Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Small Unmanned Fixedwing Aircraft Design
Book SynopsisSmall Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design is the essential guide to designing, building and testing fixed wing UAVs (or drones). It deals with aircraft from two to 150 kg in weight and is based on the first-hand experiences of the world renowned UAV team at the UK's University of Southampton. The book covers both the practical aspects of designing, manufacturing and flight testing and outlines and the essential calculations needed to underpin successful designs. It describes the entire process of UAV design from requirements definition to configuration layout and sizing, through preliminary design and analysis using simple panel codes and spreadsheets to full CFD and FEA models and on to detailed design with parametric CAD tools. Its focus is on modest cost approaches that draw heavily on the latest digital design and manufacturing methods, including a strong emphasis on utilizing off-the-shelf components, low cost analysis, automated geometry modelling and 3D printingTable of ContentsList of Figures xvii List of Tables xxxiii Foreword xxxv Series Preface xxxvii Preface xxxix Acknowledgments xli PART I INTRODUCING FIXED-WING UAVS 1 Preliminaries 3 1.1 Externally Sourced Components 4 1.2 Manufacturing Methods 5 1.3 Project DECODE 6 1.4 The Stages of Design 6 1.4.1 Concept Design 8 1.4.2 Preliminary Design 10 1.4.3 Detail Design 11 1.4.4 Manufacturing Design 12 1.4.5 In-service Design and Decommissioning 13 1.5 Summary 13 2 Unmanned Air Vehicles 15 2.1 A Brief Taxonomy of UAVs 15 2.2 The Morphology of a UAV 19 2.2.1 Lifting Surfaces 21 2.2.2 Control Surfaces 22 2.2.3 Fuselage and Internal Structure 23 2.2.4 Propulsion Systems 24 2.2.5 Fuel Tanks 24 2.2.6 Control Systems 24 2.2.7 Payloads 27 2.2.8 Take-off and Landing Gear 27 2.3 Main Design Drivers 29 PART II THE AIRCRAFT IN MORE DETAIL 3 Wings 33 3.1 Simple Wing Theory and Aerodynamic Shape 33 3.2 Spars 37 3.3 Covers 37 3.4 Ribs 38 3.5 Fuselage Attachments 38 3.6 Ailerons/Roll Control 40 3.7 Flaps 41 3.8 Wing Tips 42 3.9 Wing-housed Retractable Undercarriage 42 3.10 Integral Fuel Tanks 44 4 Fuselages and Tails (Empennage) 45 4.1 Main Fuselage/Nacelle Structure 45 4.2 Wing Attachment 47 4.3 Engine and Motor Mountings 48 4.4 Avionics Trays 50 4.5 Payloads – Camera Mountings 51 4.6 Integral Fuel Tanks 52 4.7 Assembly Mechanisms and Access Hatches 54 4.8 Undercarriage Attachment 55 4.9 Tails (Empennage) 57 5 Propulsion 59 5.1 Liquid-Fueled IC Engines 59 5.1.1 Glow-plug IC Engines 62 5.1.2 Spark Ignition Gasoline IC Engines 62 5.1.3 IC Engine Testing 65 5.2 Rare-earth Brushless Electric Motors 66 5.3 Propellers 68 5.4 Engine/Motor Control 70 5.5 Fuel Systems 70 5.6 Batteries and Generators 71 6 Airframe Avionics and Systems 73 6.1 Primary Control Transmitter and Receivers 73 6.2 Avionics Power Supplies 76 6.3 Servos 78 6.4 Wiring, Buses, and Boards 82 6.5 Autopilots 86 6.6 Payload Communications Systems 87 6.7 Ancillaries 88 6.8 Resilience and Redundancy 90 7 Undercarriages 93 7.1 Wheels 93 7.2 Suspension 95 7.3 Steering 95 7.4 Retractable Systems 97 PART III DESIGNING UAVS 8 The Process of Design 101 8.1 Goals and Constraints 101 8.2 Airworthiness 103 8.3 Likely Failure Modes 104 8.3.1 Aerodynamic and Stability Failure 105 8.3.2 Structural Failure 106 8.3.3 Engine/Motor Failure 107 8.3.4 Control System Failure 107 8.4 Systems Engineering 110 8.4.1 Work-breakdown Structure 110 8.4.2 Interface Definitions 112 8.4.3 Allocation of Responsibility 112 8.4.4 Requirements Flowdown 112 8.4.5 Compliance Testing 113 8.4.6 Cost and Weight Management 114 8.4.7 Design “Checklist” 117 9 Tool Selection 119 9.1 Geometry/CAD Codes 120 9.2 Concept Design 123 9.3 Operational Simulation and Mission Planning 125 9.4 Aerodynamic and Structural Analysis Codes 125 9.5 Design and Decision Viewing 125 9.6 Supporting Databases 126 10 Concept Design: Initial Constraint Analysis 127 10.1 The Design Brief 127 10.1.1 Drawing up a Good Design Brief 127 10.1.2 Environment and Mission 128 10.1.3 Constraints 129 10.2 Airframe Topology 130 10.2.1 Unmanned versus Manned – Rethinking Topology 130 10.2.2 Searching the Space of Topologies 133 10.2.3 Systematic “invention” of UAV Concepts 136 10.2.4 Managing the Concept Design Process 144 10.3 Airframe and Powerplant Scaling via Constraint Analysis 144 10.3.1 The Role of Constraint Analysis 144 10.3.2 The Impact of Customer Requirements 145 10.3.3 Concept Constraint Analysis – A Proposed Computational Implementation 145 10.3.4 The Constraint Space 146 10.4 A Parametric Constraint Analysis Report 146 10.4.1 About This Document 146 10.4.2 Design Brief 147 10.4.3 Unit Conversions 149 10.4.4 Basic Geometry and Initial Guesses 151 10.4.5 Preamble 151 10.4.6 Preliminary Calculations 152 10.4.7 Constraints 154 10.5 The Combined Constraint Diagram and Its Place in the Design Process 162 11 Spreadsheet-Based Concept Design and Examples 165 11.1 Concept Design Algorithm 166 11.2 Range 169 11.3 Structural Loading Calculations 169 11.4 Weight and CoG Estimation 170 11.5 Longitudinal Stability 170 11.6 Powering and Propeller Sizing 171 11.7 Resulting Design: Decode-1 174 11.8 A Bigger Single Engine Design: Decode-2 177 11.9 A Twin Tractor Design: SPOTTER 182 12 Preliminary Geometry Design 189 12.1 Preliminary Airframe Geometry and CAD 190 12.2 Designing Decode-1 with AirCONICS 192 13 Preliminary Aerodynamic and Stability Analysis 195 13.1 Panel Method Solvers – XFoil and XFLR5 196 13.2 RANS Solvers – Fluent 200 13.2.1 Meshing, Turbulence Model Choice, and y+ 204 13.3 Example Two-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 208 13.4 Example Three-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 210 13.5 3D Models of Simple Wings 212 13.6 Example Airframe Aerodynamics 214 13.6.1 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Aerodynamics 215 13.6.2 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Control Surfaces 221 13.6.3 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Stability 223 13.6.4 Flight Simulators 227 13.6.5 Analyzing Decode-1 with Fluent 228 14 Preliminary Structural Analysis 237 14.1 Structural Modeling Using AirCONICS 240 14.2 Structural Analysis Using Simple Beam Theory 243 14.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 245 14.3.1 FEA Model Preparation 246 14.3.2 FEA Complete Spar and Boom Model 250 14.3.3 FEA Analysis of 3D Printed and Fiber- or Mylar-clad Foam Parts 255 14.4 Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity 265 14.4.1 Estimating Wing Divergence, Control Reversal, and Flutter Onset Speeds 266 14.5 Summary of Preliminary Structural Analysis 272 15 Weight and Center of Gravity Control 273 15.1 Weight Control 273 15.2 Longitudinal Center of Gravity Control 279 16 Experimental Testing and Validation 281 16.1 Wind Tunnels Tests 282 16.1.1 Mounting the Model 282 16.1.2 Calibrating the Test 284 16.1.3 Blockage Effects 284 16.1.4 Typical Results 287 16.2 Airframe Load Tests 290 16.2.1 Structural Test Instruments 290 16.2.2 Structural Mounting and Loading 293 16.2.3 Static Structural Testing 294 16.2.4 Dynamic Structural Testing 296 16.3 Avionics Testing 300 17 Detail Design: Constructing Explicit Design Geometry 303 17.1 The Generation of Geometry 303 17.2 Fuselage 306 17.3 An Example UAV Assembly 309 17.3.1 Hand Sketches 311 17.3.2 Master Sketches 311 17.4 3D Printed Parts 313 17.4.1 Decode-1: The Development of a Parametric Geometry for the SLS Nylon Wing Spar/Boom “Scaffold Clamp” 313 17.4.2 Approach 314 17.4.3 Inputs 314 17.4.4 Breakdown of Part 315 17.4.5 Parametric Capability 316 17.4.6 More Detailed Model 317 17.4.7 Manufacture 318 17.5 Wings 318 17.5.1 Wing Section Profile 320 17.5.2 Three-dimensional Wing 323 PART IV MANUFACTURE AND FLIGHT 18 Manufacture 331 18.1 Externally Sourced Components 331 18.2 Three-Dimensional Printing 332 18.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 332 18.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 335 18.2.3 Sealing Components 335 18.3 Hot-wire Foam Cutting 337 18.3.1 Fiber and Mylar Foam Cladding 339 18.4 Laser Cutting 339 18.5 Wiring Looms 342 18.6 Assembly Mechanisms 342 18.6.1 Bayonets and Locking Pins 345 18.6.2 Clamps 346 18.6.3 Conventional Bolts and Screws 346 18.7 Storage and Transport Cases 347 19 Regulatory Approval and Documentation 349 19.1 Aviation Authority Requirements 349 19.2 System Description 351 19.2.1 Airframe 352 19.2.2 Performance 355 19.2.3 Avionics and Ground Control System 356 19.2.4 Acceptance Flight Data 358 19.3 Operations Manual 358 19.3.1 Organization, Team Roles, and Communications 359 19.3.2 Brief Technical Description 359 19.3.3 Operating Limits, Conditions, and Control 359 19.3.4 Operational Area and Flight Plans 360 19.3.5 Operational and Emergency Procedures 360 19.3.6 Maintenance Schedule 360 19.4 Safety Case 361 19.4.1 Risk Assessment Process 362 19.4.2 Failure Modes and Effects 362 19.4.3 Operational Hazards 363 19.4.4 Accident List 364 19.4.5 Mitigation List 364 19.4.6 Accident Sequences and Mitigation 366 19.5 Flight Planning Manual 368 20 Test Flights and Maintenance 369 20.1 Test Flight Planning 369 20.1.1 Exploration of Flight Envelope 369 20.1.2 Ranking of Flight Tests by Risk 370 20.1.3 Instrumentation and Recording of Flight Test Data 370 20.1.4 Pre-flight Inspection and Checklists 371 20.1.5 Atmospheric Conditions 371 20.1.6 Incident and Crash Contingency Planning, Post Crash Safety, Recording, and Management of Crash Site 371 20.2 Test Flight Examples 375 20.2.1 UAS Performance Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 375 20.2.2 UAS CoG Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 377 20.2.3 Fuel Consumption Tests 377 20.2.4 Engine Failure, Idle, and Throttle Change Tests 377 20.2.5 Autonomous Flight Control 378 20.2.6 Auto-Takeoff Test 380 20.2.7 Auto-Landing Test 380 20.2.8 Operational and Safety Flight Scenarios 381 20.3 Maintenance 381 20.3.1 Overall Airframe Maintenance 382 20.3.2 Time and Flight Expired Items 382 20.3.3 Batteries 383 20.3.4 Flight Control Software 383 20.3.5 Maintenance Record Keeping 384 21 Lessons Learned 385 21.1 Things that Have Gone Wrong and Why 388 PART V APPENDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND INDEX A Generic Aircraft Design Flowchart 395 B Example AirCONICS Code for Decode-1 399 C Worked (Manned Aircraft) Detail Design Example 425 C.1 Stage 1: Concept Sketches 425 C.2 Stage 2: Part Definition 429 C.3 Stage 3: “Flying Surfaces” 434 C.4 Stage 4: Other Items 435 C.5 Stage 5: Detail Definition 435 Bibliography 439 Index 441
£78.26
Columbia University Press Speculative Taxidermy Natural History Animal
Book SynopsisGiovanni Aloi maps the discourses and practices that have enabled the emergence of taxidermy in contemporary art. Speculative Taxidermy contextualizes the resilient presence of animal skin, bones, and feathers in gallery spaces, films, and fashion as a productive opportunity to rethink ethical and political stances in human-animal relationships.Trade ReviewThe first volume to focus on animals in a media-based subset of contemporary art, Speculative Taxidermy offers a lucid and compelling account of why animals have become serious subjects in art, and with what consequences for the history of art and biological science. There is no greater authority on the subject than Aloi. -- Susan McHugh, University of New England Speculative Taxidermy makes a fascinating contribution to the nonhuman turn and invites us to find new ways to envisage the relationships between human and nonhuman animals. It will be a significant text for ethical and political debates in animal studies and the environmental humanities. -- Hannah Stark, University of TasmaniaTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPrologue: The Carnal Immanence of Political Realism—Realism, Materiality, and AgencyIntroduction: New Taxidermy Surfaces in Contemporary Art1. Reconfiguring Animal Skins: Fragmented Histories and Manipulated Surfaces2. A Natural History Panopticon: Power, Representation, and Animal Objectification3. Dioramas: Power, Realism, and Decorum4. The End of the Daydream: Taxidermy and Photography5. Following Materiality: From Medium to Surface—Medium Specificity and Animal Visibility in the Modern Age6. The Allure of the Veneer: Aesthetics of Speculative Taxidermy7. This Is Not a Horse: Biopower and Animal Skins in the AnthropoceneCoda: Toward New Mythologies—the Ritual, the Sacrifice, the InterconnectednessAppendix: Some Notes Toward a Manifesto for Artists Working with and About Taxidermy Animals, by Mark Dion and Robert MarburyNotesBibliographyIndex
£23.80
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC The Spatha
Book SynopsisThe Roman long sword, the spatha, was central to the Romans'' defense of their empire--this title investigates the origins, development, combat use, and lasting legacy of this feared close-combat weapon. Adopted from the Celts in the 1st century BC, the spatha, a lethal and formidable chopping blade, became the primary sword of the Roman soldier in the Later Empire. Over the following centuries, the blade, its scabbard, and its system of carriage underwent a series of developments, until by the 3rd century AD it was the universal sidearm of both infantry and cavalry. Thanks to its long reach, the spatha was the ideal cavalry weapon, replacing the long gladius hispaniensis in the later Republican period. As the manner in which Roman infantrymen fought evolved, styles of hand-to-hand combat changed so much that the gladius was superseded by the longer spatha during the 2nd century AD. Like the gladius, the spatTable of ContentsIntroduction Development: Changing function Use: The cut and thrust Impact: The sword that defended an empire Conclusion Bibliography Index
£13.29
Haynes Manuals Inc Chevrolet S-10 & Blazer ('94-'05)
Book Synopsis
£27.00
The University of Chicago Press Making Time
Book SynopsisBefore Western clocks came to Japan, hours shifted in length with the length of the day through the seasons; this book looks at how standard hours arrived and how Japanese life adapted to them.
£35.10
Penguin Books Ltd Topgun
Book SynopsisDISCOVER THE EXHILARATING TRUE STORY BEHIND THE ACTION-PACKED CLASSIC FILM''GOOSE AND MAVERICK MOVE OVER . . .'' Admiral James Stavridis________March 1969.American jets are getting shot down at an unprecedented rate over Vietnam. In an urgent effort to regain the advantage the Admirals turn to a young naval aviator called Dan Pedersen.Officially, the programme he set up was called the US Navy Fighter Weapons School. To everyone else it was known simply as TOPGUN.Pedersen''s hand-picked team of instructors - the Original Eight - were the best of the best. Together, they revolutionised aerial warfare and rediscovered the lost art of fighter combat.This is the extraordinary, thrilling story of how TOPGUN saw America reclaim the skies, by the man who created it.________''It''s hard to read Dan Pederson''s Topgun and not think of Tom Cruise. A pleasure to read'' Wall Street Journal
£10.44
HarperCollins Publishers Alcohol Not Included
Book Synopsis60 spirit-free and stylish drink recipes for the mindful drinker, perfect for anyone wanting a break from booze as part of a healthier lifestyle.The low- and no-alcohol lifestyle is booming.Alcohol Not Included provides 60 stylish drink recipes for the mindful drinker. These delectable drinks are not mocktails' where regular cocktails are simply adapted to remove the alcohol, but modern alcohol-free drinks that are delicious and unique in their own right. Featuring non-alcoholic cocktails, long drinks and punches, this beautifully illustrated book will help you craft your ultimate spirit-free sipper whether that's the cooling Matcha Mojito, the brunch-perfect Cold Brew Coffee Sour or the festive spice of Winter Cup punch.Perfect for anyone living booze-free for health or wellness reasons or simply sober curious!
