Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisHow the twenty-one-layer Apollo spacesuit, made by Playtex, was a triumph of intimacy over engineering. When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped onto the lunar surface in July of 1969, they wore spacesuits made by Playtex: twenty-one layers of fabric, each with a distinct yet interrelated function, custom-sewn for them by seamstresses whose usual work was fashioning bras and girdles. This book is the story of that spacesuit. It is a story of the triumph over the military-industrial complex by the International Latex Corporation, best known by its consumer brand of Playtex—a victory of elegant softness over engineered hardness, of adaptation over cybernetics. Playtex's spacesuit went up against hard armor-like spacesuits designed by military contractors and favored by NASA's engineers. It was only when those attempts failed—when traditional engineering firms could not integrate the body into mission requirements—that Playtex, with its intimate exper

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Book SynopsisVolume Two covers the interior design and fitting out of the ship and presents detailed deck-by-deck information, from the palatial rooms of First Class to areas of the ship seen only by the crew.

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Book SynopsisA fascinating and informative read for all those interested in the history of ICE and how it has grown as well as the civil engineering industry and its impact on the world in which we liveTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. An Institution is born 3. A learning society 4. Education, training and membership 5. Regional development 6. Professional conduct 7. Governance, influence and communication 8. Fragmentation, unification and self-regulation 9. Civil engineers at war 10. The library 11. The buildings 12. Contracts and management 13. The Presidents 14. Secretaries and staff

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Book SynopsisNew paperback edition - A family-authorised biography of Pat Hughes, one of the top-scoring aces of the Battle of Britain.

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Book SynopsisClean water, paved roads, public transit, electricity and gas, sewers, waste processing, telecommunication, even the Internet all this infrastructure is what makes cities work and powers our lives, often seamlessly and silently. Virtually everything we do and consume depends on infrastructure. Yet, most people have little to no idea how these systems work. How is water treated? Why do traffic jams exist? How is electricity generated and distributed? What happens to trash after it is picked up? How does the Internet work?In The Infrastructure Book, world-renown urban engineering expert Sybil Derrible reveals the behind-the-scenes machinations of the foundational systems that make our societies function. Visiting sixteen cities around the world and their unique approaches to organizational challenges from city planning in Los Angeles to waste management in Tokyo, Chicago's power grid to Shanghai's unique take on traffic, public transportation in the busiest cities and water treatment in the driest deserts this highly readable book uses fascinating case studies and historical detours to show how infrastructure works and, sometimes, doesn't. With large-scale infrastructure repairs looming, and the need for our current infrastructure to be completely transformed if we hope to be sustainable and resilient into the future. After reading The Infrastructure Book, readers will never look at a city the same way.

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Book SynopsisA gripping account of the perpetual war between human and machine examines the many disasters that have occured in the world of high technology.Trade Review"ultimatly hopeful, recounting numerous acts of foresight or bravery in the face of bureaucratic opposition" -- Publisher's Weekly "Full of scary news, but unsensational and thoroughly documented. Just don't read it in flight." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisFor generations, the ground beneath the feet of our ancestors seemed solid and unchanging. Around 30 years ago, two things happened that were to revolutionize the understanding of our home planet. First, geologists realized that the continents themselves were drifting across the surface of the globe and that oceans were being created and destroyed. Secondly, pictures of the entire planet were returned from space. As the astronomer Fred Hoyle had predicted, this ''let loose an idea as powerful as any in history''. Suddenly, the Earth began to be viewed as a single entity; a dynamic, interacting whole, controlled by complex processes we scarcely understood. It began to seem less solid. As one astronaut put it, ''a blue jewel on black velvet; small, fragile and touchingly alone''. Geologists at last were able to see the whole as well as the detail; the wood as well as the trees. This book brings their account up to date with the latest understanding of the processes that govern our planet. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of Contents1. Dynamic Planet ; 2. Deep Time ; 3. Deep Earth ; 4. Under the Sea ; 5. Drifting Continents ; 6. Volcanoes ; 7. When the Ground Shakes ; Epilogue

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Book SynopsisThere is no part of our bodies that fully rotates be it a wrist or ankle or arm in a shoulder socket, we are made to twist only so far. And yet, there is no more fundamental human invention than the wheel a rotational mechanism that accomplishes what our physical form cannot. Throughout history, humans have developed technologies powered by human strength, complementing the physical abilities we have while overcoming our weaknesses. Providing a unique history of the wheel and other rotational devices, like cranks, cranes, carts, and capstans, Why the Wheel Is Round examines the contraptions and tricks we have devised in order to more efficiently move and move through the physical world. Steven Vogel combines his engineering expertise with his remarkable curiosity about how things work to explore how wheels and other mechanisms were, until very recently, powered by the push and pull of the muscles and skeletal systems of humans and other animals. Why the Wheel Is Round explores all mann

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Book SynopsisAn understanding of the quantum mechanical nature of magnetism has led to the development of new magnetic materials which are used as permanent magnets, sensors, and information storage. Behind these practical applications lie a range of fundamental ideas, including symmetry breaking, order parameters, excitations, frustration, and reduced dimensionality.This superb new textbook presents a logical account of these ideas, staring from basic concepts in electromagnetsim and quantum mechanics. It outlines the origin of magnetic moments in atoms and how these moments can be affected by their local environment inside a crystal. The different types of interactions which can be present between magnetic moments are described. The final chapters of the book are devoted to the magnetic properties of metals, and to the complex behaviour which can occur when competing magnetic interactions are present and/or the system has a reduced dimensionality. Throughout the text, the theorectical principles are applied to real systems. There is substantial discussion of experimental techniques and current reserach topics. The book is copiously illustrated and contains detailed appendices which cover the fundamental principles.Trade ReviewI can warmly recommend this book to anyone considering giving a course on magnetism and for those students of condensed matter physics, who have no access to such a course ... it is also very useful and enjoyable reading for those who have been working in magnetism for some time and have felt the lack of a systematic review of the subject. * Contemporary Physics *... the reader or student obtains a very thorough and systematic background in which to place the large variety of subject matter. * Contemporary Physics *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Isolated magnetic moments ; 3. Environments ; 4. Interactions ; 5. Order and magnetic structures ; 6. Order and broken symmetry ; 7. Magnetism in metals ; 8. Competing interactions and low dimensionality ; Appendix A: Units in electromagnetism ; Appendix B: Electromagnetism ; Appendix C: Quantum and atomic physics ; Appendix D: Energy in magnetism and demagnetism ; Appendix E: Statistical mechanics ; Appendix F: List of symbols ; Index

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Book SynopsisWhat is a weed, opined Emerson, but a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered? While that may be a worthy notion in theory, these plants of undiscovered virtue cause endless hours of toil for backyard gardeners. Encyclopedic in scope, this book intends to cover North American weeds at every stage of growth.

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Book SynopsisFor centuries, France has been the world's greatest wine-producing country. This book takes readers on a tour of the French winemaking regions to illustrate how the soil, underlying bedrock, relief, and microclimate shape the personality of a wine. It is suitable for both the uninitiated wine drinker and the informed gourmand.Trade Review"Who knew that the crispness of Sancerre stems from the unique succession of sedimentary strata buried in the limestone soil of the upper Loire Valley, or that a splendid Cote-de-Brouilly is a by-product of volcanism? The author is a geologist by training but an oenophile by avocation, and the combination of those interests makes Land and Wine an indispensable manual for wine connoisseurs interested in why the grapes of France taste as they do. Terroir, for Frankel, has a meaning that goes deep beneath the surface." (John Varriano, author of Wine: A Cultural History)"

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Book SynopsisA fascinating exploration of beer, ancient and contemporary, and its role in shaping human societyBeer is and has always been more than an intoxicating beverage. Ancient beer produced in the Near East, Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas was a food that had a remarkable role in shaping the development of agriculture and some of the earliest state-level societies. Its invention 13,000 years ago was one of the fundamental motivations for the domestication of grains around the world. In early states, the control over the technological knowledge and resources to produce beer contributed to social hierarchies. Beer even likely provided the capital to motivate laborers to construct the ancient pyramids and other large-scale public works. The fermentation of beer also provided a healthy and safe alternative to the contaminated drinking water in early states and it continues to do so among rural Indigenous populations today. Beer is a social lubricant that brings people together and, in man

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.BUILD, CONVERT, OR BUY A STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRIC VEHICLEThoroughly revised and expanded, Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, Third Edition, is your go-to guide for converting an internal combustion engine vehicle to electric or building an EV from the ground up. You'll also find out about the wide variety of EVs available for purchase and how they're being built. This new editiondetails all the latest breakthroughs, including AC propulsion and regenerative braking systems, intelligent controllers, batteries, and charging technologies.Filled with updated photos, this cutting-edge resource fully Table of ContentsChapter 1. Why Electric VehiclesWhat are Electric VehiclesNew Electricity Rates/Oil costsConversion costsChapter 2. Electric Vehicle BenefitsReports from the US Dept. of EnergyChapter 3. Electric Vehicle (recent) History Toyota's hybrid drive technologyGM and CARBFord and TH!NK CityTesla RoadsterChapter 4. Drive Systems, Chassis, and DesignsLithium Nono-phosphatesIntelligent Drive SystemsChapter 5. Sources, Parts, Conversion Companies and ExpertsUpdates on everything from previous edition, plus links to an online companion site that will be updated every 3 months or so for new informationChapter 6. Calculating Torque CurvesSoftware from Grassroots electric vehicles, Electric Vehicles of America, and NetGain technologiesChapter 7. Electric MotorsAC and DCMetric Mind CorporationAnaheim AutomationHi Performance Electric Vehicle SystemsAC PropulsionTesla MototrsWARP MotorsChapter 8. ControllersChapter 9. BatteriesLithiumLithium-polyphosphateNickelChapter 10. ChargersNewer, standardized SAE systemsChapter 11. AC/DC Drive and Controller PackagesLead Acid conversionsLithium Polymer conversionsChapter 12. Visions for Future Electric Cars and Electric Car Conversions

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Add some SPARK to your study of ELECTRICITYHaving trouble understanding the fundamentals of electricity? Problem solved! Electricity Demystified, Second Edition, makes it shockingly easy to learn the basic concepts.Written in a step-by-step format, this practical guide begins by covering direct current (DC), voltage, resistance, circuits, cells, and batteries. The book goes on to discuss alternating current (AC), power supplies, wire, and cable. Magnetism and electromagnetic effects are also addressed. Detailed examples and concise explanations make it easy to understand the material. End-of-chapter quizzes and a final exam help reinforce key concepts.It's a no-brainer! You'll learn about: Table of ContentsPART I: DIRECT CURRENT1. A Circuit Sampler2. Charge, Current, Voltage, and Resistance3. Ohm's Law, Power, and Energy4. Simple DC Circuits5. Cells and BatteriesTest: Part IPART II: ALTERNATING CURRENT6. What is Alternating Current7. Electricity in the Home8. Electrical Power Supplies9. Wire and CableTest: Part IIPART III: MAGNETISM10. What is Magnetism11. Electromagnetic Effects12. Practical MagnetismTest: Part IIIFinal ExamAnswers to Quizzes, Tests, and Final ExamAppendix: Schematic SymbolsSuggested Additional ReadingIndex

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The definitive guide to the theory of constraintsIn this authoritative volume, the world's top Theory of Constraints (TOC) experts reveal how to implement the ground-breaking management and improvement methodology developed by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt. Theory of Constraints Handbook offers an in-depth examination of this revolutionary concept of bringing about global organization performance improvement by focusing on a few leverage points of the system. Clear explanations supplemented by examples and case studies define how the theory works, why it works, what issues are resolved, and what benefits accrue, and demonstrate how TOC can be applied to different industries and situations.Theory of Constraints Handbook covers:Table of ContentsSection I: What is TOC?; Chapter 1. Introduction to TOC--My Perspective; Section II: Critical Chain Project Management; Chapter 2. The Problems with Project Management; Chapter 3. A Critical Chain Project Management Primer; Chapter 4. Getting Durable Results with Critical Chain--A Field Report; Chapter 5. Making Change Stick; Chapter 6. Project Management in a Lean World--Translating Lean Six Sigma (LSS) into the Project Environment; Section III: Drum-Butter-Rope, Buffer Management and Distribution; Chapter 7. A Review of Literature on Drum-Butter-Rope, Buffer Management and Distribution; Chapter 8. DBR, Buffer Management, and VATI Flow; Chapter 9. From DBR to Simplified-DBR for Make-to-Order; Chapter 10. Managing Make-to-Stock and the Concept of Make-to-Availability; Chapter 11. Supply Chain Management; Chapter 12. Integrated Supply Chain; Section IV: Performance Measures; Chapter 13. Traditional Measures in Finance and Accounting, Problems, Literature Review, and TOC Measures; Chapter 14. Resolving Measurement/Performance Dilemmas; Chapter 15. Continuous Improvement and Auditing; Chapter 16. Holistic TOC Implementation Case Studies; Section V: Strategy, Marketing, and Sales; Chapter 17. Traditional Strategy Models and Theory of Constraints; Chapter 18. Theory of Constraints Strategy; Chapter 19. Strategy; Chapter 20. The Layers of Resistance--The Buy-In Process According to TOC; Chapter 21. Less is More--Applying the Flow Concepts to Sales; Chapter 22. Mafia Offers: Dealing With a Market Constraint; Section VI: Thinking Processes; Chapter 23. The TOC Thinking Processes; Chapter 24. Daily Management with TOC; Chapter 25. Thinking Processes Including S&T Trees; Chapter 26. TOC for Education; Chapter 27. Theory of Constraints in Prisons; Section VII: TOC in Services; Chapter 28. Services Management; Chapter 29. Theory of Constraints in Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Chapter 30. Customer Support Services According to TOC; Chapter 31. Viable Vision for Health Care Systems; Chapter 32. TOC for Large-Scale Healthcare Systems; Section VIII: TOC in Complex Environments; Chapter 33. Theory of Constraints in Complex Organizations; Chapter 34. Applications of Strategy and Tactics Trees in Organizations; Chapter 35. Complex Environments; Chapter 36/ Combining Lean, Six Sigma, and the Theory of Constraints to Achieve Breakthrough Performance; Chapter 37. Using TOC in Complex Systems; Chapter 38. Theory of Constraints for Personal Productivity/Dilemmas; Selected Bibliography of Eliyahu M. Goldratt; Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Learn the Latest Money-Saving Techniques for Troubleshooting and Repairing Any Briggs & Stratton Engine, New or Old! /p> Turn to the Fourth Edition of How to Repair Briggs & Stratton Engines for expert guidance on completing any Briggs & Stratton maintenance and repair job quickly and easily. This money-saving resource now includes the latest information on overhead valves (OHV), carburetion advances, new muffler designs, and cutting-edge alternators. Filled with proven techniques for fixing both brand-new and older model Briggs & Stratton engines, the Fourth Edition of this hands-on reference covers everything from ignition, fuel, and charging systemsâto starters and engine mechanics. You will Table of ContentsIntroductionSafety ConsiderationsChapter 1- The Product RangeChapter 2 – TroubleshootingChapter 3 – Ignition SystemsChapter 4 – The Fuel SystemChapter 5 – StartersChapter 6 – Charging SystemsChapter 7 – Engine MechanicsChapter 8 - The EuropaChapter 9 – Winds of ChangeIndex

