Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisIn Advances in Engineering Research. Volume 26, sodium dodecyl sulfate and hydroxy isopropyl chitosan are employed as modulation agents for crystallization of CaC2O4. The effects of these concentrations on the crystallization are investigated, and the CaC2O4 particles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The authors examine a novel flash ironmaking technology, developed by Professor H.Y. Sohns research group at the University of Utah, which has shown promising results for the production of iron from iron ore concentrate with low energy consumption/greenhouse gas emissions. Computation fluid dynamics has been used to simulate the novel flash ironmaking process from the kinetics analysis of the results obtained in laminar-flow reactors to the laboratory scale Utah flash reactor and the large scale bench reactor. This collection goes on to review recent data on composite materials intended for repairing mechanochemical and technological damages of metallic pipelines. The technological aspects of repairing gas and oil pipeline surfaces and their joints and couplings in field conditions are analyzed, and methods used to improve the strength of the adhesive layer are considered. Next, several mega-structural projects for regulation of the economic and ecological impacts of global sea-level rise in the Mediterranean Sea Basin are detailed. In particular, one macro-project, a modernized installation sited within the Strait of Gibraltar composed of a single fabric submarine curtain and super-ropes, is closely examined in terms of its sea-level rise macro-problem solving suitability. Lastly, a new method based on subsampled contourlet transform and feature smoothing technique is presented for automatic classification of seabed square-size images. This new version of standard contourlet transform allows for the study of images with various resolution levels and directions. This proposed method is implemented using graphics processing unit capabilities to reduce execution time.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 35 opens with an examination of the effect of bismaleimides based on the Diels-Alder reaction mechanism on high performance aerospace carbon fibre reinforced plastics. More precisely, the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional bismaleimide modified composites and their healing capabilities were measured under mode I and mode II fracture loading conditions. Following this, polyacrylonitrile nanofibers are first obtained from polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide by electrospinning. Then, the carbon nanofibers are obtained by calcination of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Additionally, the capacity of these materials to promote oxygen reduction reaction is evaluated. As new sorbents are developed for purifying gases or liquids via physisorption and/or chemisorption processes, the objective is typically to increase the specific surface area to maximize the available binding sites for capturing various species of interest. One drawback to making a sorbent more porous is that it often leads to a product that is fragile or friable and can be damaged, thus imposing process limitations. Thus, the authors propose an alternative approach for improving the mechanical integrity of the sorbent by binding it within a porous matrix that passively holds the sorbent in place. Next, evidence that the nanopillared graphene surface can induce strong dewettability is been reported by molecular dynamics simulations. The retracting and detaching behaviors of the liquid film can be effectively controlled by tuning the geometric parameters of the liquid film or nanopillar as well as the temperature. This compilation also includes a study which aims to present the advantages of using a thermodynamic analysis for the production of high purity hydrogen by the ethanol steam reforming combined with CO2 absorption (ESR-CO2-ABS). For this purpose, a thermodynamic analysis is used to find optimal reaction conditions for the ESR-CO2-ABS system. Thermodynamic analysis of the ESR-CO2-ABS system was performed using CaO, CaOMgO, Na2ZrO3, Li2ZrO3 and Li4SiO4 as CO2 absorbents to determine optimal operating conditions to generate high production and concentration of hydrogen in the product gas. In conclusion, the authors discuss how recently, research emphasis has been directed towards integrating multiple functions into polymer materials. Among these new advancements in materials science are functional polymers with structural designs for versatile applications. Piperazine is an interesting heterocyclic diamine which possess excellent medicinal and chelating property. Polymers and surfactants based on piperazine and surfactants have shown good hydrophilic, chelating anti-bacterial and anti-helminthic properties.

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Book SynopsisLignin is the main natural resource of aromatic structures on Earth. With the depletion of fossil oil and increased environmental concerns, renewable resources for energy and chemical production have attracted tremendous attention from scientists and engineers. As a renewable aromatic polymer, lignin has been, for a long time, studied in terms of its biosynthesis, structures, reactivities and applications although few portions of lignins available from the industry, mainly pulping mills, have been utilised for various applications. The key for complete and efficient utilisation of lignins is that all aspects, including lignin biosynthesis, structures, functionalities, and properties, about lignins should be understood. Another important attribute related to lignin utilisation comes from analytical methods essential for our understanding of lignins and mechanisms involved in various processes. This book provides critical reviews and the latest research results relating to selected fields of lignin biosynthesis, functional characterisation and applications.

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Book SynopsisDue to its high energy density, liquid hydrogen is one of the best alternative fuels. As such, Liquefaction: Analysis and Assessment introduces hydrogen liquefaction techniques and provides an outlook concerning common methodology. Basic and conventional cycles used for hydrogen liquefaction are reviewed, and industrial in-service hydrogen liquefaction plants are discussed.The severe accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant demonstrated that the phenomena caused by an earthquake may actually cause more disastrous consequences than the vibratory ground motion itself, one of these phenomena being soil liquefaction. The authors propose that an analysis of the liquefaction hazards and consequences should be performed for the safety analysis of nuclear plants.Lastly, the authors address how uncertainties in the liquefied natural gas market are growing as new producers, including the United States and Australia, emerge. In an effort to tackle these market uncertainties, process optimization is an essential part of the liquefied natural gas project. In this instance, an exergy-based method is demonstrated and assessed for both thermodynamic and cost objectives.