£9.49
Octopus Publishing Group Wine Science: The Application of Science in
Book Synopsis***"Jamie Goode is a rarity in the wine world: a trained scientist who can explain complicated subjects without dumbing them down or coming over like a pointy head. It also helps that he's a terrific writer with a real passion for his subject." - Tim Atkin MW, Observer This revolutionary book is the only in-depth reference to detail the processes, developments and factors affecting the science of winemaking. Jamie Goode, a highly regarded expert on the subject, skilfully opens up this complex subject and explains the background to the various processes involved and the range of issues surrounding their uses. He reports on the vital progress in winemaking research and explains the practical application of science with reference to the range of winemaking techniques used around the world, as well as viticultural practices, organics and ecology and lifestyle influences. This third edition of Wine Science includes new sections such as managing vineyard soils, vine disease and the vineyard of the future. Jamie has updated the text throughout, and many existing chapters are entirely revised. Written in a uniquely accessible style, the book is divided into three sections covering the vineyard, the winery and human interaction with wine. It features more than 80 illustrations and photographs to help make even the most complex topics clear, straightforward and easy to understand.Trade ReviewPacked with fascinating, well-researched information about everything from genetically modified vines to wine allergies, cork taint to micro-oxygenation. Goode is a rarity - a scientist who knows how to explain his subject in an approachable way. -- Tim Atkin MW * Observer *Stimulating and highly approachable. -- Anthony Rose * The Independent *This scholarly yet accessible work is an invaluable source for the technicalities of vineyard, winery and tasting. -- Joanna Simon * The Sunday Times *
£27.00
John Murray Press Raise Happy Chickens
Book Synopsis Raise Happy Chickens is a quickly accessible but authoritative guide, suitable for total beginners, that provides all the information you need to start keeping your own chickens. Telling you which breed of bird lays best and providing useful guidance on housing, equipment and the necessities of day-to-day care, it meets all the needs of anyone who dreams of a garden full of happy, clucking birds. It also goes beyond just chickens to other types of poultry, and gives advice and practical guidelines on housing, with full explanation of key areas like welfare, behavior, and diet. Trade Review"A comprehensive introduction to poultry keeping." * - Country Smallholding *Table of Contents Intro:: short history of poultry 1.: Chickens 2.: Ducks 3.: Geese 4.: Turkeys 5.: Other birds: Guineafowl and Quail : 6. Meat production : 7. Diseases and problems: quick reference chart 8.: Egg recipes : Appendices : Vermin control : Transport regulations : Exhibiting : Troubleshooting : Glossary : Useful addresses : Further reading : Index
£13.49
Stackpole Books The Scythe Book
Book Synopsis
£14.24
Cengage Learning, Inc Principles of Geotechnical Engineering SI Edition
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Geotechnical Engineering -- A Historical Perspective. 2. Origins of Soil and Grain Size. 3. Weight-Volume Relationships. 4. Plasticity and Structure of Soil. 5. Classification of Soil. 6. Soil Compaction. 7. Permeability. 8. Seepage. 9. In Situ Stresses. 10. Stresses in a Soil Mass. 11. Compressibility of Soil ���- Elastic Settlement. 12. Consolidation. 13. Shear Strength of Soil. 14. Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest, Rankine, and Coulomb. 15. Lateral Earth Pressure: Curved Failure Surface. 16. Slope Stability. 17. Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations. 18. Subsoil Exploration. 19. An Introduction to Geosynthetics. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.
£69.34
Chelsea Green Publishing Co Defending Beef: The Ecological and Nutritional
Book SynopsisWe all need to understand the story behind our food. This is the strongest and most articulate case for understanding the central importance of grazing livestock in sustainable food systems that I’ve read. Patrick Holden, founder and chief executive, Sustainable Food Trust With more public awareness of the connection between health and diet, food, climate and farming, Defending Beef – a modern classic on sustainable food culture – has never been more timely. As the meat industry – from small-scale ranchers and butchers to sprawling slaughterhouse operators – respond to climate threats, a pandemic and the rise of plant-based and lab-produced meats, environmental lawyer turned cattle farmer Nicolette Hahn Niman delivers a passionate argument for responsible grassfed, meat production and consumption in this updated and expanded new edition of her bestselling Defending Beef. Hahn Niman dispels popular myths about how eating beef is bad for our bodies and the planet. The impact of grazing can be either negative or positive, depending on how livestock are managed. In fact, with proper oversight, livestock can play an essential role in maintaining grassland ecosystems by performing the same functions as the natural herbivores that once roamed and grazed there.Grounded in empirical scientific data and citing examples of regenerative agriculture from around the world, she illustrates how cattle can help build carbon-sequestering soils to mitigate climate change, enhance biodiversity, prevent desertification and provide essential nutrition.Trade Review“Defending Beef is a no-nonsense, scientific yet holistic look at the important role well-raised meat has in our food system and in ecosystem function. Nicolette Hahn Niman intelligently busts the common misperceptions about cattle and explains how, when managed properly, they can have a positive impact on the environment.”—Diana Rodgers, registered dietitian, filmmaker and coauthor of Sacred Cow: The Case for (Better) Meat“With all the rhetoric we are hearing today about how cows are destroying the planet, it is enlightening to hear the truth. Nicolette Hahn Niman delves deep into the science and sets the record straight: ‘It’s not the cow, it’s the how’! Now, consumers can enjoy the health benefits of nutrient-dense beef while healing our ecosystems! A must-read for consumers, ranchers, and policymakers.”—Gabe Brown, regenerative rancher and author of Dirt to Soil“The original edition of Defending Beef offered a compendium of everything a person should know about the role of beef cattle on the landscape and in our diets. This brand-new edition is more like a meta-analysis, chock-full of references, that dismantles almost every argument made against the ecological and nutritional importance of beef. While Nicolette Hahn Niman decries the industrial beef model, she makes a clear and compelling case why well-managed cattle grazing is a critical tool for capturing carbon and turning nonedible plant material into protein, as well as for supporting regenerative farming methods. This book should be on the shelf of anyone who cares about our climate and food system.”—Rebecca Thistlethwaite, coauthor of The New Livestock Farmer“In this exhaustive and well-documented treatise, Nicolette Hahn Niman manages to be both informative and engaging from cover to cover. I especially appreciate the long myth-busting section that debunks many oft-cited anti-beef studies. This is the perfect book to have at your fingertips when you’re in a dispute with someone who thinks meatless lab burgers are a great way to go.”—Ridge Shinn, founding CEO, Big Picture Beef“In this remarkable book, Nicolette Hahn Niman proves herself to be a true environmentalist—one who is willing to dig deeply, challenge orthodoxies, and get to the truth. You should read Defending Beef not only for the compelling case she makes for sustainable meat production, but also as an example of critical thinking at its finest.”—Bo Burlingham, editor-at-large of Inc. magazine and author of Small Giants and Finish Big: How Great Entrepreneurs Exit Their Companies on Top“I have traveled to every state in the U.S. during both summer and winter and have seen the land in extensive rural areas. There are huge land areas in this country that cannot be used for crops. The only way to grow food on these lands is by grazing animals. Grazing done properly will improve the land. Defending Beef shows clearly that beef cattle are an important part of sustainable agriculture.”—Temple Grandin, author of Animals Make Us Human and professor of animal science, Colorado State University“Anyone hesitating to eat beef due to environmental or nutritional concerns needs to learn the other side of the story. Defending Beef is both scientifically accurate and highly readable. Kudos to Nicolette Hahn Niman for successfully engaging in one of the biggest environmental tensions of our day.”—Joel Salatin, farmer and author“Creating healthful, delicious food in ecological balance is among humanity’s greatest challenges. In this insightful book, Nicolette Hahn Niman shows why cattle on grass are an essential element. Every chef in America should read this book.”—Alice Waters, founder/owner, Chez Panisse, and author of We Are What We Eat“Anyone who doubts that beef can be part of a sustainable food system and healthy diet should read this book. Defending Beef proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that we can feel good about eating beef that’s raised the right way.”—Steve Ells, founder and CEO, Chipotle Mexican Grill“Nicolette Hahn Niman just became beef’s most articulate advocate. In Defending Beef, she pivots gracefully between the personal and the scientific, the impassioned and the evenhanded. It’s a deeply compelling and delicious vision for the future of food.”—Dan Barber, author of The Third Plate“Defending Beef is a brave, clear-headed, and necessary addition to the discussion about sustainable food systems. Using hard data and solid scientific research, Nicolette Hahn Niman, a lawyer turned rancher, presents a convincing case that everything we thought we knew about the environmental and human health damage caused by beef is just plain wrong.”—Barry Estabrook, author of Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit“The prosecution will never rest after the case presented here by this unusually well-armed defense lawyer. Exactly how much and in what ways cattle benefit our world—whether or not we eat beef—have never been more thoroughly explained. Cattle are lucky to have such a remarkable rancher gal come to their aid on our behalf.”—Betty Fussell, author of Raising Steaks: The Life and Times of American Beef“Nicolette Hahn Niman’s Defending Beef is as timely as it is necessary. With patience and passion she separates truth from fiction in the emotional debate about the role of beef in our lives and the effect of its production on our planet. Far from being a bogeyman of climate change and other environmental concerns, she argues, cattle, when properly managed, can play an important role in local food systems, land health, and carbon sequestration. The key is treating cattle as an ally, not an enemy, and exploring opportunities instead of simply pointing fingers. In this exploration, Defending Beef leads the way!”—Courtney White, founder, Quivira Coalition, and author of Grass, Soil, Hope“In our collective confusion and desperation about the environment, many zero in on cattle as an unlikely culprit for everything from water pollution to climate change. In Defending Beef, author, rancher, and environmental lawyer Nicolette Hahn Niman takes a nuanced look at the impact of livestock on land, water, the atmosphere, and human health. With clarity and eloquence, she puts research in context and shows that the raising of cattle can be destructive or restorative, depending on how the animals are managed. Cattle—and common sense—have found their champion.”—Judith D. Schwartz, author of Cows Save the Planet“Issues related to the long-term health effects of red meat, saturated fat, sugar, and grains are complex and I see the jury as still out on many of them. While waiting for the science to be resolved, Hahn Niman’s book is well worth reading for its forceful defense of the role of ruminant animals in sustainable food systems.”—Marion Nestle, professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University and author of What to Eat“I hope this book, which is more about the future of humanity, will be read by every citizen—not just those who feel the need to defend their meat-eating preferences. Biologist, environmental lawyer, and mother Nicolette Hahn Niman has provided a balanced report on the effects of cattle production on our environment, health, and climate change. Openly accepting the damage done by modern-day cattle production—on the land and in factory feedlots—she effectively argues that cattle themselves are not the problem; it is the way they are being managed that is endangering our health, environment, and economy. We can do something about that, and we must for the sake of our children and grandchildren. Key to our success will be an informed citizenry—for whom this book will be an invaluable tool.”—Allan Savory, founder and president, the Savory Institute“Defending Beef is an important book. Nicolette Hahn Niman had me at the chapter ‘All Food Is Grass,’ where she unpacks the complex clash of views over animal rights, ecology, and the legacy of human impact upon bioregions. The more I read, the more I came to value the passion and insight of someone who (like me) does not herself consume meat but recognizes that it rests at the center of what’s troubling with our food system and how we might set it right. "At Slow Food, we believe that better, less meat should become a rallying cry for a shift in our relationship to animals and each other. Scale, biodiversity, and rural economies get ample attention in this comprehensive yet easy-to-digest manifesto. If we ever hope to challenge the prevailing culture of confinement that defines the industrial meat system today, then we need to make this book required reading for butchers, bakers, and policymakers.”—Richard McCarthy, executive director emeritus, Slow Food USA “Defending Beef clearly and unequivocally connects the dots for us on how vitally important raising pastured beef is to humanity. From increasing the glomalin in soil that helps create healthy grass, to sequestering carbon, battling desertification, enhancing the water supply, mitigating climate change, and promoting biodiversity, Nicolette Hahn Niman carefully draws a constellation for understanding just how our food production systems affect people, culture, and our ecosystem—for good or ill. The case is airtight and the jury is in: Cattle on pasture are an integral part of the solution.”—Mary R. Cleaver, former owner/executive chef, The Cleaver Company and The Green Table“A breakthrough book that reclaims our relationship with farm animals and nutritious food. Comprehensive and insightful, Defending Beef delivers a compelling description of a food system that works with nature and wildlife, supports humane animal husbandry, and builds strong local economies. With a keen mind and passionate love of life, Nicolette Hahn Niman provides an insightful solution to feeding our growing world population and shows us a way of life that is both beautiful and sustaining.”—Judy Wicks, founder of White Dog Café and the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies and author of Good Morning, Beautiful Business“It is so important that we free our minds of conventional beef wisdom and open up to the solution set that uses nature’s wisdom as well as the smart agricultural practices of the future. In Defending Beef, Nicolette Hahn Niman gives us an exacting and compelling defense of land management that solves for environmental resiliency, human health, climate change mitigation, and prosperity. How could we not listen?”—Kat Taylor, CEO and cofounder, Beneficial State Bank; cofounder and director, Tomkat Ranch Educational Foundation“As a chef, I am concerned with not just the flavor of my ingredients, but also their ecological, economic, social, biodiversity, and health implications. In Defending Beef, Nicolette Hahn Niman delves deeply into the many impacts of beef production. Through both scholarly research and her own personal journey, she shows how, again and again, the ‘conventional wisdom’ has missed the mark, while making an extremely convincing case for well-raised cattle having a necessary place in our global agriculture system and on our plates. Simply put, this book doesn’t just make me a better chef, but also a better person."—Michael Leviton, food activist and former chair, Chefs Collaborative“Nicolette Hahn Niman, a lawyer, long-time vegetarian, and cattle rancher, serves up a well-argued defense of an American icon: the hamburger. Passionate and persuasive, Hahn Niman delivers a tough-minded critique of industrial animal operations along with an eloquent case on behalf of pasture-raised beef. The good news? It's safe to eat steak again—so long as you know where it comes from.”—Marc Gunther, editor-at-large, Guardian Sustainable Business US
£12.74
Dorling Kindersley Ltd Inventions A Childrens Encyclopedia
Book SynopsisDiscover the amazing inventions throughout history that have shaped the world as we know it.This stunning visual guide explores and explains the greatest inventions, ideas, and discoveries throughout the ages, and introduces their inventors. From fire, stone tools, and the wheel to ploughs and paper, discover the first inventions that shaped societies and grew mighty civilizations and empires such as those in ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and ancient China.In the centuries that followed, Eureka moments abounded, with James Watt''s steam engine during the Industrial Revolution, Henry Ford''s car assembly line at the start of the 20th century, the Wright brothers'' flying machines, Thomas Edison''s light bulb, John Logie Baird''s television, and so much more.Read about era-defining moments during the Digital Revolution, such as the first website developed by Tim Berners-Lee, and the growth in the use of robotics in industry and at home.InventiTrade ReviewIt's informative, comprehensive, and filled with amazing pictures. Inventions: A Children's Encyclopedia is a reference book perfect for any family's bookshelf. * GeekDad *
£17.99
CABI Publishing The Constituents of Medicinal Plants
Book SynopsisA classic in the literature of herbal medicine, this book explains in simple terms the commonly occurring chemical constituents of medicinal plants, and how these react with the human body. The major classes of plant constituents, such as phenols, terpenes and polysaccharides, are described both in terms of their chemical structures and their pharmacological activities. The last 20 years has seen huge growth in research output in phytochemistry, and this edition has been thoroughly revised to incorporate up-to-date research. It contains a new chapter on resins and cannabinoids, and additional content on macrocarpals, essential oil chemotypes, mushroom polysaccharides, phytochemical synergy, and toxicology of phytochemicals. Features include: · Over 200 diagrams of chemical structures · Coverage of energetics, synergism and the emerging field of network pharmacology · New content on seaweeds and fungi, and polyphenol-rich foods · References to primary research literature in pharmacy, pharmacology, chemistry, plant biology, molecular biology, integrative medicine and many other disciplines Written by an experienced herbal practitioner, The Constituents of Medicinal Plants has become a standard textbook for courses on plant-based medicine. It is also an essential desktop reference for health practitioners, lecturers, researchers, producers, and anyone with an interest in how medicinal herbs work.Table of Contents1: Introduction to Phytochemistry 2: Phenols 3: Polyphenols – tannins and flavonoids 4: Glycosides 5: Terpenes 6: Triterpenoids and saponins 7: Resins and cannabinoids 8: Essential oils 9: Polysaccharides 10: Alkaloids 11: Plant lipids and alklylamides
£24.70
Allen & Unwin Charles Ulm: The untold story of one of
Book SynopsisCharles Ulm and Charles Kingsford Smith were the original pioneers of Australian aviation. Together they succeeded in a number of record-breaking flights that made them instant celebrities in Australia and around the world: the first east-to-west crossing of the Pacific, the first trans-Tasman flight, Australia to New Zealand, the first flight from New Zealand to Australia. Business ventures followed for them, as they set up Australian National Airways in late 1928. Smithy was the face of the airline, happier in the cockpit or in front of an audience than in the boardroom. Ulm on the other hand was in his element as managing director. Ulm had the tenacity and organisational skills, yet Smithy had the charisma and the public acclaim. In 1932, Kingsford Smith received a knighthood for his services to flying, Ulm did not.Business setbacks and dramas followed, as Ulm tried to develop the embryonic Australian airline industry. ANA fought hard against the young Qantas, already an establishment favourite, but a catastrophic crash on the airline's regular route from Sydney to Melbourne and the increasing bite of the Great Depression forced ANA's bankruptcy in 1933. Desperate to drum up publicity for a new airline venture, Ulm's final flight was meant to demonstrate the potential for a regular trans-Pacific passenger service. Somewhere between San Francisco and Hawaii his plane, Stella Australis, disappeared. No trace of the plane or crew were ever found.In the years since his death, attention has focused more and more on Smithy, leaving Ulm neglected and overshadowed. This biography will attempt to rectify that, showing that Ulm was at least Smithy's equal as a flyer, and in many ways his superior as a visionary, as an organiser and as a businessman. His untimely death robbed Australia of a huge talent.