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Book SynopsisThe first systematic, quantitative appraisal of power density, offering detailed reviews of power densities of renewable energy flows, fossil fuels, and all common energy uses.“There's no author whose books I look forward to more than Vaclav Smil.”—Bill GatesIn this book, Vaclav Smil argues that power density is a key determinant of the nature and dynamics of energy systems. Any understanding of complex energy systems must rely on quantitative measures of many fundamental variables. Power density—the rate of energy flux per unit of area—is an important but largely overlooked measure. Smil provides the first systematic, quantitative appraisal of power density, offering detailed reviews of the power densities of renewable energy flows, fossil fuels, thermal electricity generation, and all common energy uses.Smil shows that careful quantification, critical appraisals, and revealing comparisons of power densities make possibl

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Book SynopsisThis book makes the case for an urgent move away from industrial agriculture towards regenerative farming and the promotion of plant-based diets.How we produce, distribute and consume food are critical issues for the health and well-being of humans, animals and the environment. In order to develop a sustainable food system, this book argues for a radical change in farming and food consumption. Containing contributions from world renowned experts, this book promotes regenerative farming as the means to preserve planetary health, establish sustainable, healthy and secure diets and safeguard the welfare of animals. Chapters discuss broad ranging issues from climate change and biodiversity conservation to animal sentience and intensive farming, and the role of financial markets and food businesses. The book concludes with chapters discussing the routes in policy and practice to transforming the food system and achieving real-world change.This book is a must read for studen

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Book SynopsisJIM TURLEY is a semiconductor industry analyst, editor, and lecturer in Silicon Valley. He is aregular columnist for Embedded Systems Programming, Computer Design, Circuit Cellar, andSupermicro magazines. He was Senior Editor of the Microprocessor Report and a three-time winnerof the Computer Press Award. Jim also provides consulting services to leading semiconductorfirms and is often called upon to participate in new product reviews, strategy sessions, andtechnology development. He has also written six books on a number of different topics,including PCs Made Easy.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. 1. Running Start. About This Book. Some Words to Know. 2. Semiconductor Family Tree. Semiconductor Family Tree. Simple Analog Components. Advanced Analog Components. A/D and D/A Converters. MEMS. Medium-Scale Digital Chips. Highly Integrated Digital Chips. 3. How Chips Are Designed. Old-Style Design Process. New-Style Design Process. Verifying the Design Works. Using Outside IP. Getting to Tape Out and Film. Current Problems and Future Trends. 4. How Chips Are Made. Clean Rooms and Fabs. Developing Technology: Chips and Photography. Silicon Ingots to Start. Polishing the Wafer Smooth. Building the Layer Cake. Laser Surgery: Etching Away the Transistors. Step and Repeat. Etching Bath. Ready for the Metal Round. Testing Phase. Bringing Out the Diamonds. Sorting the Fast from the Merely Good. Wrap It Up. How Many Nanometers in a Micron? Let's Get Small. 5. Business and Markets. Worldwide Production of Semiconductors. Worldwide Consumption of Semiconductors. Military Electronics. The Business of Making Semiconductors. 6. Essential Guide to Microprocessors. Overview of Microprocessors. Microprocessor History and Evolution. What's a Processor Architecture? Microprocessor Anatomy and Gazetteer. What Do 4-Bit, 8-Bit, 16-Bit, and 32-Bit Mean? Performance, Benchmarks, and Gigahertz. What Is Software? Choosing Microprocessors. Microprocessor Future Trends. 7. Essential Guide to Memory Chips. Overview of Memory Chips. Nonvolatile ROM. Volatile RAM. Memory Interfaces. Future Memories. 8. Essential Guide to Custom and Configurable Chips. Overview of Custom Chips. Field-Programmable Chips. Custom ASIC Chips. Dynamically Reconfigurable Chips. Intellectual Property Licensing. Future Outlook for Custom Chips. 9. Theory. Digital and Binary Concepts. Gates and Logic Functions. How Transistors Work. About Electrons and Electronics. Appendix: Standard Bodies and Reference. Standards Bodies and Organizations. Conferences and Trade Shows. Other Resources. Glossary. Index.

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Book Synopsis"This work is significant. It is the first to include a method of assessing structural strength in the context of the modern marine environment."--Commander M. C. Cruder, U.S. Coast GuardAcclaimed author and naval architect Dave Gerr created this unique system of easy-to-use scantling rules and rules-of-thumb for calculating the necessary dimensions, or scantlings, of hulls, decks, and other boat parts, whether built of fiberglass, wood, wood-epoxy composite, steel, or aluminum. In addition to the rules themselves, The Elements of Boat Strength offers their context: an in-depth, plain-English discussion of boatbuilding materials, methods, and practices that will guide you through all aspects of boat construction.Now you can avoid wading through dense technical engineering manuals or tackling advanced mathematics. The Elements of Boat Strength has all the formulas, tables, illustrations, and charts you need to judge how heavy each piece of your boat should be in oTable of ContentsList of Formulas, Tables, and ChartsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Scantling Rules and the Scantling Number2. Fiberglass Construction Materials and Methods3. Fiberglass Design Considerations, Modern Laminates, and One-Off Construction Methods4. Fiberglass Scantling Rule: Basic Solid-Glass Hull Shell5. Fiberglass: Internal Structure6. Fiberglass Sandwich or Cored Construction7. Wood Construction Materials and Methods8. Wood Design Considerations9. Plank-on-Frame Scantling Rule10. Fasteners, Straps, Knees, and Details11. Modern Wood-Epoxy Construction12. Wood: Species, Type, and Application13. Aluminum and Steel Construction Materials and Methods14. Aluminum and Steel Design Considerations15. Aluminum and Steel Shell Plate and Longitudinal Framing16. Aluminum and Steel Structural Details17. Aluminum and Steel Alternate Construction Methods18. Welding, Small Openings, and Riveting Aluminum19. Small Aluminum Boats and Copper-Nickel HullsAppendix 1: Photo GalleryAppendix 2: Pipe Sizes and Properties TableAppendix 3: Bolt-Strength TablesAppendix 4: Finding Specific GravityAppendix 5: Measure and Unit Conversion TablesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThis reference guide contains all the navigational information and practical seamanship needed by skippers or crew. Its accessible presentation makes it ideal for reference at sea, and its splashproof pages and spiral binding enable it to stand up to the demanding marine environment.

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Book SynopsisWhen she disappeared in 1937 over a shark-infested sea, Amelia Earhart had lived up to her wish - internationally famous, a daring and pioneering aviator, and ambassador extraordinary for the United States. Married to a man with a genius for publicity, her life was crowded, demanding and adventurous. Mary S. Lovell''s superb biography examines a legend to reveal the pressures and influences that drove Amelia, and shows how her life, career and manner of death foreshadowed the tragedies and excesses of a media-dominated age.Trade Review** 'The inevitability of a great romantic tragedy . . . In this book the little things and the great mingle and somehow explain each other. This is what biographies are about * GUARDIAN *** 'A private glimpse beneath the surface of public lives * THE TIMES *** 'Vividly evokes the tragic aspect of Amelia Earhart, as well as the moxie and grit of her personality and the hair-raising atmosphere of pioneering aviation * NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW *

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Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to resonant energy conversion in power electronics. It is a practical, systematic guide to the analysis and design of various dc-dc resonant inverters, high-frequency rectifiers, and dc-dc resonant converters that are building blocks of many of today''s high-frequency energy processors. Designed to function as both a superior senior-to-graduate level textbook for electrical engineering courses and a valuable professional reference for practicing engineers, it provides students and engineers with a solid grasp of existing high-frequency technology, while acquainting them with a number of easy-to-use tools for the analysis and design of resonant power circuits. Resonant power conversion technology is now a very hot area and in the center of the renewable energy and energy harvesting technologies.Trade Review“If I did not have a review copy, as a power-circuits designer, I would get out my credit card for this one. It deserves a place on the power-electronics bookshelf.” ( How2Power Today, 1 January 2013) Table of ContentsPREFACE xxi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii I Introduction 1 1.1 References 5 PART I RECTIFIERS 7 2 Class D Current-Driven Rectifiers 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Assumptions 10 2.3 Class D Half-Wave Rectifier 10 2.4 Class D Transformer Center-Tapped Rectifier 20 2.5 Class D Bridge Rectifier 28 2.6 Effects of Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Inductance 34 2.7 Synchronous Rectifiers 38 3 Class D Voltage-Driven Rectifiers 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Assumptions 47 3.3 Class D Half-Wave Rectifier 48 3.4 Class D Transformer Center-Tapped Rectifier 56 3.5 Class D Bridge Rectifier 62 3.6 Synchronous Rectifiers 66 4 Class E Low dv/dt Rectifiers 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Low dv/dt Rectifier with a Parallel Capacitor 72 4.3 Resonant Low dv/dt Rectifier 90 5 Class E Low di/dt Rectifiers 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Low di/dt Rectifier with a Parallel Inductor 109 5.3 Low di/dt Rectifier with a Series Inductor 125 PART II INVERTERS 141 6 Class D Series-Resonant Inverter 143 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Circuit Description 144 6.3 Principle of Operation 146 6.4 Topologies of Class D Voltage-Source Inverters 152 6.5 Analysis 155 6.6 Voltage Transfer Function 166 6.7 Efficiency 170 6.8 Design Example 177 6.9 Class D Full-Bridge Series-Resonant Inverter 180 6.10 RelationshipsAmong Inverters and Rectifiers 187 7 Class D Parallel-Resonant Inverter 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Principle of Operation 193 7.3 Analysis 197 7.4 Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Operation 219 7.5 Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps 223 7.6 Design Example 225 7.7 Full-Bridge Parallel-Resonant Inverter 227 8 Class D Series-Parallel-Resonant Inverter 235 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Principle of Operation 235 8.3 Analysis 237 8.4 Design Example 254 8.5 Full-Bridge Series-Parallel-Resonant Inverter 257 9 Class D CLL Resonant Inverter 262 9.1 Introduction 262 9.2 Principle of Operation 262 9.3 Analysis 264 9.4 Design Example 282 9.5 Full-Bridge CLL Resonant Inverter 285 10 Class D Current-Source-Resonant Inverter 290 10.1 Introduction 290 10.2 Principle of Operation 291 10.3 Analysis of the Parallel-Resonant Circuit 295 10.4 Analysis of the Inverter 297 10.5 Design Example 307 11 Phase-Controlled Resonant Inverters 311 11.1 Introduction 311 11.2 Phase-Controlled Current-Source Inverters 312 11.3 Phase-Controlled Voltage-Source Inverters 316 11.4 Single-Capacitor Phase-Controlled Series-Resonant Inverter 320 11.5 Design Example 328 12 Class E Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Inverter 334 12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 Principle of Operation 335 12.3 Analysis 340 12.4 Parameters at D=0.5 349 12.5 Efficiency 351 12.6 Matching Resonant Circuits 354 12.7 Design Example 359 12.8 Push-Pull Class E ZVS Inverter 362 13 Class E Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Inverter 369 13.1 Introduction 369 13.2 Circuit Description 369 13.3 Principle of Operation 370 13.4 Analysis 373 13.5 Power Relationships 378 13.6 Element Values of Load Network 378 13.7 Design Example 379 14 Class DE Power Inverter 382 14.1 Introduction 382 14.2 Principle of Operation of Class DE Power Inverter 382 14.3 Analysis of Class DE Power Inverter 383 14.4 Components 393 14.5 Device Stresses 394 14.6 Design Equations 395 14.7 Maximum Operating Frequency 395 14.8 Class DE Inverter with Single Shunt Capacitor 397 14.9 Output Power 401 14.10 Cancellation of Nonlinearities of Transistor Output Capacitances 401 PART III CONVERTERS 405 15 Class D Series-Resonant Converter 407 15.1 Introduction 407 15.2 Half-Bridge Series-Resonant Converter 408 15.3 Full-Bridge Series-Resonant Converter 412 15.4 Design of Half-Bridge SRC 415 16 Class D Parallel-Resonant Converter 422 16.1 Introduction 422 16.2 Half-Bridge Parallel-Resonant Converter 422 16.3 Design of the Half-Bridge PRC 427 16.4 Full-Bridge Parallel-Resonant Converter 430 17 Class D Series-Parallel-Resonant Converter 435 17.1 Introduction 435 17.2 Circuit Description 436 17.3 Half-Bridge Series-Parallel-Resonant Converter 439 17.4 Design of Half-Bridge SPRC 440 17.5 Full-Bridge Series-Parallel-Resonant Converter 443 18 Class D CLL Resonant Converter 448 18.1 Introduction 448 18.2 Circuit Description 448 18.3 Half-Bridge CLL Resonant Converter 451 18.4 Design of Half-Bridge CLL Resonant Converter 453 18.5 Full-Bridge CLL Resonant Converter 455 18.6 LLC Resonant Converter 457 19 Class D Current-Source-Resonant Converter 459 19.1 Introduction 459 19.2 Circuit Description 459 19.3 Design of CSRC 461 20 Class D Inverter/Class E Rectifier Resonant Converter 466 20.1 Introduction 466 20.2 Circuit Description 466 20.3 Principle of Operation 468 20.4 Rectifier Parameters for D=0.5 469 20.5 Design of Class D Inverter/Class E Resonant Converter 471 20.6 Class E ZVS Inverter/Class D Rectifier Resonant DC-DC Converter 473 20.7 Class E ZVS Inverter/Class E ZVS Rectifier Resonant DC-DC Converter 474 21 Phase-Controlled Resonant Converters 477 21.1 Introduction 477 21.2 Circuit Description of SC PC SRC 477 21.3 Design Example 480 22 Quasiresonant and Multiresonant DC-DC Power Converters 485 22.1 Introduction 485 22.2 Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasiresonant DC-DC Converters 488 22.3 Buck ZVS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 492 22.4 Boost ZVS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 501 22.5 Buck-Boost ZVS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 509 22.6 Zero-Current-Switching Quasiresonant DC-DC Converters 518 22.7 Buck ZCS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 520 22.8 Boost ZCS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 529 22.9 Buck-Boost ZCS Quasiresonant DC-DC Converter 536 22.10 Zero-Voltage Switching Multiresonant DC-DC Converters 545 22.11 Zero-Current Switching Multiresonant DC-DC Converters 550 22.12 Zero-Voltage Transition PWM Converters 553 22.13 Zero-Current Transition Converters 556 23 Modeling and Control 565 23.1 Introduction 565 23.2 Modeling 566 23.3 Model Reduction and Control 572 23.4 Summary 574 23.5 References 574 23.6 Review Questions 576 23.7 Problems 576 APPENDICES 577 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 591 INDEX 597

