Sustainability Books

Book SynopsisThe current literature compartmentalizes the complex issue of water and wastewater into its discrete components; technology, planning, policy, construction, economics, etc. Considered from the perspective of sustainability, however, water in the urban environment must be approached as a single resource that can be continuously reused and recycled. This book will be the first to capture all of the current work on this idea in a single, integrated, plan for designing the water-centric cities of the future. From new construction to the retrofitting of existing systems, this book presents the case for a new urban relationship to water, one with a more sustainableconnection tothe environment and the hydrological cycle. Through case studies of successfully planned and built systems around the world, the book will educate the reader about the need for a new approach to urban water management, and make the case that these changes are not only possible but imperative.Table of ContentsPREFACE xii I HISTORIC PARADIGMS OF URBAN WATERSTORMWATER WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND DRIVERS FOR CHANGE 1 I.1 Introduction 1 I.2 Historic Paradigms: From Ancient Cities to the 20th Century 5 I.2.1 First Paradigm 8 I.2.2 Second Paradigm 9 I.2.3 Third Paradigm 15 I.2.4 Fourth Paradigm 25 I.2.5 The Impact of Automobile Use 32 I.2.6 Urban Sprawl 38 I.2.7 The Rise of New Great Powers Competing for Resources 40 I.3 Drivers for Change towards Sustainability 42 I.3.1 Population Increases and Pressures 44 I.3.2 Water Scarcity Problems and Flooding Challenges of Large Cities 49 I.3.3 Greenhouse Emissions and Global Warming Effects 51 I.3.4 Aging Infrastructure and the Need to Rebuild and Retrofit 59 I.3.5 The Impossibility of Maintaining the Status Quo and Business as Usual 60 I.4 The 21st Century and Beyond 65 References 68 II URBAN SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS 72 II.1 The Vision of Sustainability 72 II.2 The Sustainability Concept and Definitions 73 II.2.1 A New (Fifth) Paradigm Is Needed 73 II.2.2 Definition of Pollution 76 II.2.3 Sustainability Definitions 80 II.2.4 Economic versus Resources Preservation Sustainability 82 II.2.5 Sustainability Components 85 II.2.6 The Environment and Ecology 87 II.2.7 Living within the Limits in the Urban Landscape 90 II.2.8 The Economy 94 II.3 Towards the Fifth Paradigm of Sustainability 97 II.3.1 Emerging Sustainable Urban Water Stormwater Used Water Systems 99 II.3.2 Triple Bottom Line—Life Cycle Assessment (TBL—LCA) 104 II.3.3 Water Reclamation and Reuse 106 II.3.4 Restoring Urban Streams 108 II.3.5 Stormwater Pollution and Flood Abatement 110 II.3.6 Urban Landscape 113 II.4 Cities of the Future—Water Centric Ecocities 114 II.4.1 Drainage and Water Management 114 II.4.2 Microscale Measures and Macroscale Watershed Goals 116 II.4.3 Integrated Resource Management Clusters—Ecoblocks of the Cities of the Future 120 II.4.4 Interconnectivity of Clusters—Spatial Integration 123 II.5 Ecocity Ecovillage Concepts 124 References 129 III PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT CITIES: THEORIES, STRATEGIES, AND BEST PRACTICES FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 135 III.1 Introduction 135 III.1.1 Achieving Sustainability 135 III.1.2 Sustainability through Urban Planning and Design 137 III.2 Ecosystem Services 138 III.2.1 Concepts 138 III.2.2 The Non-Equilibrium Paradigm 141 III.3 Planning for Resilient and Sustainable Cities 143 III.3.1 Ecosystem Service Goals and Assessments 143 III.3.2 Resilience Strategies 144 III.3.3 Scenario Planning 155 III.3.4 Transdisciplinary Process 157 III.3.5 Adaptive Planning 157 III.4 Best Practices for Green Infrastructure 158 III.4.1 SEA Street Seattle 159 III.4.2 Westergasfabriek Park, Amsterdam 162 III.4.3 Staten Island Blue Belt, New York 162 III.4.4 Ecostaden (Ecocities): Augustenborg Neighborhood and Western Harbor, Malm¨o, Sweden 164 III.5 Discussion 170 References 171 IV STORMWATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND FLOOD CONTROL—STORMWATER AS A RESOURCE 177 IV.1 Urban Stormwater—A Problem or an Asset? 177 IV.1.1 Problems with Urban Stormwater 177 IV.1.2 Current Urban Drainage 182 IV.1.3 Urban Stormwater Is an Asset and a Resource 184 IV.1.4 Low Impact Development (LID) 186 IV.2 Best Management Practices to Control Urban Runoff for Reuse 189 IV.2.1 Soft Surface Approaches 190 IV.2.2 Ponds and Wetlands 201 IV.2.3 Winter Limitations on Stormwater Management and Use 212 IV.2.4 Hard Infrastructure 216 IV.2.5 ID Urban Drainage—A Step to the Cities of the Future 218 References 222 V WATER DEMAND AND CONSERVATION 228 V.1 Water Use 228 V.1.1 Water on Earth 228 V.1.2 Water Use Fundamentals 232 V.1.3 Municipal Water Use in the U.S. and Worldwide 235 V.1.4 Components of Municipal Water Use 239 V.1.5 Virtual Water 240 V.2 Water Conservation 241 V.2.1 Definition of Water Conservation 241 V.2.2 Residential Water Use 241 V.2.3 Commercial and Public Water Use and Conservation 249 V.2.4 Leaks and Other Losses 251 V.3 Substitute and Supplemental Water Sources 252 V.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) 252 V.3.2 Gray Water Reclamation and Reuse as a Source of New Water 256 V.3.3 Desalination of Seawater and Brackish Water 260 V.3.4 Urban Stormwater and Other Freshwater Flows as Sources of Water 266 References 268 VI WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE 272 VI.1 Introduction 272 VI.2 Water Reclamation and Reuse 274 VI.2.1 The Concept 274 VI.2.2 Reclaiming Rainwater and Stormwater 279 VI.2.3 Water-Sewage-Water Cycle—Unintended Reuse 280 VI.2.4 Centralized versus Decentralized Reclamation 281 VI.2.5 Cluster Water Reclamation Units 282 VI.3 Water Quality Goals and Limits for Selecting Technologies 286 VI.3.1 Concepts 286 VI.3.2 Landscape and Agricultural Irrigation 289 VI.3.3 Urban Uses Other Than Irrigation and Potable Water Supply 293 VI.3.4 Potable Reuse 297 VI.3.5 Groundwater Recharge 300 VI.3.6 Integrated Reclamation and Reuse—Singapore 304 References 308 VII TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY UNIT PROCESSES 311 VII.1 Brief Description of Traditional Water and Resource Reclamation Technologies 311 VII.1.1 Basic Requirements 311 VII.1.2 Considering Source Separation 312 VII.1.3 Low-Energy Secondary Treatment 315 VII.1.4 New Developments in Biological Treatment 324 VII.2 Sludge Handling and Resource Recovery 329 VII.2.1 Types of Solids Produced in the Water Reclamation Process 331 VII.2.2 A New Look at Residual Solids (Sludge) as a Resource 334 VII.3 Nutrient Recovery 336 VII.4 Membrane Filtration and Reverse Osmosis 339 VII.5 Disinfection 340 VII.6 Energy and GHG Emission Issues in Water Reclamation Plants 346 VII.7 Evaluation and Selection of Decentralized Water Reclamation Technologies 348 VII.7.1 Closed Cycle Water Reclamation 348 References 354 VIII ENERGY AND URBAN WATER SYSTEMS—TOWARDS NET ZERO CARBON FOOTPRINT 358 VIII.1 Interconnection of Water and Energy 358 VIII.1.1 Use of Water and Disposal of Used Water Require Energy and Emit GHGs 358 VIII.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Areas 360 VIII.1.3 The Water-Energy Nexus on the Regional and Cluster Scale 362 VIII.1.4 Net Zero Carbon Footprint Goal for High-Performance Buildings and Developments 365 VIII.2 Energy Conservation in Buildings and Ecoblocks 71 VIII.2.1 Energy Considerations Related to Water 371 VIII.2.2 Heat Recovery from Used Water 379 VIII.3 Energy from Renewable Sources 380 VIII.3.1 Solar Energy 380 VIII.3.2 Wind Power 387 VIII.4 Energy from Used Water and Waste Organic Solids 392 VIII.4.1 Fundamentals 392 VIII.4.2 Biogas Production, Composition, and Energy Content 394 VIII.4.3 Small and Medium Biogas Production Operations 397 VIII.4.4 Anaerobic Upflow Reactor 398 VIII.5 Direct Electric Energy Production from Biogas and Used Water 399 VIII.5.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 400 VIII.5.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) 403 VIII.5.3 Harnessing the Hydraulic Energy of Water Used Water Systems 406 VIII.6 Summary and a Look into the Future 408 VIII.6.1 A New Look at the Used Water Reclamation Processes 408 VIII.6.2 Integrated Resource Recovery Facilities 411 VIII.7 Overall Energy Outlook—Anticipating the Future 416 VIII.7.1 A Look into the Future 20 or More Years Ahead 416 VIII.7.2 Is Storage a Problem? 421 References 422 IX RESTORING URBAN STREAMS 427 IX.1 Introduction 427 IX.1.1 Rediscovering Urban Streams 427 IX.1.2 Definitions 437 IX.2 Adverse Impacts of Urbanization to Be Remedied 438 IX.2.1 Types of Pollution 438 IX.2.2 Determining Main Impact Stressors to Be Fixed by Restoration 443 IX.2.3 Effluent Dominated and Effluent Dependent Urban Water Bodies 447 IX.3 Water Body Restoration in the Context of Future Water Centric (Eco) Cities 453 IX.3.1 Goals 453 IX.3.2 Regionalized versus Cluster-Based Distributed Systems 455 IX.3.3 New Developments and Retrofitting Older Cities 457 IX.4 Summary and Conclusions 476 References 479 X PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE FUTURE COMMUNITIES 482 X.1 Integrated Planning and Management 482 X.1.1 Introduction 482 X.1.2 Footprints 484 X.2 Urban Planning 487 X.2.1 Ecocity Parameters and Demographics—Population Density Matters 488 X.3 Integrated Resources Management (IRM) 493 X.3.1 Sustainability 493 X.4 Clusters and Ecoblocks—Distributed Systems 497 X.4.1 The Need to Decentralize Urban WaterStormwaterUsed Water Management 497 X.4.2 Distribution of Resource Recovery, Reclamation and Management Tasks 499 X.4.3 Cluster Creation and Size 503 X.4.4 Types of WaterEnergy Reclamations and Creation of a Sustainable Urban Area 505 X.5 System Analysis and Modeling of Sustainable Cities 514 X.5.1 Complexity of the System and Modeling 514 X.5.2 Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Assessment 518 X.6 Institutions 525 X.6.1 Institutions for Integrated Resource Management 526 X.6.2 Enhanced Private Sector 532 X.6.3 Achieving Multibenefit System Objectives 533 References 535 XI ECOCITIES: EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS 539 XI.1 Introduction 539 XI.2 Case Studies 542 XI.2.1 Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden 542 XI.2.2 Dongtan, China 549 XI.2.3 Qingdao (China) Ecoblock and Ecocity 556 XI.2.4 Tianjin (China) 560 XI.2.5 Masdar (UAE) 566 XI.2.6 Treasure Island (California, U.S.) 573 XI.2.7 Sonoma Mountain Village (California, U.S.) 579 XI.2.8 Dockside Green 585 XI.3 Brief Summary 588 References 590 APPENDIX 595 INDEX 597