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Book SynopsisAmong management systems that are intended to prevent soil erosion or degradation is the no-tillage system which allows for the accumulation of vegetal material of plant material on the surface, over which the next crop will be sown or planted. Agricultural Research Updates. Volume 25 opens with a presentation of the results of research on different sustainable systems of soybean and maize production in northwest São Paulo. Following this, the authors review the feasibility, convenience and challenges accompanying various drying technologie from conventional methods (sun drying, hot air-drying, vaccum drying and freeze drying) to smart drying technologies (hybrid drying, near infrared reflectance, refractance window drying amd ultrasonic drying). Other topics reviewed in this compilation include packaging antioxidant activity that prevents food tainting; packaging antimicrobial properties that prevent food contamination; and packaging biodegradability to meet environmental protection requirements. Next, the authors investigate the occurrence, characterization and survivability of two pathogenic vibrios, namely Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish-based street food. The detection of these two pathogens is completed using Loop mediated isothermal amplification, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and thiosulphate citrate bile-salt sucrose. The following study aims to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in ulam (Malaysian salad vegetables) at retail outlets in Terengganu. The prevalence of these genes at retail outlets is determined by multiplex-PCR/the charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar method for 123 vegetable samples. The authors close by describing a recent technology in stimulating glucosinolates concentrations in Brassica plants using recycled animal manures. This need for natural fumigants in horticultural crops has increased due to the national prohibition of synthetic soil fumigants such as methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide.

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Book SynopsisThe opening chapter of Advances in Engineering Research. Volume 27 summarizes current progress in the design of multimode dielectric resonator antennas. Emphasis is placed on the operating modes achieved by different research groups, including the authors, as well as the feeding system used, the modes radiation performances, and radiation patterns. The authors conclude that the full potential of dielectric resonator antennas can only be obtained using its multi-mode capabilities. Following this, a detailed discussion on flexible organic thin-film transistors is provided, focusing on different aspects of fabrication, emerging organic materials, characterization techniques, multidisciplinary applications and performance deteriorating issues. A mathematical model of the locomotive spatial vibrations was developed and different reasons of derailment were under investigation. Locomotive behaviour in collisions with a motionless obstacle and another vehicle is studied and the results are examined. In another study, the evolution of the stochastic digital measurement method is reviewed, particularly highlighting the two-bit stochastic digital measurement method. Topics covered include theoretical foundations and prototype instruments used in power grid networks. The closing chapter covers the development of active safety system technologies is an emerging topic, especially in regard to powered two-wheelers. In the wake of new technologies available, many governments are heavily legislating vehicle safety, is prompting the manufacturers to innovate their active safety devices.

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Book SynopsisMuch progress has been made in achieving the ambitious goals that Congress established in 1972 in the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters. However, long-standing problems persist, and new problems have emerged. Water quality problems are diverse, ranging from pollution runoff from farms and ranches, city streets, and other diffuse or nonpoint sources, to toxic substances discharged from factories and sewage treatment plants. Since the early 2000s, increased oil and gas production across the nation has resulted in a corresponding increase in wastewater that must be managed, reused, or disposed of properly. In particular, the hydraulic fracturing process has also raised concerns about potential effects to human health and the environment, including the potential contamination of underground drinking water sources by injecting wastewater associated with the production of oil and gas.

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Book SynopsisNASAs mission is to drive advances in science, technology, aeronautics, and space exploration to enhance knowledge, education, innovation, economic vitality, and stewardship of Earth. Chapter 1 and 2 provide a snapshot for 2018 of how well NASA is planning and executing its major acquisition projects. In May 2017, GAO found that projects were continuing a generally positive trend of limiting cost and schedule growth, maturing technologies, and stabilizing designs. But, at the same time, GAO noted that many of these projects, including some of the most expensive ones, were approaching the phase in their life cycles when cost and schedule growth is most likely. Chapter 3 is an overview of the 2017 budget. Chapter 4 determines the extent to which NASA has established and implemented leading IT management practices in strategic planning, workforce planning, governance, and cybersecurity. Chapter 5 addresses, among other things, the extent to which (1) NASAs Inspector General investigated contractor and grantee whistleblower reprisal complaints; (2) NASAs Administrator reviewed reprisal complaints in a timely manner; and (3) NASA communicated the applicable whistleblower reprisal protections to contractors. Chapter 6 sets forth policy governing the release of public information, which is defined as information in any form provided to news and information media, especially information that has the potential to generate significant media, or public interest or inquiry.

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Book SynopsisIn the preliminary study included in Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 36, a novel fiberglass catalyst with highly dispersed 1-2 nm Pd clusters confined in the bulk of fiberglass at a depth of 10 nm was proposed. In spite of extremely low palladium content, this catalyst showed high performance in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Basic research of physicochemical properties of the silicate glass as well as the Pd/FG catalyst revealed that mass transfer of reagents in the bulk of glass does not limit the reaction rate, and the glass has a capability to absorb a large amount of polar or readily polarizable molecules like acetylene but not ethylene. In another study, vaporized materials (such as liquid vapors) were ejected through a nozzle into a vacuum, and liquid clusters with various cluster sizes were formed by adiabatic expansion. The vacuum has an important role in cluster formation, and the fundamental properties of the vacuum and clusters are described in terms of an existence in emptiness. Next, the following operations are discussed: mechanical cutting (with punching dies, guillotines, waterjets and laser beams), clamping, welding, riveting, and the coating of sheet surfaces with insulating layers. A practical laboratory stand for the examination of finished cores used in induction motors, designed by one of the authors at the Wrocław Branch of the Electrotechnical Institute, is presented. The authors deal with the issue of lead-free solders at high application temperatures, with the aim to study the effect of lanthanides addition on the properties of solders for high application temperatures. The Bi-based solders Bi11Ag2La, Bi2La, Bi2Y were designed and fabricated as innovative soldering alloys. The study of effect of lanthanides in the soldering process was especially oriented toward soldering Al2O3 and ZrO2 ceramic materials. Some examples of errors that can occur in soldering ae listed, while several selected defects are reviewed: non-wettability of the solder pads, dewetting, wrong solder mask design, warpage, head-in-pillow, cracks in the joints, pad cratering, black pad, solder beading, tombstoning, dendrites, voids, flux spattering from the solder paste, popcorning and whiskers. In closing, the authors discuss the development of processing technology for producing electrical steels with increased silicon content, which is considered one of the novel achievements in contemporary materials science dealing with magnetic materials. Commercially available steels produced by JFE Steel Corporation are analyzed.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the current, most critical challenges and issues facing Serbia, on its road towards integration in the European Union. The chapters in the book are written by highly renowned authorities in their respective research fields including prominent scholars, academics, and researchers. Thorough analysis of the challenges and issues currently facing the Serbian society and state encompass the fields of: Mineral resources of Serbia including societal, economic, and environmental aspects; Biofuels status and prospects in Serbia; Sustainable agriculture and rural development of Serbia; Development of innovative agriculture production technologies for linseed, glycine, grain, and spring field crops, among others; Environmental concerns in Serbia including pollution sources, types of pollutants, as well as the current status, trends, prospects, and methods of pollution control; Environmental pollution with persistent organic pollutants; Contamination of urban soils in Serbia and their pollution status; Environmental pollution by heavy metals and radionuclides in certain localities in Serbia. The book provides a representative account of the most important, current challenges and issues of Serbia in the considered areas. It can serve as an authoritative source of information on the covered topics for the general public, as well as for specialists in different fields, interested in having a deeper insight into these topics.

