (1946)

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Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: The Prelude Chapter 2: The ‘Precursors’ Chapter 3: Train Service Metamorphosis Chapter 4:The ‘Experiment’ Class Chapter 5: Interchange Trials Chapter 6: The ‘George the Fifth’ Class Chapter 7: Outstanding Performance Chapter 8: The ‘Prince of Wales’ Class Chapter 9: Trails and Tribulations Chapter 10: Post-Grouping Performance Chapter 11: A Final Appraisal Chapter 12: Case Histories Chronology Acknowledgements Index

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