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Book SynopsisBranislav M. Notaroš received the Dipl.Ing. (B.Sc.), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1988, 1992, and 1995, respectively. From 1996 to 1998, he was an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade, and before that, from 1989 to 1996, a Teaching and Research Assistant (faculty position) in the same department.  He spent the 1998-1999 academic year as a Research Associate at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was an Assistant Professor, from 1999 to 2004, and Associate Professor (with Tenure), from 2004 to 2006, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He is currently an Associate Professor (with Tenure) of electrical and computer engineering at Colorado State University.   Research activities of Prof. Notaroš Trade ReviewThe worked examples are very good and seem to be the anchor for different “concept nuggets.” The examples either demonstrate the use of the mathematics in a very complete manner or model a real-world problem using the principles developed in the previous material. By rereading the material and carefully going over the example, the student will not be intimidated by the one or two questions and problems at the end of the chapter referenced at the end of the section.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Electrostatic Field in Free Space Chapter 2 Dielectrics, Capacitance, and Electric Energy Chapter 3 Steady Electric Currents Chapter 4 Magnetostatic Field in Free Space Chapter 5 Magnetostatic Field in Material Media Chapter 6 Slowly Time-Varying Electromagnetic Field Chapter 7 Inductance and Magnetic Energy Chapter 8 Rapidly Time-Varying Electromagnetic Field Chapter 9 Uniform Plane Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 10 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves Chapter 11 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines Chapter 12 Circuit Analysis of Transmission Lines Chapter 13 Waveguides and Cavity Resonators Chapter 14 Antennas and Wireless Communication Systems APPENDICES 1 Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Constants 2 Mathematical Facts and Identities 3 Vector Algebra and Calculus Index 4 Answers to Selected Problems Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis is an entertaining guide to the most common grammatical mistakes in English, from apostrophe atrocities to the lie/lay conundrum. Using examples of errors found in major newspapers, magazines, and TV broadcasting, Thomas Parrish's fictional friend "the Grouchy Grammarian" explains basic elements of grammar and good writing.Trade Review“…this is a lighthearted but highly effective reminder for anyone looking to avoid the pitfalls of the English language…” (Good Book Guide, June 2003)Table of ContentsThe Grouch and I. The Topics. 1. Think! 2. Agreement; or, Where Did the Subject Go? 3. Special Kinds of Subjects. 4. A Bit More about Each. 5. There-the Introducer. 6. Former Greats. 7. Just Because They Sound Alike. 8. The Reason Isn't Because. 9. May and Might: Did They or Didn't They? 10. As of Yet. 11. Floaters and Danglers. 12. A.M./Morning, P.M./Afternoon, Evening. 13. Would Have vs. Had. 14. Apostrophe Atrocities. 15. It's a Contraction-Really. 16. Whom Cares? 17. Whiches, Who's, and That's. 18. Where's the Irony? 19. The Intrusive Of. 20. Preposition Propositions. 21. But Won't You Miss Me? 22. Well, Better, Best, Most. 23. Between Who and What?: Prepositions with More Than One Object. 24. Other . . . or Else. 25. Lie, Lay. 26. A Case of Lead Poisoning. 27. Silly Tautologies. 28. False Series. 29. French Misses. 30. None Is, None Are? 31. Drug Is a Drag. It Must Have Snuck In. 32. And/Or. 33. Overworked and Undereffective. 34. Quantities, Numbers. 35. Watering What You're Writing: The Alleged Criminal and the Alleged Crime. 36. Only But Not Lonely. 37. Pairs-Some Trickier Than Others. 38. Between vs. Among. 39. Those Good Old Sayings. 40. Fuzz. 41. As . . .Than. 42. Not Appropriate. 43. Sorry, You've Already Used That One. 44. From Classical Tongues. 45. Like, Like. 46. Just the Facts, Ma'am. 47. Lost Causes? The Grouch Reflects. Afterword. Using This Book. Thanks. From the Grouch's Shelves-A Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is one of the first to give an overview of biomechatronic exoskeletons including their applications and implications. A collective reference specifically on biomechatronic exoskeletons, an area that is relevant to mechanical and biomedical engineers as well as those working in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and defense.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to wearable robotics 1J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 1.1 Wearable robots and exoskeletons 1 1.1.1 Dual human–robot interaction in wearable robotics 3 1.1.2 A historical note 4 1.1.3 Exoskeletons: an instance of wearable robots 5 1.2 The role of bioinspiration and biomechatronics in wearable robots 6 1.2.1 Bioinspiration in the design of biomechatronic wearable robots 8 1.2.2 Biomechatronic systems in close interaction with biological systems 9 1.2.3 Biologically inspired design and optimization procedures 9 1.3 Technologies involved in robotic exoskeletons 9 1.4 A classification of wearable exoskeletons: application domains 10 1.5 Scope of the book 12 References 15 2 Basis for bioinspiration and biomimetism in wearable robots 17A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons and M. Wisse 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 General principles in biological design 18 2.2.1 Optimization of objective functions: energy consumption 19 2.2.2 Multifunctionality and adaptability 21 2.2.3 Evolution 22 2.3 Development of biologically inspired designs 23 2.3.1 Biological models 24 2.3.2 Neuromotor control structures and mechanisms as models 24 2.3.3 Muscular physiology as a model 27 2.3.4 Sensorimotor mechanisms as a model 29 2.3.5 Biomechanics of human limbs as a model 31 2.3.6 Recursive interaction: engineering models explain biological systems 31 2.4 Levels of biological inspiration in engineering design 31 2.4.1 Biomimetism: replication of observable behaviour and structures 32 2.4.2 Bioimitation: replication of dynamics and control structures 32 2.5 Case Study: limit-cycle biped walking robots to imitate human gait and to inspire the design of wearable exoskeletons 33M. Wisse 2.5.1 Introduction 33 2.5.2 Why is human walking efficient and stable? 33 2.5.3 Robot solutions for efficiency and stability 34 2.5.4 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 36 2.6 Case Study: MANUS-HAND, mimicking neuromotor control of grasping 36J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 2.6.1 Introduction 37 2.6.2 Design of the prosthesis 37 2.6.3 MANUS-HAND control architecture 39 2.7 Case Study: internal models, CPGs and reflexes to control bipedal walking robots and exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 40A. Forner-Cordero 2.7.1 Introduction 40 2.7.2 Motivation for the design of LC bipeds and current limitations 41 2.7.3 Biomimetic control for an LC biped walking robot 41 2.7.4 Conclusions and future developments 43 References 43 3 Kinematics and dynamics of wearable robots 47A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons, E. A. Turowska and A. Schiele 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Robot mechanics: motion equations 48 3.2.1 Kinematic analysis 48 3.2.2 Dynamic analysis 53 3.3 Human biomechanics 57 3.3.1 Medical description of human movements 57 3.3.2 Arm kinematics 59 3.3.3 Leg kinematics 61 3.3.4 Kinematic models of the limbs 64 3.3.5 Dynamic modelling of the human limbs 68 3.4 Kinematic redundancy in exoskeleton systems 70 3.4.1 Introduction to kinematic redundancies 70 3.4.2 Redundancies in human–exoskeleton systems 71 3.5 Case Study: a biomimetic, kinematically compliant knee joint modelled by a four-bar linkage 74J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, D. Garrido and F. Moll 3.5.1 Introduction 74 3.5.2 Kinematics of the knee 75 3.5.3 Kinematic analysis of a four-bar linkage mechanism 75 3.5.4 Genetic algorithm methodology 77 3.5.5 Final design 77 3.5.6 Mobility analysis of the optimal crossed four-bar linkage 78 3.6 Case Study: design of a forearm pronation–supination joint in an upper limb exoskeleton 79J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda, R. Barberà and J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu 3.6.1 The mechanics of pronation–supination control 79 3.7 Case Study: study of tremor characteristics based on a biomechanical model of the upper limb 80E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 3.7.1 Biomechanical model of the upper arm 81 3.7.2 Results 83 References 83 4 Human–robot cognitive interaction 87L. Bueno, F. Brunetti, A. Frizera and J. L. Pons 4.1 Introduction to human–robot interaction 87 4.2 cHRI using bioelectrical monitoring of brain activity 89 4.2.1 Physiology of brain activity 90 4.2.2 Electroencephalography (EEG) models and parameters 92 4.2.3 Brain-controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 93 4.3 cHRI through bioelectrical monitoring of muscle activity (EMG) 96 4.3.1 Physiology of muscle activity 97 4.3.2 Electromyography models and parameters 98 4.3.3 Surface EMG signal feature extraction 99 4.3.4 Classification of EMG activity 102 4.3.5 Force and torque estimation 104 4.4 cHRI through biomechanical monitoring 104 4.4.1 Biomechanical models and parameters 105 4.4.2 Biomechanically controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 108 4.5 Case Study: lower limb exoskeleton control based on learned gait patterns 109J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 4.5.1 Gait patterns with knee joint impedance modulation 109 4.5.2 Architecture 109 4.5.3 Fuzzy inference system 110 4.5.4 Simulation 110 4.6 Case Study: identification and tracking of involuntary human motion based on biomechanical data 111E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 4.7 Case Study: cortical control of neuroprosthetic devices 115J. M. Carmena 4.8 Case Study: gesture and posture recognition using WSNs 118E. Farella and L. Benini 4.8.1 Platform description 119 4.8.2 Implementation of concepts and algorithm 119 4.8.3 Posture detection results 121 4.8.4 Challenges: wireless sensor networks for motion tracking 121 4.8.5 Summary and outlook 122 References 122 5 Human–robot physical interaction 127E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz, R. Raya, A. Schiele and J. L. Pons 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 Physiological factors 128 5.1.2 Aspects of wearable robot design 129 5.2 Kinematic compatibility between human limbs and wearable robots 130 5.2.1 Causes of kinematic incompatibility and their negative effects 130 5.2.2 Overcoming kinematic incompatibility 133 5.3 Application of load to humans 134 5.3.1 Human tolerance of pressure 134 5.3.2 Transmission of forces through soft tissues 135 5.3.3 Support design 138 5.4 Control of human–robot interaction 138 5.4.1 Human–robot interaction: human behaviour 139 5.4.2 Human–robot interaction: robot behaviour 140 5.4.3 Human–robot closed loop 143 5.4.4 Physically triggered cognitive interactions 146 5.4.5 Stability 147 5.5 Case Study: quantification of constraint displacements and interaction forces in nonergonomic pHR interfaces 149A. Schiele 5.5.1 Theoretical analysis of constraint displacements, d 150 5.5.2 Experimental quantification of interaction force, Fd 151 5.6 Case Study: analysis of pressure distribution and tolerance areas for wearable robots 154J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda and M. J. Vivas 5.6.1 Measurement of pressure tolerance 155 5.7 Case Study: upper limb tremor suppression through impedance control 156E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 5.8 Case Study: stance stabilization during gait through impedance control 158J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 5.8.1 Knee–ankle–foot orthosis (exoskeleton) 159 5.8.2 Lower leg–exoskeleton system 159 5.8.3 Stance phase stabilization: patient test 160 References 161 6 Wearable robot technologies 165J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.1 Introduction to wearable robot technologies 165 6.2 Sensor technologies 166 6.2.1 Position and motion sensing: HR limb kinematic information 166 6.2.2 Bioelectrical activity sensors 171 6.2.3 HR interface force and pressure: human comfort and limb kinetic information 175 6.2.4 Microclimate sensing 179 6.3 Actuator technologies 181 6.3.1 State of the art 181 6.3.2 Control requirements for actuator technologies 183 6.3.3 Emerging actuator technologies 185 6.4 Portable energy storage technologies 189 6.4.1 Future trends 189 6.5 Case Study: inertial sensor fusion for limb orientation 190J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.6 Case Study: microclimate sensing in wearable devices 192J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, J. M. Belda-Lois, J. M. Prat and R. Barberà 6.6.1 Introduction 192 6.6.2 Thermal balance of humans 192 6.6.3 Climate conditions in clothing and wearable devices 193 6.6.4 Measurement of thermal comfort 194 6.7 Case Study: biomimetic design of a controllable knee actuator 194J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.7.1 Quadriceps weakness 195 6.7.2 Functional analysis of gait as inspiration 195 6.7.3 Actuator prototype 197 References 198 7 Communication networks for wearable robots 201F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Wearable robotic networks, from wired to wireless 203 7.2.1 Requirements 203 7.2.2 Network components: configuration of a wearable robotic network 205 7.2.3 Topology 206 7.2.4 Wearable robatic network goals and profiles 208 7.3 Wired wearable robotic networks 209 7.3.1 Enabling technologies 209 7.3.2 Network establishment, maintenance, QoS and robustness 213 7.4 Wireless wearable robotic networks 214 7.4.1 Enabling technologies 214 7.4.2 Wireless sensor network platforms 216 7.5 Case Study: smart textiles to measure comfort and performance 218J. Vanhala 7.5.1 Introduction 218 7.5.2 Application description 220 7.5.3 Platform description 221 7.5.4 Implementation of concepts 222 7.5.5 Results 222 7.5.6 Discussion 223 7.6 Case Study: ExoNET 224F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.6.1 Application description 224 7.6.2 Network structure 224 7.6.3 Network components 224 7.6.4 Network protocol 225 7.7 Case Study: NeuroLab, a multimodal networked exoskeleton for neuromotor and biomechanical research 226A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 7.7.1 Application description 226 7.7.2 Platform description 227 7.7.3 Implementation of concepts and algorithms 227 7.8 Case Study: communication technologies for the integration of robotic systems and sensor networks at home: helping elderly people 229J. V. Martí, R. Marín, J. Fernández, M. Nuñez, O. Rajadell, L. Nomdedeu, J. Sales, P. Agustí, A. Fabregat and A. P. del Pobil 7.8.1 Introduction 230 7.8.2 Communication systems 230 7.8.3 IP-based protocols 232 Acknowledgements 233 References 233 8 Wearable upper limb robots 235E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 8.1 Case Study: the wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 8.1.1 Introduction 236 8.1.2 Wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236 8.1.3 Experimental protocol 239 8.1.4 Results 240 8.1.5 Discussion and conclusions 241 8.2 Case Study: the CyberHand 242L. Beccai, S. Micera, C. Cipriani, J. Carpaneto and M. C. Carrozza 8.2.1 Introduction 242 8.2.2 The multi-DoF bioinspired hand prosthesis 242 8.2.3 The neural interface 245 8.2.4 Conclusions 247 8.3 Case Study: the ergonomic EXARM exoskeleton 248A. Schiele 8.3.1 Introduction 248 8.3.2 Ergonomic exoskeleton: challenges and innovation 250 8.3.3 The EXARM implementation 251 8.3.4 Summary and conclusion 254 8.4 Case Study: the NEUROBOTICS exoskeleton (NEUROExos) 255S. Roccella, E. Cattin, N. Vitiello, F. Vecchi and M. C. Carrozza 8.4.1 Exoskeleton control approach 257 8.4.2 Application domains for the NEUROExos exoskeleton 258 8.5 Case Study: an upper limb powered exoskeleton 259J. C. Perry and J. Rosen 8.5.1 Exoskeleton design 259 8.5.2 Conclusions and discussion 268 8.6 Case Study: soft exoskeleton for use in physiotherapy and training 269N. G. Tsagarakis, D. G. Caldwell and S. Kousidou 8.6.1 Soft arm–exoskeleton design 270 8.6.2 System control 272 8.6.3 Experimental results 275 8.6.4 Conclusions 277 References 278 9 Wearable lower limb and full-body robots 283J. Moreno, E. Turowska and J. L. Pons 9.1 Case Study: GAIT–ESBiRRo: lower limb exoskeletons for functional compensation of pathological gait 283J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 9.1.1 Introduction 283 9.1.2 Pathological gait and biomechanical aspects 284 9.1.3 The GAIT concept 285 9.1.4 Actuation 286 9.1.5 Sensor system 286 9.1.6 Control system 286 9.1.7 Evaluation 287 9.1.8 Next generation of lower limb exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 289 9.2 Case Study: an ankle–foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles 289D. P. Ferris 9.2.1 Introduction 289 9.2.2 Orthosis construction 290 9.2.3 Artificial pneumatic muscles 291 9.2.4 Muscle mounting 291 9.2.5 Orthosis mass 292 9.2.6 Orthosis control 292 9.2.7 Performance data 292 9.2.8 Major conclusions 295 9.3 Case Study: intelligent and powered leg prosthesis 295K. De Roy 9.3.1 Introduction 296 9.3.2 Functional analysis of the prosthetic leg 297 9.3.3 Conclusions 303 9.4 Case Study: the control method of the HAL (hybrid assistive limb) for a swinging motion 304J. Moreno, E. Turouska and J. L. Pons 9.4.1 System 305 9.4.2 Actuator control 305 9.4.3 Performance 306 9.5 Case Study: Kanagawa Institute of Technology power-assist suit 308K. Yamamoto 9.5.1 The basic design concepts 308 9.5.2 Power-assist suit 308 9.5.3 Controller 310 9.5.4 Physical dynamics model 310 9.5.5 Muscle hardness sensor 310 9.5.6 Direct drive pneumatic actuators 311 9.5.7 Units 311 9.5.8 Operating characteristics of units 312 9.6 Case Study: EEG-based cHRI of a robotic wheelchair 314T. F. Bastos-Filho, M. Sarcinelli-Filho, A. Ferreira, W. C. Celeste, R. L. Silva, V. R. Martins, D. C. Cavalieri, P. N. S. Filgueira and I. B. Arantes 9.6.1 EEG acquisition and processing 315 9.6.2 The PDA-based graphic interface 317 9.6.3 Experiments 317 9.6.4 Results and concluding remarks 318 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 10 Summary, conclusions and outlook 323J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 10.1 Summary 323 10.1.1 Bioinspiration in designing wearable robots 324 10.1.2 Mechanics of wearable robots 326 10.1.3 Cognitive and physical human–robot interaction 327 10.1.4 Technologies for wearable robots 328 10.1.5 Outstanding research projects on wearable robots 329 10.2 Conclusions and outlook 330 References 332 Index 335