£15.29
ACC Art Books Independent Watchmakers
Book SynopsisWith a foreword from Jean-Marie Schaller, founder and creative director of Louis Moinet, this book introduces some of the most elegant watches the horological world has to offer, including several one-of-a-kind pieces that have never before appeared in print. Many of these ateliers handcraft both the watches and their complicated mechanical movements in-house. The level of expertise and craftsmanship involved is truly dazzling. Featuring such stunning timepieces as the 15.48 Driver Watch, the Andreas Strehler Time Shadow and the Antoine Preziuso Chronometer, Tourbillon of Tourbillons, this expertly curated collection of watch profiles will catch the eye of any true enthusiast. Steve Huyton looks beyond the price tag, featuring affordable options of particular artistic merit as well as pieces from the luxury end of the scale. Discover the hidden gems of the watchmaking business - 60 independent artisans counted among the finest makers in the world. Includes the work of: Hajime Asaoka, Felix Baumgartner (Urwerk), Aaron Becsei, Vincent Calabrese, Konstantin Chaykin, Bernhard Lederer (BLU), Masahiro Kikuno, Vianney Halter, Antoine Preziuso and Andreas Strehler, among others.Trade Review'The book... was drawn from an initial list of about 150 watchmakers that Mr. Huyton said were chosen for their originality and included his personal favorites. Of those who made it into the final volume, some follow family tradition, like Aaron Becsei of Bexei, a third-generation watchmaker based in Budapest who creates tourbillon designs. Others decided to go solo after working for large brands, like Remi Maillat, 35, who left Cartier and created his own Swiss brand, called Krayon.' Melanie Abrams, The New York Times
£29.75
CABI Publishing Illustrated Plant Glossary
Book SynopsisThe Illustrated Plant Glossary is a comprehensive glossary of over 4000 terms related to plant sciences, featuring superb colour illustrations to aid comprehension of many of the plant terms. The topics covered in this glossary include anatomy, angiosperms, bryophytes, chemistry, cytology, family specific terms, ferns and fern allies, flowers, fruit, genetics, gymnosperms, habit and growth, habitat and ecology, indumentum, inflorescence, leaves, reproduction, roots, seeds, systematics and more. The Illustrated Plant Glossary sets a new standard in glossaries and is a must-have reference for plant scientists, plant science teachers and students, libraries, horticulturalists, ecologists, gardeners and naturalists.
£38.19
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC World Cruising Destinations
Book Synopsis''What Jimmy Cornell doesn''t know about cruising isn''t worth knowing'' - Yachting WorldOne of the most influential cruising yachtsmen writing today, Jimmy Cornell has sailed over 200,000 miles on all the oceans of the world, including three circumnavigations and voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic. His successful guide to sailing around the world, World Cruising Routes, has helped many aspirational voyagers turn their dreams into reality and follow in his footsteps. Here in its extensively revised third edition is its partner, covering all the land-based essentials for cruisers, including new updates throughout on the long-lasting impact of climate change, Brexit and Covid.This substantial handbook profiles every cruising destination in the world, with information on cruising attractions, history, culture, climate (including average monthly temperatures and rainfall, plus tropical storm seasons), local laws, regulations and formalities, facilities, plus public holidays and eveTrade ReviewAn indispensable addition to the cruising sailor's library. Jimmy Cornell has unrivalled experience of cruising all over the world. * Elaine Bunting, Yachting World *This book is a tour de force covering all of the potential cruising grounds... for anyone contemplating an ocean cruise, chartering a boat or just dreaming, this is the book for you! * Cruising Association *Why hasn't someone thought to write this brilliant book before? For long-range planning, it's a Godsend, comprehensively telling you everything you need to know to plan your voyaging. * Bernadette Bernon, Editor-At-Large, Cruising World *Accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information. Essential for cruisers worldwide, whether planning a circumnavigation or a two-week cruise. * Noonsite.com *‘Only Jimmy Cornell could displace the one cruising guide every cruising vessel has aboard. Without doubt the new World Cruising Destinations will find a place beside the venerable World Cruising Routes as the must have guide to world cruising. Nothing can replace experience as a teacher, and Jimmy Cornell's vast cruising experiences have made him the world's leading authority on world cruising!' * Bob Bitchin, Latitudes & Attitudes Magazine *Chock full of what every cruiser needs to know, it will serve as the right hand guide for the serious cruiser and an inspiration to those who dream of sailing away. * Barbara Theisen, Seven Seas Cruising Association *World Cruising Destinations should find a home in every seagoing library and will be a welcomed diversion for the shore-bound sailor who's longing for distant horizons. * Mark Pillsbury, Editor, Cruising World *We just love this book, and we've already spent hours delving into it. For cruising sailors, this is perhaps the most awaited publications of the year. * www.sailers.co.uk *A must have onboard reference work for long distance sailors. * All At Sea - June 2010 *undoubtedly inspire * Yachting Life - June 2010 *an astonishingly impressive piece of work * Sportsboat and RIB Magazine (September 2010) *A reference book of immaculate integrity covering every maritime nation of the world, but also so enticingly and inspirationally presented that it would make a wonderful present. With hundreds of superb photos to bring the information to life, it is a publication any sailor would love to have either on board or at home. * www.SailWorld.com (28th August 2010) *Providing essential planning data and practical information, as well as detailing the main attractions across 184 countries, World Cruising Destinations is designed to whet the reader's appetite for world cruising and help them make the most of their time in port. * Yacht Report (October 2010) *a must-have for all charter yacht captains * Yachting World (November 2010) *an essential tool * Nautical Magazine (November 2010) *Mouth-watering cruising destinations to while away a winter's evening with * Yachts and Yachting (December 2010) *...must-have reference book... * World Cruising Club Magazine (Autumn/Winter 2010) *the most complete and practical handbook out there, and it's the one you'll be reaching for again and again. * Seven Seas Cruising Associations *Whether you're dreaming or doing it for real, this book is a blue water cruiser's dream * Sailing Today (September 2010) *This 423-page tome sets itself a big task, but legendary cruising yachtsman and writer Cornell, who can boast 200,000 miles and three circumnavigations, is more than up to the job. * Yachting Monthly *The text is as well presented as it is thorough, and the maps and beautiful colour pics make the whole publication an incredible reference book, an indispensable companion for the cruiser * Sailing *Table of ContentsForeword Introduction Health precautions worldwide 1: Mediterreanean and Black Sea 2: Northern Europe 3: Western Europe and North Atlantic Islands 4: West Africa and South Atlantic Islands 5: The Caribbean 6: North and Central America 7: South America 8: North Pacific Islands 9: South Pacific 10: Southeast and East Asia 11: North Indian Ocean and Red Sea 12: South Indian Ocean
£44.00
DBQA Publishing Understanding Wine Technology
Book SynopsisThe technology of wine production explained for the student and the lover of wine.Table of ContentsChapter 1 THE GIFT OF NATURE The origins of wine The natural cycle Enzymes in nature Wine and health - Alcohol - Phenolic compounds - Resveratrol - Potassium - Histamine - Ethyl carbamate - Sulfites (Sulfur dioxide) The modern paradox Chapter 2 IN THE VINEYARD The vine Factors influencing the vine Phylloxera & grafting Terroir Climate Training & pruning Soil and water Irrigation Green harvest and green operations Vineyard maintenance - Viticulture Raisonnee (La Lutte Raisonnee) - Organic viticulture - Biodynamic viticulture - Precision viticulture Chapter 3 INSIDE THE GRAPE Sugars Acids Mineral salts Phenolic compounds - Tannins - Anthocyanins - Other polyphenols Flavour components Proteins and colloids Veraison and maturity Chapter 4 THE ROLE OF OXYGEN Old-style winemaking Dissolved oxygen Anaerobic winemaking Antioxidants - Carbon dioxide - Nitrogen - Argon Sparging The positive role of oxygen Chapter 5 PRODUCING THE MUST Harvesting the grapes - Picking by hand - Machine harvesting Transport to the winery Sorting De-stemming Crushing the grapes Draining the juice Pressing the berries - The basket press - Horizontal screw press - Pneumatic press - Tank press - Continuous screw press Chapter 6 ADJUSTING THE MUST Sulfur dioxide Clarification (white and pink wines) - Settling - Centrifugation - Flotation Hyperoxidation Acidification Deacidification Enrichment Must concentration - Vacuum distillation - Cryoextraction (cryoconcentration) - Reverse osmosis Nutrients - Bentonite - Activated charcoal - Tannin Chapter 7 FERMENTATIONS Yeasts The action of yeasts Wild fermentation Cultured yeasts Control of temperature Monitoring the fermentation Stopping the fermentation A 'stuck' fermentation The malolactic fermentation Chapter 8 RED AND PINK WINE PRODUCTION Fermentation vessels Maceration Traditional punching down Submerged cap process Pumping-over systems Delestage (Rack and return) Autovinifier Rotary fermenters Thermovinification Flash release (Flash detente) Carbonic maceration (Maceration carbonique) Variants on carbonic maceration - Whole bunch fermentation - Whole berry fermentation Pink wines - Short maceration or direct press - Saignee - Vin d'une nuit Chapter 9 WHITE WINE PRODUCTION Dissolved oxygen Cool fermentation Skin contact (maceration pelliculaire) Tank vs. barrel Sur lie ageing and batonnage Sweet wines - Addition of grape concentrate - Addition of grape juice - Stopping the fermentation - Dehydrated grapes - Frozen grapes Chapter 10 SPARKLING AND FORTIFIED PROCESSES Sparkling wines - Traditional method - Artisanal method - Transfer method - Tank method (Cuve Close, Charmat, Metodo Italiano) - The Asti method - Carbonation ('Pompe bicyclette') Fortified wines (liqueur wines) - Vins doux naturels (VDN) - Port - Sherry - Madeira - Marsala Chapter 11 SPECIALITY WINES The technical revolution Organic wines vs. made from organic grapes Biodynamic wines Natural wines Vegan wines Kosher wines Does it make a better wine? Amber wines (Orange wines) Low alcohol wines Wine products Chapter 12 WOOD & MATURATION Type of wood Size of vessel Seasoning and toasting Fermentation in barrel Maturation in wood Putting the wood in the wine Micro-oxygenation Chapter 13 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF WINE Alcohols Acids Esters Residual sugars Glycerol Aldehydes and ketones Phenolic compounds Chapter 14 CLARIFICATION AND FINING Is treatment necessary? Racking Protection from oxidation Blending Colloids Fining Fining agents - Ox blood - Egg white - Albumin - Gelatine - Isinglass (ichthyocol or colle de poisson) - Casein - Silica sol (Kieselsol) - Vegetal proteins - Bentonite - Tannin - Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) - Activated charcoal Other specialized fining agents Allergens Blue fining Chapter 15 TARTRATE STABILIZATION Natural and harmless? Cold stabilization Contact process Ion exchange Electrodialysis Metatartaric acid Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Mannoproteins Chapter 16 ADDITIVES Sulfur dioxide Ascorbic acid Sorbic acid Tartrate precipitation inhibitors Citric acid Malic, lactic and tartaric acids Tannins Acacia (Gum arabic) Copper sulfate or silver chloride Enzymes Chapter 17 FILTRATION Principles of filtration Depth filters - Kieselguhr filters (earth filters) - Sheet filters and lenticular filters Surface filters - Membrane filters (cartridge filters) - Crossflow filters (tangential filters) The future? Chapter 18 PACKAGING MATERIALS Containers - Glass bottles - Measuring container bottles (MCBs) - Plastic bottles - Aluminium cans - Bag-in-box (BIB) - Cardboard 'bricks' Closures - Natural cork - Technical corks - Synthetic closures - Aluminium screwcaps - Glass stoppers Capsules Labels Boxes and pallets Storage of packaging materials Recyclability and carbon footprint Chapter 19 STORAGE & BOTTLING Storage without change The final sweetening Shipping in bulk Preparation for bottling Traditional bottling Principles of modern bottling Bottling processes - Sterilization of bottling line - Bottle rinsing - Thermotic or Hot Bottling - Tunnel pasteurization - Flash pasteurization - Cold sterile filtration - Dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC) Maturation in bottle Chapter 20 QUALITY CONTROL & ANALYSIS Quality plan Records and traceability Laboratory analyses Permitted additives - Sulfur dioxide - Other additives Contaminants - Dissolved oxygen (DO) - Iron and copper - Sodium Clarity and filterability testing Microbiological analysis Advanced methods of analysis Chapter 21 QUALITY ASSURANCE Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) ISO 9000, 9001 and 9004 ISO 14001, 14004 and 14005 ISO 22000:2018 Supplier audits The BRC Global Food Standard Quality awards Chapter 22 WINE FAULTS Oxidation Reductive taint Beyond shelf life Light and heat damage Tartrate crystals Foreign bodies Musty taint Volatile acidity Second fermentation Iron casse Copper casse Mousiness Brett Geranium taint Grape contaminations - Mouldy tastes - Smoke and Eucalyptus taints - Ladybird (Ladybug) taint Chapter 23 LEGISLATION & REGULATIONS Who regulates the production of wine? Regulations regarding food safety Good Manufacturing Practice and food safety Traceability and lot marking Labelling regulations Allergen labelling regulations Permitted sizes Ingredient labelling Authorized winemaking techniques and ingredients Chapter 24 THE TASTE TEST Preparations for tasting Tasting (or drinking) glasses Styles of tasting - Tasting in front of the label - Comparative tasting - Blind tasting Writing a tasting note Tasting the wine Drinking - A few personal tips
£26.55
McGraw-Hill Education Beginners Guide to Reading Schematics Fourth
Book Synopsis Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. This updated resource shows how to interpret schematic diagramsâand design your own Written by an experienced engineer, this easy-to-follow TAB guide shows, step-by-step, how to navigate the roadmaps of electronic circuits and systems. Filled with new illustrations and DIY examples, the book clearly explains how to understand and create high-precision electronics diagrams. You will discover how to identify parts and connections, interpret element ratings, and apply diagram-based information in your own projects. Beginnerâs Guide to Reading Schematics, Fourth Edition, also contains valuable appendices covering symbols, resistor color codes, and parts suppliers.Table of ContentsIntroduction1 The Master PlanBlock DiagramsSchematic DiagramsSchematic SymbologyComponent InterconnectionsA Visual Language2 Block DiagramsA Simple ExampleFunctional DrawingsCurrent and Signal PathsFlowchartsProcess PathsSummary3 Components and DevicesResistorsCapacitorsInductors and TransformersSwitches and RelaysConductors and CablesDiodes and TransistorsOperational AmplifiersElectron TubesElectrochemical Cells and BatteriesLogic GatesSummary4 Simple CircuitsGetting StartedComponent LabelingTroubleshooting with SchematicsA More Sophisticated DiagramSchematic/Block HybridsA Vacuum-Tube RF AmplifierThree Basic Logic CircuitsSummary5 Complex CircuitsIdentifying the Building BlocksPage BreaksSome More CircuitsGetting Comfortable with Large SchematicsOp Amp CircuitsSummary6 Diagrams for Building And TestingYour BreadboardWire WrappingKirchhoff’s Current LawKirchhoff’s Voltage LawA Resistive Voltage DividerA Diode-Based Voltage ReducerMismatched Lamps in SeriesA Compass-Based GalvanometerSummary and ConclusionA Schematic SymbolsB Resistor Color CodesC Parts SuppliersSuggested Additional ReadingIndex
£17.09
CRC Press Social Media Analytics and Practical Applications
Book SynopsisSocial Media Analytics and Practical Applications: The Change to the Competition Landscape provides a framework that allows you to understand and analyze the impact of social media in various industries. It illustrates how social media analytics can help firms build transformational strategies and cope with the challenges of social media technology. By focusing on the relationship between social media and other technology models, such as wisdom of crowds, healthcare, fintech and blockchain, machine learning methods, and 5G, this book is able to provide applications used to understand and analyze the impact of social media. Various industries are called out and illustrate how social media analytics can help firms build transformational strategies and at the same time cope with the challenges that are part of the landscape. The book discusses how social media is a driving force in shaping consumer behavior and spurring innovations by embracing and dire