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Book SynopsisSustainable Solutions for Water Resources provides a basic overview of water resources, hydrology, the current problems involving water resources, and the potential impact of global warming and climate change.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1.0 Overview 1 1.1 The Importance of Water Resources 1 1.2 Overview of Water Resources 3 1.2.1 Rivers and Streams 3 1.2.2 Groundwater and Aquifers 5 1.2.3 Lakes and Reservoirs 9 1.2.4 Wetlands 10 1.2.5 Coastal Zones 12 1.2.6 Precipitation 15 1.2.7 Sources of Information 17 2.0 Issues Involving Water Resources in the United States 19 2.1 Global Warming and Climate Change 19 2.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change 19 2.1.2 Addressing Climate Change 21 2.1.3 Sources of Information 21 2.2 Drought and Water Wars 22 2.2.1 Worldwide Water Wars 24 2.2.2 Southwest Water Wars 24 2.2.3 Southeast Water Wars 26 2.2.4 Peachtree Water Wars 27 2.3 Water Demands 30 2.3.1 Meeting Needs 30 2.3.2 Demands in Las Vegas 32 2.3.3 Uses of Water 33 2.3.4 Options for Meeting Demands 33 2.3.5 Water Sources 34 2.4 Development Pressures 35 2.4.1 Traditional Approaches to Meet Demands 35 2.4.2 Growth in the South 36 2.4.3 The Corps Meeting Demands 38 2.5 Environmental Concerns 39 2.5.1 Wadeable Streams Assessment 40 2.5.2 National Rivers and Streams Assessment 40 2.5.3 Large River Bioassessment Protocols 41 2.6 Economic Concerns 42 2.6.1 Cost of Water 42 2.6.2 Infrastructure Cost 42 2.6.3 Costs of Polluted Water 43 2.6.4 Privatization 44 2.7 Agricultural Uses 44 2.7.1 Impacts 45 2.7.2 Reducing Impacts 47 2.8 Water Quality 48 2.8.1 Water Quality Regulations 49 2.9 Legal Issues 54 2.9.1 Riparian Rights 54 2.9.2 First in Time 54 2.9.3 Groundwater Soil Moisture and Precipitation 55 2.9.4 Direct Flow and Storage 56 2.9.5 Water Law 56 3. 0 Sustainable Planning Approaches for Water Resources 59 3.1 An International and U.S. National Perspective on Water Resources Laws Policies Regulations and Permits 59 3.1.1 Federal Reserved Water Rights 60 3.1.2 National Laws Acts and Policies 60 3.1.3 Other Acts 62 3.1.4 Water for America Initiative 63 3.1.5 Federal Agencies Involved with Water Resources 63 3.1.6 Clean Water Act 66 3.1.7 Water for America Initiative 69 3.1.8 Flood Management at a National Level 69 3.1.9 National Drought Policy 72 3.2 Planning at the State Level 74 3.2.1 State Actions 76 3.3 Regional Approaches to Water Management 82 3.3.1 Interstate Water Commissions 82 3.3.2 Regional Approaches within States 84 3.3.3 Power Companies 86 3.4 Planning at the District Level 88 3.4.1 St. Johns River Water Management District 90 3.4.2 Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District 91 3.5 Watershed Planning 92 3.5.1 Conservation Approach 93 3.5.2 Watershed Assessment 95 3.5.3 Tools for Water Resource Analysis 95 3.5.4 Watershed Boundaries 96 3.6 Water Markets and Water Supply Systems 98 3.7 Wetland Planning and Wetland Banking 99 3.7.1 Wetland Recommendations 100 3.7.2 Wetlands Data 101 3.7.3 Wetlands of International Importance 103 3.7.4 National Wetlands Inventory 103 3.7.5 National Data 104 3.7.6 Wetland Mapper 105 3.7.7 Wetlands Master Geodatabase 105 3.7.8 Data at the State Level 106 3.8 Stormwater Management and Erosion Control 107 3.8.1 State Procedures 109 3.8.2 Minimizing Erosion 110 3.8.3 Controlling Pollution 111 3.9 Land Use Planning and Management 111 3.9.1 Land Use and Zoning 112 3.9.2 Ordinances 113 3.9.3 Land Use Data 113 3.10 Shoreline Management 114 3.10.1 Stabilization and Protection 115 3.10.2 Shoreline Ownership and Access 115 3.10.3 Shoreline Use Permits 116 3.11 Natural Resource Protection 116 3.11.1 Local to Federal 116 3.12 Urban Hydrology 117 3.12.1 Existing Systems 119 3.12.2 Impervious Cover Model 119 3.12.3 Sewage and Septic 120 3.12.4 Trees in Urban Watersheds 120 3.12.5 Landscape in Flux 122 3.12.6 Watershed Scale 122 3.13 Groundwater Protection 123 3.13.1 A Sustainable Approach 124 3.13.2 Data at the Local Level 124 3.13.3 Data at the National Level 125 3.13.4 Groundwater Modeling 125 3.14 Water Outreach Efforts 126 3.14.1 Demonstration Projects 128 3.15 Case Studies 128 4.0 Sustainable Practices for Site Planning Design and Implementation 207 4.1 Developing Goals and Objectives 207 4.2 Working with Local Stakeholders 211 4.2.1 Types of Stakeholders 212 4.2.2 Web-Based Communication Technologies 214 4.2.3 Public Involvement Plan 215 4.3 Design Process 215 4.3.1 Research 216 4.3.2 Inventory/Analysis 216 4.3.3 Synthesis 218 4.3.4 Implementation 220 4.4 Lake Management Plan and Actions 223 4.4.1 Lake Water Quality 223 4.4.2 Water Changes 224 4.4.3 Water Clarity Readings 226 4.5 River Lake and Wetland Restoration 228 4.5.1 Hydromodification 228 4.5.2 Stream Repair Practices 229 4.5.3 Fish Passages 230 4.5.4 Constructed Wetlands 230 4.5.5 Unified Stream Assessment 231 4.5.6 Bridging Solutions 232 4.5.7 U.S. Gulf Coast 233 4.6 Low-Impact Development and Smart Growth 235 4.6.1 Low-Impact Development 235 4.6.2 Smart Growth 238 4.7 Recreational Use 240 4.7.1 Marinas 243 4.8 Wildlife Management and Habitat Restoration 244 4.8.1 Habitat Restoration Efforts 244 4.8.2 Federal Wildlife Programs 247 4.9 New Lakes Reservoirs and Dams 248 4.9.1 Tennessee Permitting Process for New Dams 250 4.9.2 Dam Removal 251 4.10 Land Acquisition 252 4.10.1 Fee Simple Acquisition 252 4.10.2 Conservation Easements 252 4.10.3 Leases Deed Restrictions and Covenants 252 4.10.4 Purchase of Development Rights 253 4.10.5 Transfer of Development Rights 253 4.10.6 Land Trusts 254 4.10.7 Acquisition Programs 254 4.11 Best Management Practices 255 4.11.1 BMP Databases 255 4.11.2 Structural and Nonstructural Best Management Practices 257 4.11.3 Vegetative Practices 257 4.11.4 Runoff and Sediment Control 259 4.11.5 Wetlands 259 4.11.6 Rainwater Harvesting 260 4.11.7 Rooftop Runoff Management 261 4.11.8 Filtering Systems 261 4.11.9 Erosion and Sediment Control Plans 262 4.11.10 Controlling Runoff from Croplands 265 4.12 Case Studies 266 5.0 Conclusion 327 5.1 Avoiding Predictions 327 5.2 A Focus on Sustainability 327 5.3 Revisiting Atlanta 328 5.4 Legal Battles 328 5.5 Addressing the Problem 329 5.6 The Future 329 Further Reading 331 References 335 Index 345

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Book SynopsisA technology-savvy engineer shows architects and engineers alike practical solutions for implementing advanced building technologies in sustainably designed buildings.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION viii Chapter 1 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY 1Quality of Life Benefits 7Finite Fossil Fuel Resources 8Greenhouse Gases 10Profits and Savings from Energy Efficiency 11Site-to-Source Effect 12New LEED Version 2009 13Per Capita Energy Consumption 14Building Energy End-Use Splits, People Use Energy 15Carbon Footprint 17Funding Opportunities 19 Chapter 2 RADIANT COOLING 21History 21Introduction 23Why Radiant Cooling? 26Applications 28Radiant Cooling and Historic Preservation 39 Chapter 3 DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION 41History 41Introduction 42Conventional or Mixed-Air Systems 42Difference Between Displacement and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) 47Applications 48Large Public Spaces (Cafeterias, Dining Halls, Exhibit Spaces) 48 Chapter 4 CHILLED BEAMS 61Principle of Operation and Technology 62Benefits of Chilled Beams 63Types of Chilled Beams 67Chilled Beam Applications 72Chilled Beam Use with Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Applications 78 Chapter 5 UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION (UFAD) 83Validation of UFAD Designs with CFD Analysis 91Impact on Buildings 95Chapter 6 DISPLACEMENT INDUCTION UNITS (DIU) 101Benefits of Displacement Induction Units 103History of Induction Units 106Applications 107 Chapter 7 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE 115Engaging and Nonengaging Envelopes 116High-Performance Envelope Definition 117Most Common Energy Codes: ANSI and ASHRAE 90.1 118Glazing Characteristics 123How to Exceed the Mandatory Code Performance 128 Chapter 8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 145Renewable Energy Storage 146Conventional Air Conditioning Systems 153Nonrenewable Energy Storage 156 Chapter 9 SOLAR ENERGY AND NET-ZERO BUILDINGS 163Net-Zero Step 1: Harvesting Solar Energy 166Solar Energy in Net-Zero Buildings 177Net-Zero Step 2: Improve Energy Efficiency of the Building and Its Mechanical and Electrical Systems 181Net-Zero Step 3: Reduce Consumption 183 Chapter 10 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 185Introduction 185Geothermal Heat Pumps 190Types of Heat Pumps 198 Chapter 11 COGENERATION 205Other Applications of Cogeneration 207Cogeneration Technologies 211Micro-Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP) 221 Chapter 12 DATA CENTER SUSTAINABILITY 223History of Data Centers 2242011: Top Ten Trends in Data Centers 225Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) 226Technologies That Can Benefit Data Center Efficiency 230Office Building Applications 234Air Management in the Data Center 237 INDEX 239