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Book SynopsisA fully up-to-date guide to transformative consumer technologies Video compression or video coding has been at the centre of a revolution in the way video is produced, delivered, and consumed. It has made the switch from analogue to digital video possible and has enabled fundamental shifts in the way we now watch video. New video compression standards, together with adaptive streaming protocols, are used to deliver high-quality video to homes and workplaces around the world. Coding Video provides a practical and comprehensive guide to the new landscape of video coding and video streaming. This book explains the core technologies with a wealth of practical examples and illustrations, covers key standards such as H.265/HEVC and includes an introduction to the new H.266/VVC standard. Coding Video will appeal to engineers, application developers, product designers and digital video professionals, as well as to graduate students and researchers in Engineering, Computer Science and related subjects.

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Book SynopsisAn accessible but technically rigorous guide to color management for all users in all market segments Understanding Color Management, 2nd Edition explains the basics of color science as needed to understand color profiling software, color measuring instruments, and software applications, such as Adobe Photoshop and proofing RIPs. It also serves as a practical guide to International Color Consortium (ICC) profiles describing procedures for managing color with digital cameras, LCD displays, inkjet proofers, digital presses and web browsers and tablets. Updates since the first edition include new chapters on iPads, tablets and smartphones; home-cinema projection systems, as well as, with the industrial user in mind, new additional chapters on large-format inkjet for signage and banner printing, flexography, xerography and spot color workflows. Key features: Managing color in digital cameras with Camera Raw and DNG. Step-by-stTable of ContentsForeword to 2nd Edition xv Foreword to 1st Edition xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Do We Need Color Management? 1 1.2 Closed-loop Color Control 3 1.3 Need for an Open System 4 1.4 A Color Management System 5 1.5 Color Management Workflows 8 1.6 ICC – International Color Consortium 10 1.7 RGB and CMYK Color Specification 13 1.8 CIE 1931 Yxy and CIE 1976 L∗a∗b∗ 16 1.9 Color Conversions 17 1.10 Three Cs of Color Management 19 1.11 Profile Types 20 1.11.1 Custom Profiles 20 1.11.2 Generic Profiles 21 1.11.3 Standard Profiles 22 1.12 Color Gamuts 24 1.13 Rendering Intents 26 1.14 Color Accuracy 28 1.15 Late-binding Workflows 29 1.16 Spot Colors and Proprietary Systems 30 1.17 Benefits of Color Management 31 1.18 Summary 34 2 Principles of Light and Color 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Light Source – Object – Human Observer 38 2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation 39 2.3.1 The Visible Spectrum 39 2.4 Specifying the Light Source 40 2.4.1 Spectral Power Distribution 40 2.4.2 Color Temperature 42 2.4.3 CIE Illuminants and Standard Sources 43 2.4.4 Viewing Booths 45 2.4.5 “Warm” and “Cold” Colors 46 2.5 Measuring the Sample Spectrum 46 2.5.1 Practical Color Samples 47 2.6 Quantifying Human Color Vision 49 2.6.1 CIE Standard Observer 50 2.6.2 Trichromatic Vision 51 2.7 Changing the Light Source 53 2.7.1 Chromatic Adaptation 53 2.7.2 Yellow Sodium-Vapor Street Lighting 54 2.7.3 Metamerism – Matching Jacket and Trousers 56 2.7.4 PANTONE® D50 Lighting Indicator 58 2.8 Vision and Measurement 58 2.8.1 Viewing the Invisible – Infrared 59 2.8.2 Ultraviolet Fluorescence 60 2.8.3 Color Illusions 60 2.8.4 Color Appearance Modeling 61 2.9 Summary 63 3 Color by Numbers 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Basic Attributes of Color: Hue, Saturation, and Lightness 66 3.3 Munsell Color System 67 3.4 CIE Color Specification 68 3.5 XYZ Tristimulus Values 69 3.5.1 Calculating XYZ 69 3.5.2 XYZ Example Colors 71 3.5.3 XYZ for Light Sources 72 3.6 CIE 1931 Yxy System 72 3.6.1 Advantages of the Yxy Chromaticity Diagram 74 3.6.2 Disadvantages of the Yxy Chromaticity Diagram 75 3.7 CIE 1976 L∗a∗b∗ System 77 3.7.1 L∗a∗b∗ Practical Examples 80 3.7.2 L∗a∗b∗ vs. Spectral Data 82 3.8 CIE 1976 L∗C∗h 83 3.9 Quantifying Color Difference 84 3.9.1 Calculating ΔE 85 3.9.2 Improved ΔE Equations 88 3.9.3 Which ΔE Should I Use? 91 3.9.4 ΔE and Images 92 3.10 Summary 93 4 Measuring Instruments 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Instrument Types 96 4.3 Instrument Filter Bands 97 4.4 Densitometers 98 4.4.1 Density Equation 99 4.4.2 Status Densitometry 99 4.4.3 Density and Process Control 100 4.5 Colorimeters 101 4.5.1 Filter-based Colorimetry 101 4.5.2 Improvements in Display Colorimeters 103 4.6 Spectrophotometers 104 4.6.1 Spectrophotometer Features and Functions 106 4.6.2 Ever Popular X-Rite i1Pro2 109 4.6.3 OBA and UV Fluorescence 110 4.6.4 M0, M1, M2, M3 Measurement Modes 111 4.7 Smartphone and Other Low-cost Systems 114 4.8 Inter-instrument and Inter-model Agreement 115 4.9 Instrument Repeatability vs. Accuracy 116 4.10 Instrument Calibration 117 4.11 Summary 120 5 Inside Profiles 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 ICC Profile Specification 122 5.3 Hexadecimal Profile Encoding 123 5.4 Structure of an ICC Profile 124 5.5 Profile Header 124 5.5.1 Preferred CMM 125 5.5.2 Specification Version 125 5.5.3 Profile Class 126 5.5.4 Data Color Space and PCS 127 5.5.5 Flags 128 5.5.6 Rendering Intent 130 5.5.7 PCS Illuminant 130 5.5.8 Profile Creator 130 5.6 Tag Table 131 5.6.1 Profile Description Tag 131 5.6.2 XYZ Primaries Tag 132 5.6.3 Tone Reproduction Curve Tag 133 5.6.4 Media White Point Tag 133 5.6.5 Chromatic Adaptation Tag 133 5.6.6 Lookup Table Tags 135 5.6.7 Target Tag 137 5.6.8 Gamut Tag 139 5.6.9 Optional Tags 139 5.6.10 Private Tags 140 5.7 Version 2 and Version 4 Profiles 140 5.8 Version 5 Profiles and iccMAX 141 5.9 How Does a Lookup Table Work? 142 5.10 Summary 144 6 Managing Color in Digital Cameras 147 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Scanner Profiling 148 6.2.1 Making a Scanner Profile 148 6.3 Paradigm Shift from Scanners to Digital Cameras 149 6.4 Color Management for a Digital Camera 152 6.4.1 Bayer Color Filter Array 152 6.4.2 In-Camera JPEG Processing 153 6.4.3 Camera RAW Processing 154 6.4.4 Camera RAW Color Management 155 6.4.5 Creating a Camera RAW Profile 157 6.4.6 Digital Negative – DNG 157 6.5 File Formats for Digital Cameras 159 6.5.1 JPEG Lossy File Format 160 6.5.2 TIFF Lossless File Format 161 6.6 Studio Color Management 161 6.7 Summary 162 7 Monitor Profiles 165 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Three Cs of Monitor Profiling 167 7.3 Monitor Profiling Solutions 167 7.3.1 Free Utilities 167 7.3.2 Commercial Profiling Software 168 7.3.3 Integrated Soft Proofing Solutions 169 7.3.4 Hardware Calibrated Monitor Systems 170 7.4 Monitor Basics 171 7.4.1 External Brightness and Contrast 171 7.4.2 RGB Primaries 172 7.4.3 White Point 174 7.4.4 Monitor Gamma 174 7.4.5 Luminance Levels 175 7.4.6 The Dingy Yellow Effect 175 7.5 Making a Monitor Profile 177 7.6 Checking a Monitor Profile 178 7.7 Monitor Profiles and Windows 179 7.8 Monitor Profiles and Web Browsers 180 7.9 Monitor Profiles and Mobile Devices 181 7.10 Soft Proofing in Adobe Acrobat 182 7.11 Standards for Viewing Booths 183 7.12 Summary 184 8 Press and Printer Profiling 187 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 The Three Cs in Printer Profiling 188 8.3 Calibration in Inkjet Systems 188 8.3.1 Ink Limiting 189 8.3.2 Ink Hooking 190 8.3.3 Ink Splitting 191 8.4 Calibration in Digital Presses 192 8.5 Calibration in Offset Printing 193 8.5.1 G7 Calibration 194 8.5.2 Shared Neutral Appearance vs. Full Color Match 196 8.6 Printer Test Charts 197 8.6.1 Commonly Used Printer Test Charts 197 8.6.2 Visual vs. Random Layout 199 8.7 Printing and Measuring the Test Chart 200 8.7.1 RGB or CMYK or Halftone Printer? 200 8.7.2 Printing with “No Color Management” 202 8.7.3 Layout for Different Measuring Instruments 204 8.7.4 White Backing 205 8.7.5 Examining the Measurement File 205 8.7.6 Averaging Measurement Files 206 8.8 Making a Printer Profile 206 8.8.1 Black Channel Generation 206 8.8.2 Profile Quality 209 8.9 Checking the Printer Profile 210 8.9.1 Quantitative Checking 210 8.9.2 Qualitative Checking 212 8.10 Reference Printing Conditions 213 8.10.1 Developing Reference Printing Conditions 214 8.10.2 American and European Reference Printing Conditions 215 8.10.3 Using Reference Printing Conditions in Prepress and Press 217 8.10.4 “Printing to the Numbers” 219 8.11 Rendering Intents 221 8.11.1 Perceptual Rendering Intent 222 8.11.2 Relative Colorimetric Rendering Intent 223 8.11.3 Absolute Colorimetric Rendering Intent 224 8.11.4 Saturation Rendering Intent 225 8.12 Device LinkWorkflows 225 8.12.1 ICC Device Linking 225 8.12.2 Proprietary Device Linking 226 8.13 Process Control in Printing 227 8.14 Summary 230 9 Spot Colors & Expanded Gamut Printing 233 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Specifying a Spot Color – PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM® 236 9.2.1 PANTONE Guides 236 9.2.2 Pantone Digital Color Libraries 239 9.2.3 PANTONE Ink Formulation Recipes 241 9.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the PMS System 242 9.3 Printing a Spot Color 243 9.3.1 Printing with a Spot Color Ink 243 9.3.2 Simulating a Spot Color in CMYK 244 9.4 Spot Colors and Digital Presses 246 9.4.1 Creating a Swatch Book on a Digital Press 247 9.4.2 Spot Color Matching in Digital Presses 247 9.4.3 Spot Color Editor for a Digital Press 249 9.5 Expanded Gamut Printing 249 9.6 Software Solutions for Spot Colors and Expanded Gamut Printing 253 9.6.1 Gamut Warning in Adobe Photoshop 253 9.6.2 Using PANTONE Color Manager 253 9.6.3 Color Conversion with Esko Equinox 254 9.6.4 Gamut Calculation in Esko Color Engine Pilot 255 9.7 Summary 256 10 XML and Color Management 259 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Markup Languages 260 10.3 XML Design Principles 261 10.4 Basics of XML 262 10.4.1 Declaration 262 10.4.2 Elements 263 10.4.3 Attributes 263 10.4.4 Schema 264 10.4.5 Private Schemas 265 10.4.6 Validation and Conformance 265 10.5 Working with XML 267 10.5.1 iccMAX 267 10.5.2 Windows Color System (WCS) 268 10.5.3 Color Exchange Format (CxF) 269 10.5.4 X-Rite i1Profiler 271 10.5.5 JDF 272 10.6 XML not-best Practices 272 10.7 Summary 274 11 Color Management in Photoshop 275 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Photoshop Through the Ages 276 11.3 Photoshop’s Color Management Rules 278 11.3.1 Rule 1: Image + Profile 279 11.3.2 Rule 2: Profile – Connection Space – Profile 279 11.3.3 Rule 3: Real vs. Simulated Conversions 279 11.4 Photoshop’s Working Space 280 11.5 Menus in Photoshop 281 11.5.1 Opening an Image 282 11.5.2 Image Status 283 11.5.3 Color Settings 284 11.5.4 Assign Profile 286 11.5.5 Convert to Profile 287 11.5.6 Soft Proof Setup 289 11.6 Photoshop and Printing 290 11.6.1 Photoshop’s Print Settings 290 11.6.2 Hard Proofing 292 11.7 Putting It All Together 293 11.8 Summary 295 A Appendix 297 Index 305