£18.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgement xxiii About the Companion Website xxv Part I Fundamentals of P&ID Development 1 1 What Is P&ID 3 1.1 Why Is P&ID Important? 3 1.2 What Is a P&ID? 4 1.3 P&ID Media 4 1.4 P&ID Development Activity 5 2 Management of P&ID Development 9 2.1 Project of Developing P&IDs 9 2.2 P&ID Milestones 9 2.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development 11 2.4 P&ID Set Owner 12 2.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development 12 2.6 P&ID Evolution 12 2.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs 12 2.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs 13 3 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet 15 3.1 Title Block 15 3.2 Ownership Block 15 3.3 Reference Drawing Block 15 3.4 Revision Block 15 3.5 Comments Block 16 3.6 Main Body of a P&ID 19 4 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs 21 4.1 Items on P&IDs 21 4.1.1 Pipes or Other Flow Conductors 21 4.1.2 Equipment 21 4.1.3 Instruments 21 4.1.4 Signals 22 4.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules 22 4.2.1 Line Crossing Over 24 4.2.2 Equipment Crossing 25 4.2.3 Off‐Page Connector 26 4.2.4 Color in P&IDs 26 4.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs 26 4.3.1 Symbols 27 4.3.2 Tags 28 4.3.3 Name 29 4.3.4 Technical Information 29 4.4 Different Types of P&IDs 32 4.4.1 Legend P&IDs 33 4.4.2 System P&IDs 34 4.4.3 Network P&IDs 34 4.4.4 Interarea P&IDs 34 4.4.5 Detail P&IDs 36 4.5 A Set of P&IDs 39 4.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies 42 4.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs 43 5 Principles of P&ID Development 45 5.1 Plant Stakeholders 45 5.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules 45 5.3 Plant Operations 46 5.3.1 Process Parameters 46 5.3.2 Process Parameter Levels 47 5.3.2.1 Pressure Levels 48 5.3.2.2 Temperature Levels 49 5.3.2.3 Liquid/Solid Levels 49 5.3.2.4 Flow Levels 50 5.3.2.5 Analyte Levels 50 5.3.3 Parameter Levels versus Control System 50 5.3.4 Parameter Levels versus Safety 51 5.3.5 Parameter Levels versus Operator Role 52 5.3.6 General Procedure of P&ID Development 53 5.4 What Should a P&ID Address? 53 5.4.1 Normal Operation 53 5.4.2 Nonroutine Operation 53 5.4.2.1 Reduced Capacity Operation 54 5.4.3 Reduced Efficiency Operation 57 5.4.4 Start‐Up Operations 58 5.4.5 Shutdown 59 5.4.6 Inspection and Maintenance 60 5.4.6.1 Quantitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.6.2 Qualitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.7 Operability in Absence of One Item 61 5.4.8 Provision for the Future 61 5.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.5.1 Conflict Check 63 5.5.2 Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development 64 5.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump 65 Part II Pipes and Equipment 69 6 Pipes 71 6.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts 71 6.2 Pipe Identifiers 71 6.2.1 Pipe Symbol 71 6.2.2 Pipe Tag 71 6.2.2.1 Do All Pipes Need to be Tagged? 73 6.2.2.2 Which Span of Pipe Route can be Considered One Piece of Pipe? 73 6.2.2.3 How is the Pipe Tag Shown on a P&ID? 73 6.2.3 Pipe Off‐Page Connector 74 6.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy 74 6.3.1 Area or Project Number 74 6.3.2 Commodity Acronym 74 6.3.3 Pipe Material Specification Code 74 6.3.4 Pipe Size 77 6.3.5 Pipe Sequential Number 78 6.3.6 Other Pipe Tag Information 78 6.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders” 79 6.4.1 Implementing Spec Break 80 6.4.2 Reasons for a Spec Break 82 6.5 Goal of Piping 82 6.5.1 Magnitude of Flow in Pipe 83 6.5.2 Direction of Flow in Pipe 84 6.5.3 Providing Fluid with Enough Pressure at the Inlet 84 6.6 Piping Arrangements 84 6.6.1 Backflow Prevention Systems 85 6.6.2 Diversion of Flow 87 6.6.3 Distribution of Flow 87 6.7 Pipe Route 88 6.7.1 Slope 88 6.7.2 No Liquid Pocket 89 6.7.3 No Gas Pocket 89 6.7.4 Free Draining (Self‐Draining) 89 6.7.5 Free Venting 90 6.7.6 Gravity Flow 90 6.7.7 Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 90 6.7.8 Straight Piping 90 6.7.9 Minimum or Maximum Length or Distance 90 6.7.10 Other Special Pipe Routes 91 6.8 Piping Movement 91 6.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes 92 6.9.1 Liquid–Gas Two‐Phase Flow 92 6.9.2 Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.9.3 Solid–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.10 Tubes 94 6.11 Double–Wall Pipes 95 6.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements 96 6.12.1 Piping for Bypassing 96 6.12.2 Piping for Recirculation 96 6.12.3 Piping for Units in Series 96 6.12.4 Piping for Units in Parallel 97 6.12.5 Piping for Pressure Equalization 97 6.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs 97 6.14 Pipe Appurtenances 97 6.14.1 Pipe Fittings 98 6.14.1.1 Pipe Direction Change 98 6.14.1.2 Reducers (Enlargers) 98 6.14.1.3 Three‐Way Connections 100 6.14.1.4 Pipe Connections 100 6.14.1.5 End‐of‐Pipe Systems 100 6.14.2 Specialty Items 102 6.14.2.1 Flange‐Insulating Gasket 102 6.15 Other Approach about Piping 103 6.16 “Merging” Pipes 103 6.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span 103 6.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials 104 Reference 104 7 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves 105 7.1 Valve Naming 105 7.2 Valve Functions 105 7.3 Valve Structure 105 7.4 Classification of Valves 105 7.4.1 Valve Plug: Throttling vs. Blocking Valves 106 7.4.2 Valve Selection 108 7.4.3 Multi‐port Valves 108 7.4.4 Double‐Seated Valves 110 7.5 Valve Operators 110 7.6 Different Types of Actuators 111 7.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves 112 7.8 Tagging Automatic Valves 113 7.9 Tagging Manual Valves 113 7.10 Valve Positions 113 7.10.1 Regular Position of Blocking Valves and Decision Methodology 113 7.10.2 Failure Position of Automatic Valves and Decision Methodology 114 7.10.3 More Concepts about Failure Position of Automatic Valves 115 7.11 Valve Arrangement 117 7.11.1 Valves in Series 118 7.11.2 Valves in Parallel 118 7.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations 119 7.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves 119 7.13.1 Operating in the Absence of Control Valves 119 7.13.2 Operating in the Absence of Switching Valves 122 7.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation 122 7.15 Special Valves 123 7.15.1 Check Valves 123 7.15.2 Regulators 124 7.15.3 Safety‐Related Valves 125 7.16 Valve Combinations 126 7.17 End of Valve Arrangements 126 7.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs 127 7.19 Merging Valves 127 7.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span 127 References 128 8 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Different Types of Equipment Care 129 8.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care 129 8.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care 130 8.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care 131 8.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care 131 8.7 Isolation 131 8.7.1 Requirement of an Isolation System 131 8.7.2 Type of Isolation System 132 8.7.3 Placement of an Isolation System 135 8.7.4 Inbound Versus Outbound Blind Location 135 8.7.5 Merging Isolation Valves 135 8.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition 136 8.8.1 Cooling Down 136 8.8.2 Emptying and Then Draining/Venting 136 8.8.2.1 Location and Number of Drain/Vent Valves 137 8.8.2.2 Size of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.8.2.3 Other Usages of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.9 Cleaning 139 8.9.1 Solid/Semi‐Solid Removal Methods 139 8.9.2 Washing Systems 139 8.9.3 Purging Methods 140 8.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids 140 8.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove 141 8.12 Wrap‐up 142 9 Containers 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Selection of Containers 143 9.3 Containers Purposes 144 9.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers 145 9.5 Container Positions 146 9.6 Container Shapes 147 9.6.1 Closing Parts of Containers 148 9.6.2 Open Top or Fully Enclosed Containers 148 9.7 Container Identifiers 148 9.7.1 Container Symbol 148 9.7.2 Container Tags 149 9.7.3 Container Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.1 Tank Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.2 Vessel Call‐outs 150 9.7.3.3 Tag of Container in Duty of Conversion 151 9.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers 151 9.9 Container Nozzles 151 9.9.1 Nozzle Duties 151 9.9.2 Nozzle Locations 152 9.9.3 Nozzle Elevation Versus Liquid Levels 153 9.9.4 The Size, Number, and Rating of Nozzles 155 9.9.5 Merging Nozzles 155 9.9.6 Nozzle Internal Assemblies 156 9.9.7 Nozzle Externals 157 9.10 Overflow Nozzles 157 9.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers 158 9.12 Blanketed Tanks 160 9.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers 161 9.14 Mixing in Containers 162 9.15 Container Internals 162 9.16 Tank Roofs 162 9.17 Tank Floors 163 9.18 Container Arrangement 164 9.19 Merging Containers 164 9.20 Secondary Containment 165 9.21 Underground Storage Tanks 166 9.22 Sumps 167 9.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan 167 10 Pumps and Compressors 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Fluid Mover Roles 169 10.3 Types of Fluid Movers 169 10.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System 169 10.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers 171 10.5.1 Fluid Mover Symbol 171 10.5.2 Fluid Mover Tag 171 10.5.3 Fluid Mover Call‐out 173 10.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps 173 10.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps 173 10.6.1.1 P&ID Development on the Suction Side 174 10.6.1.2 P&ID Development on the Discharge Side 175 10.6.2 Low Flow Intolerance and Minimum Flow Protection System 176 10.6.2.1 Which Pumps May Need a Minimum Flow Pipe 176 10.6.2.2 Where Should we Position the Recirculation Line? 177 10.6.2.3 Where Should the Destination Point of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 177 10.6.2.4 What Should the Size of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.2.5 What Should the Arrangement on the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.3 Cavitation 180 10.6.4 Very Small Centrifugal Pumps 181 10.6.5 Different Types of Spare Pump 182 10.6.6 Centrifugal Pump Arrangements 182 10.6.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel 183 10.6.6.2 Centrifugal Pumps in Series 184 10.6.7 Pump Warm‐up or Cool‐down System 185 10.6.8 Piping Spec. for Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.9 Centrifugal Pump Drives 187 10.6.10 (Liquid) Seal Systems in Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.11 Merging Pumps 189 10.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps 190 10.7.1 PD Pump P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.1 Reciprocating Pumps P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.2 Rotary Pumps P&ID Piping 192 10.7.2 PD Pump Arrangements 193 10.7.3 Merging PD Pumps 193 10.7.4 Tying Together Dissimilar Pumps 193 10.7.5 PD Pump Drives 193 10.7.6 Sealing Systems for PD Pumps 194 10.7.7 Metering Pumps (Dosing Pumps) 194 10.7.8 Liquid Transfer – Summary 195 10.7.9 Pumps: Duty Other than Pumping! 195 10.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors 196 10.8.1 Low Flow Intolerance and Anti‐Surge Systems 196 10.8.2 P&ID Development of Gas Movers 197 10.8.3 Gas Mover Drives 198 10.8.4 Auxiliary Systems Around Fluid Movers 198 10.8.5 Gas Transfer – Summary 199 10.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span 200 Reference 200 11 Heat Transfer Units 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units 201 11.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection 202 11.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection 203 11.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming 204 11.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers 204 11.6.1 Heat Exchanger Symbol 204 11.6.2 Heat Exchanger Tag 204 11.6.3 Heat Exchanger Call‐Out 205 11.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID 206 11.7.1 Vents and Drains 206 11.7.2 Isolation Valves 207 11.7.3 Chemical Cleaning Valves 207 11.7.4 PSDs 207 11.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement 207 11.8.1 Heat Exchangers in Series 207 11.8.2 Heat Exchangers in Parallel 209 11.9 Aerial Coolers 209 11.9.1 Aerial Cooler P&ID 210 11.9.2 Dealing with Extreme Temperatures 211 11.9.3 Aerial Cooler Arrangement 211 11.10 Merging Heat Exchangers 212 11.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span 212 11.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces 213 11.12.1 Process Fluid Side 213 11.12.2 Flue Gas Side 213 11.12.3 Firing Side 214 11.13 Fire Heater Arrangement 215 11.14 Merging Fired Heaters 216 11.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan 216 12 Pressure Relief Devices 217 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Why Pressure Is So Important? 217 12.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures 217 12.3.1 Active Versus Passive Solutions 219 12.3.2 Where Could Passive Solutions Be Used? 219 12.3.3 Where Should Active Solutions Be Used? 219 12.4 Safety Relief System 219 12.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected? 220 12.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs 220 12.6.1 Codes Versus Standards 221 12.7 PRD Structure 222 12.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer 222 12.9 Locating PRDs 223 12.10 Positioning PRDs 223 12.11 Specifying the PRD 225 12.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD 225 12.12.1 Pressure Relief Valve Type 225 12.12.2 Rupture Disks 226 12.12.3 Decision General Rules 226 12.13 PRD Identifiers 226 12.13.1 PRD Symbols and Tags 226 12.13.2 PRD Technical Information 227 12.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement 228 12.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network 230 12.16 Deciding on a Disposal System 232 12.16.1 Liquid Disposal 232 12.16.2 Gas/Vapor Disposal 233 12.16.3 Two‐Phase Flow Handling 234 12.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers 235 12.18 Merging PRDs 236 12.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan 238 Part III Instrumentation and Control System 239 13 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control 241 13.1 What Is Process Control? 241 13.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters 241 13.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components 242 13.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed? 242 13.5 ICSS System Technology 243 13.5.1 Use of PLC for a BPCS 243 13.5.2 Use of DCS for a SIS 244 13.5.3 Alarm Systems 244 13.5.4 ICSS System Symbology 244 13.6 ICSS Elements 245 13.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS) 245 13.8 Instruments on P&IDs 247 13.8.1 Fundamental Terminology 247 13.8.2 Identifiers for Equipment and Instrumentation 247 13.9 Instrument Identifiers 248 13.9.1 Acronyms 248 13.9.2 Divider Types 249 13.9.3 Symbol Type 250 13.9.4 Additional Information and Tag Number 252 13.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments 252 13.10.1 Signal Types 253 13.10.2 Signal Functions 253 13.10.3 Signal Math Functions 254 13.10.4 Signal Selectors 254 13.11 Different Instrument Elements 255 13.11.1 Primary Instruments 255 13.11.1.1 Temperature Measurement 256 13.11.1.2 Pressure Measurement 257 13.11.1.3 Level Measurement 258 13.11.1.4 Flow Measurement 258 13.11.1.5 Process Analyzers 260 13.11.2 Transmitters 262 13.11.3 Controllers 263 13.11.4 Indicators 263 13.11.5 Final Control Elements in a BPCS 263 13.11.5.1 Control Valves 264 13.11.5.2 Variable Speed Devices on Electric Motors 264 13.12 Simple Control Loops 264 13.12.1 Level Control Loops 265 13.12.2 Pressure Control Loops 265 13.12.3 Temperature Control Loops 265 13.12.4 Composition Control Loops 266 13.12.5 Flow Control Loops 266 13.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves 266 14 Application of Control Architectures 269 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Control System Design 269 14.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control 269 14.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream 270 14.5 Determining the Set Point 271 14.6 Building a Control Loop 272 14.6.1 Feedback Versus Feedforward 272 14.6.2 Single‐ versus Multiple‐Loop Control 273 14.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures 274 14.7.1 Cascade Control 274 14.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control 276 14.8.1 Ratio or Relationship Control 279 14.8.2 Selective Control 280 14.8.3 Override and Limit Control 281 14.8.3.1 Override Control 283 14.8.3.2 Limit Control 286 14.8.4 Split Range and Parallel Control 286 14.8.5 Clarification of Confusion 288 14.8.5.1 Cascade Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.2 Single Loop Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.3 Selective Versus Override 288 14.9 Monitoring Parameters 289 14.9.1 Container Sensors 290 14.9.2 Fluid Mover Sensors 290 14.9.3 Heat Exchanger Sensors 291 14.9.4 Fired Heater Sensors 291 15 Plant Process Control 293 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Plant‐Wide Control 293 15.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control 293 15.4 Surge Control 295 15.4.1 Disturbances in Process Parameters 295 15.4.2 Disturbance Management 296 15.4.2.1 Absorption 296 15.4.2.2 Rejection 296 15.4.3 Disturbance Versus Fluid Phase 296 15.4.4 Dampening Gas/Vapor Flow Surge 297 15.4.5 Dampening Liquid Flow Surge 298 15.4.6 The Purpose of Containers in Process Plants 301 15.5 Equipment Control 302 15.5.1 Do We Need to Control at All? 302 15.5.2 Principles of Equipment‐wise Control 302 15.6 Pipe Control System 304 15.6.1 Control of a Single Pipe 304 15.6.1.1 Control of Pressure in a Pipe 304 15.6.1.2 Control of Flow in a Pipe 304 15.6.2 Controlling Multiple Pipes 306 15.6.2.1 Flow Merging 306 15.6.2.2 Flow Splitting 308 15.7 Fluid Mover Control System 309 15.7.1 Pump Control Systems 310 15.7.1.1 Centrifugal Pump Control 310 15.7.1.2 Positive Displacement (PD) Pump 314 15.7.2 Gas Mover Control Systems 316 15.7.2.1 Capacity Control Methods for Gas Movers 316 15.7.3 Anti‐Surge Control 319 15.7.4 Lead–Lag Operation of Fluid‐Movers 319 15.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control 320 15.8.1 Heat Exchanger Control System 320 15.8.1.1 Direct Control System 320 15.8.1.2 Bypass Control System 321 15.8.1.3 Control of Heat Exchangers Experiencing Phase Change 324 15.8.2 Air Cooler Control 327 15.8.3 Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery 327 15.8.4 Back Pressure Control of Heat Exchangers 328 15.8.5 Fired Heater Control 328 15.9 Container Control System 331 15.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems 332 Reference 332 16 Plant Interlocks and Alarms 333 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Safety Strategies 333 16.3 Concept of a SIS 333 16.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types 333 16.5 SIS Extent 336 16.6 Deciding on the Required SIS 336 16.7 The Anatomy of a SIS 336 16.7.1 SIS Element Symbols 336 16.7.1.1 SIS Primary Elements: Sensors 337 16.7.2 SIS Final Elements 337 16.7.2.1 Switching Valves 337 16.7.2.2 Switching Valve Actuator Arrangements 338 16.7.2.3 Valve Position Validation 338 16.7.2.4 Merging a Switching Valve and a Control Valve 338 16.7.2.5 On/off Action of Electric Motors 339 16.7.3 SIS Logic 339 16.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs 340 16.9 Discrete Control 343 16.10 Alarm System 344 16.10.1 Anatomy of Alarm Systems 345 16.10.2 Alarm Requirements 345 16.10.3 Alarm System Symbology 346 16.10.4 Concept of “Common Alarm” 347 16.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS) 347 16.11.1 Manual Alarm 350 16.12 Electric Motor Control 351 16.12.1 Simple Motor Control 351 16.12.2 The Focal Element of Motor Control: mcc 351 16.12.3 All About Relationships with Electric Motors 351 16.12.4 P&ID Representation of Commands and Responses 352 16.12.5 P&ID Representation of Principal Arrangement for Inspection and Repair 353 16.12.6 Examples 355 Part IV Utilities 357 17 Utilities 359 17.1 Utility System Components 359 17.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems 359 17.2.1 Identifying the Utility Users 359 17.2.2 Utility Distribution and Collection Network Topologies 359 17.2.3 Designing the Detail of a Utility Network 361 17.2.4 Placing Priority on Utility Users 362 17.2.5 Connection Details of Utility to Process 363 17.3 Different Utilities in Plants 363 17.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants 363 17.4.1 Instrument Air (IA) 363 17.4.2 Utility Air (UA) or Plant Air (PA) 364 17.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants 364 17.5.1 Utility Water (UW) or Plant Water (PW) 364 17.5.2 Potable Water 364 17.6 Heat Transfer Media 364 17.6.1 Steam 365 17.7 Condensate Collection Network 366 17.8 Fuel as Utility 366 17.8.1 Fuel Oil 366 17.8.2 Fuel Gas 366 17.9 Inert Gas 367 17.9.1 Blanket Gas 367 17.9.2 Purging Gas 367 17.10 Vapor Collection Network 367 17.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network 368 17.12 Fire Water 368 17.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System 370 17.14 Utility Circuits 372 17.14.1 Air Circuit 372 17.14.2 Steam–Condensate Circuit 374 17.14.3 Cooling Water Circuit 375 17.14.4 Natural Gas Preparation System 375 17.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks 375 Part V Additional Information and General Procedure 379 18 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations 381 18.1 Introduction 381 18.2 Safety Issues 381 18.2.1 Different Types of Hazards 381 18.2.2 Hazards and Injuries 381 18.2.3 Mechanical Hazards 381 18.2.4 Chemical Hazards 382 18.2.5 Energy Hazards 382 18.2.5.1 Noise Barrier 382 18.2.5.2 Burning Prevention 382 18.2.6 Safety Showers and Eye Washers 383 18.3 Dealing with Environment 384 18.3.1 Arrangements for Maintaining the Temperature of the Process 384 18.3.2 Winterization 385 18.3.3 Deciding on the Extent of Insulation 389 18.3.4 Summary of Insulation 390 18.4 Utility Stations 390 18.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs 392 18.5.1 The Program Component 392 18.5.2 Sampling System 393 18.5.3 Sample Extraction Device 393 18.5.4 Sample Transferring Tube 394 18.5.5 Sample Conditioning System 394 18.5.6 Sample Hand‐Over System 395 18.5.7 Waste Sample Collection System 395 18.5.8 Sampling Station Structural Frame 395 18.5.9 Showing a Sampling System on P&IDs 396 18.5.10 Sampling System for Process Analyzers 396 18.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program 396 18.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID 397 18.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations 398 18.8.1 Decision on “Design Pressure @ Design Temperature” Pair 399 18.8.1.1 Deciding on “Design Pressure” 399 18.8.1.2 Deciding on “Design Temperature” 399 18.8.2 Sources of Rebel Pressures 400 18.8.3 Sources of Rebel Temperatures 400 18.8.4 Design Pressure and Design Temperature of Single Process Elements 400 18.8.5 Design Pressure of Connected Items 401 18.8.5.1 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Equipment 402 18.8.5.2 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Sensor 403 19 General Procedures 405 19.1 Introduction 405 19.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development 405 19.2.1 P&ID Development: Piping and Equipment 405 19.2.2 P&ID Development: Control and Instruments 406 19.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking 409 19.3.1 Format Check 409 19.3.2 Demonstration Rules Check 410 19.3.3 Technical Check 410 19.3.4 Design Check 412 19.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking 412 19.4.1 Systematic Approach 412 19.4.2 Scanning Approach 412 19.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development 413 20 Examples 417 Index 453