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Book SynopsisAgricultural Research Updates. Volume 26 opens with a discussion about various control methods used in cowpea integrated pest management. Cowpea is one of the most widely adapted and nutritious legumes. The high content of carbohydrates and proteins makes it very important for human consumption. Several pests, especially insects, can cause yield losses ranging from 10-100%.The following study explores the global panorama of the use of chemical herbicides, as well as promising technologies for weed control. The authors also discuss the genetic improvement of plants and biocontrol by innovative methods that can reduce cases of resistance, considering aspects like efficiency, viability and environmental benefits. An exhaustive focus on toxic metals is provided, particularly on analytical methodologies suitable to detect these metals in Camellia sinensis. Various analytical techniques and procedures employed are critically discussed, and special attention is paid to the analytical performance in terms of accuracy and detectability.Following this, the functionalities of lemon peel are investigated, and the effectiveness of applying subcritical water treatment to the insoluble fractions is examined. Lemon peel is usually discarded as industrial waste, despite having a strong flavor and containing abundant oils and fibrous components, largely due to the challenges associated with using its insoluble polymeric components in chemical products.Agricultural production is the main livelihood to a majority of the population and a lead contributor to economy in most sub-Saharan countries. In Kenya, agriculture accounts for 65% of the national exports and 70% of informal employment in rural Kenya. As such, the authors aim to establish key crops and livestock in Kenya, examine constraints and opportunities along the value chain, and review the role of institutions in the agricultural sector.

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Book SynopsisNASAs Commercial Crew Program is a multi-phased effort that began in 2010. Across the phases, NASA has engaged several companies, using both agreements and contract vehicles to develop and demonstrate crew transportation capabilities. As the program has passed through these phases, NASA has generally narrowed down the number of participants. NASAs mission is to drive advances in science, technology, aeronautics, and space exploration, and contribute to education, innovation, our countrys economic vitality, and the stewardship of the Earth. To accomplish this mission, NASA establishes programs and projects that rely on complex instruments and spacecraft. NASAs portfolio of major projects ranges from space satellites equipped with advanced sensors to study the Earth to a telescope intended to explore the universe to spacecraft to transport humans and cargo to and beyond low-Earth orbit.

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Book SynopsisIn Advances in Engineering Research. Volume 28, the authors describe the functional beam splitter that divides the incident beam into several derivative ones, simultaneously introducing the prescribed transformation of their transverse profiles. Recommendations for managing the diffracted beams profiles and their employment in precise metrology and optical vortices analysis are given. Unlike most engineered filtering systems, many naturally evolved biological filters have variable rather than fixed porosity. These include internal and external filters for feeding, as well as filters to capture waste particles. As such, this collection examines a prime example of a biological system with fluctuating porosity: the baleen filter of mysticete whales, which uses keratinous plates and hair-like fringes to capture prey of varying size. Next, the adaptive identification problem of dynamic systems with uncertainty is considered on adaptive observer class. A method is proposed for construction adaptive observers time-varying linear dynamic objects at non-fulfillment of condition excitation constancy. The authors also explore wireless sensor networks with common applications existing the real world. The benefits and challenges of the networks are discussed in an effort to overcome some constraints of energy limitation. A review of traditional data collection methods is provided with details. In closing, the algorithm for full rejection of the side lobes of a pattern antenna array at given azimuth angle points outside the main lobe area is considered. The structural diagram of the array is presented, and the efficiency of the suggested design has been investigated.

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Book SynopsisModern pumping complexes (PC) represent complicated power-consuming technological systems including one or several pumping units (PU) operating in parallel for the common manifold, a network of pipelines with the installed stop-control and safety valves. The presented monograph contains theoretical and experimental research on the improvement of energy efficiency and reliability of PC functioning with the use of the fundamental postulates of the classical theory of electrical engineering, hydrodynamics, electric drive, the methods of finite elements, approximation and optimization, and the theory of Fourier series.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 37 begins by discussing the main properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements used for orthopaedic surgery. In particular, emphasis is given to the fillers used to modify the solid phase of acrylic formulations, and this strategy is related to changes in their mechanical, biological, and clinical properties. Following this, the authors describe studies on the radiopaque agents of bone cements from 1960 to today. This research is divided into several time frames: 1960-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2018. An outlook for the future studies is also provided. A recent literature analysis in the field of spray pyrolysis production methods is presented, including the respective equipment requirements and the versatility of the materials. Examples of the application of ultrasonic spray nebulizers, laser and plasma atomizers are also provided. Next, a facile spray pyrolysis from a precursor solution with an ammonium additive is introduced to prepare porous nanostructured vanadium pentoxides. The correlation between porous structures and electrochemical properties of the PN-V2O5 electrodes was systematically investigated on rechargeable lithium batteries. Furthermore, some challenges are presented on the design of porous materials produced by spray pyrolysis for the application of lithium sulfur batteries. The authors discuss research on non-contact and non-destructive systems that excite surface acoustic waves using pulsed lasers and detect surface acoustic waves using laser Doppler detectors to observe the changes in the physical properties of the substrate surface. The concluding study focuses on the availability of modified epoxidized palm oil as pressure sensitive adhesives in medical applications. Epoxidized palm oil has been modified to two modifications of acrylation and maleination. Thus, there are requirements need to be met for pressure sensitive adhesive formulation before the curing process.