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Book SynopsisThis new edition introduces operation and design techniques for Sigma-Delta converters in physical and conceptual terms, and includes chapters which explore developments in the field over the last decade Includes information on MASH architectures, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) mismatch and mismatch shaping Investigates new topics including continuous-time ?S analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) principles and designs, circuit design for both continuous-time and discrete-time ?S ADCs, decimation and interpolation filters, and incremental ADCs Provides emphasis on practical design issues for industry professionals Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 The Magic of Delta-Sigma Modulation 1 1.1 The Need for Oversampling Converters 1 1.2 Nyquist and Oversampling Conversion by Example 3 1.3 Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators 11 1.4 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 12 1.5 Mismatch Shaping in Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma Modulators 14 1.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 15 1.7 Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 17 1.8 Incremental Delta-Sigma Converters 18 1.9 Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters 18 1.10 Decimation and Interpolation 19 1.11 Specifications and Figures of Merit 19 1.12 Early History, Performance, and Architectural Trends 21 References 25 2 Sampling, Oversampling, and Noise-Shaping 27 2.1 A Review of Sampling 28 2.2 Quantization 30 2.3 Quantization Noise Reduction by Oversampling 39 2.4 Noise-Shaping 42 2.5 Nonlinear Aspects of the First-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator 52 2.6 MOD1 with DC Excitation 54 2.7 Alternative Architectures: The Error-Feedback Structure 60 2.8 The Road Ahead 60 References 61 3 Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation 63 3.1 Simulation of MOD2 67 3.2 Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 70 3.3 Stability of MOD2 73 3.4 Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures 77 3.5 Generalized Second-Order Structures 80 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 82 4 High-Order Delta-Sigma Modulators 83 4.1 Signal-Dependent Stability of Delta-Sigma Modulators 85 4.2 Improving MSA in High-Order Delta-Sigma Converters 92 4.3 Systematic NTF Design 95 4.4 Noise Transfer Functions with Optimally Spread Zeros 97 4.5 Fundamental Aspects of Noise Transfer Functions 98 4.6 High-Order Single-Bit Delta-Sigma Data Converters 100 4.7 Loop Filter Topologies for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma Converters 104 4.8 State-Space Description of Delta-Sigma Loops 114 4.9 Conclusions 115 References 115 5 Multi-Stage and Multi-Quantizer Delta-Sigma Modulators 117 5.1 Multi-Stage Modulators 117 5.2 Cascade (MASH) Modulators 120 5.3 Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators 123 5.4 The Sturdy-MASH Architecture 126 5.5 Noise-Coupled Architectures 128 5.6 Cross-Coupled Architectures 131 5.7 Conclusions 131 References 133 6 Mismatch-Shaping 135 6.1 The Mismatch Problem 135 6.2 Random Selection and Rotation 136 6.3 Implementation of Rotation 141 6.4 Alternative Mismatch-Shaping Topologies 145 6.5 High-Order Mismatch-Shaping 151 6.6 Generalizations 156 6.7 Transition-Error Shaping 158 6.8 Conclusions 162 References 162 7 Circuit Design for Discrete-Time Delta-Sigma ADCs 165 7.1 SCMOD2: A Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC 165 7.2 High-Level Design 166 7.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrator 168 7.4 Capacitor Sizing 174 7.5 Initial Verification 176 7.6 Amplifier Design 178 7.7 Intermediate Verification 186 7.8 Switch Design 191 7.9 Comparator Design 191 7.10 Clocking 195 7.11 Full-System Verification 197 7.12 High-Order Modulators 201 7.13 Multi-Bit Quantization 203 7.14 Switch Design Revisited 207 7.15 Double Sampling 209 7.16 Gain-Boosting and Gain-Squaring 211 7.17 Split-Steering and Amplifier Stacking 212 7.18 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 217 7.19 Conclusions 221 References 221 8 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 223 8.1 CT-MOD1 224 8.2 STF of CT-MOD1 230 8.3 Second-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulation 234 8.4 High-Order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 239 8.5 Loop-Filter Topologies 246 8.6 Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators with Complex NTF Zeros 249 8.7 Modeling of Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators for Simulation 250 8.8 Dynamic-Range Scaling 253 8.9 Design Example 255 8.10 Conclusions 258 References 258 9 Nonidealities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 259 9.1 Excess Loop Delay 259 9.2 Time-Constant Variations of the Loop Filter 271 9.3 Clock Jitter in Delta-Sigma Modulators 273 9.4 Addressing Clock Jitter in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 285 9.5 Mitigating Clock Jitter Using FIR Feedback 287 9.6 Comparator Metastability 293 9.7 Conclusions 298 References 298 10 Circuit Design for Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 301 10.1 Integrators 302 10.2 The Miller-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 305 10.3 The Feedforward-Compensated OTA-RC Integrator 306 10.4 Stability of Feedforward Amplifiers 309 10.5 Device Noise in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 312 10.6 ADC Design 316 10.7 Feedback DAC Design 320 10.8 Systematic Design Centering 331 10.9 Loop-Filter Nonlinearities in Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators 338 10.10 Case Study of a 16-Bit Audio Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator346 10.11 Measurement Results 358 10.12 Summary 359 References 360 11 Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation 363 11.1 The Need for Bandpass Conversion 363 11.2 System Overview 366 11.3 Bandpass NTFs 367 11.4 Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 372 11.5 Bandpass Modulator Example 380 11.6 Quadrature Signals 391 11.7 Quadrature Modulation 396 11.8 Polyphase Signal Processing 402 11.9 Conclusions 404 References 405 12 Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converters 407 12.1 Motivation and Trade-Offs 407 12.2 Analysis and Design of Single-Stage IADCs 408 12.3 Digital Filter Design for Single-Stage IADCs 411 12.4 Multiple-Stage IADCs and Extended Counting ADCs 415 12.5 IADC Design Examples 416 12.6 Conclusions 422 References 423 13 Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.1 System Architectures for Delta-Sigma DACs 425 13.2 Loop Configurations for Delta-Sigma DACs 427 13.3 Delta-Sigma DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs 431 13.4 Interpolation Filtering for Delta-Sigma DACs 438 13.5 Analog Post-Filters for Delta-Sigma DACs 441 13.6 Conclusions 449 References 449 14 Interpolation and Decimation Filters 451 14.1 Interpolation Filtering 452 14.2 Example Interpolation Filter 456 14.3 Decimation Filtering 461 14.4 Example Decimation Filter 463 14.5 Halfband Filters 467 14.5.1 Saramäki Halfband Filter 469 14.6 Decimation for Bandpass Delta-Sigma ADCs 471 14.7 Fractional Rate Conversion 472 14.8 Summary 480 References 480 A Spectral Estimation 483 A.1 Windowing 484 A.2 Scaling and Noise Bandwidth 488 A.3 Averaging 491 A.4 An Example 493 A.5 Mathematical Background 495 References 498 B The Delta-Sigma Toolbox 499 C Linear Periodically Time-Varying Systems 539 C.1 Linearity and Time (In)variance 539 C.2 Linear Time-Varying Systems 541 C.3 Linear Periodically Time-Varying (LPTV) Systems 543 C.4 LPTV Systems with Sampled Outputs 547 References 559 Index 561

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Book SynopsisVibration Testing: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is a step-by-step guide that shows how to obtain meaningful experimental results via the proper use of modern instrumentation, vibration exciters, and signal-processing equipment, with particular emphasis on how different types of signals are processed with a frequency analyzer. Thoroughly updated, this new edition covers all basic concepts and principles underlying dynamic testing, explains how current instruments and methods operate within the dynamic environment, and describes their behavior in a number of commonly encountered field and laboratory test situations.Trade Review"…is a good foundational text for engineers concerned with component vibration testing as it might relate to failure analysis, qualification testing, reliability testing, and machinery diagnostics. The book is well written and makes the presented concepts easy to understand. I recommend it both as an introduction to laboratory testing techniques for the relative novice and as a reference for experienced practitioners in the field." (Noise Control Engineering, Jan-Feb 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xix 1. An Overview of Vibration Testing 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Preliminary Considerations 6 1.3 General Input-Output Relationships in the Frequency Domain 8 1.4 Overview of Equipment Employed 10 1.5 Summary 12 2. Dynamic Signal Analysis 13 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Phasor Representation of Periodic Functions 21 2.3 Periodic Time Histories 26 2.4 Transient Signal Analysis 32 2.5 Correlation Concepts—A Statistical Point of View 38 2.6 Correlation Concepts—Periodic Time Histories 40 2.7 Correlation Concepts—Transient Time Histories 47 2.8 Correlation Concepts—Random Time Histories 50 2.9 Summary 63 2.10 General References on Signal Analysis 65 3. Vibration Concepts 67 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 The Single DOF Model 68 3.3 Single Degree of Freedom Forced Response 76 3.4 General Input-Output Model For Linear Systems 88 3.5 The Two Degrees of Freedom Vibration Model 101 3.6 The Second-Order Continuous Vibration Model 115 3.7 Fourth-Order Continuous Vibration System—The Beam 130 3.8 Nonlinear Behavior 143 3.9 Summary 156 3.10 References 161 4. Transducer Measurement Considerations 164 4.1 Introduction 164 4.2 Fixed Reference Transducers 166 4.3 Mechanical Model of Seismic Transducers—The Accelerometer 173 4.4 Piezoelectric Sensor Characteristics 180 4.5 Combined Linear and Angular Accelerometers 193 4.6 Transducer Response to Transient Inputs 199 4.7 Accelerometer Cross-Axis Sensitivity 212 4.8 The Force Transducer General Model 222 4.9 Correcting FRF Data for Force Transducer Mass Loading 235 4.10 Calibration 246 4.11 Environmental Factors 263 4.12 Summary 267 5. The Digital Frequency Analyzer 272 5.1 Introduction 272 5.2 Basic Processes of a Digital Frequency Analyzer 274 5.3 Digital Analyzer Operating Principles 289 5.4 Factors in the Application of a Single-Channel Analyzer 296 5.5 The Dual-Channel Analyzer 314 5.6 The Effects of Signal Noise on FRF Measurements 326 5.7 Overlapping Signal Analysis to Reduce Analysis Time 339 5.8 Zoom Analysis 348 5.9 Scan Analysis, Scan Averaging, and More on Spectral Smearing 359 5.10 Summary 368 6. Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 374 6.1 Introduction 375 6.2 Mechanical Vibration Exciters 382 6.3 Electrohydraulic Exciters 394 6.4 The Modeling of an Electro Magnetic Vibration Exciter System 403 6.5 An Exciter System’s Bare Table Characteristics 419 6.6 Interaction of An Exciter and a Grounded Single DOF Structure 426 6.7 Interaction of an Exciter and an Ungrounded Structure Under Test 438 6.8 Measuring An Exciter’s Actual Characteristics 449 6.9 Summary 460 7. The Application of Basic Concepts to Vibration Testing 465 7.1 Introduction 466 7.2 Sudden Release Or Step Relaxation Method 468 7.3 Forced Response of a Simply Supported Beam Mounted on an Exciter 485 7.4 Impulse Testing 499 7.5 Selecting Proper Windows for Impulse Testing 510 7.6 Vibration Exciter Driving a Free-Free Beam With Point Loads 530 7.7 Windowing Effects on Random Test Results 539 7.8 Low-Frequency Damping Measurements Reveal Subtle Data Processing Problems 551 7.9 A Linear Structure Becomes Nonlinear Due To Its Test Environment 559 7.10 Summary 573 8. General Vibration Testing Model: From the Field to the Laboratory 579 8.1 Introduction 580 8.2 A Two-Point Input-Output Model of Field and Laboratory Simulation Environments 587 8.3 Laboratory Simulation Schemes Based on the Elementary Model 593 8.4 An Example Using a Two DOF Test Item and a Two DOF Vehicle 603 8.5 The General Field Environment Model 622 8.6 The General Laboratory Environment Model 627 8.7 Test Scenarios for Laboratory Simulations 630 8.8 Summary 634 Index 641