£109.76
Oxford University Press Inc Power to the People
Book SynopsisEssential reading on how technology empowers rogue actors and how society can adapt.Never have so many possessed the means to be so lethal. A dramatic shift from 20th century closed military innovation to open innovation driven by commercial processes is underway. The diffusion of modern technology--robotics, cyber weapons, 3-D printing, synthetic biology, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence--to ordinary people has given them access to weapons of mass violence previously monopolized by the state. As Audrey Kurth Cronin explains in Power to the People, what we are seeing now is the continuation of an age-old trend. Over the centuries, from the invention of dynamite to the release of the AK-47, many of the most surprising developments in warfare have occurred because of technological advances combined with changes in who can use them. That shifting social context illuminates our current situation, in which new open technologies are reshaping the future of war. Cronin explains why certain lethal technologies spread, which ones to focus on, and how individuals and private groups will adapt lethal off-the-shelf technologies for malevolent ends. Now in paperback with a foreword by Lawrence Freedman and a new epilogue, Power to the People focuses on how to both preserve the promise of emerging technologies and reduce risks. Power is flowing to the people, but the same digital technologies that empower can imperil global security--unless we act strategically.Trade ReviewA Foreign Affairs Best Book of 2019Rather than broadly faulting emergent lethal technologies, [Cronin] makes a very focused and compelling case for attending to the threats posed by open-source 'off-the-shelf' technologies that are affordable and easily operated, and are easily weaponized (3D-printed guns and the arming of inexpensive hobby drones are two relevant examples)... Cronin invites readers to consider specific case studies in which similar emergence, diffusion, and affordability of lethal technology fomented and enabled unanticipated terrorist activity. * Science *Power to the People is an extraordinary achievement due to impeccable research and the author's exceptional wisdom. It must be read widely to help generate common understanding of the dangers we face and the actions we must take to maximize the promise of emerging technologies while protecting our citizens and safeguarding our societies." - H.R. McMaster, former United States National Security Advisor and author of Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to VietnamFrom dynamite to drones, Audrey Kurth Cronin provides a much-needed reassessment of how non-state actors adopt technology for violence. Weaving together technology, history, sociology, and organizational theory, Power to the People is a must-read for those looking to understand the democratization of destruction and how to respond." - Paul Scharre, Senior Fellow and Director of the Technology and National Security Program at the Center for a New American Security and author of Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of WarPower to the People is a must-read for those seeking to understand how new technologies and innovation can change society, the nature of conflict, and our world. With compelling historical research and incisive analysis, Audrey Kurth Cronin gives us invaluable insights into how new technologies are transforming the security landscape and pragmatic recommendations on what we need to do in response." - Michèle Flournoy, CEO, WestExec Advisors and former United States Under Secretary of Defense for PolicyIn this meticulously researched book, Cronin shows how groups such as the Islamic State (or isis) exploit new technologies such as the Internet, smartphones, autonomous vehicles, and artificial intelligence. Cronin hardly wants innovation to stop just because of potentially malign applications. Instead, she argues that governments must develop countermeasures to preempt militants from co-opting innovations to catastrophic effect." - Foreign Affairs[Power to the People] belongs on every national security professional's shelf." - War on the RocksWinner of the 2020 Neave Prize"...Power to the People is a brilliantly conceived and executed book.... Kudos to Cronin." - H-DiploTable of ContentsForeword by Lawrence Freedman Introduction: The Age of Lethal Empowerment PART ONE: THEORY Chapter 1: Classic Models of Military Innovation: Shaped by the Nuclear Revolution Introduction The Historical Relationship between War and Technology Innovation is Double-Edged The Social Nature of Diffusion Technology is Not Strategy Historical Context Matters Opening Pandora's Box Chapter 2: The Arsenal for Anarchy: When and How Violent Individuals and Groups Innovate Introduction The Historical Relationship between Political Violence and Technology How Technologies Were Harnessed How Lethal Nonstate Actors Innovate Everett Rogers' Theory of Commercial Diffusion Revisited PART TWO: HISTORY Chapter 3: Dynamite and the Birth of Modern Terrorism Introduction The Advent of Gunpowder Early Explosive Violence from Below Gunpowder Helps Build the Modern World Alfred Nobel's Vision Dynamite Becomes the People's Weapon The Narodnaya Volya and the Killing of the Tsar The Skirmishers and Clan na Gael The International Anarchist Movement Why Dynamite Diffused Chapter 4: How Dynamite Diffused Introduction Innovation Was Not Driven by the Military The Global Production of Dynamite Growth Despite Danger Inexorable Downward Pressure on Price The Stoking of Discontent The International Anarchist Convention of 1881 and 'Propaganda of the Deed' Dynamite Schools and Pamphlets Anarchist Newspapers and Periodicals Worldwide Mass Market Sensationalism Patterns in Numbers of Attacks How Global Dynamitings Ended Nobel's Remorse Chapter 5: The Kalashnikov and the Global Wave of Insurgencies Introduction The Evolution of Firearms and the Introduction of the Machine Gun Kalashnikov's Invention of the AK-47 Why the AK-47 Was so Widely Adopted A Humble, Yet Disruptive Innovation Chapter 6: How the Kalashnikov Diffused The Kalashnikov's Debut and Public Demonstration Trading in Kalashnikovs The Diffusion of Kalashnikovs A Proliferation of Factories The Revolutionary's Weapon of Choice Back to the USA The Impact on the Power of States Why the Kalashnikov Spread The Floodgates Opened Kalashnikov's Regret The Power of Unintended Consequences PART THREE: CONVERGENCE: WIDESPREAD LETHAL EMPOWERMENT Chapter 7: Open Innovation of Mobilization: Social Media and Conquering Digital Terrain Introduction The New Nature of Mobilization New Tools for Old Tactics New Tools Used in New Ways Boundless Interactivity Mobile Streaming Videos and Live-streaming Quality First-Person Filmmaking Technology Viral Fake News End-to-End Encryption Hijacking Psychological Tactics Unintended Consequences Redux Chapter 8: Open Innovation of Reach: From AK-47s to Drones, Robots, Smartphones, and 3-D Printing Introduction Convergent Technologies and Extended Reach The Scope of Unmanned Systems How Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Extend Private Reach Predators, Reapers, Global Hawk: Sustaining Technologies The Pattern of State-to-State Proliferation of UAVs State-to-Group Proliferation of UAVs: Hezbollah and Hamas These Are Not the Drones You're Looking For Terrorist and Insurgent Groups' Lethal UAV Programs Crowd-funded, "Grey Zone," and Private UAV Intelligence Advances in the Works Drones as Missiles Democratized Precision Strike Capability Everyone Manufactures Everything with 3D Printing Individual Flying Devices Lagging Countermeasures Chapter 9: An Army of One Launches Many: Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence Introduction A Spectrum of Autonomy The Perils of Full Artificial Intelligence The Predictions of Lethal Empowerment Theory Autonomous Reach Self-driving Truck Bombs Hijacking the Internet of Things Autonomous Swarms Small Autonomous Killer Robots Tailored for Terrorism Conclusion: Strategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment Powerful Economic Incentives for Diffusion Technological Optimism and a Boom in Tinkering New Communications Technologies Are Powerful Incentives to Violence Militaries Are Facing the Innovator's Dilemma Disruptive Private Armies: The ISIS Precedent Responding to the Threat The Profit Motive for Protections Regulation Is Not Necessarily Strangulation Building Up National Security Strategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment Epilogue
£27.62
Floris Books Hidden Nature
Book SynopsisDescribes and explains Schauberger's insights in an accessible way, including his discoveries about sick water, ailing forests, climate change and renewable energy.Trade Review'The book seeks to explain its concepts in simple language, assisted throughout by clear and well-annotated illustrations. Thought-provoking.'-- Jeff Sanderson, Light, Summer 2004'Hidden Nature is a comprehensive breakdown of Viktor Schauberger's stunning ideas and observations. Alick Bartholomew strips away the complexity of Callum Coats' book Living Energies, in order better to understand Schauberger's main themes. It will certainly transform your views on water. The graphics are the clearest I've seen in any book on Schauberger. I highly recommend it if you want to learn about Schauberger's natural science.'-- Amazon UK review'Hidden Nature gives a context for Schauberger's thinking and brings it into the framework of later understandings, such as Gaia theory and Lawrence Edwards' work. As one reads this very accessible book, one is left with a growing sense that his system is so simple, so sensible and rooted in reality, that one wonders why on earth more people don't know about it.'-- Jane Cobbald, Star and Furrow, Winter 2003'Alick Bartholomew is in a very good position to have written this introductory overview of Schauberger's work for the general reader. With its readable text and informative illustrations, this is an essential primer.'-- David Lorimer, Scientific and Medical Network Review, Spring 2004'A spacious and well-presented book with plenty of diagrams. The concepts are explained well. Fascinating and thought-provoking.'-- Reforesting Scotland, Spring 2004'The book's scope is very broad and it is intended to be more accessible to the lay reader than the technical publications on Schauberger. [...] It has always puzzled me that Jack and Jill went *up* the hill for their water. The "anomaly point", central to Schauberger's understanding of how true springs form, might be a clue.... Schauberger's ideas, ideals even, resonate strongly with the modern debate about sustainability.'-- New View, December 2003'This is a timely book on a profound subject ... Hidden Nature reveals a timeless wisdom requiring urgent attention ... Water may seem to you so ordinary, but this book will totally transform your perception of it. After reading Hidden Nature you will know that it is the most precious substance on the Earth.'-- Satish Kumar, Editor, Resurgence magazine'Alick Bartholomew tells how in 1950 Richard St Barbe Baker arranged for Schauberger's son, a trained physicist, to talk to a group of atomic physicists at Birmingham University. A few weeks later, Baker asked the scientists if they had held a postmortem on Schauberger's presentation. "Yes indeed," they admitted; they had decided that it was "unchallengable". "Then what are you going to do about it?" asked Baker. "Nothing," was their retort. "Why not?" "Because it would mean rewriting all the textbooks in the world." That, in my view, is reason enough to read this book.'-- Jane Cobbald, Star and Furrow, Winter 2003'Alick Bartholomew provides a fitting first glimpse [of Schauberger's insights and inventions] with Hidden Nature. If you've had enough of the mechanistic, materialistic worldview and are looking for an alternative approach that's based on a real appreciation of Nature's workings, this is the book for you.'-- Ruth Parnell, Nexus Magazine, February 2004'Schauberger was an untutored genius well ahead of his time. His remarkable insights and investigations into water and living energies challenge established scientific dogmas then and now. Alick Bartholomew has done an admirable job of making Schauberger's work accessible and relevant to our age without compromising its artistic integrity. Read it for pure inspiration and for concrete ideas on disciplines as diverse as bioenergetics, consciousness, earth science, hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and many others yet to be named.'-- Dr Mae-Wan Ho, biologist, author, and editor of Science in SocietyTable of ContentsForeword by David BellamyIntroduction: Levitation and resistanceless movement; The non-conformist; Alternative worldviewPart One: An Alternative World-View1. Schaubergers Vision: Water wizard; Log flumes; Water, source of life; Subtle energies; Motion is crucial; Temperature controls; Water, source of life; Evolution; Balance; Implosion; The visionary2. Different Kinds of Energy: Subtle energies; Viktors worldview; Why the mystery? Degrees of energy; Vortex, key to creative evolution; Energies as creative process; Spiritual science; Different dimensions; Changing octaves3. Attraction & Repulsion of Opposites: Sun as fertilizing entity; Polarities; Opposites working towards balance; Gravity & levity4. Nature's Patterns & Shapes: Sound as Resonance; Resonance is about qualities; Plants have perception and memory; Cymatics; Patterns & shapes; Patterns in motion; Rhythms in solar system; Cosmic rhythms; The confrontation of two Geometric Systems; Sacred geometry; The Golden Mean; The magic of the egg form Part Two: How the World Works5. Energy Production: Inefficiency of modern technology; Entropy & ectropy; Scientific laws; Energy pollution; The choice before us; Energy defines quality; The creative energy vortex6. Motion, Key to Balance: We use the wrong form of motion; The original motion; Types of motion7. Atmosphere & Electricity: Earths atmosphere; Electricity; Terrestrial bio-condenser; Earth as accumulator of energy; Electrism and magnetism; Storms, water vapour and climatePart Three: Water the Source of Life8. The Nature of Water: Memory of water; Creation of water; Anomaly point of water; Qualities of water; How the river protects itself; Temperature gradient. & nutrient supply9. The Hydrological Cycle: Full & half hydrological cycles; Temperature gradients & nutrient supply10. Formation of Springs: The veneration of springs; Seepage springs; True springs; How spring water rises; Energy from deep ocean11. How Rivers Flow: Stages of a river; Temperature & movement of water; Positive temperature gradients; Dams; Flow guides; Energy bodies; Formation of vortices; Vortices as the source of creative energy; Formation of bends; Conventional river engineering; Hydro-electric power12. Supplying Water: Dwindling water supplies; Water for profit; Modern water treatments chlorine fluoride; Transmuting waters memory; Tubular water movement; Water main materials; The wooden water main; Stuttgart tests; Circulation of bloodPart Four: The Life of Trees13. The Role of the Forest: Evolution of the forest; Destruction of the forests; A moral tale; Tropical rainforests; Forestry; Monoculture; Biodiversity; Energy in the forest14. Trees: Trees in the biosphere; Form of a tree; Trees and humans; Trees and colour; Their physical nature; Tree classification; Trees response to light; Light & shade demanding trees; Light-induced growth; Man-made depredations; Importance of photosynthesis; Creation of water; Maturation of water15. Tree Metabolism: Sap movement; Temperature gradients; Trees as bio-condensers; Root systems. Soil and nutritionPart Five: Working with Nature16. Soil Fertility and Cultivation: Crisis in intensive farming; Ploughing methods; Two kinds of electromagnetism; Golden plough; Bio plough; Aligning furrows; Grazing & grass cutting; Artificial fertilizers17. Organic Cultivation: Biological agriculture; Soil mineralization; Organic farming, Biodynamic farming; Subtle energies in Nature; Cold Fire; Fertilizing agenciesPart Six: The Energy Revolution18. Harnessing Implosion Power: An American consortium; A new kind of aircraft? The beginnings of implosion research; Schaubergers Free Energy Search; Flying saucers; Biological vacuum; The repulsator; The implosion motor; The repulsine & flying saucer19. Viktor Schauberger & Society: The human legacy; Implementing Schaubergers researchAcknowledgments, Resources, Bibliography, Index
£18.00
Haynes Publishing Group Compilation Ac21 Ac23 Ac31 Ac33
Book SynopsisSpecific Models Covered:Model D-19*; Models 180*, 185*, 190*, 190XT*, 200**, 7000**; Models D-21**, D-21 Series II**, Two-Ten**, Two-Twenty**, Models 7010**, 7020**, 7030**, 7040**, 7045**, 7050**, 7060**, 7080**
£22.50
McGraw-Hill Education ISE Semiconductor Physics And Devices
Book Synopsis
£53.09
McNidder & Grace Sheepdogs at Work
Book SynopsisShepherd Tony Iley believes it's one of the wonders of the world to see a good Collie working in harmony with his master. In his book he covers the history of the working dog, training from puppy onwards, trials, breeding and the experiences of handlers past and present. He tells his wonderful story of the relationship between one man and his dog.