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Book SynopsisComprising a huge wealth of information, this timely and well-edited volume covers the 2nd International Symposium on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, which took place in Arendal, Norway between 3-7 July 2011.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors vi Contributors vii Referees xi Preface xiii Chapter 1 The Role of Science in the Transition to Sustainability: the Systems Approach Framework for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 1 Tom Sawyer Hopkins and Denis Bailly Section 1 Coastal Habitats and Ecosystem Services Chapter 2 The Norwegian Programme for Mapping of Marine Habitats – Providing Knowledge and Maps for ICZMP 21 Trine Bekkby, Frithjof E. Moy, Heidi Olsen, Eli Rinde, Torjan Bodvin, Reidulv Bøe, Henning Steen, Ellen S. Grefsrud, Sigurd H. Espeland, Are Pedersen and Nina M. Jørgensen Chapter 3 Monitoring Ecological Quality of Coastal Waters by the Nature Index (NI) – an Integrated Measure of Biodiversity 31 Eivind Oug, Gro I. van der Meeren, Gregoire Certain and Signe Nybø Chapter 4 The Scomberomorus brasiliensis Gill-net Production System in Northern Brazil; an “Invisible” and Mismanaged Small-scale Fishery 49 Victoria J. Isaac, Roberto V.E. Santo, Bianca S. Bentes, Keila R.M. Mour˜ao and Flavia Lucena-Fredou Chapter 5 A Combination of Seagrass and Macroalgal Beds Enhances Survival of Young-of-the-Year Rockfish Sebastes Cheni 61 Yasuhiro Kamimura and Jun Shoji Section 2 Adaptation/Mitigation to Change in Coastal Systems Chapter 6 Natural Resource Potential of Macroalgae Harvesting in the Baltic Sea—Case Study Trelleborg, Sweden 71 Emma Risen, Joseph Santhi Pechsiri, Maria E. Malmstrom, Nils Brandt and Fredrik Grondahl Chapter 7 Conserving Mangrove Ecosystem for Climate Change Adaptation in the Ganges Basin 85 M. Shahadat Hossain Chapter 8 Monitoring Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Behaviour in a Highly Urbanised Coastline: Gold Coast, Australia 101 Jan-Olaf Meynecke, Silje Vindenes and Daniella Teixeira Section 3 Coastal Governance Chapter 9 An Overview of the Implementation of SAF Methodology Regarding the Stakeholder Response, in the Mussel-Farming Area of Chalastra, Thermaikos Gulf 117 Zoi I. Konstantinou and Yannis N. Krestenitis Chapter 10 Knowledge Issues in ICZM and EBM Applied on Small Geographic Scales: Lessons from a Case Study in Risør, Norway 127 H°akan T. Sandersen, Eirik Mikkelsen, Erlend Moksness and Jon Helge Vølstad Chapter 11 Governance Systems for Marine Protected Areas in Ecuador 145 Vincent Gravez, Robert Bensted-Smith, Pippa Heylings and Taylor Gregoire Wright Chapter 12 The Battle for Space – the Position of Norwegian Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal Zone Planning 159 Bjørn Hersoug Section 4 Linking Science and Management Chapter 13 Integrated Coastal Zone Management – Preview and Evaluation of its Application on the Coast of Cyprus 171 Nicholas Kathijotes and Athina Papatheodoulou Chapter 14 Framing a ‘Post-Normal’ Science–Policy Interface for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 179 Scott Bremer Chapter 15 Co-Learning in Marine Protected Areas for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 192 Mohammad A.L. Siddique, S. Zafrin, S. Myers, T. Smith, R. Babcock, and R.W. (Bill) Carter Chapter 16 Reflexively Mapping the Science–Policy Interface for Coastal Zones 206 Anne Blanchard and Scott Bremer Chapter 17 Bridging the Science–Policy Divide in the Coastal Zone: Is There a Role for Learning Processes? 218 Melissa Nursey-Bray and Nick Harvey Chapter 18 Perspectives of Social and Ecological Systems 229 Paul Tett, Audun Sandberg, Anne Mette, Denis Bailly, Marta Estrada, Thomas Sawyer Hopkins, Maurizio Ribera d’Alcala and Loraine McFadden Index 245 Colour plates appear between pages 48 and 49

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Book SynopsisAmidst crisis and fragmentation, the need for sociable, practical and sustainable housing is manifest.Trade Review'With great insight, Anitra Nelson shows how collaborative housing is emerging across the world to re-ignite the 'Small is Beautiful' spirit of E.F. Schumacher. This is a wonderful guide featuring inspiring examples for those who want to use shared eco-housing to tackle the challenges ahead' -- Paul Chatterton, Professor of Urban Futures, University of Leeds, and co-founder of the Lilac cohousing co-operative'This is a timely report and a critical and informed exploration of an important and growing housing sector in which ideas of equity, sharing, and ecological responsibility are essential parts of real, successful communities' -- Paul Downton — Ecopolis urbanist and cofounder of Christie Walk cohousing (Adelaide, Australia)Table of ContentsList of Figures, Tables and Boxes Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Less is More: Living Closely on a Finite Planet Part I: Compact Urban Housing 2. Once We Were Small: Traditional and Contemporary Homes 3. Apartment Living in Cities 4. Apartment Household Practices and Affordability Part II: Eco-Cohousing and Ecovillages 5. From Sharing a House to Eco-cohousing 6. Ecovillages: Sustainability and System Change Part III: Futures: Scaling Up, Shared Landscapes, Shared Livelihoods 7. ‘Will You Dance With Us?’ Governments and Collaborative Housing 8. ‘To Market, To Market’: Eco-collaborative Housing for Sale 9. Grassroots Sustainability, Sociality and Governance Conclusion 10. Small is Necessary and, with Sharing, Feasible Appendix: Key Sources and Links Notes Index

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Book SynopsisTake a visually rich tour through a burgeoning community on Mexico''s Baja Penninsula, and learn how the dream of visionaries is shaping the community of Loreto Bay as a model for the future. Indigenous materials and culture are helping to shape the physical makeup of this new resort community near Loreto, and the city''s inhabitants are reaping the benefits of development dollars. What is being imported is an exciting vision of a sustainable future, a shared goal of community, and a love of place. That place is wonderfully illustrated here, from the colorful adobe architecture and Spanish mission furnishings, to the scenes presented by the white sands of the Sea of Cortez and the fertile desert beyond.

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Book SynopsisBuilding a green home or redesigning an existing home to be green is more than energy efficiency and preservation of natural resources. It is about integrating cost-effective design and materials to better the well being of inhabitants. Explore the many ways architects have achieved sustainability, incorporating commonsense strategies of solar orientation, natural ventilation, recycling of household water, and making use of cutting-edge materials and building technologies such as earth sheltering, thermal mass, super insulation, geothermal heating and cooling, and photovoltaic electrical generation all without compromising their aesthetic goals. Here are more than 50 green homes in North America, shown in 400 color photographs. Many have won major awards; others have been the subject of media attention and tours. This book will help the homeowner, builder, and architect design homes that are more energy efficient, reduce consumption and emissions, and incorporate sustainable mater

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Book SynopsisArchitect David Wright helped pioneer the concept of passive solar architecture, and his thoughts and experiments have helped shape the evolution of solar design throughout the world. His years of exploration are distilled in this comprehensive book, which provides simple graphics and language to illuminate concepts including greenhouse effect, heat storage, surface-to-volume ratio, ventilation, and cooling.. Tips, rules-of-thumb, regional characteristics, and many other considerations are presented to help readers, from initial site selection to visionary design. Written for architects, designers, and others who seek to tap the free resources offered by earth and sun, this invaluable tool will help reduce dependence on outside energy sources. You will be inspired.

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Book SynopsisWhether you live in a town house, a village colonial, a country barn, or a coastal saltbox, you can convert your old house into an ecologically sound new house. This design book provides inspiration for aesthetically pleasing and practical renovations that can change the environment one house at a time. Starting with a section on basic planning, this guide walks you through some major considerations necessary to the success of an eco-renovation. Tour 45 projects around the country, including homes that have been reconfigured, renovated, added to, or otherwise redone to address everything from the size of the building's footprint and energy needs, to its use of sustainable or even reused materials and its pollution emissions. Illustrated with nearly 300 photos and building plans, and complete with design resources, this is a great reference for anyone considering an eco-renovation.

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Book SynopsisThe incredible story of the man behind TOMS Shoes and One for One, the revolutionary business model that marries fun, profit, and social good   “A creative and open-hearted business model for our times.”—The Wall Street Journal   Why this book is for you:   • You’re ready to make a difference in the world—through your own start-up business, a nonprofit organization, or a new project that you create within your current job. • You want to love your work, work for what you love, and have a positive impact on the world—all at the same time. • You’re inspired by charity: water, method, and FEED Projects and want to learn how these organizations got their start. • You’re curious about how someone who never made a pair of shoes, attended fashion school, or worked in retail created one of the fastest-growing footwear companies in the wor

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Book SynopsisIn a powerful argument for free market environmentalism, Terry Anderson and Laura Huggins break down liberal and conservative stereotypes of what it means to be an environmentalist. They show that, by forming local coalitions around market principles, stereotypes are replaced by pragmatic solutions that improve environmental quality without necessarily increasing red tape.

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Book SynopsisIn a powerful argument for free market environmentalism, Terry Anderson and Laura Huggins break down liberal and conservative stereotypes of what it means to be an environmentalist. They show that, by forming local coalitions around market principles, stereotypes are replaced by pragmatic solutions that improve environmental quality without necessarily increasing red tape.

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Book SynopsisCreating sustainable metropolitan communities in the 21st century may pose challenges for Michigan and other states in the region. This book links critical scholarship to issues facing Michigan's metropolitan communities and increases understanding of the key economic, environmental, social and political reasons for why change is underway.

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Book SynopsisDrawing on the testimony of leaders and residents of three communities in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, this title explores grassroots assumptions, values, and practices of sustainable development and, in particular, the ways in which they overlap with or challenge international financial institutions' discourse of sustainability.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps List of Acronyms Preface and Acknowledgements 1. Contested Visions of Sustainability 2. Poverty and Forests: Development and (Dis)Empowerment in Central America 3. 'All The Land Belongs to the Foreigners': Ecotourism and Sustainability 4. 'Nature That Gives Them Life': Grassroots Sustainability on the Osa Peninsula 5. 'Right Behind Him Are the Campesinos with Axes': Developing the Estero Real 6. 'He Has Been Taught Not to Be Afraid': Grassroots Sustainability in Miraflores 7. 'Before, There Were Only Kuna': The Struggle for the Comarca 8. 'There Are No Poor People Here': Grassroots Sustainability in Ipeti 9. Bringing the Case Studies Together 10. Conclusion Appendix: Methods Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisGet practical how-to information on designing and developing attractive, profitable, and environmentally responsible planned communities. This book includes 10 case studies of successful projects in the US, the UK and Australia.