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Book SynopsisCellulose is the most important and naturally abundant organic biopolymer in the biosphere. It is the basic structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulose based materials have been utilized by our society as engineering materials for thousands of years and their use continues today as verified by the enormity of the worldwide industries. In recent decades, the conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass and natural biopolymers into chemicals, liquid fuels and feed supplements has gained considerable attention. In addition, the gradual depletion of petroleum resources, the lack of space for landfills, concerns over emissions during incineration, and environmental pollution caused due to accumulation of these non-destructible solid wastes has spurred efforts to develop high performance materials which are eco-friendly and sustainable. Keeping in mind the advantages of the bio-based materials from cellulose, this volume, edited by Tri-Dung (T.-D.) Ngo, includes cellulose from the micro- (cellulose fiber) to nanoscale (nanocellulose). This book focuses on the chemistry, production, properties and applications of the cellulose materials in various areas. From the view of sustainable development, the new materials associated with cellulose bio-renewable sources are enormously being addressed. In addition, nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving area of development, as science, engineering and technology have merged to bring nanoscale materials much closer to reality. The book also summarizes the recent developments made in the area of advanced bio-nanomaterials, chemical functionalization of celluloses from the micro- to nanoscale, and their processing and successful utilization for selected applications. A number of critical issues and suggestions for future work are discussed, underscoring the roles of researchers for the efficient development of advanced bio-nanomaterials through value addition to enhance their use.

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Book SynopsisThe government documents included in this book are comprised of reports and testimonies from June 2018 to September 2018 on research and development in the United States. The first report examines research and development projects started from 2010 through 2017 on advanced fossil energy. For over 100 years, three fossil fuel sources -- coal, oil and natural gas -- have made up at least 80% of total US energy consumption. While fossil fuels are associated with some negative environmental impacts - such as carbon dioxide emissions, the predominance of coal, oil and natural gas is likely to continue into the future. The second report focuses on considerations for maintaining US competitiveness in Quantum Computing, Synthetic Biology and other potentially transformational research advances. Federal support in such areas can accelerate innovation and drive technological advances and promote US competitiveness in the global economy. The third and final report focuses on additional actions needed to improve licensing of patented laboratory inventions. The GAO was asked to review agency practices for managing inventions developed at federal labs, with a particular focus on patent licensing. This report examines the challenges in licensing patents and steps take to address and report them.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advanced-fossil-energy-licensing-of-patented-laboratory-inventions-and-considerations-for-maintaining-us-competitiveness-in-potentially-transformational-research-areas/

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Book SynopsisIn this collection, the authors report on the pretreatment methods for waste activated sludge based on pulsed electric field and corona discharge techniques. The effects of pulse magnitude, frequency, temperature and pretreatment time are demonstrated on the basis of cell membrane electroporation. The influence of voltage polarity, frequency, magnitude, treating time and temperature has also been demonstrated. A description of fundamental techniques in molecular biology for the analysis of the microbiota of activated sludge is provided. Activated sludge is a heterogeneous system of organisms, organic and inorganic material, and therefore giving a specific protocol for each molecular technique would be imprudent. The authors go on to discuss the Monod model, which provides a functional relationship between specific growth rate and substrate concentration in the bulk. Important research efforts dedicated to adequate use of the Monod model are presented, consolidating knowledge from activated sludge and biofilm modelling, identifying misdirections, and setting parameters for further research. In one study, different microwave power outputs and times were optimised for sludge solubilisation without evaporation loss in waste activated sludge from two different sources. The variable effects of pre-treatments on extracellular polymeric substances fraction, cellular oxidative stress and solubilisation of both sludges were evaluated to understand the impact of sludge complexity. The penultimate chapter examines how toxic carbon sources can cause higher residual effluent dissolved organic carbon than easily biodegraded carbon sources in the activated sludge process. Based on the variations of chemical components of activated sludge, mainly intracellular storage materials, extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products, the performance and mechanism of toxic carbon on the activated sludge process can be clarified. The purpose of the final study is to research the supplementation of different concentrations of substrate on the degradation rate of xenobiotics, and to determine the optimal concentrations of auxiliary substrates that are most beneficial. The results show that sugar and peptone can affect 2,4-D degradation rate by several different degrees at different concentrations.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of the first chapter is to express the main achievements in use of the Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) and pseudo JTE (PJTE) in search of materials with enhanced or novel properties, are presented as a part of what is known as materials science. The hallmark of this entire chapter is the commitment to identify situations in which waves are produced and provide a systematic classification of such convective instabilities together with a description of related features based on advanced numerical simulations. The quality and mechanical or electrical properties of the resulting solids and crystals are adversely affected by thermogravitational convection as it can induce defects in their atomic or molecular structure (this is the case, e.g., of typical crystal-growth techniques such as the horizontal Bridgman (HB), the Floating zone (FZ) or the Czochralski (CZ) methods). This present chapter aims to present a focused review of landmark (past) and very recent contributions on the nature, structure and hierarchy of instabilities of this type of convection. This chapter is devoted to the investigation of the thermo-kinetics features of overcooled austenite transformation in three grades of 0.75-0.77 wt.% C complex-alloyed (Mn-Si, Mn-Si-Cr-Mo) steel intended for rail applications. Magnetometric and thermal analyses were used to build Time-Temperature-Transformation and Continuous-Cooling-Transformation diagrams presenting the kinetics of austenite transformation in studied steels.