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Book SynopsisIn this updated and revised second edition, the authors present asystematic and practical approach to the analytical and numericalaspects of the prediction of rotordynamics behaviour. The influenceof bending is a main theme of the book, although the effects oftorsion are also considered. The use of finite element techniquesand the characteristics of rotor elements are introduced. The bookgoes on to consider simple models showing basic phenomena which arethen linked to industrial applications such as turbocompressors,high pressure centrifugal compressors, and steam and air turbines.Key features include: * The inclusion of a computer program available free of charge onthe Internet * The development of a simple model of co-axial multirotors * New industrial applications and 1995 API specifications This book will be of great interest and value to students andengineers concerned with predictions in rotordynamics andmechanical engineering.Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Rotor Elements. Monorotors: Simple Models, Basic Phenomena. Multirotors: Simple Models, Basic Phenomena. Rotors Equations: Solutions of Equations. A Computer Program. Towards Industrial Applications. Industrial Applications. Transient Motions. Torsion. Miscellaneous Topics. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisRevealing suspension geometry design methods in unique detail, John Dixon shows how suspension properties such as bump steer, roll steer, bump camber, compliance steer and roll centres are analysed and controlled by the professional engineer.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction and History. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Early Steering History. 1.3 Leaf-Spring Axles. 1.4 Transverse Leaf Springs. 1.5 Early Independent Fronts. 1.6 Independent Front Suspension. 1.7 Driven Rigid Axles. 1.8 De Dion Rigid Axles. 1.9 Undriven Rigid Axles. 1.10 Independent Rear Driven. 1.11 Independent Rear Undriven. 1.12 Trailing-Twist Axles. 1.13 Some Unusual Suspensions. References. 2 Road Geometry. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Road. 2.3 Road Curvatures. 2.4 Pitch Gradient and Curvature. 2.5 Road Bank Angle. 2.6 Combined Gradient and Banking. 2.7 Path Analysis. 2.8 Particle-Vehicle Analysis. 2.9 Two-Axle-Vehicle Analysis. 2.10 Road Cross-Sectional Shape. 2.11 Road Torsion. 2.12 Logger Data Analysis. References. 3 Road Profiles. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Isolated Ramps. 3.3 Isolated Bumps. 3.4 Sinusoidal Single Paths. 3.5 Sinusoidal Roads. 3.6 Fixed Waveform. 3.7 Fourier Analysis. 3.8 Road Wavelengths. 3.9 Stochastic Roads. References. 4 Ride Geometry. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Wheel and Tyre Geometry. 4.3 Suspension Bump. 4.4 Ride Positions. 4.5 Pitch. 4.5 Roll. 4.7 Ride Height. 4.8 Time-Domain Ride Analysis. 4.9 Frequency-Domain Ride Analysis. 4.10 Workspace. 5 Vehicle Steering. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Turning Geometry – Single Track. 5.3 Ackermann Factor. 5.4 Turning Geometry – Large Vehicles. 5.5 Steering Ratio. 5.6 Steering Systems. 5.7 Wheel Spin Axis. 5.8 Wheel Bottom Point. 5.9 Wheel Steering Axis. 5.10 Caster Angle. 5.11 Camber Angle. 5.12 Kingpin Angle Analysis. 5.13 Kingpin Axis Steered. 5.14 Steer Jacking. References. 6 Bump and Roll Steer. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Wheel Bump Steer. 6.3 Axle Steer Angles. 6.4 Roll Steer and Understeer. 6.5 Axle Linear Bump and Roll Steer. 6.6 Axle Non-Linear Bump and Roll Steer. 6.7 Axle Double-Bump Steer. 6.8 Vehicle Roll Steer. 6.9 Vehicle Heave Steer. 6.10 Vehicle Pitch Steer. 6.11 Static Toe-In and Toe-Out. 6.12 Rigid Axles with Link Location. 6.13 Rigid Axles with Leaf Springs. 6.14 Rigid Axles with Steering. References. 7 Camber and Scrub. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Wheel Inclination and Camber. 7.3 Axle Inclination and Camber. 7.4 Linear Bump and Roll. 7.5 Non-Linear Bump and Roll. 7.6 The Swing Arm. 7.7 Bump Camber Coefficients. 7.8 Roll Camber Coefficients. 7.9 Bump Scrub. 7.10 Double-Bump Scrub. 7.11 Roll Scrub. 7.12 Rigid Axles. References. 8 Roll Centres. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Swing Arm. 8.3 The Kinematic Roll Centre. 8.4 The Force Roll Centre. 8.5 The Geometric Roll Centre. 8.6 Symmetrical Double Bump. 8.7 Linear Single Bump. 8.8 Asymmetrical Double Bump. 8.9 Roll of a Symmetrical Vehicle. 8.10 Linear Symmetrical Vehicle Summary. 8.11 Roll of an Asymmetrical Vehicle. 8.12 Road Coordinates. 8.13 GRC and Latac. 8.14 Experimental Roll Centres. References. 9 Compliance Steer. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Wheel Forces and Moments. 9.3 Compliance Angles. 9.4 Independent Suspension Compliance. 9.5 Discussion of Matrix. 9.6 Independent-Suspension Summary. 9.7 Hub Centre Forces. 9.8 Steering. 9.9 Rigid Axles. 9.10 Experimental Measurements. References. 10 Pitch Geometry. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Acceleration and Braking. 10.3 Anti-Dive. 10.4 Anti-Rise 10.5 Anti-Lift. 10.6 Anti-Squat. 10.7 Design Implications. 11 Single-Arm Suspensions. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Pivot Axis Geometry. 11.3 Wheel Axis Geometry. 11.4 The Trailing Arm. 11.5 The Sloped-Axis Trailing Arm. 11.6 The Semi-Trailing Arm. 11.7 The Low-Pivot Semi-Trailing Arm. 11.8 The Transverse Arm. 11.9 The Sloped-Axis Transverse Arm. 11.10 The Semi-Transverse Arm. 11.11 The Low-Pivot Semi-Transverse Arm. 11.12 General Case Numerical Solution. 11.13 Comparison of Solutions. 11.14 The Steered Single Arm. 11.15 Bump Scrub. References. 12 Double-Arm Suspensions. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Configurations. 12.3 Arm Lengths and Angles. 12.4 Equal Arm Length. 12.5 Equally-Angled Arms. 12.6 Converging Arms. 12.7 Arm Length Difference. 12.8 General Solution. 12.9 Design Process. 12.10 Numerical Solution in Two Dimensions. 12.11 Pitch. 12.12 Numerical Solution in Three Dimensions. 12.13 Steering. 12.14 Strut Analysis in Two Dimensions. 12.15 Strut Numerical Solution in Two Dimensions. 12.16 Strut Design Process. 12.17 Strut Numerical Solution in Three Dimensions. 12.18 Double Trailing Arms. 12.19 Five-Link Suspension. 13 Rigid Axles. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Example Configuration. 13.3 Axle Variables. 13.4 Pivot-Point Analysis. 13.5 Link Analysis. 13.6 Equivalent Links. 13.7 Numerical Solution. 13.8 The Sensitivity Matrix. 13.9 Results: Axle 1. 13.10 Results: Axle 2. 13.11 Coefficients. 14 Installation Ratios. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Motion Ratio. 14.3 Displacement Method. 14.4 Velocity Diagrams. 14.5 Computer Evaluation. 14.6 Mechanical Displacement. 14.7 The Rocker. 14.8 The Rigid Arm. 14.9 Double Wishbones. 14.10 Struts. 14.11 Pushrods and Pullrods. 14.12 Solid Axles. 14.13 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Inertia. 14.14 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Springs. 14.15 The Effect of Motion Ratio on Dampers. 14.16 Velocity Diagrams in Three Dimensions. 14.17 Acceleration Diagrams. References. 15 Computational Geometry in Three Dimensions. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Coordinate Systems. 15.3 Transformation of Coordinates. 15.4 Direction Numbers and Cosines. 15.5 Vector Dot Product. 15.6 Vector Cross Product. 15.7 The Sine Rule. 15.8 The Cosine Rule. 15.9 Points. 15.10 Lines. 15.11 Planes. 15.12 Spheres. 15.13 Circles. 15.14 Routine PointFPL2P. 15.15 Routine PointFPLPDC. 15.16 Routine PointITinit. 15.17 Routine PointIT. 15.18 Routine PointFPT. 15.19 Routine Plane3P. 15.20 Routine PointFP. 15.21 Routine PointFPPl3P. 15.22 Routine PointATinit. 15.23 Routine PointAT. 15.24 Routine Points3S. 15.25 Routine Points2SHP. 15.26 Routine Point3Pl. 15.27 Routine 'PointLP'. 15.28 Routine Point3SV. 15.29 Routine PointITV. 15.30 Routine PointATV. 15.31 Rotations. 16 Programming Considerations. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The RASER Value. 16.3 Failure Modes Analysis. 16.4 Reliability. 16.5 Bad Conditioning. 16.6 Data Sensitivity. 16.7 Accuracy. 16.8 Speed. 16.9 Ease of Use. 16.10 The Assembly Problem. 16.11 Checksums. 17 Iteration. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Three Phases of Iteration. 17.3 Convergence. 17.4 Binary Search. 17.5 Linear Iterations. 17.6 Iterative Exits. 17.7 Fixed-Point Iteration. 17.8 Accelerated Convergence. 17.9 Higher Orders without Derivatives. 17.10 Newton’s Iterations. 17.11 Other Derivative Methods. 17.12 Polynomial Roots. 17.13 Testing. References. Appendix A: Nomenclature. Appendix B: Units. Appendix C: Greek Alphabet. Appendix D: Quaternions for Engineers. Appendix E: Frenet, Serret and Darboux. Appendix F: The Fourier Transform. References and Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA fully updated new edition of the bible of model rocketry and the official handbook of the National Association of Rocketry G. Harry Stine was one of the founders of model rocketry and one of its most accomplished and respected figures. His Handbook of Model Rocketry has long been recognized as the most authoritative and reliable resource in the field. Now fully updated and expanded by Harry''s son Bill Stine, who inherited his father''s passion for model rockets, the new Seventh Edition includes the many changes in the hobby that have occurred since the last edition was published, such as new types of rockets, motors, and electronic payloads, plus computer software and Internet resources. This new edition also includes new photos and a new chapter on high-power rocketry. G. Harry Stine, founder and one-time president of the National Association of Rocketry, started the world''s first model rocket company, whose kits are now in the Smithsonian. Bill Stine, also a model rocket exTable of ContentsPreface to the Seventh Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. This Is Model Rocketry. 2. Getting Started. 3. Tools and Techniques in the Workshop. 4. Model Rocket Construction. 5. Model Rocket Motors. 6. Ignition and Ignition Systems. 7. Launchers and Launching Techniques. 8. How High Will It Go? 9. Stability. 10. Model Rocket Aerodynamics. 11. Multistage Model Rockets. 12. Recovery Devices. 13. Glide Recovery. 14. Building and Flying Large Models. 15. Payloads. 16. Scale Models. 17. Altitude Determination. 18. Model Rocket Ranges. 19. Clubs and Contests. 20. Where Do I Go from Here? Epilogue. Bibliography. Appendix I: Important Addresses. Appendix II: Model Rocket CP Calculation. Appendix III: Rocket Altitude Simulation: Computer Program RASP-93. Appendix IV: Static Stability Calculation: Computer Program STABCAL-2. Appendix V: The Triple-T rack Tracker. Appendix VI: Two-Station Alt-Azimuth Tracking Data Reduction Program MRDR-2. Appendix VII: Three-Station Elevation-Angle-Only Tracking Data Reduction Tables. Appendix VIII: Sample NAR Section Bylaws. Index.

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Book SynopsisWelding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available. The authors emphasize fundamental metallurgical principles governing microstructure evolution and property development of stainless steels, including martensistic, ferric, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening grades. They present a logical and well-organized look at the history, evolution, and primary uses of each stainless steel, including detailed descriptions of the associated weldability issues.Trade Review"…offers a solid and detailed coverage of welding with stainless steels." (E-STREAMS, August 2006) "…an exciting metallurgy book…that is difficult to put down…the authors have performed an excellent piece of work in developing this book." (Materials and Manufacturing Processes, February 2006) "...a delight to read...has a wealth of information and written in a concise, informative manner…" (MRS Bulletin, January 2006) "...an authoritative resource for both students and professionals that serves as a handy reference...essential." (CHOICE, December 2005) "…information is not something that can be easily found in most metallurgical reference books…extremely useful for the selection or application of stainless steels." (Journal of Metals Online, July 21, 2005) "...an up-to-date textbook that will surely become a respected volume for years to come." (Welding Journal, September 2005)Table of Contents PREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definition of a Stainless Steel 2 1.2 History of Stainless Steel 2 1.3 Types of Stainless Steel and Their Application 4 1.4 Corrosion Resistance 5 1.5 Production of Stainless Steel 6 References 7 2 PHASE DIAGRAMS 8 2.1 Iron–Chromium System 9 2.2 Iron–Chromium–Carbon System 10 2.3 Iron–Chromium–Nickel System 12 2.4 Phase Diagrams for Specific Alloy Systems 15 References 18 3 ALLOYING ELEMENTS AND CONSTITUTION DIAGRAMS 19 3.1 Alloying Elements in Stainless Steels 19 3.1.1 Chromium 20 3.1.2 Nickel 20 3.1.3 Manganese 21 3.1.4 Silicon 21 3.1.5 Molybdenum 22 3.1.6 Carbide-Forming Elements 22 3.1.7 Precipitation-Hardening Elements 23 3.1.8 Interstitial Elements: Carbon and Nitrogen 23 3.1.9 Other Elements 24 3.2 Ferrite-Promoting Versus Austenite-Promoting Elements 24 3.3 Constitution Diagrams 25 3.3.1 Austenitic–Ferritic Alloy Systems: Early Diagrams and Equivalency Relationships 25 3.3.2 Schaeffler Diagram 29 3.3.3 DeLong Diagram 33 3.3.4 Other Diagrams 34 3.3.5 WRC-1988 and WRC-1992 Diagrams 40 3.4 Austenitic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 43 3.5 Ferritic–Martensitic Alloy Systems 46 3.6 Neural Network Ferrite Prediction 50 References 52 4 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS 56 4.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 57 4.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 59 4.3 Welding Metallurgy 63 4.3.1 Fusion Zone 63 4.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 67 4.3.3 Phase Transformations 70 4.3.4 Postweld Heat Treatment 71 4.3.5 Preheat, Interpass, and Postweld Heat Treatment Guidelines 74 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 77 4.5 Weldability 77 4.5.1 Solidification and Liquation Cracking 78 4.5.2 Reheat Cracking 78 4.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 79 4.6 Supermartensitic Stainless Steels 80 4.7 Case Study: Calculation of MS Temperatures of Martensitic Stainless Steels 84 References 86 5 FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS 87 5.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 88 5.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 92 5.2.1 Effect of Alloying Additions on Microstructure 95 5.2.2 Effect of Martensite 95 5.2.3 Embrittlement Phenomena 96 5.2.3.1 475°C Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.2 Sigma and Chi Phase Embrittlement 97 5.2.3.3 High-Temperature Embrittlement 98 5.2.3.4 Notch Sensitivity 103 5.2.4 Mechanical Properties 104 5.3 Welding Metallurgy 104 5.3.1 Fusion Zone 104 5.3.1.1 Solidification and Transformation Sequence 104 5.3.1.2 Precipitation Behavior 109 5.3.1.3 Microstructure Prediction 111 5.3.2 Heat-Affected Zone 112 5.3.3 Solid-State Welds 113 5.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 114 5.4.1 Low-Chromium Alloys 114 5.4.2 Medium-Chromium Alloys 116 5.4.3 High-Chromium Alloys 119 5.5 Weldability 123 5.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 123 5.5.2 High-Temperature Embrittlement 124 5.5.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 126 5.6 Corrosion Resistance 126 5.7 Postweld Heat Treatment 130 5.8 Filler Metal Selection 132 5.9 Case Study: HAZ Cracking in Type 436 During Cold Deformation 132 5.10 Case Study: Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in the HAZ of Type 430 135 References 137 6 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS 141 6.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 143 6.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 147 6.2.1 Mechanical Properties 149 6.3 Welding Metallurgy 151 6.3.1 Fusion Zone Microstructure Evolution 153 6.3.1.1 Type A: Fully Austenitic Solidification 154 6.3.1.2 Type AF Solidification 155 6.3.1.3 Type FA Solidification 155 6.3.1.4 Type F Solidification 158 6.3.2 Interfaces in Single-Phase Austenitic Weld Metal 162 6.3.2.1 Solidification Subgrain Boundaries 162 6.3.2.2 Solidification Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.2.3 Migrated Grain Boundaries 163 6.3.3 Heat-Affected Zone 164 6.3.3.1 Grain Growth 165 6.3.3.2 Ferrite Formation 165 6.3.3.3 Precipitation 165 6.3.3.4 Grain Boundary Liquation 166 6.3.4 Preheat and Interpass Temperature and Postweld Heat Treatment 166 6.3.4.1 Intermediate-Temperature Embrittlement 167 6.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 168 6.5 Weldability 173 6.5.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 173 6.5.1.1 Beneficial Effects of Primary Ferrite Solidification 175 6.5.1.2 Use of Predictive Diagrams 177 6.5.1.3 Effect of Impurity Elements 179 6.5.1.4 Ferrite Measurement 181 6.5.1.5 Effect of Rapid Solidification 182 6.5.1.6 Solidification Cracking Fracture Morphology 186 6.5.1.7 Preventing Weld Solidification Cracking 189 6.5.2 HAZ Liquation Cracking 189 6.5.3 Weld Metal Liquation Cracking 190 6.5.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking 194 6.5.5 Reheat Cracking 196 6.5.6 Copper Contamination Cracking 199 6.5.7 Zinc Contamination Cracking 200 6.5.8 Helium-Induced Cracking 200 6.6 Corrosion Resistance 200 6.6.1 Intergranular Corrosion 201 6.6.1.1 Preventing Sensitization 204 6.6.1.2 Knifeline Attack 205 6.6.1.3 Low-Temperature Sensitization 205 6.6.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking 206 6.6.3 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 208 6.6.4 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion 208 6.6.5 Selective Ferrite Attack 209 6.7 Specialty Alloys 211 6.7.1 Heat-Resistant Alloys 211 6.7.2 High-Nitrogen Alloys 214 6.8 Case Study: Selecting the Right Filler Metal 220 6.9 Case Study: What’s Wrong with My Swimming Pool? 223 6.10 Case Study: Cracking in the Heat-Affected Zone 224 References 225 7 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS 230 7.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 231 7.2 Physical Metallurgy 234 7.2.1 Austenite–Ferrite Phase Balance 234 7.2.2 Precipitation Reactions 237 7.3 Mechanical Properties 237 7.4 Welding Metallurgy 238 7.4.1 Solidification Behavior 238 7.4.2 Role of Nitrogen 240 7.4.3 Secondary Austenite 244 7.4.4 Heat-Affected Zone 246 7.5 Controlling the Ferrite–Austenite Balance 250 7.5.1 Heat Input 251 7.5.2 Cooling Rate Effects 251 7.5.3 Ferrite Prediction and Measurement 253 7.6 Weldability 254 7.6.1 Weld Solidification Cracking 254 7.6.2 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 254 7.6.3 Intermediate-Temperature Enbrittlement 255 7.6.3.1 Alpha-Prime Embrittlement 256 7.6.3.2 Sigma Phase Embrittlement 256 7.7 Weld Mechanical Properties 259 7.8 Corrosion Resistance 261 7.8.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking 261 7.8.2 Pitting Corrosion 261 References 262 8 PRECIPITATION-HARDENING STAINLESS STEELS 264 8.1 Standard Alloys and Consumables 265 8.2 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy 267 8.2.1 Martensitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 269 8.2.2 Semi-Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 274 8.2.3 Austenitic Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 276 8.3 Welding Metallurgy 277 8.3.1 Microstructure Evolution 278 8.3.2 Postweld Heat Treatment 278 8.4 Mechanical Properties of Weldments 279 8.5 Weldability 280 8.6 Corrosion Resistance 285 References 285 9 DISSIMILAR WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS 287 9.1 Applications of Dissimilar Welds 287 9.2 Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel to Austenitic Stainless Steel 288 9.2.1 Determining Weld Metal Constitution 288 9.2.2 Fusion Boundary Transition Region 291 9.2.3 Nature of Type II Boundaries 294 9.3 Weldability 296 9.3.1 Solidification Cracking 296 9.3.2 Clad Disbonding 298 9.3.3 Creep Failure in the HAZ of Carbon or Low-Alloy Steel 299 9.4 Other Dissimilar Combinations 301 9.4.1 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Include Some Ferrite or to Solidify asPrimary Ferrite 301 9.4.2 Nominally Austenitic Alloys Whose Melted Zone Is Expected to Contain Some Ferrite, Welded to FullyAustenitic Stainless Steel 301 9.4.3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Duplex Stainless Steel 302 9.4.4 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.5 Austenitic Stainless Steel Joined to Martensitic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.6 Martensitic Stainless Steel Joined to Ferritic Stainless Steel 302 9.4.7 Stainless Steel Filler Metal for Difficult-to-Weld Steels 303 9.4.8 Copper-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 305 9.4.9 Nickel-Base Alloys Joined to Stainless Steels 306 References 307 10 WELDABILITY TESTING 309 10.1 Introduction 309 10.1.1 Weldability Test Approaches 310 10.1.2 Weldability Test Techniques 310 10.2 Varestraint Test 311 10.2.1 Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking 312 10.2.2 Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking 316 10.3 Hot Ductility Test 319 10.4 Fissure Bend Test 323 10.5 Strain-to-Fracture Test 328 10.6 Other Weldability Tests 329 References 329 APPENDIX 1 NOMINAL COMPOSITIONS OF STAINLESS STEELS 331 APPENDIX 2 ETCHING TECHNIQUES FOR STAINLESS STEEL WELDS 343 AUTHOR INDEX 347 SUBJECT INDEX 353