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Book SynopsisEnergy and Global Climate Change: Bridging the Sustainable Development Divide focuses attention on two urgent global development challenges faced by the UN and its member states: access to sustainable energy for all, and global climate change.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Confronting the Neglected Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 1 1.1 Confronting the neglected nexus between climate change and energy access for the poor: Time for “bold action” 1 1.2 Framing the argument and issuing the necessary caveats 20 1.3 Escalating risks and increasing costs of the climate change: Scaling up and linkages matter 27 1.4 Towards a better understanding of the nexus between global climate change and energy access for the poor 35 1.5 Energy access for the poor and climate change cannot exist as separate global silos: A shared post]2015 development agenda necessitates integration not siloization 45 References 49 2 Where is the “Energy” in Global Climate Change Negotiations Outcomes? Examining Key UN Global Climate Change Outcomes from 1992 to 2014 for References to the Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 55 2.1 Framing the question: Has energy access for the poor been referenced in key outcomes of 20 years of climate change negotiations? 55 2.2 Global climate change negotiations analyses: A brief overview of broad trends 58 2.3 Examining key global climate change outcomes for references to the “energy” and “poverty reduction” nexus: Has “energy access for the poor” been referenced in key agreed outcomes? 67 2.3.1 The early years: Examining the 1992 UNFCC and the 1997 KP for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 68 2.3.2 The middle years: Examining the Bali Road Map and the Copenhagen Accord for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 77 2.3.3 The recent years: Examining the Cancun Agreements, Durban Outcomes, Doha Climate Gateway, the Warsaw Outcomes and the LCCA for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 83 2.4 The absence of concrete references to “energy access for the poor” in key agreed global climate outputs: A puzzling disconnect in the lead]up to 2015 110 References 113 3 Where’s the “Energy” in Key Un Global Outcomes on Sustainable Development? Examining the Record from Unche 1972 to Rio+20 2012 for References to the Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 121 3.1 Setting the stage: Why linkages between energy access for the poor and climate change matter for the UN’s quest for sustainable development 122 3.2 The locus of “energy” within the UN context: Framing the issue of energy access for the poor at the global level 126 3.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in key UN global conferences on environment and sustainable development from 1972 to 2000 135 3.3.1 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 1972 UNCHE 137 3.3.2 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the WCED 140 3.3.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 1992 Agenda 21 145 3.3.4 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the lead]up to, and in, the 2000 Millennium Declaration and the MDGs 149 3.4 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in key post]millennium UN sustainable development outcomes (2001–2012) 155 3.4.1 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 2001 CSD 155 3.4.2 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 2002 JPOI 159 3.4.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the lead]up to, and at, the 2012 Rio+20 Summit: AGECC/SE4All, Global Sustainability Panel Report and the Rio+20 Summit’s Future We Want 166 3.5 Conclusion: Implications for the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the UN’s post]2015 development agenda 179 References 188 4 Understanding the Acronym Soup of Voluntary Initiatives and Partnerships on Sustainable Development Within the UN Context: Locating Energy Access and Climate Change Voluntary Efforts 193 4.1 Delving into the acronym soup of voluntary initiatives for sustainable development at the UN 193 4.2 The variegated world of PSDs, GPSD and VCs within the UN context: Making the case for conceptual and definitional clarity 196 4.3 Tracing the emergence of PSDs, GPSD, and VCs within key global sustainable development outcomes from 1992 to 2014: Locating energy access and climate change 204 4.4 An abundance of voluntary initiatives but an absence of a universal accountability framework: Examining energy access and climate change initiatives 216 4.5 Need for improved clarity and accountability of voluntary initiatives on sustainable development 225 References 228 5 Towards an Integrated Framework on Energy Access for the Poor and Climate Change: Issues to Consider for the UN]Led Post]2015 Development Agenda 231 5.1 The absence of “energy access for poor” in the negotiating silos on climate change and sustainable development: Summary of findings 232 5.2 Separate silos pose challenges for a shared post]2015 development agenda 235 5.3 Increasing energy access for the poor and reducing SLCPs: Two key global multi]stakeholder initiatives 242 5.4 Bold action is needed to address the nexus between energy access for the poor and climate change: Possibilities for consideration 246 References 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively addresses surface modification of natural fibers to make them more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.Table of ContentsContributors xii Preface xiv 1 Biodegradable Green Composites 1 Sreerag Gopi, Anitha Pius, and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Biodegradable Polymers 2 1.2.1 Starch 2 1.2.2 Cellulose 4 1.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 4 1.2.4 Proteins 5 1.3 Nanofillers for Composites 5 1.3.1 Cellulose‐Based Nanofillers 5 1.3.2 Carbon Nanotube 7 1.3.3 Clay 7 1.3.4 Functional Fillers 7 1.4 Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources 8 1.4.1 Cellulose Nanocomposites 9 1.4.2 CNT Nanocomposites 9 1.4.3 Clay Nanocomposites 10 1.4.4 Functional Nanocomposites 10 1.5 Processing of Green Composites 10 1.6 Applications 11 1.6.1 Packaging 11 1.6.2 Electronics, Sensor, and Energy Applications 11 1.6.3 Medicinal Applications 12 1.7 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers Using Plasma Treatment 18 Danmei Sun 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Natural Fiber Materials and their Properties 19 2.1.2 Conventional Modification Methods and Drawbacks 19 2.1.3 Plasma Environment and the Advantages of Plasma Surface Modification 20 2.2 Mechanisms of Plasma Treatment and Types of Plasma Machines 21 2.2.1 Principle of Plasma Surface Modification 21 2.2.2 Interactive Mechanisms between Plasma and Substrates 22 2.2.3 Types of Plasma Treatment Systems 24 2.3 Effects and Applications of Plasma Treatment 27 2.3.1 Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition Change 27 2.3.2 Improved Hydrophilicity and Efficiency in Aqueous Processes 28 2.3.3 Improved Hydrophobicity 31 2.3.4 Mechanical Properties Affected by Plasma Treatment 33 2.3.5 Medical Applications of Plasma Treatment 34 2.3.6 Plasma‐Modified Fibers in Polymer Composites 34 2.3.7 Other Areas of Applications 35 2.4 Conclusions and Industrial Implications 35 References 35 3 Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers 40 Levent Onal and Yekta Karaduman 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Enzymes 42 3.2.1 A Brief History 42 3.2.2 Classification and Nomenclature 43 3.2.3 Enzyme Structure 43 3.2.4 Enzymatic Catalysis 44 3.3 Natural Fibers as Enzyme Substrates 45 3.3.1 Physical Properties of Lignocellulosic Fibers 46 3.3.2 Chemical Properties and Composition of Lignocellulosic Fibers 47 3.3.2.1 Cellulose 47 3.3.2.2 Hemicellulose 49 3.3.2.3 Lignin 49 3.3.2.4 Pectin 50 3.3.2.5 Other Aromatic Compounds 51 3.3.2.6 Fats, Waxes, and Lipids 51 3.4 Types of Enzymes Used in Natural Fiber Modification 51 3.4.1 Cellulases 51 3.4.2 Xylanases 52 3.4.3 Pectinases 53 3.4.4 Laccases 53 3.5 Effect of Enzymatic Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Natural Fibers 54 3.6 Polymer Composites Reinforced with Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers 62 3.7 Enzyme‐Assisted Biografting Methods 69 3.8 Conclusions 73 References 74 4 Recent Developments in Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for their use in Biocomposites 80 Jaspreet Kaur Bhatia, Balbir Singh Kaith, and Susheel Kalia 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Biocomposites 82 4.2.1 Classification: Biomass Derived and Petroleum‐Derived Matrix 83 4.2.2 Advantage over Traditional Composites 86 4.3 Natural Fiber: Structure and Composition 86 4.4 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers 89 4.4.1 Silylation, Esterification, and other Surface Chemical Modifications 89 4.4.2 Noncovalent Surface Chemical Modifications 93 4.4.3 Cationization 95 4.4.4 Polymer Grafting 95 4.4.5 TEMPO‐Mediated Oxidation 98 4.4.6 Green Modification 100 4.5 Biocomposites: Recent Trends and Opportunities for the Future 100 4.6 Biodegradability of Biocomposites 101 4.7 Conclusions 103 References 105 5 Nanocellulose‐Based Green Nanocomposite Materials 118 Qi Zhou and Núria Butchosa 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Nanocellulose 119 5.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 120 5.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils 120 5.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose 122 5.3 Composite Matrices 122 5.3.1 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives 122 5.3.2 Hemicelluloses and other Polysaccharides 123 5.3.3 Starch 124 5.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan 125 5.3.5 Proteins 126 5.3.6 Polylactic Acid and Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) 127 5.3.7 Inorganic Nanoparticles 128 5.4 Composite Properties 129 5.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 129 5.4.2 Barrier Properties 130 5.4.3 Antimicrobial Properties 133 5.4.4 Optical Properties 134 5.5 Conclusions 136 References 137 6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Green Composites 149 Mahbub Hasan, Azman Hassan, and Zainoha Zakaria 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Manufacturing Techniques of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 151 6.2.1 Melt Mixing/Blending 151 6.2.2 Extrusion/Injection Molding 153 6.2.3 Other Techniques 155 6.3 Properties of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 156 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties 156 6.3.1.1 Tensile Properties 156 6.3.1.2 Flexural Properties 157 6.3.1.3 Impact Strength 158 6.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 158 6.3.3 Thermal Properties 160 6.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 160 6.3.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 162 6.3.4 Surface Morphology 162 6.3.5 Electrical Properties 163 6.4 Applications of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 164 6.5 Conclusions 164 References 164 7 Lignin/Nanolignin and their Biodegradable Composites 167 Anupama Rangan, M.V. Manjula, K.G. Satyanarayana, and Reghu Menon 7.1 Introduction 168 7.1.1 Renewable Bioresources-Sustainability and Biodegradability Issues 168 7.1.2 Nanotechnology and Application of Nanotechnology (Specifically for Cellulose and Lignin) 170 7.2 Lignin 170 7.2.1 Structure, Chemical Nature, Complexity, and Linkage Heterogeneity 170 7.2.2 Types, Structure, Properties, and Uses of Modified/Processed Lignin 172 7.2.2.1 Kraft Lignin 173 7.2.2.2 Soda Lignin 173 7.2.2.3 Lignosulfonates 173 7.2.2.4 Organosolv Lignin 175 7.2.2.5 Hydrolysis Lignin 175 7.3 Nanolignin and Methods of Preparation of Nanolignin 175 7.3.1 Precipitation Method 175 7.3.2 Chemical Modification Method 178 7.3.3 Electrospinning Followed by Surface Modification 178 7.3.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization 179 7.3.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology 179 7.3.6 Chemomechanical Methods 180 7.3.7 Nanolignin by Self‐Assembly 181 7.3.8 Template‐Mediated Synthesis of Lignin‐based Nanotubes and Nanowires 181 7.4 Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles 183 7.4.1 Microscopy 183 7.4.2 Thermal Analysis 185 7.4.3 X‐Ray Diffraction 186 7.4.4 Other Methods 186 7.5 Lignin Composites/Nanolignin‐Based “Green” Composites 186 7.5.1 Lignin‐based Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 186 7.5.2 Rubber‐based Lignin Composites 187 7.5.3 Lignin‐reinforced Biodegradable Composites 187 7.5.4 Lignin‐reinforced Foam‐based Composites 188 7.5.5 Lignin‐based Composite Coatings 188 7.5.6 Synthesis of Lignin–PLA Copolymer Composites 190 7.5.7 Nanolignin‐based “Green” Composites 190 7.6 Potential Applications of Lignin/Nanolignin 190 7.7 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 192 References 192 Web Site References 198 8 Starch‐Based “Green” Composites 199 K.G. Satyanarayana and V.S. Prasad 8.1 Introduction 200 8.1.1 Starch 200 8.1.1.1 Thermoplastic Starch 202 8.1.1.2 Starch Nanocrystals 203 8.1.1.3 Structure and Properties of Starch/TPS 207 8.2 Starch‐Based Composites 215 8.2.1 Processing Techniques/Methods 215 8.2.1.1 Processing of Starch‐based Microcomposites 215 8.2.1.2 Processing of Starch‐based Nanocomposites 220 8.2.2 Structure and Properties of Starch-Polymer Systems (Blends/Composites) 222 8.2.2.1 Starch-Polymer Systems 222 8.2.2.2 Starch–Natural Materials‐based “Green” Composites 239 8.2.2.3 Starch‐based Nanocomposites 257 8.2.2.4 Starch Nanoparticles in Composites 269 8.3 Applications 272 8.4 Perspectives 275 8.5 Concluding Remarks 275 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 9 Green Composite Materials Based on Biodegradable Polyesters 299 Pramendra Kumar Bajpai 9.1 Introduction 299 9.2 Fabrication Techniques for Green Composites 301 9.2.1 Hand Lay‐Up Fabrication Technique 301 9.2.2 Compression Molding 302 9.2.3 Injection Molding Fabrication Technique 304 9.2.4 Resin Transfer Fabrication Technique 306 9.2.5 Pultrusion Fabrication Technique 307 9.3 Processing of Green Composites Through Microwave Heating 308 9.4 Application of Green Composite 308 9.5 Concluding Remark 309 References 309 10 Applications of Green Composite Materials 312 Koronis Georgios, Arlindo Silva, and Samuel Furtado 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Green Composite Materials 313 10.2.1 Reinforcement 314 10.2.2 The Matrix 316 10.3 Consumer Products 317 10.4 Biomedical Applications 319 10.5 Packaging 321 10.6 Transportation Industry 322 10.7 Construction 326 10.8 Energy Industry 327 10.9 Sports and Leisure Industry 327 10.9.1 Boat Hulls and Canoes 328 10.9.2 Snowboards/Skis and Surfboards 328 10.9.3 Toys 329 10.9.4 Musical Instruments 329 10.10 Conclusions 330 References 330 Index 338