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Book SynopsisThe farm bill is an omnibus, multi-year law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. Although agricultural policies are sometimes created and changed by freestanding legislation or as part of other major laws, the farm bill provides a predictable opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. Chapter 1 reviews our current farm programs and discuss solutions for the upcoming 2018 bill. Chapter 2 provides background on each of the major titles of the current farm bill and previews of some of the potential issues that could factor into the debate. Every new farm bill involves some modification or replacement of existing farm programs. A key question likely to be asked of every new program is how it will affect U.S. commitments under the World Trade Organizations (WTOs) Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) as described in chapter 3.

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Book SynopsisThe book Dielectric Materials and Applications focuses on the recent research advancements in the area of dielectrics that can be utilized in a variety of technology-oriented applications. The topics covered in this book include the investigations of materials having low dielectric constants for Cu interconnects, a two-layer metallic waveguide as a tool to determine the complex permittivity of liquids and/or clinical diagnostics, microwave dielectric materials for the miniaturization of portable electronic devices, microwave assisted heating of dielectric and composite materials, and the dielectric properties of certain 3D nanocomposites. The other areas of discussion encapsulate the modeling of supershaped dielectric lens antennas, the roles of dielectric mediums in metamaterials to realize photonic devices ranging from absorbers, sensors and communication systems. Some of the chapters are purely experimental, whereas some others are based on modeling and simulation. Reading this volume truly remains key to understanding novel applications of dielectric materials in different areas of technological interest.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/dielectric-materials-and-applications/

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Book SynopsisSummary of these eight titles is made as follows: Chapter 1: Ginkgo biloba has long been used as a folklore medicine in China, India and these neighboring countries. Ginkgo biloba contains diverse phytochemicals such as terpene trilactones (bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, C and J), flavonol glycosides, biflavones, proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols, simple phenolic acids, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, 4-O-methylpyridoxine and polyprenols. Gincholinic acid in ginkgo nuts showed very limited cytotoxicity and inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease activity to effectively suppress HIV infection; Chapter 2: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) (Rei-shi) mycelia (MAK) can be expected to prevent or alleviate organ damage as a functional food; Chapter 3: Water soluble carotenoids of yellow plant pigment in saffron and gardenia are mainly crocetin (1) and its glycosyl ester. crocetin-MGE (3) was rapidly absorbed. Crocetin-MGE (3) is rapidly and efficiently absorbed as such and is metabolized to crocetin (1); Chapter 4: Function of 3'-epirutein (3) in total xanthophyll feeding orally in rats has been evaluated. As a result, the dose-corrected Cmax and AUC0-24h of (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (1) appeared to be doubled in presence of 3'-epilutein (3); Chapter 5: Green tea was examined for bilateral ovariectomized (estrogen deficient) postmenopausal rat model to affect memory, learning and cognition. Green tea showed to provide neuroprotection, and probably support neurogenesis for human health, from the perspective of histopathology; Chapter 6: Daily consumption of fruits is essential to have a daily healthy life. However, it is hard to say that they are taking enough fruits because of expensive fruit, and their consciousness of health to their fruits. However, regular fruit intake is known to reduce the incidence of lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and so on. For this reason, the authors tried to prevent these lifestyle diseases by low cost unusual fruits in Africa; Chapter 7: Three kinds of vegetables inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) were selected as plant-derived functional ingredients. As a result, three uncommon vegetables showed health benefits against measles, yawning, conjunctivitis, hypertension, liver dysfunction, ocular pain, ear pain, breast cancer and other diseases; Chapter 8: The fruit of the Annonacea family has been used as a folk medicine. The main functional ingredient in Annonacea is acetogenin and its analogs. Acetogenins have been known for a wide range of effects such as antitumor action, antiparasitic action, antibacterial insecticidal action, immunosuppressive action and so on. These diverse effects of acetogenins have been suggested to be promising for the development of new drugs to treat various diseases such as lifestyle diseases.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/occurrences-structure-biosynthesis-and-health-benefits-based-on-their-evidences-of-medicinal-phytochemicals-in-vegetables-and-fruits-volume-12/

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Book SynopsisThis book presents theoretical and practical aspects of providing reliable electrical network operation by 6 500 кV voltage. The topics covered includes semiconductor systems for de-icing overhead transmission lines, dispatching solutions in power systems by expert systems, partial discharge diagnostics, electrodynamic testing of reactors, an investigation of technological breakdowns with damage to power transformers, perspectives for using photothyristors, IGCT and IGBT for electrodynamic, programmable static converters for intelligent electrical networks, and digital current transformers for digital substations. Chapter 1 describes the serious problem of glacial deposits on overhead transmission lines during the autumn-winter period. One of the methods to combat this is melting the glacial deposits on alternating current lines by creating short circuits, or direct currents using uncontrolled or controlled rectifier blocks. Chapter 2 discusses the expansion of the Automatic Dispatch Control System for substations and electrical networks using intelligent subsystems based on the technology of expert systems. Chapter 3 presents an application''s experience with monitoring the electric activity of the partial discharges into the insulation of transformers, data on electrical tests in autotransformer windings, and testing XLPE cables. Chapter 4 shows the thermal and electrodynamic tests of reactors on the reliability and durability of windings during the passage of short-circuit currents, serving as a tool for improving the reliability of their design. Chapter 5 investigates a technological breakdown with damage to power transformers, which is a difficult task, and is performed to improve the reliability of the power supply. Chapter 6 shows diagnostic and mathematical models of the windings of the high-voltage transformers and reactors. Mathematical models of winding radial and axial deformations are also calculated. Chapter 7 provides the comparative characteristics of switching capabilities of photothyristors, lockable thyristors IGCT, and high-power transistors IGBT, taking into account the specific operating conditions in the composition of the high-voltage high-current semiconductor key (HHCSK) during electrodynamic tests. In Chapter 8, the author considers the basic operations of implicative algebra for the choice of the logical-algebraic modeling of static converters, provided that the objective and predicate variables are identified with the parameters of the energy and information processes. Chapter 9 presents controlled reactor-transformers with reduced high current harmonics and the calculation of parameters of the active parts of transformers. Finally, chapter 10 presents the results of designing a device for calculating the current on digital current transformers, based on the Faraday Effect. This book is based on the authors previous research, including more than 240 scientific and technical publications.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of articles deals with the benefits of different types of stem cells sources, use, manipulation, and aspects for the treatment of chronic diseases. Topics include the role of calcium channel pathway/s in the regulation of neural stem cell differentiation; the evolutionary roles of the totipotent, pluripotent, or even multipotent stem cells; the derivations of multipotent MSCs; and potential canine-derived stem cell therapies for dogs. The scope of the book also provokes further studies into other topics, such as MSC differentiation into hepatocytes and the involvement of these cells with microRNA-133 in type 1 diabetes; the role of Vitronectin in the differentiation into endoderm; the extent to which the stemness of dental pulp stem cells might be useful; PBMCs as a source for pluripotent stem cells; yoga in possible synergy with the finding that bone marrow stromal cells provide relief from a laboratory reagent used as drug-mediated pain in spinal cord injury.