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Book SynopsisOld Testament, St. Jerome, Passion, Life of Virgin, Apocalypse, 346 in all. Introduction by Campbell Dodgson. "The only available source for many of these works." â Antique Monthly.

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Book SynopsisImparts the theory and analysis regarding the dynamics of rotating machinery in order to design such rotating devices as turbines, jet engines, pumps and power-transmission shafts. Takes into account the forces acting upon machine structures, bearings and related components. Provides numerical techniques for analyzing and understanding rotor systems with examples of actual designs. Features an excellent treatment of numerical methods available to obtain computer solutions for authentic design problems.Table of ContentsStructural-Dynamic Models and Eigenanalysis for Undamped FlexibleRotors. Rotordynamic Introduction to Hydrodynamic Bearings and Squeeze-FilmDampers. Rotordynamic Models for Liquid Annular Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Annular Gas Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Turbines and Pump Impellers. Developing and Analyzing a System Rotordynamics Model. Example Rotor Analysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book has been written by an international body of authors working in a variety of industries including electronics, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, who discuss the considerations to be taken into account when designing cleanrooms. Three chapters describe how cleanrooms are designed for the principal manufacturing areas of microelectronics, pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotechnology. Other subjects covered are international design standards, the economics of cleanroom design, high efficiency air filtration, materials used in cleanroom construction, and the provision of clean gases and water. A unique feature of this new edition includes the application of cleanroom design technology to a mini environment such as a bench-top.Trade Review"..it is good value for money and an essential guide for cleanroom designers, users and controllers...", European Journal of Parenteral Sciences, Volume 5, No.1Table of ContentsAn Introduction to the Design of Clean and Containment Areas (W. Whyte). International Standards for the Design of Cleanrooms (�. Möller). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Microelectronics Industry (J. King). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Pharmaceutical Industry (G. Farquharson & W. Whyte). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Medical Device Industry (H. Schicht). Contamination Control Facilities for the Biotechnology Industry (P. Tubito & T. Latham). Cost-Efficiency and Energy-Saving Concepts for Cleanrooms (H. Schicht). High Efficiency Air Filtration (S. Klocke & W. Whyte). Construction Materials and Surface Finishes for Cleanrooms (E. Sirch). Purification Techniques for Clean Water (T. Hodgkiess). The Design of an Ultra-Pure Water System for Use in the Manufacture of Integrated Circuits (R. Galbraith). The Production and Transmission of High Purity Gases for the Semiconductor Industry (R. Galbraith). Materials for Services Pipework (T. Hodgkiess). Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a foreword by Yakov Rekhter Here at last is a single, all encompassing resource where the myriad applications sharpen into a comprehensible text that first explains the whys and whats of each application before going on to the technical detail of the hows. Kireeti Kompella, CTO Junos, Juniper Networks The authoritative guide to MPLS, now in its Third edition, fully updated with brand new material! MPLS is now considered the networking technology for carrying all types of network traffic, including voice telephony, real-time video, and data traffic. In MPLS-Enabled Applications, Third Edition, the authors methodically show how MPLS holds the key to network convergence by allowing operators to offer more services over a single physical infrastructure. The Third Edition contains more than 170 illustrations, new chapters, and more coverage, guiding the reader from the basics of the technology, though all its major VPN applications.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part One. 1 Foundations. 1.1 Historical perspective. 1.2 Current trends. 1.3 MPLS mechanisms. 1.4 Conclusion. 1.5 References. 1.6 Further reading. 1.7 Study questions. 2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS (MPLS-TE). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The business drivers. 2.3 Application scenarios. 2.4 Setting up traffic-engineered paths using MPLS-TE. 2.5 Using the traffic-engineered paths. 2.6 Deployment considerations. 2.7 Using traffic engineering to achieve resource optimization. 2.8 Offline path computation. 2.9 Conclusion. 2.10 References. 2.11 Further reading. 2.12 Study questions. 3 Protection and Restoration in MPLS Networks. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The business drivers. 3.3 Failure detection. 3.4 End-to-end protection. 3.5 Local protection using fast reroute. 3.6 Link protection. 3.7 Node protection. 3.8 Additional constraints for the computation of the protection path. 3.9 Interaction of end-to-end protection and fast reroute. 3.10 Deployment considerations for local protection mechanisms. 3.11 IP and LDP FRR. 3.12 Conclusion. 3.13 References. 3.14 Further reading. 3.15 Study questions. 4 MPLS DiffServ-TE. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The business drivers. 4.3 Application scenarios. 4.4 The DiffServ-TE solution. 4.5 Extending the DiffServ-TE solution with multiclass LSPs. 4.6 Conclusion. 4.7 References. 4.8 Further reading. 4.9 Study questions. 5 Interdomain Traffic Engineering. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The business drivers. 5.3 Setting up interdomain TE LSPs. 5.4 Interprovider challenges. 5.5 Comparison of the LSP setup methods. 5.6 Conclusion. 5.7 References. 5.8 Further reading. 5.9 Study questions. 6 MPLS Multicast. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The business drivers. 6.3 P2MP LSP mechanisms. 6.4 LAN procedures for P2MP LSPs. 6.5 Coupling traffic into a P2MP LSP. 6.6 MPLS fast reroute. 6.7 Ingress redundancy for P2MP LSPs. 6.8 P2MP LSP hierarchy. 6.9 Applications of point-to-multipoint LSPs. 6.10 Conclusion. 6.11 References. 6.12 Study questions. Part Two. 7 Foundations of Layer 3 BGP/MPLS Virtual Private Networks. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The business drivers. 7.3 The overlay VPN model. 7.4 The peer VPN model. 7.5 Building the BGP/MPLS VPN solution. 7.6 Benefits of the BGP/MPLS VPN solution. 7.7 References. 7.8 Further reading. 7.9 Study questions. 8 Advanced Topics in Layer 3 BGP/MPLS Virtual. Private Networks. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Routing between CE and PE. 8.3 Differentiated VPN treatment in the core. 8.4 Route reflectors and VPNs. 8.5 Scalability discussion. 8.6 Convergence times in a VPN network. 8.7 Security issues. 8.8 QoS in a VPN scenario. 8.9 IPv6 VPNs. 8.10 Conclusion. 8.11 References. 8.12 Further reading. 8.13 Study questions. 9 Hierarchical and Inter-AS VPNs. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Carriers’ carrier – service providers as VPN customers. 9.3 Multi-AS backbones. 9.4 Interprovider QoS. 9.5 Conclusion. 9.6 References. 9.7 Further reading. 9.8 Study questions. 10 Multicast in a Layer 3 VPN. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The business drivers. 10.3 mVPN – problem decomposition. 10.4 The original multicast solution – PIM/GRE mVPN (draft-rosen). 10.5 NG multicast for L3VPN – BGP/MPLS mVPN(NG mVPN). 10.6 Comparison of PIM/GRE and BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 10.7 Conclusion. 10.8 References. 10.9 Further reading. 10.10 Study questions. 11 Advanced Topics in BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 BGP/MPLS mVPN – inter-AS operations. 11.3 Support of PIM DM in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.4 Discovering the RP – auto-RP and BSR support in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.5 Implementing extranets in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.6 Transition from draft-rosen to BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 11.7 Scalability discussion. 11.8 Achieving multicast high availability with BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.9 Internet multicast service using the BGP/MPLS mVPN technology. 11.10 Conclusion. 11.11 References. 11.12 Study questions. 12 Layer 2 Transport over MPLS. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The business drivers. 12.3 Comparison of Layer 2 VPNs and Layer 3 VPNs. 12.4 Principles of Layer 2 transport over MPLS. 12.5 Forwarding plane. 12.6 Control plane operation. 12.7 Admission control of Layer 2 connections into network. 12.8 Failure notification mechanisms. 12.9 Multi-homing. 12.10 Layer 2 interworking. 12.11 Circuit cross connect (CCC). 12.12 Point-to-multipoint Layer 2 transport. 12.13 Other applications of Layer 2 transport. 12.14 Conclusion. 12.15 References. 12.16 Study questions. 13 Virtual Private LAN Service. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 The business drivers. 13.3 VPLS mechanism overview. 13.4 Forwarding plane mechanisms. 13.5 Control plane mechanisms. 13.6 LDP and BGP interworking for VPLS. 13.7 Interprovider Option E for VPLS. 13.8 Operational considerations for VPLS. 13.8 Conclusion. 13.9 References 13.10 Study questions. Part Three. 14 Advanced protection and restoration: protecting the service. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The business drivers. 14.3 Failure scenarios. 14.4 Existing solutions. 14.5 Protecting the egress - local protection solution. 14.6 Conclusion. 14.7 References. 14.8 Study questions. 15 MPLS Management. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Management – why and what. 15.3 Detecting and troubleshooting failures. 15.4 Configuration errors. 15.5 Visibility. 15.6 Conclusion. 15.7 References. 15.8 Further reading. 15.9 Study questions. 16 MPLS in Access Networks and Seamless MPLS. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The business drivers. 16.3 Models for MPLS deployment in access networks. 16.4 Seamless MPLS Mechanisms. 16.5 Conclusions. 16.6 References. 16.7 Study questions. 17 MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 The business drivers. 17.3 Requirements for a transport profile for MPLS. 17.4 MPLS-TP functionality. 17.5 Deployment considerations. 17.6 Misconceptions about MPLS-TP. 17.7 Conclusion. 17.8 References. 17.9 Study quetions. 18 Conclusions. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Network convergence. 18.3 Interaction with client edge equipment. 18.4 Interprovider capability. 18.5 MPLS in the data communications network (DCN). 18.6 MPLS in mobile networks 18.7 MPLS in the enterprise. 18.8 Final remarks. 18.9 References. Appendix A – Selected backhaul scenarios in MPLS-based access networks Appendix B – MPLS resources. Appendix C – Solutions to Selected Study Questions. Appendix D: Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book targets the application of the front-end digital compensation principles to real-life communication systems. For each system, the analog front-end requirements are deduced with and without digital compensation. It focuses on the IEEE 802. 11n WLAN communication system, the Long Term Evolution of the 3GPP cellular system, and the IEEE 802.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Wireless transceiver functional description. 1.2. Evolution of the wireless transceiver design. 1.3. Contribution of the book. 1.4. Organization. 2. New Air Interfaces. 2.1. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. 2.2. Single-carrier with frequency domain equalization. 2.3. Multi-input multi-output OFDM. 2.4. Code-division multiple access. 2.5. Frequency-division multiple access. References. 3. Real Lie Front-Ends. 3.1. Front-end architectures. 3.2. Constituent blocks and their non-idealities. 3.3. Individual non-idealities. Referneces. 4. Impact of the Non-Ideal Front Ends on the System Performance. 4.1. OFDM system in the presence of carrier frequency domain and IQ imbalance. 4.2. SC-FDE system in the presence of carrier frequency offset, sample clock offset and IQ imbalance. 4.3. Comparison of the sensitivity of OFDM and SC-FDE to CFO, SCO and IQ imbalance. 4.4. OFDM and SC-FDE systems in he presence of phase noise. 4.5. OFDM system in the presence of clipping, quantization and nonlinearity. 4.6. SC-FDE system in the presence of clipping, quantization an nonlinearity. 4.7. MIMO systems. 4.8. Multi-user systems. References. 5. Generic OFDM System. 5.1. Definition of the generic OFDM system. 5.2. Burst detection. 5.3. AGC setting (amplitude estimation). 5.4. Coarse timing estimation. 5.5 Coarse CFO estimation. 5.6. Fine timing estimation. 5.7. Fine CFO estimation. 5.8. Complexity of auto- and cross-correlation. 5.9. Joint CFO and IQ imbalance acquisition. 5.10. Joint channel and frequency-dependent IQ imbalance estimation. 5.11. Tracking loops for phase noise and residual CFO/SCO. References. 6. Emerging Wireless Communication Systems. 6.1. IEEE 802.11n. 6.2. 3GPP Long-term evolution. Appendices. A. MMSE Linear Detector. B. ML Channel Estimator. C. Matlab Models of Non-Idealities. D. Mathematical Conventions. E. Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisNow fully revised, this second edition of Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application builds on its highly successful predecessor, now the leading textbook for wind energy degree courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 1 1.1 Modern Wind Turbines 2 1.2 History of Wind Energy 10 References 21 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 24 2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 36 2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 53 2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques 63 2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 65 2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 72 2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 74 2.9 Advanced Topics 84 References 87 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 91 3.1 General Overview 91 3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 92 3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 96 3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 101 3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 115 3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 117 3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 121 3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 124 3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 131 3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 133 3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 138 3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 139 3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 141 3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145 References 153 4 Mechanics and Dynamics 157 4.1 Background 157 4.2 Wind Turbine Loads 158 4.3 General Principles of Mechanics 161 4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 172 4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200 References 202 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 205 5.1 Overview 205 5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 206 5.3 Power Transformers 217 5.4 Electrical Machines 219 5.5 Power Converters 237 5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 246 5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253 References 255 6 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 257 6.1 Overview 257 6.2 Material Fatigue 257 6.3 Wind Turbine Materials 266 6.4 Machine Elements 270 6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276 References 308 7 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 311 7.1 Overview 311 7.2 Design Procedure 312 7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 316 7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 322 7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 325 7.6 Load Scaling Relations 333 7.7 Power Curve Prediction 336 7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 340 7.9 Design Evaluation 345 7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346 References 355 8 Wind Turbine Control 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 364 8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 370 8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 374 8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382 References 404 9 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 407 9.1 General Overview 407 9.2 Wind Turbine Siting 408 9.3 Installation and Operation Issues 416 9.4 Wind Farms 419 9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433 References 446 10 Wind Energy Applications 449 10.1 General Overview 449 10.2 Distributed Generation 450 10.3 Hybrid Power Systems 450 10.4 Offshore Wind Energy 461 10.5 Operation in Severe Climates 478 10.6 Special Purpose Applications 480 10.7 Energy Storage 489 10.8 Fuel Production 497 References 501 11 Wind Energy System Economics 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 506 11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 511 11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 519 11.5 Value of Wind Energy 521 11.6 Economic Analysis Methods 530 11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539 References 543 12 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 549 12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 556 12.4 Wind Turbine Noise 561 12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 573 12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 582 12.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585 References 589 Appendix A Nomenclature 593 A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593 A.2 Chapter 2 593 A.3 Chapter 3 595 A.4 Chapter 4 597 A.5 Chapter 5 601 A.6 Chapter 6 604 A.7 Chapter 7 606 A.8 Chapter 8 607 A.9 Chapter 9 608 A.10 Chapter 10 610 A.11 Chapter 11 612 A.12 Chapter 12 613 A.13 Abbreviations 614 Appendix B Problems 617 B.1 Problem Solving 617 B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617 B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621 B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628 B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632 B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637 B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639 B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642 B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647 B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652 B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656 B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658 Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661 C.1 Overview 661 C.2 Data Analysis 661 C.3 Data Synthesis 671 References 675 Index 677