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, renewables-based technology and sustainability assessment methods have grown tremendously. Renewable energy and products have a significant role in the market today, and the same time sustainability assessment methods have advanced, with a growing standardization of environmental sustainability metrics and consideration of social issues as part of the assessment. Sustainability Assessment of Renewables-Based Products: Methods and Case Studies is an extensive update and sequel to the 2006 title Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment. It discusses the impressive evolution and role renewables have taken in our modern society, highlighting the importance of sustainability principles in the design phase of renewable-based technologies, and presenting a wide range of sustainability assessment methods suitable for renewables-based technologies, together with case studies to demonstrate their applications. This book is a valuTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Series Editor’s Preface xxiii Preface xxvii 1 The Growing Role of Biomass for Future Resource Supply—Prospects and Pitfalls 1Helmut Haberl 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Ecological and Socioeconomic Biomass Flows 3 1.3 Global Biomass Potentials in 2050 5 1.4 Critical Socio-Ecological Feedbacks and Sustainability Issues 9 1.5 Conclusions 12 Acknowledgements 12 References 13 2 The Growing Role of Photovoltaic Solar, Wind and Geothermal Energy as Renewables for Electricity Generation 19W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, J.G. Schepers, and J.D.A.M. van Wees 2.1 General Introduction 19 2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 21 2.3 Wind Energy 24 2.4 Geothermal Energy 28 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 34 3 Assessment of Sustainability within Holistic Process Design 37Alexei Lapkin, Philipp]Maximilian Jacob, Polina Yaseneva, Charles Gordon, and Amy Peace 3.1 Introduction: Holistic Process Design from Unit Operations to Systems Science Methods 37 3.2 Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Holistic Process Design 403.3 A Decision-Tree Methodology for Complex Process Design 41 3.4 Generation of New Synthesis Routes in Bio-Based Supply Chains 45 3.5 Conclusions 47 Acknowledgements 48 References 48 4 A Mass Balance Approach to Link Sustainable Renewable Resources in Chemical Synthesis with Market Demand 51Claudius Kormann and Andreas Kicherer 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Renewable Feedstock: Market Drivers, Political Frame 52 4.3 Traceability of Biomass as Feedstock in the Chemical Industry 53 4.4 Standard of Mass Balance in Chemical Synthesis 57 4.5 Sustainability Aspects of Renewable Resources 60 4.6 Discussion 61 4.7 Vision and Summary 62 References 63 5 Early R&D Stage Sustainability Assessment: The 5 Pillar Method 65Akshay D. Patel, John A. Posada, Li Shen, and Martin K. Patel 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Methodology 67 5.3 Case Study 73 5.4 Validation Case Study 75 5.5 Critical Review and Outlook 76 5.6 Conclusion 79 References 79 6 Assessing the Sustainability of Land Use: A Systems Approach 81Miguel Brandão 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Methodological Issue 1: Consequential Analysis of Land Use Decisions 82 6.3 Methodological Issue 2: Land Use Impacts on Ecosystems 87 6.4 Methodological Issue 3: Land Use Impacts on Climate 89 6.5 Methodological Issue 4: Economic and Social Impact Assessment 90 6.6 Methodological Issue 5: Integrating Environmental and Economic Assessments 92 6.7 Discussion 93 6.8 Conclusions 94 References 94 7 Water Use Analysis 97Francesca Verones, Stephan Pfister, and Markus Berger 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Methods and Tools for Assessing the Sustainable Use of Water 98 7.3 Case Study: Water Consumption Analysis of Biofuels and Fossil Fuels 102 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion 105 References 106 8 Material Intensity of Food Production and Consumption 109Lucia Mancini and Michael Lettenmeier 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Material Flow Based Approaches for Assessing Sustainable Production and Consumption Systems 110 8.3 MIPS Concept and Methodology 111 8.4 Material Intensity of Food Systems 113 8.5 Results of MIPS for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs 118 8.6 Conclusions 121 References 122 9 Material and Energy Flow Analysis 125Goto Naohiro, Nova Ulhasanah, Hirotsugu Kamahara, Udin Hasanudin, Ryuichi Tachibana, and Koichi Fujie 9.1 Background 125 9.2 Methodology 128 9.3 Case Study 131 9.4 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgements 139 References 139 10 Exergy and Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 141Sofie Huysman, Thomas Schaubroeck, and Jo Dewulf 10.1 What Is Exergy 141 10.2 Calculation of Exergy 142 10.3 Applications of Exergy 144 10.4 Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 146 10.5 Conclusions 151 References 152 11 Carbon and Environmental Footprint Methods for Renewables based Products and Transition Pathways to 2050 155Geoffrey P. Hammond 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Carbon and Environmental (or Eco) Footprinting 159 11.3 The Relationship between Environmental Footprint Analysis (EFA) and Environmental Life]Cycle Assessment (LCA) 166 11.4 Carbon and Environmental Footprints Associated with Global Biofuel Production 167 11.5 Carbon and Environmental Footprints of Low Carbon Transition Pathways 171 11.6 Concluding Remarks 174 Acknowledgements 175 References 176 12 Tracking Supply and Demand of Biocapacity through Ecological Footprint Accounting 179David Lin, Alessandro Galli, Michael Borucke, Elias Lazarus, Nicole Grunewald, Jon Martindill, David Zimmerman, Serena Mancini, Katsunori Iha, and Mathis Wackernagel 12.1 Summary and Rationale 179 12.2 Methodology 182 12.3 Usage Recommendations 193 12.4 Future Developments 195 References 195 13 Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Supporting Decision Making by Business and Policy 201Sala Serenella, Fabrice Mathieux, and Rana Pant 13.1 Life Cycle Assessment: A Systemic Approach to Evaluate Impacts 201 13.2 LCA: Supporting Sustainability Assessment 205 13.3 Role of LCA in Supporting Decisions in Business and Policy Context 206 13.4 Tools and Support to Put LCA into Practice 210 13.5 Conclusion and the Way Forward 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 212 14 Life Cycle Costing 215Andreas Ciroth, Jutta Hildenbrand, and Bengt Steen 14.1 Life Cycle Costing – Definition and Principles 215 14.2 Environmental LCC 216 14.3 Societal LCC 220 14.4 LCC and Renewables 221 14.5 Example Case 222 References 228 15 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Methodologies and Practice 229Alessandra Zamagni, Pauline Feschet, Anna Irene De Luca, Nathalie Iofrida, and Patrizia Buttol 15.1 Introduction 229 15.2 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Scientific Background 230 15.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment in Practice 232 15.4 SLCA and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Methodological Challenges 234 15.5 Conclusions and Outlook 236 References 237 16 Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Technologies 241F. Ardente, M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta 16.1 Introduction 241 16.2 Solar Technologies 242 16.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Solar Technologies 245 16.3.1 Solar Thermal Plants 246 16.3.2 Photovoltaic Plants 246 16.3.3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plants and Solar Heating/Cooling Plants 249 16.4 Assessment of Solar Technologies 249 16.5 Conclusions 256 References 256 17 Assessing the Sustainability of Geothermal Utilization 259Ruth Shortall, Gudni Axelsson, and Brynhildur Davidsdottir 17.1 Introduction 259 17.2 Sustainable Geothermal Utilization 260 17.3 Broader Sustainability Assessment of Energy Developments 266 17.4 Sustainability Assessment Framework for Geothermal Power 266 17.5 Conclusion 271 References 271 18 Biofuels from Terrestrial Biomass: Sustainability Assessment of Sugarcane Biorefineries in Brazil 275Otavio Cavalett, Marcos D.B. Watanabe, Alexandre Souza, Mateus F. Chagas, Tassia L. Junqueira, and Antonio Bonomi 18.1 Introduction 275 18.2 The Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) 276 18.3 Methods Used in the VSB 277 18.4 Biorefinery Scenarios Case Study 279 18.5 Final Remarks 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 19 Algae as Promising Biofeedstock; Searching for Sustainable Production Processes and Market Applications 289Sue Ellen Taelman, Steven De Meester, and Jo Dewulf 19.1 Introduction 289 19.2 Algae Background 290 19.3 Algal Cultivation and Processing Methods 292 19.4 Algae: Production and Potential Applications 294 19.5 Environmental Sustainability of Algae Production 298 19.6 Conclusions 302 References 303 20 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased and Fossil Based Succinic Acid 307Marieke Smidt, Jeroen den Hollander, Henk Bosch, Yang Xiang, Maarten van der Graaf, Anne Lambin, and Jean]Pierre Duda 20.1 Production of Succinic Acid 307 20.2 Life Cycle Assessment: Biobased Succinic Acid and Fossil]Based Equivalent 310 20.3 Sensitivity Analysis 316 20.4 Conclusions 319 References 320 21 Biobased Poly Vinylchloride (PVC) 323Rodrigo A.F. Alvarenga, Zdenek Hruska, Alain Wathelet, and Jo Dewulf 21.1 Introduction 323 21.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased PVC 324 21.3 Carbon Footprint of Biobased Product 329 21.4 Environmental Sustainability of Bioethanol Use 330 21.5 Conclusions 331 References 332 22 Evaluation of Wood Cascading 335Karin Höglmeier, Gabriele Weber-Blaschke, and Klaus Richter 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Environmental Assessment of Wood Cascading by LCA 338 22.3 Discussion and Conclusion 343 Acknowledgements 345 References 345 23 Time]Dependent Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 347Maartje N. Sevenster 23.1 Introduction 347 23.2 Methodology 351 23.3 Results 353 23.4 Discussion 357 23.5 Conclusions 358 References 358 24 Conclusions 361Jo Dewulf 24.1 The Importance of Renewables]Based Products and Services 361 24.2 The Need for Sustainability Assessment for Renewables: Even More Than in the Past 362 24.3 The Growing Sustainability Assessment Toolbox 363 24.4 Outlook: Pending Challenges 364 Index