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Book SynopsisAgricultural Issues: Policies Conservation and Farm Programs is a compilation of government reports. The Agriculture appropriations bill, as described in chapter 1, funds all of USDA, excluding the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the Farm Service Agency (FSA) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) currently administer 20 programs and subprograms that are directly or indirectly available to assist producers and landowners who wish to practice conservation on agricultural lands. These programs are discussed in chapter 2. Chapter 3 provides background on the trade dispute that triggered the trade-aid package as well as the authority used by USDA to respond to the trade dispute with financial assistance and then describes the three components of the trade-aid package with details on their implementation. For each crop year, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) makes billions of dollars in payments to agricultural producers for which being actively engaged in farming is a requirement. As described in chapter 4, the largest programs in terms of payments are the Price Loss Coverage program, which makes payments in years in which a crop''s market price is less than a statutorily set price, and the Agriculture Risk Coverage program, which makes payments in years in which a crop''s revenue is less than a revenue guarantee. Chapter 5 describes cotton''s special treatment, relative to other traditional farm program crops, in the 2014 farm bill. The outlook for lower net farm income and relatively weak prices for most major program crops signals the likelihood of continued relatively lean times ahead. Chapter 6 incorporates USDA''s August 30, 2018, farm income projections and its August 29, 2017, U.S. agricultural trade outlook update. The 2014 Farm Act provides eligible U.S. farmers with new commodity supports in the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC), the Price Loss Coverage (PLC), and the Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) programs. Chapter 7 provides an analysis of these programs with a focus on how various combinations of the programs impact producer revenue and its variability, producer well-being, and expected program costs. Chapter 8 focuses on how specialty crops are covered under the federal crop insurance program. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the U.S. government authority tasked with regulating the import, transit, and release of regulated animals, animal products, veterinary biologics, plants, plant products, pests, organisms, soil, and genetically engineered organisms as reported in chapter 9.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced IoT based wireless communication has recently received a lot of attention due to a wide range of industry 4.0 applications such as security solutions of CPS in vehicular communication, E_Healthcare over secure wireless communication, privacy issues of E_Learning via cost and energy efficient wireless network communication, etc. In these applications, physical data is continuously monitored by the IoT-based sensor nodes to facilitate the current situations, 5G network management, security solutions, etc. in industry 4.0 environment. Despite the many security issues considered in existing wireless communication in the industry 4.0 applications, IoT based 5G and 5G+ wireless communication will enhance the future security issues including cybersecurity solutions. The aim of this book to deliver the best services with minimum cost and maximum security in all industry 4.0 applications. For instance, medical priority services against the available sources and devices (IoT, sensors, decision-making units, etc.), patient monitoring services against the waiting list and the population, and security services of CPS against the energy efficiency and the battery lifetime are challenging critical problems in the industry 4.0. This book covers some improvement methods in security influence to future communication they are cybersecurity issues of IoT based 5G and 5G+ communication systems. These methods can be considered through the efficient channel coding scheme, efficient traffic management, bandwidth guard, cybersecurity solutions, etc. Requirements for future communication such 5G+ support to illustrate the security issues in selected applications of industry 4.0 such as learning style transformation. Sensors are typically capable of wireless communication and are significantly utilized in many applications such as medical communication with IoT-based 5G infrastructure. Despite many security solutions of communication technologies, decision making, dynamic and intelligent solutions based on sensors, IoT devices, CPS, etc. will be minimizing energy costs and maximizing security issues of industry 4.0. The field of advanced IoT-based 5G+ wireless communication networks merge a lot of functions like secure transmission capacities with latest multiple access schemes, computation of best latency and energy efficiency, and secure communication with location-based services, etc. This book covers many functionalities through the important examples and applications used in industry 4.0.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advanced-security-issues-of-iot-based-5g-plus-wireless-communication-for-industry-4-0/

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Book SynopsisThe first chapter discusses the three major types of nanocomposites: metal, polymer, and ceramic matrix. Characteristics of different types of nanocomposites and their potential applications are presented briefly as well. Following this, the authors examine the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products that has aroused global concern regarding their fate in biological systems, resulting in a demand for parallel risk assessment. This compilation also contains numerous approaches for targeted drug delivery systems using various options, particularly those involving the incorporation of nanocomposite materials. The basics on the Hubbard model in 1D and 2D and its applications in work on nanomaterials is presented. These applications concern electrical transport properties and optical properties of nanomaterials. The authors provide a review of recent research on the effect of various polymers incorporation in thin films on optical, structural, electrochemical and other properties of thin films. An overview of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer based bone scaffold materials is provided, along with their synthesis, characterisation, applications, advantages and short comings in the field of biomedical engineering application. Besides the effect of porosity, pore size, interconnectivity, microstructure of the scaffold on bone tissue engineering are evaluated in this section. Later, the generalized structural-parametric model, the solution of the matrix equations of the multilayer electroelastic actuator for the mechatronics and the nanotechnology and the calculation their transfer functions are presented by the authors. The concluding chapter assesses some common multiscale methods developed while stating some of the computational merits in multiscale simulations compared to large-scale atomistic simulations.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advances-in-nanotechnology-volume-22/