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Book SynopsisManagement of Change (MOC) is a process for evaluating and controlling adjustments to facility design, operations, organization, or activities-prior to implementation-to make certain that no new hazards are introduced and that the risk of existing hazards to employees, the public, or the environment is not unknowingly increased.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Items on the CD Accompanyting Those Guidelines. List of Tables. List of Figures. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Glossary. Executive Summary. 1 Introduction. 2 Relationship To Risk- Based Process Safety. 3 Designing An MOC System. 4 Devolping An Moc System. 5 Implementing and Operating An Moc System. 6 Monitoring and Improving An Moc System. 7 The Future of Change Management. Appendix A: Examples of Replacements- In- Kind and Changes for Various Classes of Change. Appendix B: MOC System Design Structure. Appendix C: Examples of MOC System Procedure Work Flow Charts and MOC Review Documentation Forms. Appendix D: Electronic MOC Applications. Appendix E: Example MOC System Audit Checklist. Appendix F: Example MOC Performance and Efficiency Metrics. Appendix G: Common MOC Problems and Proposed Solutions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the advanced issues of FPGA design as the underlying theme of the work. In practice, an engineer typically needs to be mentored for several years before these principles are appropriately utilized. The topics that will be discussed in this book are essential to designing FPGA's beyond moderate complexity.Trade Review"Advanced FPGA Design is an excellent and concise reference book that is suitable for engineers already familiar with the fundamentals of FPGA design. (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, November 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1. Architecting Speed 1 1.1 High Throughput 2 1.2 Low Latency 4 1.3 Timing 6 1.3.1 Add Register Layers 6 1.3.2 Parallel Structures 8 1.3.3 Flatten Logic Structures 10 1.3.4 Register Balancing 12 1.3.5 Reorder Paths 14 1.4 Summary of Key Points 16 2. Architecting Area 17 2.1 Rolling Up the Pipeline 18 2.2 Control-Based Logic Reuse 20 2.3 Resource Sharing 23 2.4 Impact of Reset on Area 25 2.4.1 Resources Without Reset 25 2.4.2 Resources Without Set 26 2.4.3 Resources Without Asynchronous Reset 27 2.4.4 Resetting RAM 29 2.4.5 Utilizing Set/Reset Flip-Flop Pins 31 2.5 Summary of Key Points 34 3. Architecting Power 37 3.1 Clock Control 38 3.1.1 Clock Skew 39 3.1.2 Managing Skew 40 3.2 Input Control 42 3.3 Reducing the Voltage Supply 44 3.4 Dual-Edge Triggered Flip-Flops 44 3.5 Modifying Terminations 45 3.6 Summary of Key Points 46 4. Example Design: The Advanced Encryption Standard 47 4.1 AES Architectures 47 4.1.1 One Stage for Sub-bytes 51 4.1.2 Zero Stages for Shift Rows 51 4.1.3 Two Pipeline Stages for Mix-Column 52 4.1.4 One Stage for Add Round Key 52 4.1.5 Compact Architecture 53 4.1.6 Partially Pipelined Architecture 57 4.1.7 Fully Pipelined Architecture 60 4.2 Performance Versus Area 66 4.3 Other Optimizations 67 5. High-Level Design 69 5.1 Abstract Design Techniques 69 5.2 Graphical State Machines 70 5.3 DSP Design 75 5.4 Software/Hardware Codesign 80 5.5 Summary of Key Points 81 6. Clock Domains 83 6.1 Crossing Clock Domains 84 6.1.1 Metastability 86 6.1.2 Solution 1: Phase Control 88 6.1.3 Solution 2: Double Flopping 89 6.1.4 Solution 3: FIFO Structure 92 6.1.5 Partitioning Synchronizer Blocks 97 6.2 Gated Clocks in ASIC Prototypes 97 6.2.1 Clocks Module 98 6.2.2 Gating Removal 99 6.3 Summary of Key Points 100 7. Example Design: I2S Versus SPDIF 101 7.1 I2S 101 7.1.1 Protocol 102 7.1.2 Hardware Architecture 102 7.1.3 Analysis 105 7.2 SPDIF 107 7.2.1 Protocol 107 7.2.2 Hardware Architecture 108 7.2.3 Analysis 114 8. Implementing Math Functions 117 8.1 Hardware Division 117 8.1.1 Multiply and Shift 118 8.1.2 Iterative Division 119 8.1.3 The Goldschmidt Method 120 8.2 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Expansion 122 8.3 The CORDIC Algorithm 124 8.4 Summary of Key Points 126 9. Example Design: Floating-Point Unit 127 9.1 Floating-Point Formats 127 9.2 Pipelined Architecture 128 9.2.1 Verilog Implementation 131 9.2.2 Resources and Performance 137 10. Reset Circuits 139 10.1 Asynchronous Versus Synchronous 140 10.1.1 Problems with Fully Asynchronous Resets 140 10.1.2 Fully Synchronized Resets 142 10.1.3 Asynchronous Assertion, Synchronous Deassertion 144 10.2 Mixing Reset Types 145 10.2.1 Nonresetable Flip-Flops 145 10.2.2 Internally Generated Resets 146 10.3 Multiple Clock Domains 148 10.4 Summary of Key Points 149 11. Advanced Simulation 151 11.1 Testbench Architecture 152 11.1.1 Testbench Components 152 11.1.2 Testbench Flow 153 11.1.2.1 Main Thread 153 11.1.2.2 Clocks and Resets 154 11.1.2.3 Test Cases 155 11.2 System Stimulus 157 11.2.1 MATLAB 157 11.2.2 Bus-Functional Models 158 11.3 Code Coverage 159 11.4 Gate-Level Simulations 159 11.5 Toggle Coverage 162 11.6 Run-Time Traps 165 11.6.1 Timescale 165 11.6.2 Glitch Rejection 165 11.6.3 Combinatorial Delay Modeling 166 11.7 Summary of Key Points 169 12. Coding for Synthesis 171 12.1 Decision Trees 172 12.1.1 Priority Versus Parallel 172 12.1.2 Full Conditions 176 12.1.3 Multiple Control Branches 179 12.2 Traps 180 12.2.1 Blocking Versus Nonblocking 180 12.2.2 For-Loops 183 12.2.3 Combinatorial Loops 185 12.2.4 Inferred Latches 187 12.3 Design Organization 188 12.3.1 Partitioning 188 12.3.1.1 Data Path Versus Control 188 12.3.1.2 Clock and Reset Structures 189 12.3.1.3 Multiple Instantiations 190 12.3.2 Parameterization 191 12.3.2.1 Definitions 191 12.3.2.2 Parameters 192 12.3.2.3 Parameters in Verilog-2001 194 12.4 Summary of Key Points 195 13. Example Design: The Secure Hash Algorithm 197 13.1 SHA-1 Architecture 197 13.2 Implementation Results 204 14. Synthesis Optimization 205 14.1 Speed Versus Area 206 14.2 Resource Sharing 208 14.3 Pipelining, Retiming, and Register Balancing 211 14.3.1 The Effect of Reset on Register Balancing 213 14.3.2 Resynchronization Registers 215 14.4 FSM Compilation 216 14.4.1 Removal of Unreachable States 219 14.5 Black Boxes 220 14.6 Physical Synthesis 223 14.6.1 Forward Annotation Versus Back-Annotation 224 14.6.2 Graph-Based Physical Synthesis 225 14.7 Summary of Key Points 226 15. Floorplanning 229 15.1 Design Partitioning 229 15.2 Critical-Path Floorplanning 232 15.3 Floorplanning Dangers 233 15.4 Optimal Floorplanning 234 15.4.1 Data Path 234 15.4.2 High Fan-Out 234 15.4.3 Device Structure 235 15.4.4 Reusability 238 15.5 Reducing Power Dissipation 238 15.6 Summary of Key Points 240 16. Place and Route Optimization 241 16.1 Optimal Constraints 241 16.2 Relationship between Placement and Routing 244 16.3 Logic Replication 246 16.4 Optimization across Hierarchy 247 16.5 I/O Registers 248 16.6 Pack Factor 250 16.7 Mapping Logic into RAM 251 16.8 Register Ordering 251 16.9 Placement Seed 252 16.10 Guided Place and Route 254 16.11 Summary of Key Points 254 17. Example Design: Microprocessor 257 17.1 SRC Architecture 257 17.2 Synthesis Optimizations 259 17.2.1 Speed Versus Area 260 17.2.2 Pipelining 261 17.2.3 Physical Synthesis 262 17.3 Floorplan Optimizations 262 17.3.1 Partitioned Floorplan 263 17.3.2 Critical-Path Floorplan: Abstraction 1 264 17.3.3 Critical-Path Floorplan: Abstraction 2 265 18. Static Timing Analysis 269 18.1 Standard Analysis 269 18.2 Latches 273 18.3 Asynchronous Circuits 276 18.3.1 Combinatorial Feedback 277 18.4 Summary of Key Points 278 19. PCB Issues 279 19.1 Power Supply 279 19.1.1 Supply Requirements 279 19.1.2 Regulation 283 19.2 Decoupling Capacitors 283 19.2.1 Concept 283 19.2.2 Calculating Values 285 19.2.3 Capacitor Placement 286 19.3 Summary of Key Points 288 Appendix A 289 Appendix B 303 Bibliography 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive reference on the design, analysis, and application of space vehicle mechanisms Space Vehicle Mechanisms: Elements of Successful Design brings together accumulated industry experience in the design, analysis, and application of the mechanical systems used during space flight.Table of ContentsStainless Steels (P. Gross). Beryllium and Its Alloys (J. Marder). Structural Composites (F. Penado). Fasterner Materials (W. Ferguson). Ball Bearing Materials (J. Grout). Spring Materials (D. Kasul). Solid Lubricants (D. Stone & P. Bessette). Other Broadly Used Materials (G. Dallimore). Pyrotechnic Release Devices (N. Butterfield). Nonexplosive Release Devices (W. Purdy). Ball Bearings (H. Singer). Permanent Magnet Motors (R. Fink, et al.). Feedback Devices (T. Malcolm, et al.). Rotating Signal and Power Transfer (S. Cole, et al.). Deployment Devices (M. Bowden). Structural Dynamics (J. Leete). Contamination (R. Rantanen). Thermal Design (H. Wong). Radiation and Survivability (M. Rose). Design Validation (N. Butterfield & P. Conley). Electrical Interfaces (L. Ekman). The Pointing Subsystem (B. Eyerly & W. Burkett). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe focus of this book is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them. It contains many worked examples and homework exercises and will appeal to students, researchers and practitioners in fields such as engineering, computer science, mathematics, statistics, finance and economics.Trade Review'Boyd and Vandenberghe have written a beautiful book that I strongly recommend to everyone interested in optimization and computational mathematics: Convex Optimization is a very readable introduction to this modern field of research.' Mathematics of Operations Research'… a beautiful book that I strongly recommend to everyone interested in optimization and computational mathematics … a very readable and inspiring introduction to this modern field of research. I recommend it as one of the best optimization textbooks that have appeared in the last years.' Mathematical Methods of Operations Research'I highly recommend it either if you teach nonlinear optimization at the graduate level for a supplementary reading list and for your library, or if you solve optimization problems and wish to know more about solution methods and applications.' International Statistical institute'… the whole book is characterized by clarity. … a very good pedagogical book … excellent to grasp the important concepts of convex analysis [and] to develop an art in modelling optimization problems intelligently.' Matapli'The book by Boyd and Vandenberghe reviewed here is one of … the best I have ever seen … it is a gentle, but rigorous, introduction to the basic concepts and methods of the field … this book is meant to be a 'first book' for the student or practitioner of optimization. However, I think that even the experienced researcher in the field has something to gain from reading this book: I have very much enjoyed the easy to follow presentation of many meaningful examples and suggestive interpretations meant to help the student's understanding penetrate beyond the surface of the formal description of the concepts and techniques. For teachers of convex optimization this book can be a gold mine of exercises. MathSciNetTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; Part I. Theory: 2. Convex sets; 3. Convex functions; 4. Convex optimization problems; 5. Duality; Part II. Applications: 6. Approximation and fitting; 7. Statistical estimation; 8. Geometrical problems; Part III. Algorithms: 9. Unconstrained minimization; 10. Equality constrained minimization; 11. Interior-point methods; Appendices.

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