£8.54
Haynes Publishing Group Norton 500 600 650 750 Twins 57 70 Haynes
Book SynopsisSpecific Models Covered:77 597cc 57-59; 88 497cc 57-63; 88SS 497cc 61-66; 99 597cc 57-66; 99SS 597cc 62-66; Atlas 745cc 63-68; G15 (Matchless) 745cc 64-67; Manxman 647cc 62-68; Mercury 647cc 68-70; N15 745cc 1967; P11 745cc 66-67; Ranger (P11A) 745cc 67-68; Sports Special 647cc 62-68.
£26.25
Rider-French Consulting Limited The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs
Book Synopsis
£47.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Pipe Flow
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Nomenclature xxiii Part I Methodology 1 1 Fundamentals 3 1.1 System of Units 3 1.2 Fluid Properties 4 1.2.1 Pressure 4 1.2.2 Temperature 5 1.2.3 Density 6 1.2.4 Viscosity 6 1.2.5 Energy 7 1.2.6 Heat 7 1.3 Velocity 8 1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 8 1.4.1 Reynolds Number 8 1.4.2 Relative Roughness 9 1.4.3 Loss Coefficient 9 1.4.4 Mach Number 9 1.4.5 Froude Number 9 1.4.6 Reduced Pressure 10 1.4.7 Reduced Temperature 10 1.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 10 1.5 Equations of State 10 1.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 10 1.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 11 1.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 11 1.6 Flow Regimes 12 1.7 Similarity 12 1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 12 1.7.2 Limitations 13 References 13 Further Reading 13 2 Conservation Equations 15 2.1 Conservation of Mass 15 2.2 Conservation of Momentum 15 2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 17 2.4 Conservation of Energy 18 2.4.1 Potential Energy 18 2.4.2 Pressure Energy 19 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 19 2.4.4 Heat Energy 19 2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 20 2.5 General Energy Equation 20 2.6 Head Loss 21 2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 21 2.8 Conventional Head Loss 22 2.9 Grade Lines 23 References 23 Further Reading 23 3 Incompressible Flow 25 3.1 Conventional Head Loss 25 3.2 Sources of Head Loss 26 3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 26 3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 26 3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 26 3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 27 3.2.1.4 Friction Factor 27 3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 29 3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31 References 31 Further Reading 32 4 Compressible Flow 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Problem Solution Methods 34 4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 34 4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 35 4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 36 4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 37 4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 39 4.4.1 Shapiro’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 39 4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 39 4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 42 4.4.2 Turton’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 42 4.4.3 Binder’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 43 4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 43 4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 44 4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 45 4.8 Two-Phase Flow 45 4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 45 4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and ẇ are Known 46 4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 46 4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 47 4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 47 4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 47 4.9.2 Solve for ẇ and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and p2 are Known 48 4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 48 4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 48 4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 49 4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 49 4.9.3 Observations 49 4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow 50 4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 50 4.10.2 Input Data 50 4.10.3 Initial Calculations 50 4.10.4 Solution 50 4.10.5 Comparison with Crane’s Solutions 51 References 51 Further Reading 51 5 Network Analysis 53 5.1 Coupling Effects 53 5.2 Series Flow 54 5.3 Parallel Flow 54 5.4 Branching Flow 55 5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 56 5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 56 5.5.2 Input Parameters 57 5.5.3 Initial Calculations 57 5.5.4 Network Flow Equations 57 5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 57 5.5.4.2 Energy Equations 57 5.5.5 Solution 59 5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 59 5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 60 5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 60 5.6.1.2 Input Parameters 60 5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 62 5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 62 5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 63 5.6.1.6 Solution 63 5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 64 5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 64 5.6.2.2 Input Parameters 64 5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 64 5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 65 5.6.2.5 Solution 65 5.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop 65 5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 65 5.7.2 Input Data 66 5.7.3 Initial Calculations 67 5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations 67 5.7.4.1 Individual Loss Coefficients 67 5.7.4.2 Series Loss Coefficients 68 5.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations 68 5.7.5.1 Steam Dome to Steam Drum 68 5.7.5.2 Steam Drum to Turbine Stop Valves Pressure Drop 69 5.7.6 Predicted Pressure at Turbine Stop Valves 70 References 70 Further Reading 70 6 Transient Analysis 71 6.1 Methodology 71 6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 72 6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads 72 6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 73 6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 74 6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 75 6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 76 6.3.2 Heat Transfer 76 6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration 77 6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain 77 6.4.1.1 Direct Solution 78 6.4.1.2 Time Step Solution 78 References 78 Further Reading 78 7 Uncertainty 79 7.1 Error Sources 79 7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 81 7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 81 7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 81 7.4.1 Input Data 81 7.4.2 Solution 82 7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 82 7.5.1 Input Data 83 7.5.2 Solution 83 Further Reading 84 Part II Loss Coefficients 85 8 Surface Friction 87 8.1 Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness 87 8.2 Friction Factor 87 8.2.1 Laminar Flow Region 87 8.2.2 Critical Zone 88 8.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region 88 8.2.3.1 Smooth Pipes 88 8.2.3.2 Rough Pipes 88 8.3 The Colebrook–White Equation 88 8.4 The Moody Chart 89 8.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 89 8.5.1 Moody’s Approximate Formula 89 8.5.2 Wood’s Approximate Formula 90 8.5.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 90 8.5.4 Chen’s Formula 90 8.5.5 Shacham’s Formula 90 8.5.6 Barr’s Formula 90 8.5.7 Haaland’s Formulas 90 8.5.8 Manadilli’s Formula 90 8.5.9 Romeo’s Formula 91 8.5.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook– White Equation 91 8.6 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 91 8.6.1 Churchill’s 1977 Formula 91 8.6.2 Modifications to Churchill’s 1977 Formula 92 8.7 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces 93 8.8 Age and usage of Pipe 94 8.8.1 Corrosion and Encrustation 95 8.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 95 8.8.3 Inherent Margin 95 8.9 Noncircular Passages 97 References 97 Further Reading 98 9 Entrances 101 9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 101 9.1.1 Flush Mounted 101 9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 102 9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 102 9.2 Rounded Entrance 103 9.3 Beveled Entrance 104 9.4 Entrance Through an Orifice 104 9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 106 References 111 Further Reading 111 10 Contractions 113 10.1 Flow Model 113 10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 114 10.3 Rounded Contraction 115 10.4 Conical Contraction 116 10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 117 10.4.2 Local Loss 118 10.5 Beveled Contraction 119 10.6 Smooth Contraction 119 10.7 Pipe Reducer – Contracting 120 References 125 Further Reading 125 11 Expansions 127 11.1 Sudden Expansion 127 11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 128 11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers 131 11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 132 11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 132 11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 135 11.5 Pipe Reducer – Expanding 136 References 142 Further Reading 142 12 Exits 145 12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 145 12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 146 12.3 Discharge from an Orifice 146 12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 148 12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 148 13 Orifices 153 13.1 Generalized Flow Model 154 13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice 155 13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 155 13.2.2 In a Transition Section 156 13.2.3 In a Wall 157 13.3 Round-Edged Orifice 157 13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 157 13.3.2 In a Transition Section 158 13.3.3 In a Wall 159 13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 159 13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 159 13.4.2 In a Transition Section 160 13.4.3 In a Wall 160 13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 161 13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 161 13.5.2 In a Transition Section 162 13.5.3 In a Wall 163 13.6 Multi-Hole Orifices 163 13.7 Non-Circular Orifices 164 References 169 Further Reading 170 14 Flow Meters 173 14.1 Flow Nozzle 173 14.2 Venturi Tube 174 14.3 Nozzle/Venturi 175 References 177 Further Reading 177 15 Bends 179 15.1 Overview 179 15.2 Bend Losses 180 15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends 181 15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends 182 15.3 Coils 185 15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix 185 15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 185 15.4 Miter Bends 186 15.5 Coupled Bends 187 15.6 Bend Economy 187 References 192 Further Reading 193 16 Tees 195 16.1 Overview 195 16.1.1 Previous Endeavors 195 16.1.2 Observations 197 16.2 Diverging Tees 197 16.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run 197 16.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch 199 16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch 202 16.3 Converging Tees 202 16.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run 202 16.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch 204 16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch 207 16.4 Full-Flow Through Run 208 References 226 Further Reading 226 17 Pipe Joints 229 17.1 Weld Protrusion 229 17.2 Backing Rings 230 17.3 Misalignment 231 17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe 231 17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 231 18 Valves 233 18.1 Multiturn Valves 233 18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 233 18.1.2 Gate Valve 234 18.1.3 Globe Valve 234 18.1.4 Pinch Valve 235 18.1.5 Needle Valve 235 18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 236 18.2.1 Ball Valve 236 18.2.2 Butterfly Valve 236 18.2.3 Plug Valve 236 18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 237 18.3.1 Check Valve 237 18.3.2 Relief Valve 238 18.4 Control Valves 239 18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 239 References 240 Further Reading 240 19 Threaded Fittings 241 19.1 Reducers: Contracting 241 19.2 Reducers: Expanding 241 19.3 Elbows 242 19.4 Tees 242 19.5 Couplings 242 19.6 Valves 243 Reference 243 Further Reading 243 Part III Flow Phenomena 245 20 Cavitation 247 20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 247 20.2 Pipeline Design 248 20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 248 20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH 249 20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 250 20.4.1.1 Input Parameters 250 20.4.1.2 Solution 250 20.4.1.3 Results 250 20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 251 20.4.2.1 Input Parameters 251 20.4.2.2 Solution 251 20.4.2.3 Results 251 20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation 252 20.5.1 Input Parameters 252 20.5.2 Calculations and Results 253 Reference 253 Further Reading 254 21 Flow-induced Vibration 255 21.1 Steady Internal Flow 255 21.2 Steady External Flow 255 21.3 Water Hammer 256 21.4 Column Separation 258 References 258 Further Reading 258 22 Temperature Rise 261 22.1 Head Loss 261 22.2 Pump Temperature Rise 261 22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance 262 22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up 262 22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature 262 References 263 23 Flow to Run Full 265 23.1 Open Flow 265 23.2 Full Flow 266 23.3 Submerged Flow 268 23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application 269 Further Reading 270 24 Jet Pump Performance 271 24.1 Performance Characteristics 271 24.2 Mixing Section Model 272 24.2.1 Momentum Balance 273 24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density 274 24.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity 274 24.3 Component Flow Losses 274 24.3.1 Surface Friction 274 24.3.2 Loss Coefficients 274 24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths 276 24.4.1 Drive Flow Path 276 24.4.2 Suction Flow Path 276 24.5 Flow Model Validation 276 24.6 Example Problem: Water–Water Jet Pump 278 24.6.1 Flow Conditions 278 24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry 278 24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations 278 24.6.4 Loss Coefficients 279 24.6.5 Predicted Performance 280 24.7 Parametric Studies 281 24.7.1 Surface Finish Differences 281 24.7.2 Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio Variation 282 24.7.3 Density Differences 282 24.7.4 Viscosity Differences 282 24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Representations 283 24.8 Epilogue 283 References 283 Further Reading 283 Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1 Atmosphere 287 Appendix B Pipe Size Data 291 Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions 299 Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations 311 D.1 The Redlich–Kwong Equation 311 D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation 312 D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 314 D.4 Compressibility Chart 314 Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Using Mach Number as a Parameter 319 E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 319 E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 324 References 325 Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations 327 F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 327 F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 329 References 330 Appendix G Speed of Sound in Water 331 Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program 333 Index 343
£105.26
Schiffer Publishing Ltd V2 Dawn of the Rocket Age
Book Synopsis
£12.59
Cengage Learning, Inc Welding and Metal Fabrication
Book SynopsisWELDING AND METAL FABRICATION employs a unique hands-on, project-based learning strategy to teach welding skills effectively and keep you motivated. This groundbreaking new book connects each welding technique to a useful and creative take-home project, making exercises both practical and personal'and avoiding the tedium of traditional, repetitive welding practices. To further enhance the learning process, every welding project includes a set of prints with specifications, like those used in production fabrication shops. This full-featured approach to skill-building reflects the reality of professional welding, where following prints and instructions precisely and laying out, cutting out, and assembling weldment accurately are just as essential as high-quality welding. The included projects are small to conserve materials during the learning process, but detailed instructions and abundant photos and illustrations guide you through a wide range of fabrication skills. Key steps and techn
£59.84
teNeues Publishing UK Ltd Treasures from the Patek Philippe Museum: Vol. 1:
Book SynopsisInnovation, exclusivity, and elegance define Patek Philippe, a family-owned company with a single and passionate calling: to perfect the watch. These lavishly illustrated books present some of the most important timepieces from the more than 3,000 watches exhibited at the Patek Philippe Museum in Geneva. These precious timepieces have been passionately assembled over more than 40 years by Philippe Stern, Honorary President of the company, and include some of the most valuable pieces in watchmaking history. The books allow you to take the Patek Philippe Museum’s exhibition home with you, or, alternatively, to get a preview of its treasures before you visit. From the collection of historic watches featuring the first portable timepieces dating back to the 16th century to innovative milestones in Patek Philippe’s portfolio since its founding in 1839, each watch is reproduced with such beauty and precision that you can almost hear it ticking. With expert curatorial insight and context from Peter Friess, Conservateur of the Patek Philippe Museum, these intricate mechanisms are not only presented for themselves; they also offer a unique perspective into the cultural history of the last 500 years. True to the trust and excellence of the Patek Philippe brand, the presentation, the extraordinary book design by Birgit Binner, and content of these sumptuous publications meet the highest professional standards. They are the perfect books for the “perfect watch.”Trade Review"A handsome two-volume photo book dives into the history of the storied Swiss watchmaker... At the core of each volume is a range of photos and illustrations detailing more than 3,000 watches from the enviable Patek Philippe Museum in Geneva, with the selection itself curated by Patek Philippe Museum Director Peter Friess." - MaximAnnual Holiday Gift Guide 2023: "Two books are presented in a beautiful slipcase featuring 235 rare watches from the Patek Philippe Collection. Published by teNeues this book takes readers back to the first portable timepieces from the 16th century to the founding of Patek Philippe in 1839, through the art of modern watchmaking." - The Gentleman Racer
£42.46
Skyhorse Publishing Google Leaks: A Whistleblower's Exposé of Big
Book SynopsisA Story of Big Tech Censorship and Bias and the Fight to Save Our Country The madness of Google's attempt to mold our reality into a version dictated by their corporate values has never been portrayed better than in this chilling account by Google whistleblower, Zach Vorhies. As a senior engineer at Zach watched in horror from the inside as the 2016 election of Donald Trump drove Google into a frenzy of censorship and political manipulation. The American ideal of an honest, hard-fought battle of ideas—when the contest is over, shaking hands and working together to solve problems—was replaced by a different, darker ethic alien to this country's history as wave after of censorship destroyed free speech and entire market sectors. Working with New York Times bestselling author Kent Heckenlively (Plague of Corruption), Vorhies and Heckenlively weave a tale of a tech industry once beloved by its central figure for its innovation and original thinking, turned into a terrifying “woke-church” of censorship and political intolerance. For Zach, an intuitive counter-thinker, brought up on the dystopian futures of George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, and Ray Bradbury, it was clear that Google was attempting nothing less than a seamless rewriting of the operating code of reality in which many would not be allowed to participate. Using Google's own internal search engine, Zach discovered their real "AI-Censorship" system called “Machine Learning Fairness,” which he claims is a merging of critical race theory and AI that was secretly released on their users of search, news and YouTube. He collected and released 950 pages of these documents to the Department of Justice and to the public in the summer of 2019 through Project Veritas with James O'Keefe, which quickly became their most popular whistleblower story, which started a trend of big whistleblowing. From Google re-writing their news algorithms to target Trump to using human tragedy emergencies to inject permanent blacklists, Zach and Kent provide a “you are there” perspective on how Google turned to the dark side to seize power. They finish by laying out a solution to fight censorship. Read this book if you care to know how Google tries to manipulate, censor, and downrank the voice of its users.Trade Review"A powerful case against Google that deserves readers’ attention." —KIRKUS “When Zach Vorhies went public with facts about Google’s chilling influence on the world’s information landscape, he was attacked, targeted, and smeared by the same machine he exposed. Don’t pass up the chance to learn what he knows.” —SHARYL ATTKISSON, investigative correspondent “You, sir, you are an American Hero.” —DONALD TRUMP, October 2020 at the Trump Doral “We owe Zach Vorhies and his coauthor Kent a debt of gratitude. He risked it all to reveal the truth. When all is said and done, humanity will remember those who told them the truth.” —TIFFANY FITZHENRY, writer and producer “I know a lot of creepy things about Google, but I was shocked by some of the revelations that turned up in the 950 pages of documents Vorhies extracted from the company. We all need to understand how dangerous this company is.” —DR. ROBERT EPSTEIN, Big Tech researcher and former editor-in-chief of Psychology Today “Few realize the risk that comes with exposing the communist nation that is Google. Zach Vorhies and Kent Heckenlively have laid their lives on the line to pull back the curtain on the technocratic overlords of the world’s most powerful monopoly.” —MIKKI WILLIS, filmmaker “Were it not for the information provided by Zach, we would not have exposed the way that companies like Google are attempting to manipulate reality. Instead of simply going with the flow, Zach did the right thing by blowing the whistle and for that we owe him a debt.” —CASSANDRA SPENCER, journalist, Project Veritas