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Book SynopsisChapter one of Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 38, critically scrutinizes various recycling techniques implemented in the current scenario for the polyvinyl chloride based products. The second chapter focuses on the nanocomposite of an important type of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride. Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant research interest as polymer reinforcement. polyvinyl chloride/nanocarbon nanocomposites possess excellent electrical conductivity, thermal stability, glass transition temperature, strength, toughness, modulus, and other physical properties. The authors of the following chapter highlight the essence of the flux growth method including fundamental aspects for crystal growth in solutions, choice of flux growth, and environmental applications to ion exchangers. Next, an eigenvalue-based technique for the characterization of a class of coaxial-line-to-waveguide adaptors that are used for material characterization is presented. The goal of the penultimate section is to investigate of magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous semiconductors. Thermoelectric and magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous materials possess very interesting improved properties compared to the bulk counterparts. In the closing chapter, the authors review different ways to induce and modulate porosity in non-cordierite honeycomb-type materials, based both in our own experience and that from other authors reviewing literature to date

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Book SynopsisThe Earths Beginning are lectures which were delivered in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. It considers the majestic subject of the evolution of the solar system of which our earth forms a part. The nebular theory discloses the beginning of this earth itself. It shows how the foundations of this solid earth have been laid, and how it is that we have land to tread on and air to breathe. But the subject has a scope far wider than merely in its relation to our earth.

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Book SynopsisThe developed original principles and approaches for advanced materials and composites (ferro-piezoelectrics, nanostructures, functional materials and polymeric structures etc.) defines the main achievements and directions of modern natural and technical sciences, technologies, techniques and industry. Direct improvement of the materials and devices characteristics are based on numerous chemical, physical and mechanical studies, modern numerical approaches and methods of mathematical modeling and physical experiment. These PHENMA 2018 proceedings are devoted to development and solution of different actual problems into framework of the above-mentioned scientific directions. The proposed book presents interesting original results in theoretical, computational and experimental methods, which allow manufacturing nano-materials and composites (for example, ferro-piezoelectrical and environmentally-friendly), and other materials in different scale levels with before given and improved properties. The materials could be obtained due to reprocessing natural materials, wasters, fruits and plants. These proceedings also discuss results of mathematical modeling and experimental studies of advanced devices (piezoelectric transducers, energy-harvesters, different sensors, medical devices etc.). The presented studies are based on the new generation nano-materials, ferro-piezoelectrics and other structure-sensitive materials with special properties. The book treats promising modern nano- and microstructure techniques for manufacture of different novel materials (for example, nanostructures) and devices, which are very important for educational purposes and industry, unification and development of various expertises, designs and analyzes. The book presents new results of internationally recognized scientific teams in different areas of materials science, condensed matter physics, physical and mechanical theory and experiment, processing techniques and engineering of advanced materials and composites, numerical methods and numerous applications. These results are devoted to R&D of advanced piezo-ferroelectrics, nanostructures, other promising materials and composites with specific properties, based on the developed processing techniques and modern approaches of chemistry, physics, mechanics and materials science, and also wide spectrum of applications including industry and marketing. The book presents a wide spectrum of results, obtained on the base of original mathematical models, physical experiments, computer modeling, and nano- and piezoelectric applications. This collection presents 50 selected reports of the 2018 International Conference on "Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (PHENMA 2018, August 9-11, 2018, Busan, South Korea), http://phenma2018.math.sfedu.ru. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers, investigating and developing a new generation of nano-materials and nano-composites, piezo-ferroelectrics, other advanced materials with structure-sensitive properties, and also different devices, manufactured on their base and used in numerous applications in various areas of science, technique and technology. The book presents new research methods and scientific results in the condensed matter physics, materials science, physical and mechanical experiment, processing techniques and engineering of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics and other advanced materials and composites, numerical methods, and also different applications and developed devices.

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Book SynopsisThe first chapter describes the next generation device Stacked Nanosheet, which has the potential to replace the three-dimensional transistor architecture, FinFET. The authors also present the recent progress in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Recent biomimetic research examined in the next chapter may enable for a better understanding of biofiltration as well as potential technological applications via experimentation with novel materials, including 3D printed filters simulating natural systems. The possibility of using methane as an alternative and promising reducing agent in various metallurgical and chemical processes is discussed. Additionally, the electrochemical performances of transition-metal-disulfide-based electrodes fabricated from different configurations, including binary and ternary composites, is discussed. Following this, this compilation discusses the assumptions of the physics of transport in nano-scale wire Si pn-junction diodes with the aid of device simulations. An advanced theoretical model to predict current-voltage characteristics of nano-scale wire Si pn-junction diodes is proposed. The authors introduce several voltage contrast studies that have been done so far, introducing an experiment on active voltage contrast imaging of the cross-sectional surface of multilayer ceramic capacitors using helium ion microscopy. Next, the authors present a new two-stage method for the qualitative and quantitative detection method of hydrophobing injection media used as a subsequent masonry seal against rising damp. The aim of the final chapter is to review four classes of integer asymmetric codes and to illustrate their potential for use in modern short-range optical networks.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of the opening chapter of Agricultural Research Updates. Volume 27 is to discuss the role of phenolic compounds in the interactions of plants with abiotic stress, with special attention paid to their antioxidant properties. The second chapter attempts to assess the sustainability level of different types of agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria. A holistic hierarchical framework for measuring the integral, economic, social and ecological sustainability of agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria is proposed. Following this, a study is presented with the goal of identifying and evaluating social and economic sustainability indices in corn production. Statistical regression models were derived to estimate summer precipitation in a single location derived using lineal backward regression techniques, and the different efficiency between the derived models was analyzed. Next, an analytical Fourier series solution to the equation for heat transfer by conduction in a spherical shell with an internal stone consisting of insulating material is presented, and an internal heat source linearly reliant on temperature is considered as a model of conduction of heat in stone fruits. The subsequent study analyses the effects of certain parameters on the baking properties of wheat in years with different weather conditions. The results indicate statistically significant correlation coefficients between protein content, wet gluten content, alveograph properties, exstensograph properties and bread loaf volume. Lastly, a summary of recent knowledge is evaluated in order to contribute to a better understanding of how farming practices affect berry composition and consequently, the sensory characteristics of raspberries.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors aim to evaluate the emulsifying properties and the foaming properties of cottonseed protein isolate produced either by isoelectric precipitation or dialysis membranes, as well as the relevant effect of some agents on these properties. Next, various aspects of amylase production, structural features of the starch, sizing of cotton yarns, amylase-assisted desizing, factors influencing the desizing process and evaluation of the desized fabrics are discussed. The closing chapter highlights the various issues involved in cotton contaminations and elimination methods, suitable for various stages of cotton processing. Color space models, machine vision, support vector machine, infrared based detection and classification systems are widely adopted with different levels of success.