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Book SynopsisReal-world reservoirs are layered, heterogeneous and anisotropic, exposed to water and gas drives, faults, barriers and fractures. They are produced by systems of vertical, deviated, horizontal and multilateral wells whose locations, sizes, shapes and topologies are dictated on the fly, at randomby petroleum engineers and drillers at well sites. Wells may be pressure or rate-constrained, with these roles re-assigned during simulation with older laterals shut-in, newer wells drilled and brought on stream, and so on. And all are subject to steady and transient production, each satisfying different physical and mathematical laws, making reservoir simulation an art difficult to master and introducing numerous barriers to entry. All of these important processes can now be simulated in any order using rapid, stable and accurate computational models developed over two decades. And what if it were further possible to sketch complicated geologies and lithologies, plus equally complex Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Reservoir Modeling – Background and Overview 1 Overview 1 Reservoir modeling landscape 1 Reflections on simulation and modeling 2 Reservoir Flow Algorithms for Petroleum Engineers 3 Multisim™ Features – Advanced Interactive Reservoir Modeling 8 Reservoir description 9 Well system modeling 9 Additional simulator features 9 Simple Wells to Multilateral Systems for Laymen 10 Advanced Graphics for Color Display 17 Tracer Movement in Three-Dimensional Reservoirs 21 2 Mathematical Modeling Ideas, Numerical Methods and Software 25 Overview and Background 25 Formulation errors 25 I/O problems 26 Fundamental Issues and Problems 26 Numerical stability 27 Inadequacies of the von Neumann test 28 Convergence 28 Physical resolution 29 Direct solvers 29 Modern simulation requirements 30 Pressure constraints 32 Flow rate constraints 32 Object-oriented geobodies 33 Plan for remaining sections 33 Governing Equations and Numerical Formulation 33 Steady flows of liquids 33 Difference equation formulation 34 The iterative scheme 35 Modeling well constraints for liquids 36 Steady and unsteady nonlinear gas flows 38 Steady gas flows 39 Well constraints for gas flows 40 Transient, compressible flows 42 Compaction, consolidation and subsidence 44 Boundary conforming grids 45 Stratigraphic meshes for layered media 46 Modeling wellbore storage 47 Early 1990s Validation Calculations 48 Simulation capabilities 48 Data structures and programming 49 Example 2-1. Convergence acceleration, two deviated horizontal gas wells in a channel sand 49 Example 2-2. Dual-lateral horizontal completion in a fractured, dipping, heterogeneous, layered formation 53 Example 2-3. Stratigraphic grids, drilling dome-shaped structures 56 Example 2-4. Simulating-while-drilling horizontal gas wells through a dome-shaped reservoir 58 Example 2-5. Modeling wellbore storage effects and compressible borehole flow transients 64 3 Simulation Capabilities – User Interface with Basic Well 71 Example 3-1. Single vertical well, user interface and menu structure for steady flow 71 Example 3-2. Volume flow rate constraint at a well 91 Example 3-3. Pressure constraint and transient shut-in 94 Example 3-4. Heterogeneities, anisotropy and multiple wells 110 Example 3-5. Reversing well constraints – consistency check 128 Example 3-6. Changing farfield boundary conditions 131 Example 3-7. Fluid depletion in a sealed reservoir 135 Example 3-8. Depletion in rate constrained well in sealed reservoir 147 Example 3-9. Steady flow from five spot pattern 148 Example 3-10. Drilling additional wells while simulating 153 4 Vertical, Deviated, Horizontal and Multilateral Well Systems 175 Overview, 175 Example 4-1. Multilateral and vertical wells in multilayer media 176 Example 4-2. Dual lateral with transient operations 204 Example 4-3. Producer and injector conversions 239 Example 4-4. Production with top and bottom drives 265 Example 4-5. Transient gas production from dual horizontal with wellbore storage effects 275 5 Well Models and Productivity Indexes 290 Radial vs 3D modeling - loss of wellbore resolution 290 Analogies in computational aerodynamics 291 Curvilinear grids in reservoir simulation 293 Productivity index modeling 295 References 296 Index 308 About the Author 312 Professional interests 312 Scientific book publications 313 United States patents 314 Recent patent applications 315 International and domestic patents 315 Journal articles and conference publications 318 Multisim‘ Software Order 326 Features 326 Licensing options 327 Disclaimer 328