£17.09
New Society Publishers Raising Goats Naturally 2nd Edition
Book Synopsis Produce your own milk, cheese, meat, fiber, fertilizer, and more Incorporating dairy goats into a diversified homestead can be the key to greater self-sufficiency. Responding to questions and concerns from readers from all over North America and beyond, this fully revised and expanded edition of Raising Goats Naturally will help readers work with nature to raise dairy goats to produce milk, cheese, meat, fertilizer, leather, fiber, and soap all without relying on drugs or following the factory farm model. By observing your own animals closely and educating yourself about their specific needs, you can create an individualized plan for keeping them healthy and maximizing their productivity. This unique, fully-illustrated guide will teach you to help your herd thrive with: Breed-specific descriptions to help you choose the right goats for your goals and lifestyle Detailed information on housing, fencing, breeding, health, milkingTable of Contents Acknowledgments Preface to the Second Edition Introduction Part I: Planning, Purchasing, and Protecting 1. Choosing Your Goats Breeds Does Bucks Registration Pedigree Purchasing 2. Housing Your Goats Shelter Bedding 3. Protecting Your Goats Fencing Livestock Guardians Part II: Raising, Remedies, and Reproduction 4. Day-to- Day Life With Goats Behavior Anatomy Health Grooming First Aid Supplies Medicating the Sick Goat 5. Feeding Your Goats Rotational Grazing Hay Grain Minerals Baking Soda 6. Parasites Internal Parasites Controlling Internal Parasites Preventing Infection External Parasites Controlling External Parasites 7. Injury, Illnesses, and Diseases Abortion and Stillbirth Abscesses Acidosis Bloat Brucellosis Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Constipation Cryptosporidiosis Enterotoxemia Floppy Kid Syndrome Foot Rot Hardware Disease Hypocalcemia Infertility in Bucks Infertility in Does Johne's Disease Ketosis Listeriosis Mastitis Nutritional Deficiencies Neonatal Mortality Pinkeye Polio (Polioencephalomalacia) Respiratory Conditions Ringworm Scours Scrapie Skin Cancer Sore Mouth Tetanus Tuberculosis Urinary Stones (Urinary Calculi) White Muscle Disease Vaccines 8. Breeding Breeding Season Breeding Age Signs of Estrus Breeding Methods Buck Behavior Successful Breeding Artificial Insemination Feeding for Fertility 9. Pregnancy Gestation Signs of Pregnancy False Pregnancy Feeding During Pregnancy 10. Birthing Getting Ready Signs of Labor Birth Feeding Post Birth Newborn Check Kid Complications 11. Raising Kids Getting Started With Dam Raising Getting Started With Bottle-feeding Poop Feeding Grain and Forage Horns Castrating Males Tattooing and Ear Tags Weaning Barn Hygiene 12. Milking Managing Milkers Naturally Teaching a Doe to Milk Milking Equipment Milking by Hand Milking With a Machine Handling Milk Storing Milk Part III: Milk, Meat, and More 13. The Dairy Kitchen Equipment Ingredients 14. Dairy Products Buttermilk and Sour Cream Yogurt Sweets 15. Acid-ripened Cheeses Vinegar Citric Acid 16. Culture-ripened Cheeses Choosing Cultures Flocculation Cutting Curds Semi-hard and Hard Cheeses 17. Meat Meat Quality Butchering Cooking 18. Soap Processes Safety Equipment Ingredients Step-by- Step Soap Making Final Thoughts Notes Glossary Suggested Reading Recipe Index Index About the Author About New Society Publishers
£22.49
Haynes Publishing Group International Harvester Farmall Tractor Service
Book SynopsisSpecific Models Covered:Diesel models: MD, Super MD, MDV, Super MDV, Super MTA, ODS6, WD6, Super WD6, WD9, Super WD9, WDR9, Super WDR9, Super W6TA
£24.00
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Atlantic Pilot Atlas
Book SynopsisThe Atlantic Pilot Atlas provides a complete guide to the weather of the North and South Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Now revised for the fifth edition, it includes weather forecasting, global warming and hurricane avoidance information as well as wind and current charts, wave heights, tropical cyclone tracks and shipping routes. Any skipper contemplating an ocean crossing needs to know what conditions he is likely to meet en route, in order to plan a safe and comfortable passage, and this book provides exactly what is needed. 40 specially drawn colour charts show detailed information on the winds, currents, gale frequencies, rough sea conditions, hurricane tracks and recommended sailing routes for each month of the year for all these oceans.''This is what every yachtsman contemplating an extended cruise needs in one book... No serious offshore bookshelf should be without one.'' Yachting Monthly ''Without doubt the most useful guide for anyone pla
£68.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Spectroscopy
Book SynopsisProvides students and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the theory of spectroscopy and the design and use of spectrophotometers In this book, you will learn the fundamental principles underpinning molecular spectroscopy and the connections between those principles and the design of spectrophotometers. Spectroscopy, along with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry, is an important and widely-used analytical technique. Applications of spectroscopy include air quality monitoring, compound identification, and the analysis of paintings and culturally important artifacts. This book introduces students to the fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy including UV-visible, infrared, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy in an approachable and comprehensive way. It goes beyond the basics of the subject and provides a detailed look at the interplay between theory and practice, making it ideal for courses in quantitative analysis, instrumeTable of ContentsABOUT THE COVER ix PREFACE xi 1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 1 1.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 1 1.1.1 Speed, c 2 1.1.2 Amplitude, A 2 1.1.3 Frequency, υ 3 1.1.4 Wavelength, λ 3 1.1.5 Energy, E 3 1.1.6 Wavenumber, 6 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 1.2.1 Radio‐Frequency Radiation (10−27 to 10−21 J/photon) 8 1.2.2 Microwave Radiation (10−23 to 10−22 J/photon) 10 1.2.3 Infrared Radiation (10−22 to 10−19 J/photon) 11 1.2.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation (10−19 to 10−18 J/photon) 12 1.2.5 X‐Ray Radiation (10−15 to 10−13 J/photon) 13 1.2.6 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation (10−13 to 10−11 J/photon and Higher) 13 1.3 The Perrin–Jablonski Diagram 15 1.3.1 Timescales of Events 18 1.3.2 Summary of Radiative and Nonradiative Processes 19 1.4 Temperature Effects on Ground and Excited State Populations 19 1.5 More Wave Characteristics 21 1.5.1 Adding Waves Together 21 1.5.2 Diffraction 21 1.5.3 Reflection 25 1.5.4 Refraction 28 1.5.5 Scattering 29 1.5.6 Polarized Radiation 31 1.6 Spectroscopy Applications 34 1.7 Summary 34 Problems 34 References 36 Further Reading 38 2. UV‐Visible Spectrophotometry 39 2.1 Theory 40 2.1.1 The Absorption Process 40 2.1.2 The Beer–Lambert Law 43 2.1.3 Solvent Effects on Molar Absorptivity and Spectra 49 2.2 UV‐Visible Instrumentation 52 2.2.1 Sources of Visible and Ultraviolet Light 54 2.2.2 Wavelength Selection: Filters 58 2.2.3 Wavelength Selection: Monochromators 61 2.2.4 Monochromator Designs: Putting It All Together 75 2.2.5 Detectors 79 2.3 Spectrophotometer Designs 85 2.3.1 Single‐Beam Spectrophotometers 85 2.3.2 Scanning Double‐Beam Instruments 89 2.3.3 Photodiode Array Instruments 93 2.4 The Practice of Spectrophotometry 98 2.4.1 Types of Samples That Can Be Analyzed 99 2.4.2 Preparation of Calibration Curves 100 2.4.3 Deviations from Beer’s Law 103 2.4.4 Precision: Relative Concentration Error 111 2.4.5 The Desirable Absorbance Range 114 2.5 Applications and Techniques 116 2.5.1 Simultaneous Determinations of Multicomponent Systems 116 2.5.2 Difference Spectroscopy 117 2.5.3 Derivative Spectroscopy 118 2.5.4 Titration Curves 119 2.5.5 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 121 2.6 A Specific Application of UV‐Visible Spectroscopy: Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.1 Myeloperoxidase, Immune Responses, Heart Attacks,and Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.2 Possible Mechanism for Myeloperoxidase Oxidation of LDL via Tyrosyl Radical Intermediates 123 2.7 Summary 127 Problems 127 References 132 Further Reading 134 3. Molecular Luminescence: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence 135 3.1 Theory 135 3.1.1 Absorbance Compared to Fluorescence 136 3.1.2 Factors That Affect Fluorescence Intensity 141 3.1.3 Quenching 146 3.1.4 Quantum Yield and Fluorescence Intensity 147 3.1.5 Linearity and Nonlinearity of Fluorescence: Quenching and Self-Absorption 149 3.2 Instrumentation 153 3.2.1 Instrument Design 154 3.2.2 Sources 154 3.2.3 Filters and Monochromators 157 3.2.4 Component Arrangement 158 3.2.5 Fluorometers 158 3.2.6 Spectrofluorometers 159 3.2.7 Cells and Slit Widths 164 3.2.8 Detectors 166 3.3 Practice of Luminescence Spectroscopy 167 3.3.1 Considerations and Options 167 3.3.2 Fluorescence Polarization 168 3.3.3 Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy 172 3.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 173 3.4.1 Fluorescence Microscopy Resolution 175 3.4.2 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 175 3.5 Phosphorescence and Chemiluminescence 177 3.5.1 Phosphorescence 177 3.5.2 Chemiluminescence 177 3.6 Applications of Fluorescence: Biological Systems and DNA Sequencing 179 3.7 Summary 186 Problems 186 References 190 Further Reading 192 4. Infrared Spectroscopy 193 4.1 Theory 193 4.1.1 Bond Vibrations 196 4.1.2 Other Types of Vibrations 198 4.1.3 Modeling Vibrations: Harmonic and Nonharmonic Oscillators 200 4.1.4 The 3N−6 Rule 207 4.2 FTIR Instruments 209 4.2.1 The Michelson Interferometer and Fourier Transform 210 4.2.2 Components of FTIR Instruments: Sources 224 4.2.3 Components of FTIR Instruments: DTGS and MCT Detectors 226 4.2.4 Sample Handling 227 4.2.5 Reflectance Techniques 231 4.3 Applications of IR Spectroscopy, Including Near‐IR and Far‐IR 234 4.3.1 Structure Determination with Mid‐IR Spectroscopy 235 4.3.2 Gas Analysis 235 4.3.3 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) 236 4.3.4 Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy (FIR) 245 4.4 Summary 248 Problems 248 References 251 Further Reading 254 5. Raman Spectroscopy 255 5.1 Energy-Level Description 255 5.2 Visualization of Raman Data 258 5.3 Molecular Polarizability 259 5.4 Brief Review of Molecular Vibrations 261 5.5 Classical Theory of Raman Scattering 262 5.6 Polarization of Raman Scattering 265 5.6.1 Depolarization Ratio 266 5.7 Instrumentation and Analysis Methods 266 5.7.1 Filter Instruments 267 5.7.2 Dispersive Spectrometers 270 5.7.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectrometers 271 5.7.4 Confocal Raman Instruments 271 5.7.5 Light Sources 273 5.8 Quantitative Analysis Methods 274 5.8.1 Calibration Curves 274 5.8.2 Curve Fitting 274 5.8.3 Ordinary Least Squares 275 5.8.4 Classical Least Squares 277 5.8.5 Implicit Analytical Methods 277 5.9 Applications 277 5.9.1 Art and Archeology 277 5.9.2 Pharmaceuticals 278 5.9.3 Forensics 279 5.9.4 Medicine and Biology 279 5.10 Signal Enhancement Techniques 282 5.10.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.3 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 284 5.11 Summary 286 Problems 286 References 288 Further Reading 289 SOLUTIONS 291 INDEX 315
£80.96
David & Charles Optimising Car Performance Modifications: -
Book SynopsisThis highly practical and useful book covers brilliant techniques that take the guesswork out of performance modification. Using just some low-cost tools, you can easily measure the flow restriction of your car's intake and exhaust. It's like having a huge flow-bench always available. By making some simple on-road measurements, you can plot the shape of the engine's power and torque curves - no dyno needed. This allows you to not only see if performance modifications to the engine are improving power, but also see where in the rev range those changes are occurring. Assess the worth of cams, a larger turbo, changed boost control or altered engine management mapping. But the book doesn't stop there - it also shows you how to measure your car's aerodynamics, seeing if at speed your car is developing lift or downforce. Want to make a rear wing work well? Test the angle at which downforce is greatest. You can also test the aerodynamic airflow through oil coolers, intercoolers and radiators. Interested in improving your suspension? By using a low-cost app and a smartphone, you can accurately measure suspension behaviour. If you want a practical, hands-on book that will immediately save you money, show where modifications are most needed, and can be used to assess performance outcomes, this is the book for you.Trade ReviewThe book itself is written in an easy to understand manner, with the concepts and ideas easily conveyed. It encourages you to try things, but to do so in a way which gets you useful information about the changes to your car. This book gets you comfortably into the subject, and crucially gets you thinking about it. - www.silhouet.com. Easy to understand and accompanied by a wealth of good photographs, if you are into car turning, this is a cost-effective must-have title. - Iain P W Robertson. Providing easy techniques for measuring the performance of your car on the road before and after modifications, this full-colour paperback from Veloce shows you how to plot the shape of engine power and torque curves, how to measure the airflow associated with air filters, throttle bodies and induction kits, how to flow-test exhausts, how to check oil cooler, intercooler and radiator airflow and how to measure braking and suspension behaviour using a smartphone. Boasting techniques that'll save you money whilst giving you real world results, this brilliant book (authored by AutoSpeed editor Julian Edgar) promises to enable you to make the most of your modified Porsche. - Ultimate Porsche. The book is a useful and essentially practical guide - providing you can find an empty enough stretch of road to put the author's techniques to the test! SpeedsceneTable of ContentsChapter 1 - Testing your car modifications on the road Chapter 2 - Plotting engine power and torque curves Chapter 3 - Measuring on-road performance Chapter 4 - Flow testing intakes and exhausts Chapter 5 - Testing suspension and brakes Chapter 6 - Testing aerodynamics Chapter 7 - Programmable engine management Chapter 8 - Performance modification - a personal approach
£12.74
Penguin Books Ltd What Could Possibly Go Wrong. . .
Book SynopsisWhat Could Possibly Go Wrong... is the eighth book in Jeremy Clarkson''s bestselling Clarkson on Cars series.There''s nothing quite like messing about on four wheels. In fact, there''s no better way to contemplate the madness of the world than from the driver''s seat of something which is zooming by very fast indeed. Or so Jeremy Clarkson believes. For he''s been pondering some really rather important matters, such as why:- God has a streak of German perfectionism- Crab spread beats Heston Blumenthal''s rhubarb mousse- Monaco''s billionaires are ruining the Grand Prix- The back of a dog tastes nicer than marzipanSomeone''s got to. And while a full tank and the open road might not quite reveal the meaning of life, there''s certainly some fun to be had along the way . . . ''Brilliant . . . laugh-out-loud'' Daily Telegraph''Very funny . . . I cracked up laughing on the tube'' EveniTrade ReviewBrilliant . . . laugh-out-loud funny * Daily Telegraph *Outrageously funny . . . will have you in stitches * Time Out *Very funny . . . I cracked up laughing on the tube * Evening Standard *
£10.44
Watchprint com Sarl Flightmaster Only: The OMEGA Pilot's Watch
Book SynopsisThe highly evocative Flightmaster name was first mentioned by OMEGA in 1956-57, but it was not until the late 1960s that it was used to designate an incomparable watch, initially intended for aircraft pilots. At the time, it was regarded as the watch industry equivalent of the Swiss army knife, meaning the ultimate professional instrument. The aesthetically and technically remarkable OMEGA Flightmaster symbolises a period rich in technological and design breakthroughs. Produced over a short period and relatively little known until now, it nonetheless enjoyed exceptional development and an outstanding destiny, notably on the wrist of Soviet cosmonauts in the 1970s. Revealing the entirely unknown and remarkably rich story for the first time, and based on their own methodology, the authors of the successful Moonwatch Only book dedicated to the OMEGA Speedmaster, provide a comprehensive account of the many variations and evolutions of the different Flightmaster models. The result is an essential reference work for all passionate brand enthusiasts and collectors.Table of ContentsContents: Foreword Section 1: Introduction; Flightmaster - what's in a name?; Some key points; Operation; Ten misconceptions to reconsider Section 2: A Legend's Genesis and History; A world of change; Creating a legend; Famous aviators and the ultimate destiny of a tool-watch: Russian space adventures Section 3: Main Components; An original approach; Caliber; Case; Dial; Bezel; Hands; Crowns and pushers; Glass; Bracelet; Accessories Section 4: Models; Introduction; Overview; Timeline; Tables.
£127.50
The Crowood Press Ltd Heat Treatment
Book SynopsisThe ability to perform heat treatments in the home workshop can be a very useful asset, enabling you to make, repair and maintain tools, to anneal and normalize work-hardened metals, and even to create decorative finishes. Heat Treatment is a practical guide to this valuable range of workshop techniques and how to employ them safely and effectively. Featuring step-by-step photography throughout, this book covers metals and their properties; building a heat treatment oven for the home workshop; case hardening, flame hardening and tempering and finally, decorative finishes with colour case hardening, oil blacking and enamelling.
£13.49
The Crowood Press Ltd How Airliners Fly: A Passenger's Guide - Third
Book SynopsisIf you are one of the millions of airline passengers who take to the air daily and have no idea how an aeroplane flies or how it is flown - but would like to find out - then this is the book for you. It is written by an airline pilot who knows from first-hand experience those questions that are asked most frequently. He knows that for many it is an interest born of curiosity, and in some cases, caused by fear. In this revised third edition Julien Evans explains, in straightforward everyday language, about the airframe and the engines, the flight deck and the controls, how the aeroplane is flown and the routines followed. In fact it explains everything the average passenger may wish to know. An informative guide to understanding how an aeroplane flies and how it is flown. Will be of great interest to aviation enthusiasts, frequent flyers and anyone interested in airliner operations. In straightforward language it covers the airframe, the engines, the flight deck, the controls and much, much more. Fully illustrated with colour photographs and diagrams throughout. Julien Evans, now retired, had a 36-year career of airline flying as well as an instructor and examiner.Trade Review'balanced, informative, comprehensive, totally accurate and , most importantly, interesting'. Pilot Magazine.balanced, informative, comprehensive, totally accurate and , most importantly, interesting. * Pilot Magazine *
£12.34
English Heritage Pests in Houses Great and Small: Identification,
Book SynopsisThis new handbook provides a full but concise guide to the key pest species that commonly infest historic houses, and solutions for dealing with them. It enables readers to spot signs of pest infestation, identify the pests responsible, suggest strategies for the removal of the pest and treatment options for infested items and structures, and give clear guidance on long-term strategies to prevent pests from returning. The book is in two main sections: a handy identification section with large, close-up photographs which provides an overview of the environmental conditions where each pest species is likely to flourish, the damage caused and strategies for prevention and treatment and a more detailed pest management section with comprehensive advice about the main ways to prevent infestation as well as appropriate treatment methods.