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Book SynopsisForensic Science is an interdisciplinary subject that uses principles and methodologies of various subjects including chemistry, biology, physics, geology, psychology, social science and engineering to help law enforcement agencies to enforce criminal laws and regulations to resolve civil and criminal cases. Body fluids, fingerprints, footprints, illicit drugs, explosives etc. are the evidences that can be found at the scene of crime in trace amount. These evidences are first analysed through screening and then confirmatory methods. During this process, the probability of sample loss is very high, especially when a sample amount is inadequate and therefore does not meet minimum requirement to analyse it. Generally, scientists discuss new-fangled nanotechnology research and its conversation turns to the commercial aspects or potential issues around health, safety, and the environment. In recent years, some of them have shown their interest to integrate nanotechnology with basic sciences and applied for forensic purposes, which are shifting the paradigm of forensic investigation process. Introduction of Forensic Nanotechnology as Future Armour is the first comprehensive book to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of forensic nanotechnology. This emerging field of forensic science investigates real-time crime scenes and terrorist activities, inquiries, detects the presence of explosive materials, biological indicators, document preservation, fingerprint enhancement and food adulteration using nanomaterial. Scientists and researchers are working on nanotechnology applications that may steer the power of forensic investigation, but the challenges to bring them from lab to the courtroom remain persistent. Moreover, some crucial concerns in forensic science such as analysis cost and time, methods' effectiveness and wide availability and results' accuracy and reliability are creating obstacles in forensic investigation and security. In this book we requested to enrich the scientific content as state-of-the-art in terms of application of nanotechnology in forensic science. In this way, all chapters will emphasise the emerging field of research to solve crime with the help of nanotechnology in various fields of forensic science like detecting explosives, biological indicators, document preservation, latent fingerprint and food adulteration. The integration of laboratory processes onto a nano platform is conceivably the most interesting advancement of nanotechnology highlighted in this book and some more issues like recent research developments, challenges and future opportunities are also addressed in this book. The book is written for a wide readership including researchers, undergraduate and graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology engineering, physics, life sciences, forensic science, and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook but also as a review and reference book. However, because many other nano technological applications for forensic analysis are yet to be studied, this book can be helpful to explore new opportunities. We hope that the chapters of this book will provide the reader with valuable insight as a revolutionary, protective tool in the fields of virtopsy, crime scene investigation, identification, forensic biology and toxicology. We also hope that after reading this book, researchers around the world will be motivated to enter into the field of forensic nanotechnology.

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Book SynopsisLeo E Miller's experience as a field-naturalist consists of nearly six years of almost continuous exploration in South America, and embraces practically all of the republics of that continent. The purpose of this narrative is to follow the course of these explorations into the tropical jungles of the Amazon, Paraguay, Orinoco, and others of South America's master rivers, and to the frigid heights of the snow-crowned Andes.

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Book SynopsisZinc oxide (ZnO) is an n-type semiconductor with versatile applications such as optical devices in ultraviolet region, piezoelectric transducers, transparent electrode for solar cells and gas sensors. This book "ZnO Thin Films: Properties, Performance and Applications" gives a deep insight in the intriguing science of zinc oxide thin films. It is devoted to cover the most recent advances and reviews the state of the art of ZnO thin films applications involving energy harvesting, microelectronics, magnetic devices, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, optics, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, electrochemistry, temperature sensing. It serves as a fundamental information source on the techniques and methodologies involved in zinc oxide thin films growth, characterization, post-deposition plasma treatments and device processing. This book will be invaluable to the experts to consolidate their knowledge and provide insight and inspiration to beginners wishing to learn about zinc oxide thin films.

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Book SynopsisVolume 30 opens by presenting methods in which rays can be used to calculate the properties of a propagating generally astigmatic Gaussian beam at any point in an optical system, optimise the system to obtain the desired Gaussian beam focus and minimise aberrations, analyse stray light, or calculate fibre coupling efficiency. The authors also present an enhanced input/output-linearising and decoupling control in variable speed for a wind energy conversion system, which is based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, a combination of two soft-computing methods of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. Reinforced concrete, one of the world''s most common building materials, is explored. Its utility and versatility are achieved through the combination of concrete and steel, however, the deterioration of such structures is a frequent phenomenon due to environmental factors. The authors go on to address the need for online insert inspection during computer numerical control lathe cutting processes through the development of a system based on eye-in-hand machine vision that incorporates a manipulator. This system can perform online inspections for detection and classification of fractures, built-up edges, chipping, and flank wear in the inserts of external turning tools. Next, type-2 fuzzy logic control is proposed in order to control the altitude and attitude of an unmanned quadrotor. Simulation results suggest that the proposed control provides improved dynamic responses and perfect decoupled control in steady and transient states. In closing, an analytical approach called the 2D spatial filtering technique was used to simulate the surface single fibre action potential signal. The study demonstrates that the surface single fibre action potential generated by an impulsive source is the outcome of the spatial phenomena.

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