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of Sustainable Business prepares future business leaders to tackle the most crucial social and environmental issues of our time. This engaging textbook provides students with a comprehensive, balanced introduction to integrating sustainable business policies into all core business functions and processes. The text employs a qualitative-based learning process to help students understand how leadership, finance, accounting, risk management, marketing, supply chain management, and operations can be adapted to meet the sustainability goals of the 21st century. Looking at sustainable business from the managerial viewpoint, the fully-updated new edition explains how and why business is evolving due to increased consumer and regulatory pressure for sustainable performance. Business topics are first introduced in the same manner as traditional MBA programs, and then examined through the lens of sustainably. The text incorporates real-life examplesTable of ContentsPreface viii Part I Introduction 1 Introduction to Sustainable Business 3Sustainable Companies Gain the Upper Hand 1.1 What Do We Mean By “Sustainability”? 4 1.1.1 Sustainability is a Loaded Word 4 1.1.2 Running Out of Space 6 1.1.3 The New Global Trend: Doing Bad and More Good 10 1.1.4 The Unsustainable Status Quo: Fisheries 11 1.2 Causes and Consensus Around Sustainable Business 13 1.2.1 What Do Externalities Have to Do with It? 13 1.2.2 Shareholder Pressure 15 1.2.3 Multiple Drivers, One Destination 15 1.2.4 Baseline Shift Toward Sustainability 16 1.3 The Forms and Stages of Sustainable Business 18 1.3.1 Sustainability Marginalized 18 1.3.2 Sustainability Grows Up 19 1.3.3 Sustainability Gears Up 22 1.4 The Business Case for Sustainability 23 1.4.1 There is Actually Just One Bottom Line 23 1.4.2 Environmental Changes and Business Implications 24 1.4.3 Green Shoots and Blue Oceans 25 1.4.4 Overview of the Textbook 28 Key Terms 29 Discussion Questions 29 Case 1: BMW Pioneers Sustainable Automotive Technology 29 Case 2: Greening the Game of Golf 30 Further Research 31 Endnotes 31 2 Perspectives 35Ecosystem Services 2.1 Introduction: Perspectives on Sustainability 36 2.2 Social Perspectives 37 2.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement 37 2.2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility 38 2.2.3 Human Rights 41 2.2.4 Laws and Regulations 42 2.2.5 Ethics and Environmental Justice 43 2.3 Economic Perspectives 45 2.3.1 Globalization and its Discontents 45 2.3.2 Environmental Kuznets Curve and its Criticism 47 2.3.3 Natural Capital Accounting and Sustainable Land Use 49 2.3.4 Sustainable Engineering 52 2.4 Environmental Perspectives 53 2.4.1 Regenerative Capacity 54 2.4.2 Biomimicry 54 2.4.3 Cradle-to-Cradle 55 2.4.4 Human Ecology 56 Conclusion 57 Key Terms 57 Discussion Questions 58 Case 1: Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants 58 Additional Material 59 Endnotes 60 3 Leadership, Change Management, and Corporate Governance 63Sustainable Leadership, Corporate Governance, and Innovation at Unilever 3.1 Introduction: Leadership as Antidote to Collective Action Problems 64 3.1.1 What is a Collective Action Problem? 66 3.1.2 What is a Tragedy of the Commons? 66 3.1.3 Sustainability through Self-Regulation 67 3.1.4 The Sustainable Leadership Gap 69 3.2 Leadership 70 3.2.1 What is Sustainable Business Leadership? 70 3.2.2 New Competencies of Sustainable Business Leaders 70 3.2.3 Sustainable Leadership Strategy 73 3.3 Change Management 75 3.3.1 Entrepreneurialism and Innovation 75 3.3.2 Developing a Sustainable Business Strategy 77 3.3.3 Change Management 78 3.3.4 Hiring Strategy and Employee Engagement 79 3.4 Strategic Alignment for Sustainability Through Corporate Governance 81 3.4.1 Strategic Alignment: Integrating Sustainability into Corporate Strategy 81 3.4.2 Sustainable Corporate Governance 81 3.4.3 Corporate Governance Mechanisms 83 3.4.4 Resolving Conflicts Between Shareholders and Stakeholders: Rise of the B-Corp 86 3.4.5 Executive Compensation 87 3.4.6 Rise of the Chief Sustainability Officer 89 Key Terms 91 Discussion Questions 91 Case 1: Corporate Leadership Amidst Turbulent Times 91 Case 2: Drilling Down on Corporate Governance 93 Further Research 93 Endnotes 93 Part II Accountability 4 Legal Frameworks for Sustainability 99Climate Change Divides Corporate Lobbying Efforts 4.1 The Role of Law in Corporate Sustainability 100 4.1.1 Hard Law, Soft Law, Legal Hierarchy, International Law 103 4.1.2 The Legal Environment of Business 106 4.1.3 Incentives for Legal Compliance 106 4.2 Law and Sustainability by Business Area 108 4.2.1 Design, Production, and Pollution 109 4.2.2 Supply Chain, Marketing, and Consumer Protection 112 4.2.3 Packaging, Waste, and Disposal 118 4.2.4 Land Use Planning 119 4.3 Limits of the Law 121 4.3.1 Legal Compliance vs. Sustainable Performance 121 4.3.2 Lobbying for Lax Laws 121 4.3.3 Under-Enforcement of Good Laws 123 Key Terms 123 Discussion Questions 124 Case 1: Can Litigation Set Public Policy on the Use of Drugs in Industrial Agriculture? 124 Case 2: The American Legislative Exchange Council and So-Called Ag Gag Rules 125 Further Research 126 Endnotes 126 5 Metrics, Tools, and Reporting: The Role of Finance and Accounting 129Nature’s Invoice 5.1 Introduction: Why Measure and Report? 130 5.1.1 The Role of Finance & Accounting 130 5.1.2 Information-Driven Sustainable Business Model 132 5.1.3 (Almost) Everyone is Doing It 134 5.1.4 What are the Benefits of Monitoring and Reporting? 135 5.1.5 Drivers of Sustainability Reporting 137 5.2 Metrics 138 5.2.1 What are Metrics? 138 5.2.2 The Triple Bottom Line 140 5.2.3 Sustainability Performance Metrics 140 5.2.4 What to Look for in a Metric 142 5.3 Tools 142 5.3.1 Natural Capital Accounting 143 5.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment 143 5.3.3 Environmental Footprinting 145 5.4 Reporting 147 5.4.1 Leadership and Reporting 148 5.4.2 Threshold for Reporting: Materiality 148 5.4.3 Sharing Sustainability Information with End Consumers 150 5.4.4 ISO Standards For Sustainability Reporting 151 5.4.5 Global Reporting Initiative 151 Key Terms 153 Discussion Questions 154 Case 1: Chocolate Crusaders 154 Case 2: Suede Shoe Blues 155 Further Research 156 Endnotes 156 6 Risk Management 159Happy Meals Dodge Tainted Toys 6.1 Risk Management and Sustainable Business 160 6.1.1 The Role of Risk Management in Sustainable Business 161 6.1.2 The Risky Environment of Business 163 6.1.3 The Moral Psychology of Risky Business Decisions 164 6.1.4 The Enterprise Risk Management Continuum 165 6.2 Risk Identification 169 6.2.1 Business Risks Managed by Sustainability 169 6.2.2 Preventable Versus Uncontrollable Risk 172 6.2.3 Water-Related Business Risks 173 6.2.4 Climate Change-Related Business Risks 174 6.3 Risk Assessment 174 6.3.1 Scenario Planning 175 6.3.2 Measuring the Materiality of Risk 176 6.3.3 Vulnerability 178 6.3.4 Putting It All Together 180 6.4 Risk Response 180 6.4.1 Bearing Risk 181 6.4.2 Avoiding Risk 181 6.4.3 Mitigating Risk 181 6.4.4 Sharing Risk: Insurance 183 6.5 Risk Management Strategies in Business 185 6.5.1 Business Continuity Planning 185 6.5.2 Resilience 186 Key Terms 187 Discussion Questions 187 Case 1: Managing a Hospital’s Fight Against an Epic Flu 188 Further Research 188 Endnotes 189 Part III Implementation 7 Marketing 193From Superbowl Ads to Viral Videos 7.1 Introduction: Marketing Sustainability 194 7.1.1 Conventional Marketing versus Marketing Sustainability 195 7.1.2 Segmenting the Market for Sustainable Products 196 7.1.3 Trends In Marketing Sustainability: Avenues for SMEs 198 7.1.4 Rewards of Sustainable Marketing 200 7.2 Legal and Ethical Boundaries 202 7.2.1 Truth-In-Advertising Rules 202 7.2.2 Guidelines for Marketing Environmental Attributes 203 7.2.3 Product/Process Information Distinction 204 7.2.4 What is Greenwashing? 206 7.3 Strategy for Marketing Sustainability 207 7.3.1 Sustainability Marketing Principles 207 7.3.2 Brand Development 208 7.3.3 Stages of Marketing Sustainability 209 7.3.4 International Marketing 210 7.3.5 Challenges to Marketing Sustainability 211 7.4 Certification Programs 216 7.4.1 Guidelines for Third-Party Certification Programs 216 7.4.2 Types of Certification Programs 217 7.4.3 Certification Design 218 7.4.4 Challenges to Sustainable Certification 220 Key Terms 221 Discussion Questions 221 Case 1: Marketing Sustainable Dinner Ware 221 Case 2: Nike, Inc. v. Kasky 222 Further Research 223 Endnotes 224 8 Supply Chain Management 227Building a Sustainable Supply Chain: Lessons from Starbucks 8.1 Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Context 228 8.1.1 The Role of SCM in Sustainability 229 8.1.2 Managing Supply Chain Risks: Going Beyond the First Tier 231 8.1.3 Traceability and Increased Supply Chain Transparency 232 8.1.4 Business Benefits of Sustainable SCM 233 8.1.5 Water-Related Supply Chain Risks 234 8.1.6 Human Rights, Child Labor, and Occupational Safety in Global Supply Chains 234 8.2 Managing the Entire Product Life Cycle 236 8.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment and Cradle-to-Cradle Design 237 8.2.2 Product Design 237 8.2.3 Packaging 238 8.2.4 Sourcing 240 8.2.5 Process Design 241 8.3 Managing the Supply Chain Infrastructure 242 8.3.1 Logistics 242 8.3.2 Reverse Logistics 243 8.3.3 Transportation 244 8.3.4 Facility Location 246 8.4 Managing Supply Chain Stakeholders 248 8.4.1 Suppliers 248 8.4.2 Consumers 249 8.4.3 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Nonprofits 251 8.4.4 Governmental Agencies and Regulation 251 8.4.5 Competitors 252 8.4.6 Communities 253 Key Terms 255 Discussion Questions 255 Case 1: Gone Fishing: Human Trafficking on the High Seas 255 Case 2: iSlave: Labor Conditions at Consumer Technology Parts Suppliers 256 Further Research 257 Endnotes 257 9 Operations Management 261Ancient Air Conditioning in Modern Building Design 9.1 The Role of Operations Management in Sustainability 262 9.1.1 The OM Function 262 9.1.2 How OM Impacts Sustainability 264 9.1.3 Water-Related Operations Management Risks 265 9.2 Operations Strategy 266 9.2.1 Sustainable Operations as a Competitive Priority 267 9.2.2 Sustainable OM Strategy 267 9.2.3 Stakeholder View of Operational Output 269 9.2.4 Striking the Right Balance through Quality Management 269 9.3 Operations Design 270 9.3.1 Product Design 270 9.3.2 Process Design 274 9.3.3 Process Performance Metrics 275 9.4 Operations Planning & Control 277 9.4.1 Inventory Management 277 9.4.2 Work System Design 278 9.4.3 Enterprise Resource Planning: Using Big Data Analytics 279 9.4.4 Healthy, Productive Employees: Scheduling 280 9.5 Facility Management, Layout, & Design 282 9.5.1 Facility Management 282 9.5.2 Facility Layout 284 9.5.3 Facility Design 284 Key Terms 286 Discussion Questions 286 Case 1: Too Little or Too Much: Inventory Management During Environmental Crises 287 Further Research 287 Endnotes 288 Glossary 291 Index 315

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Book SynopsisThe need for chemical processes to be safe, energy efficient, and environmentally benign poses new challenges for chemical engineers. This book examines the newest technologies for sustainable development in chemical engineering, through careful analysis of the technical aspects, and discussion of the possible fields of industrial development.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1. Sustainable Development Strategies: An Overview 1 Vincenzo Piemonte, Marcello De Falco, and Angelo Basile 1.1 Renewable Energies: State of the Art and Diffusion 1 1.2 Process Intensification 4 1.3 Concept and Potentialities of Bio-based Platforms for Biomolecule Production 8 1.4 Soil and Water Remediation 13 Acknowledgement 18 References 18 2. Innovative Solar Technology: CSP Plants for Combined Production of Hydrogen and Electricity 25 Marcello De Falco 2.1 Principles 25 2.2 Plant Configurations 28 2.3 Mathematical Models 33 2.4 Plant Simulations 39 2.5 Conclusions 46 Nomenclature 47 References 48 3. Strategies for Increasing Electrical Energy Production from Intermittent Renewables 51 Alessandro Franco 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Penetration of Renewable Energies into the Electricity Market and Issues Related to Their Development: Some Interesting Cases 55 3.3 An Approach to Expansion of RES and Efficiency Policy in an Integrated Energy System 57 3.4 Analysis of Possible Interesting Scenarios for Increasing Penetration of RES 62 3.5 Analysis of a Meaningful Case Study: The Italian Scenario 66 3.6 Analysis and Discussion 74 3.7 Conclusions 75 Nomenclature and Abbreviations 76 References 77 4. The Smart Grid as a Response to Spread the Concept of Distributed Generation 81 Yi Ding, Jacob Østergaard, Salvador Pineda Morente, and Qiuwei Wu 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Present Electric Power Generation Systems 82 4.3 A Future Electrical Power Generation System with a High Penetration of Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy Resources 83 4.4 Integration of DGs into Smart Grids for Balancing Power 86 4.5 The Bornholm System – A “Fast Track” for Smart Grids 91 4.6 Conclusions 92 References 93 5. Process Intensification in the Chemical Industry: A Review 95 Stefano Curcio 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Different Approaches to Process Intensification 96 5.3 Process Intensification as a Valuable Tool for the Chemical Industry 97 5.4 PI Exploitation in the Chemical Industry 100 5.5 Conclusions 113 References 113 6. Process Intensification in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry 119 Angelo Basile, Adolfo Iulianelli, and Simona Liguori 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Process Intensification 120 6.3 The Membrane Role 122 6.4 Membrane Reactor 124 6.5 Applications of Membrane Reactors in the Petrochemical Industry 128 6.6 Process Intensification in Chemical Industry 139 6.7 Future Trends 141 6.8 Conclusion 142 Nomenclature 143 References 143 7. Production of Bio-Based Fuels: Bioethanol and Biodiesel 153 Sudip Chakraborty, Ranjana Das Mondal, Debolina Mukherjee, and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Production of Bioethanol 155 7.3 Biodiesel and Renewable Diesels from Biomass 166 7.4 Perspective 172 List of Acronyms 172 References 173 8. Inside the Bioplastics World: An Alternative to Petroleum-based Plastics 181 Vincenzo Piemonte 8.1 Bioplastic Concept 181 8.2 Bioplastic Production Processes 183 8.3 Bioplastic Environmental Impact: Strengths and Weaknesses 186 8.4 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgements 196 References 196 9. Biosurfactants 199 Maria Giovanna Martinotti, Gianna Allegrone, Massimo Cavallo, and Letizia Fracchia 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 State of the Art 200 9.3 Production Technologies 205 9.4 Recovery of Biosurfactants 212 9.5 Application Fields 213 9.6 Future Prospects 225 References 225 10. Bioremediation of Water: A Sustainable Approach 241 Sudip Chakraborty, Jaya Sikder, Debolina Mukherjee, Mrinal Kanti Mandal, and D. Lawrence Arockiasamy 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 State-of-the-Art: Recent Development 242 10.3 Water Management 247 10.4 Overview of Bioremediation in Wastewater Treatment and Ground Water Contamination 250 10.5 Membrane Separation in Bioremediation 252 10.6 Case Studies 256 10.7 Conclusions 260 List of Acronyms 261 References 262 11. Effective Remediation of Contaminated Soils by Eco-Compatible Physical, Biological, and Chemical Practices 267 Filomena Sannino and Alessandro Piccolo 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Biological Methods (Microorganisms, Plants, Compost, and Biochar) 269 11.3 Physicochemical Methods 277 11.4 Chemical Methods 280 11.5 Conclusions 286 List of Symbols and Acronyms 288 Acknowledgments 289 References 289 12. Nanoparticles as a Smart Technology for Remediation 297 Giuseppe Chidichimo, Daniela Cupelli, Giovanni De Filpo, Patrizia Formoso, and Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Silica Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment 298 12.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications 305 12.4 Titania Nanoparticles in Environmental Photo-Catalysis 317 12.5 Future Prospects: Is Nano Really Good for the Environment? 326 12.6 Conclusions 328 List of Abbreviations 328 References 329 Index 349