£13.49
Schiffer Publishing Ltd MiG29 Flight Manual
Book Synopsis
£20.69
Faber & Faber HamiltonPaterson J Empire of the Clouds
Book SynopsisIn 1945 Britain was the world''s leading designer and builder of aircraft - a world-class achievement that was not mere rhetoric. And what aircraft they were. The sleek Comet, the first jet airliner. The awesome delta-winged Vulcan, an intercontinental bomber that could be thrown about the sky like a fighter. The Hawker Hunter, the most beautiful fighter-jet ever built and the Lightning, which could zoom ten miles above the clouds in a couple of minutes and whose pilots rated flying it as better than sex.How did Britain so lose the plot that today there is not a single aircraft manufacturer of any significance in the country? What became of the great industry of de Havilland or Handley Page? And what was it like to be alive in that marvellous post-war moment when innovative new British aircraft made their debut, and pilots were the rock stars of the age?
£9.99
McGraw-Hill Education Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2E
Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The long-awaited revision of the most respected resource on Internal Combustion Engines --covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines.Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes dTable of ContentsCommonly Used Symbols, Subscripts, and Abbreviations CHAPTER 1 Engine Types and Their Operation 1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1.2 Engine Classifications 1.3 Engine Operating Cycles 1.4 Engine Components 1.5 Multicylinder Engines 1.6 Spark-Ignition Engine Operation 1.7 Different Types of Four-Stroke SI Engines 1.7.1 Spark-Ignition Engines with Port Fuel Injection 1.7.2 SI Engines for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1.7.3 Boosted SI Engines 1.7.4 Direct-Injection SI Engines 1.7.5 Prechamber SI Engines 1.7.6 Rotary Engines 1.8 Compression-Ignition Engine Operation 1.9 Different Types of Diesel Engines 1.10 Two-Stroke Cycle Engine Operation 1.11 Fuels 1.11.1 Gasoline and Diesel 1.11.2 Alternative Fuels Problems References CHAPTER 2 Engine Design and Operating Parameters 2.1 Important Engine Characteristics 2.2 Geometrical Relationships for Reciprocating Engines 2.3 Forces in Reciprocating Mechanism 2.4 Brake Torque and Power 2.5 Indicated Work per Cycle 2.6 Mechanical Efficiency 2.7 Mean Effective Pressure 2.8 Specific Fuel Consumption and Efficiency 2.9 Air/Fuel and Fuel/Air Ratios 2.10 Volumetric Efficiency 2.11 Specific Power, Specific Weight, and Specific Volume 2.12 Correction Factors for Power and Volumetric Efficiency 2.13 Specific Emissions and Emissions Index 2.14 Relationships between Performance Parameters 2.15 Engine Design and Performance Data 2.16 Vehicle Power Requirements Problems References CHAPTER 3 Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures 3.1 Characterization of Flames 3.2 Ideal Gas Model 3.3 Composition of Air and Fuels 3.4 Combustion Stoichiometry 3.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Combustion 3.5.1 Energy and Enthalpy Balances 3.5.2 Enthalpies of Formation 3.5.3 Heating Values 3.5.4 Adiabatic Combustion Processes 3.5.5 Combustion Efficiency of an Internal Combustion Engine 3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Combustion 3.6.1 Entropy 3.6.2 Maximum Work from an Internal Combustion Engine and Efficiency 3.7 Chemically Reacting Gas Mixtures 3.7.1 Chemical Equilibrium 3.7.2 Chemical Reaction Rates Problems References CHAPTER 4 Properties of Working Fluids 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Unburned Mixture Composition 4.3 Gas Property Relationships 4.4 A Simple Analytic Ideal Gas Model 4.5 Thermodynamic Property Charts 4.5.1 Unburned Mixture Charts 4.5.2 Burned Mixture Charts 4.5.3 Relation between Unburned and Burned Mixture Charts 4.6 Tables of Properties and Composition 4.7 Computer Routines for Property and Composition Calculations 4.7.1 Unburned Mixtures 4.7.2 Burned Mixtures 4.8 Transport Properties 4.9 Exhaust Gas Composition 4.9.1 Species Concentration Data 4.9.2 Equivalence Ratio Determination from Exhaust Gas Constituents 4.9.3 Effects of Fuel/Air Ratio Nonuniformity 4.9.4 Combustion Inefficiency Problems References CHAPTER 5 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ideal Models of Engine Processes 5.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Engine Processes 5.4 Cycle Analysis with Ideal Gas Working Fluid with cv and cp Constant 5.4.1 Constant-Volume Cycle 5.4.2 Limited- and Constant-Pressure Cycles 5.4.3 Cycle Comparison 5.5 Fuel-Air Cycle Analysis 5.5.1 SI Engine Cycle Simulation 5.5.2 CI Engine Cycle Simulation 5.5.3 Results of Cycle Calculations 5.6 Overexpanded Engine Cycles 5.7 Availability Analysis of Engine Processes 5.7.1 Availability Relationships 5.7.2 Entropy Changes in Ideal Cycles 5.7.3 Availability Analysis of Ideal Cycles 5.7.4 Effect of Equivalence Ratio 5.8 Comparison with Real Engine Cycles Problems References CHAPTER 6 Gas Exchange Processes 6.1 Intake and Exhaust Processes in the Four-Stroke Cycle 6.2 Volumetric Efficiency 6.2.1 Quasi-Static Effects 6.2.2 Intake and Exhaust Flow Resistances 6.2.3 Intake and In-Cylinder Heat Transfer 6.2.4 Intake Valve Timing Effects 6.2.5 Airflow Choking at Intake Valve 6.2.6 Intake and Exhaust Tuning 6.2.7 Combined Effects: Naturally-Aspirated Engines 6.2.8 Effects of Turbocharging 6.3 Flow through Valves and Ports 6.3.1 Valve and Port Geometry and Operation 6.3.2 Flow Rates and Discharge Coefficients 6.3.3 Variable Valve Timing and Control 6.4 Residual Gas Fraction 6.5 Exhaust Gas Flow Rate and Temperature Variation 6.6 Scavenging in Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 6.6.1 Two-Stroke Engine Configurations 6.6.2 Scavenging Parameters and Models 6.6.3 Actual Scavenging Processes 6.7 Flow through Two-Stroke Engine Ports 6.8 Supercharging and Turbocharging 6.8.1 Methods of Power Boosting 6.8.2 Basic Relationships 6.8.3 Compressors 6.8.4 Turbines 6.8.5 Compressor, Engine, Turbine Matching 6.8.6 Wave-Compression Devices Problems References CHAPTER 7 Mixture Preparation in SI Engines 7.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Mixture Requirements 7.2 Fuel Metering Overview 7.2.1 Mixture Formation Approaches 7.2.2 Relevant Characteristics of Fuels 7.3 Central (Throttle-Body) Fuel Injection 7.4 Port (Multipoint) Fuel Injection 7.4.1 System Layout, Components, and Function 7.4.2 Fuel Spray Behavior 7.4.3 Reverse Flow Impacts 7.5 Air Flow Phenomena 7.5.1 Flow Past the Throttle Plate 7.5.2 Flow in Intake Manifolds 7.5.3 Air Flow Models 7.6 Fuel Flow Phenomena: Port Fuel Injection 7.6.1 Liquid Fuel Behavior 7.6.2 Transients: Fuel-Film Models 7.7 Direct Fuel Injection 7.7.1 Overview of Direct-Injection Approaches 7.7.2 DI Mixture Preparation Processes 7.7.3 DI Engine System and Components 7.8 Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors 7.9 Fuel Supply Systems 7.10 Liquid Petroleum Gas and Natural Gas Problems References CHAPTER 8 Charge Motion within the Cylinder 8.1 Intake-Generated Flows 8.2 Mean Velocity and Turbulence Characteristics 8.2.1 Definitions of Relevant Parameters 8.2.2 Application to Engine Velocity Data 8.3 Swirl 8.3.1 Swirl Measurement 8.3.2 Swirl Generation during Induction 8.3.3 Swirl Modification within the Cylinder 8.4 Tumble 8.5 Piston-Generated Flows: Squish 8.6 Swirl, Tumble, Squish Flow Interactions 8.7 Prechamber Engine Flows 8.8 Crevice Flows and Blowby 8.9 Flows Generated by Piston Cylinder-Wall Interaction Problems References CHAPTER 9 Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 9.1 Essential Features of Process 9.1.1 Combustion Fundamentals 9.1.2 SI Engine Combustion Process 9.2 Thermodynamics of SI Engine Combustion 9.2.1 Burned and Unburned Mixture States 9.2.2 Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data 9.2.3 Combustion Process Characterization 9.3 Flame Structure and Speed 9.3.1 Overall Observations 9.3.2 Flame Structure 9.3.3 Laminar Burning Speeds 9.3.4 Flame Propagation Relations 9.3.5 Combustion with Direct Fuel Injection 9.4 Cyclic Variations in Combustion, Partial Burning, and Misfire 9.4.1 Observations and Definitions 9.4.2 Causes of Cycle-by-Cycle and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variations 9.4.3 Partial Burning, Misfire, and Engine Stability 9.5 Spark Ignition 9.5.1 Ignition Fundamentals 9.5.2 Standard Ignition Systems 9.5.3 Alternative Ignition Approaches 9.6 Abnormal Combustion: Spontaneous Ignition and Knock 9.6.1 Description of Phenomena 9.6.2 Knock Fundamentals 9.6.3 Fuel Factors 9.6.4 Sporadic Preignition and Knock 9.6.5 Knock Suppression Problems References CHAPTER 10 Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines 10.1 Essential Features of Process 10.2 Types of Diesel Combustion Systems 10.2.1 Direct-Injection Systems 10.2.2 Other Diesel Combustion Systems 10.2.3 Comparison of Different Combustion Systems 10.3 Diesel Engine Combustion 10.3.1 Optical Studies of Diesel Combustion 10.3.2 Combustion in Direct-Injection Multi-Spray Systems 10.3.3 Heat-Release-Rate Analysis 10.3.4 Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion 10.4 Fuel Spray Behavior 10.4.1 Fuel Injection 10.4.2 Overall Spray Structure 10.4.3 Atomization and Spray Development 10.4.4 Spray Penetration 10.4.5 Droplet Size Distribution 10.4.6 Spray Evaporation 10.5 Ignition Delay 10.5.1 Definition and Discussion 10.5.2 Fuel Ignition Quality 10.5.3 Autoignition and Premixed Burn 10.5.4 Physical Factors Affecting Ignition Delay 10.5.5 Effect of Fuel Properties 10.5.6 Correlations for Ignition Delay in Engines 10.6 Mixing-Controlled Combustion 10.6.1 Background 10.6.2 Spray and Flame Structure 10.6.3 Fuel-Air Mixing and Burning Rates 10.7 Alternative Compression-Ignition Combustion Approaches 10.7.1 Multiple-Injection Diesel Combustion 10.7.2 Advanced Compression-Ignition Combustion Concepts Problems References CHAPTER 11 Pollutant Formation and Control 11.1 Nature and Extent of Problem 11.2 Nitrogen Oxides 11.2.1 Kinetics of NO Formation 11.2.2 Formation of NO2 11.2.3 NO Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines 11.2.4 NOx Formation in Compression-Ignition Engine s 11.3 Carbon Monoxide 11.4 Hydrocarbon Emissions 11.4.1 Background 11.4.2 Flame Quenching and Oxidation Fundamentals 11.4.3 HC Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines 11.4.4 Hydrocarbon Emission Mechanisms in Diesel Engine 11.5 Particulate Emissions 11.5.1 Spark-Ignition Engine Particulates 11.5.2 Characteristics of Diesel Particulates 11.5.3 Particulate Distribution within the Cylinder 11.5.4 Soot Formation Fundamentals 11.5.5 Soot Oxidation 11.5.6 Adsorption and Condensation 11.6 Exhaust Gas Treatment 11.6.1 Available Options 11.6.2 Catalyst Fundamentals 11.6.3 Catalytic Converters 11.6.4 Particulate Filters or Traps 11.6.5 Exhaust Treatment Systems Problems References CHAPTER 12 Engine Heat Transfer 12.1 Importance of Heat Transfer 12.2 Modes of Heat Transfer 12.2.1 Conduction 12.2.2 Convection 12.2.3 Radiation 12.2.4 Overall Heat-Transfer Process 12.3 Heat Transfer and Engine Energy Balance 12.4 Convective Heat Transfer 12.4.1 Dimensional Analysis 12.4.2 Correlations for Time-Averaged Heat Flux 12.4.3 Correlations for Instantaneous Spatial Average Coefficients 12.4.4 Correlations for Instantaneous Local Coefficients 12.4.5 Exhaust and Intake System Heat Transfer 12.5 Radiative Heat Transfer 12.5.1 Radiation from Gases 12.5.2 Flame Radiation 12.6 Measurements of Instantaneous Heat-Transfer Rates 12.6.1 Measurement Methods 12.6.2 Spark-Ignition Engine Measurements 12.6.3 Diesel Engine Measurements 12.6.4 Evaluation of Heat-Transfer Correlations 12.6.5 Boundary-Layer Behavior 12.7 Thermal Loading and Component Temperatures 12.7.1 Effect of Engine Variables 12.7.2 Component Temperature Distributions 12.7.3 Engine Warm-Up Problems References CHAPTER 13 Engine Friction and Lubrication 13.1 Background 13.2 Definitions 13.3 Friction Fundamentals 13.3.1 Lubricated Friction 13.3.2 Turbulent Dissipation 13.3.3 Total Friction 13.4 Measurement Methods 13.5 Engine Friction Data 13.5.1 SI Engines 13.5.2 Diesel Engines 13.6 Mechanical Friction Components 13.6.1 Motored Engine Breakdown Tests 13.6.2 Engine Lubrication System 13.6.3 Piston Assembly Friction and Lubrication 13.6.4 Crankshaft Friction 13.6.5 Valvetrain Friction 13.7 Pumping Friction 13.8 Accessory Power Requirements 13.9 Engine Friction Modeling 13.10 Oil Consumption 13.10.1 Oil Consumption Context 13.10.2 Oil Transport into the Cylinder 13.10.3 Oil Evaporation 13.10.4 Blowby and Oil Entrainment 13.11 Lubricants Problems References CHAPTER 14 Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes 14.1 Purpose and Classification of Models 14.2 Governing Equations for an Open Thermodynamic System 14.2.1 Conservation of Mass 14.2.2 Conservation of Energy 14.3 Intake and Exhaust Flow Models 14.3.1 Background 14.3.2 Quasi-Steady Flow Models 14.3.3 Filling and Emptying Methods 14.3.4 Gas Dynamic Models 14.4 Thermodynamic-Based In-Cylinder Models 14.4.1 Background and Overall Model Structure 14.4.2 Spark-Ignition Engine Models 14.4.3 Direct-Injection Engine Models 14.4.4 Prechamber Engine Models 14.4.5 Multi-Cylinder and Complex Engine System Models 14.4.6 Second-Law Analysis of Engine Processes 14.5 Fluid-Mechanic-Based Multi-Dimensional Models 14.5.1 Basic Approach and Governing Equations 14.5.2 Turbulence Models 14.5.3 Numerical Methodology 14.5.4 Flow Field Predictions 14.5.5 Fuel Spray Modeling 14.5.6 Combustion Modeling References CHAPTER 15 Engine Operating Characteristics 15.1 Engine Design Objectives 15.2 Engine Performance 15.2.1 Basic Characteristics of SI and Diesel Engines 15.2.2 Characterizing Engine Performance 15.2.3 Torque, Power, and Mean Effective Pressure 15.2.4 Engine Performance Maps 15.3 Operating Variables That Affect SI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions 15.3.1 Spark Timing 15.3.2 Mixture Composition 15.3.3 Load and Speed 15.3.4 Compression Ratio 15.4 SI Engine Combustion System Design 15.4.1 Objectives and Options 15.4.2 Factors That Control Combustion 15.4.3 Factors That Control Performance 15.4.4 Chamber Octane Requirement 15.4.5 SI Engine Emissions 15.4.6 Optimization 15.5 Variables That Affect Diesel Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions 15.5.1 Load and Speed 15.5.2 Combustion-System Design 15.5.3 Fuel Injection and EGR 15.5.4 Overall System Behavior 15.6 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 15.6.1 Performance Parameters 15.6.2 Two-Stroke Gasoline SI Engines 15.6.3 Two-Stroke Cycle CI Engines 15.7 Noise, Vibration, and Harshness 15.7.1 Engine Noise 15.7.2 Reciprocating Mechanism Dynamics 15.7.3 Engine Balancing 15.8 Engine Performance and Fuels Summary Problems References APPENDIX A Unit Conversion Factors APPENDIX B Ideal Gas Relationships B.1 Ideal Gas Law B.2 The Mole B.3 Thermodynamic Properties B.4 Mixtures of Ideal Gases APPENDIX C Equations for Fluid Flow through a Restriction C.1 Liquid Flow C.2 Gas Flow References APPENDIX D Data on Working Fluids Index
£119.19
Schiffer Publishing Ltd Junkers Ju 86
Book Synopsis
£9.49