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Book SynopsisExplore present and future energy needs as well as options for continued use of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources with Dunlap's SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, 2nd Edition. Individual chapters thoroughly investigate each energy approach as the book covers both current energy production and future strategies. The author assumes you are familiar with basic concepts of freshman-level physics and chemistry. This edition emphasizes the complexity of energy issues and need for a multidisciplinary approach to solving energy problems. Quantitative end-of-chapter problems help you practice analyzing information, correlating data from various sources, and interpreting graphical data and interpolate values. You see real problems in producing and using energy as you realize that while exact calculations are important, a broad-based analysis is often most appropriate.Table of ContentsPart I: BACKGROUND. 1. Energy Basics. 2. Past, Present, and Future World Energy Use. Part II: FOSSIL FUELS. 3. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use. 4. Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use. Part III: NUCLEAR ENERGY. 5. Some Basic Nuclear Physics. 6. Energy from Nuclear Fission. 7. Energy from Nuclear Fusion. Part IV: RENEWABLE ENERGY. 8. Direct Use of Solar Energy. 9. Electricity from Solar Energy. 10. Wind Energy. 11. Hydroelectric Energy. 12. Wave Energy. 13. Tidal Energy. 14. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Ocean Salinity Gradient Energy. 15. Geothermal Energy. 16. Biomass Energy. Part V: ENERGY CONSERVATION, ENERGY STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 17. Energy Conservation. 18. Energy Storage. 19. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). 20. Hydrogen. Part VI: THE FUTURE. 21. Future Prospects and Research and Design Projects. Appendix A: Powers of Ten. Appendix B: Physical Constants. Appendix C: Energy Conversion Factors. Appendix D: Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. Appendix E: Energy Content of Fuels. Appendix F: R-values in Metric and British Units. Appendix G: The Elements. Appendix H: Table of Acronyms.

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Book SynopsisThe challenge in teaching an introductory course on sustainability is there are many ways to teach it, and many issues to cover. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals offer a cohesive and interconnected set of topics to help address this problem – indeed the SDGs are now the guiding framework for planning and implementing sustainability through 2030. They are the focus of international development efforts, and the lingua franca of sustainability as a field of study, the international consensus on “what is sustainability?” As such, the UN SDGs present an ideal framework for an introductory level textbook because taken together, they integrate the “Three Es”—environment, economic development, and equity—that are the core definition of sustainability. This book introduces students to sustainability structured around the 17 UN SDGs. Through a global perspective, with attention given equally to how sustainability challenges the highest income countries of the Global North, as well as to the moderate- and low-income countries of the Global South, Benton-Short synthesizes basic environmental science, policy, and interdisciplinary perspectives while investigating key challenges to developing a more sustainable future through the SDG framework. Readers will easily tackle this complex set of topics through an accessible writing style, comprehensive scholarship, and diverse perspectives. Guided by a lush art program, complete with numerous maps, figures, and photos to enliven the presentation, students will develop a greater understanding of the important trends in sustainability in the twenty-first century. The broad arguments highlighted through numerous case studies and boxes prepare global citizens to grapple with the environmental, social, economic, and political challenges that face our collective future. Features of this exciting, brand-new text include: Chapter opening learning objectives to guide students’ course goals Helpful study aids such as key terms—bolded in the text and compiled both at the end of each chapter and in a comprehensive glossary End-of-chapter questions for discussion and activities to promote active learning A stunning art program, with detailed maps, figures, tables, and photos, to engage students as visual learners Critical Perspectives and Expert Voice boxes to present the diverse perspectives in sustainability Interconnections boxes to help students tie together ideas across the issues Key Terms and Concepts and Understanding the Issue boxes to go in-depth on important topics Making Progress and Solutions boxes that show students hopeful trends toward seemingly intractable problems SDGs and the Law boxes that provide a legal and governance context. Table of ContentsList of IllustrationsPrefaceIntroduction: Sustainability and Sustainable DevelopmentChapter 1: PovertyChapter 2: Hunger and Food InsecurityChapter 3: Health Chapter 4: EducationChapter 5: Gender EqualityChapter 6: Water and SanitationChapter 7: EnergyChapter 8: Decent WorkChapter 9: Infrastructure, Industry and InnovationChapter 10: Reduce Inequalities Chapter 11: Sustainable CitiesChapter 12: Production and Consumption Chapter 13: Climate Change Chapter 14: The Ocean Chapter 15: Terrestrial Ecosystems and BiodiversityChapter 16: Peace, Justice and Human RightsChapter 17: Collaborative Governance and PartnershipsChapter 18: Reflections on Sustainability and Sustainable Development GlossaryIndexAbout the Author

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Book SynopsisIn Wild Design, environmental designer and scientist Alan Marshall presents a manifesto on nature-inspired designs, including visionary concepts as well as exhibits of actual products, landscapes, and artwork from around the world. With elegant photographs and drawings, the book incorporates the ethos of sustainability by documenting many of the results of the Ecomimicry Project, an international experiment in ecodesign that marries the skills of local artists and ecologists from Western Australia and the Carpathian mountains in Eastern Europe.All the designs treat nature as an inspiration for ecofriendly innovations. Among the fascinating possibilities: a bike helmet based on the crustacean exoskeleton, a heliotropic house, and a car fueled by algae. Marshall argues that design should be the responsibility of all, not just a technological elite, and it is in this spirit that he offers this timely, important book.

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Book SynopsisMost companies today have some commitment to corporate social responsibility, but implementing these initiatives can be particularly challenging. While a lot has been written on ethical and strategic factors, there is still a dearth of information on the practical nuts and bolts. And whereas with most other organizational initiatives the sole objective is improved financial performance, sustainability broadens the focus to include social and environmental performance, which is much more difficult to measure. Now updated throughout with new examples and new research, this is a complete guide to implementing and measuring the effectiveness of sustainability initiatives. It draws on Marc Epstein’s and new coauthor Adriana Rejc Buhovac’s solid academic foundation and extensive consulting work and includes best practices from dozens of companies in Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia, and Africa. This is the ultimate how-to guide for corporate leaders, strategists, academics, sustainability consultants, and anyone else with an interest in actually putting sustainability ideas into practice and making sure they accomplish their goals.

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Book SynopsisEvery day, we are presented with a range of "sustainable" products and activities-from "green" cleaning supplies to carbon offsets - but with so much labelled as "sustainable," the term has become essentially sustainable, at best indicating a practice or product slightly less damaging than the conventional alternative. Is it time to abandon the concept altogether, or can we find an accurate way to measure sustainability? If so, how can we achieve it? And if not, how can we best prepare for the coming ecological decline? In the latest edition of "Worldwatch Institute's State of the World" series, scientists, policy experts, and thought leaders tackle these questions, attempting to restore meaning to sustainability as more than just a marketing tool. In "State of the World 2013: Is Sustainability Still Possible?", experts define clear sustainability metrics and examine various policies and perspectives, including geo-engineering, corporate transformation, and changes in agricultural policy, that could put us on the path to prosperity without diminishing the well-being of future generations. If these approaches fall short, the final chapters explore ways to prepare for drastic environmental change and resource depletion, such as strengthening democracy and societal resilience, protecting cultural heritage, and dealing with increased conflict and migration flows. "State of the World 2013" cuts through the rhetoric surrounding sustainability, offering a broad and realistic look at how close we are to fulfilling it today and which practices and policies will steer us in the right direction.

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Book SynopsisDiscover your path toward a more sustainable life. The science on climate change is in, and its impacts are being felt around the globe. It's time for every one of us to start finding a new way of living, working, and moving around our planet. The good news is, it doesn't have to be hard, and it doesn't have to feel like a sacrifice. By understanding how you fit into the global picture, and investigating what changes work best for you, you can soften your impact on the planet in as many areas of your life that feel right and work for you. It just takes some planning, some action, and some practice. In Planting a Seed, corporate sustainability expert Kate Gaertner shows you how to develop an action plan that will help you develop new habits and ways of living that fit into your daily life. You'll gain greater insight into how you are personally connected to the larger ecosystems and environmental issues, and start discovering and embracing your values every day through your actions, commitments, and purchases. You'll learn about the six impact categories where your actions can be felt, and customize an adaptation plan that builds from where you are. Offering ideas for sustainability at a small, medium, and large level, Kate shows that living lightly can also mean living well. Accessible and lively, Planting a Seed charts a way toward a greener future by encouraging each of us to find the sustainability path that feels just right.Trade ReviewFor many years, Kate Gaertner directed her sustainability expertise towards greening companies. Now she's using that knowledge to empower individuals on the path to sustainability. Planting a Seed is packed with practical tips to help lighten your family's impact on the planet. Whether you're a nature lover, penny pincher or brand new to going green, Kate will help you create a customized sustainability action plan that is sure to inspire you to become a personal change-maker. --Adria Vasil, bestselling author of the Ecoholic book series Planting a Seed: three simple steps to sustainable living clearly provides readers with accessible actions they can take to begin living more sustainably. Kate Gaertner helps simplify what can seem a very complex process for many people, identifying value drivers that the average person can easily identify in their daily life, and what steps we can take as individuals to make changes in seven clear impact categories. Kate's core message: Start small, do what works for you and your family, and larger positive changes both personally and for the greater community will follow! --Melissa Bruntlett, author of Building the Cycling City and Curbing Traffic 'Kate Gaertner explains how each of us can--must--work to reverse global warming. She reminds me of Body Shop co-founder Anita Roddick, who contrasted the pessimism of the thought with the optimism of the action. It's time for optimism and action.' --John Elkington, Founder & Chief Pollinator at Volans, and author of Green Swans: The Coming Boom in Regenerative Capitalism It's clear that joining movements for change in our political and economic systems is the main way we'll fight climate change--but while you're doing that there are plenty of things around your home that can make a difference too, and this book provides lots of handy ideas! --Bill McKibben, author of The End of Nature "Planting a Seed is a compelling read, lively and fun, with relatable stories and metaphors that simplify otherwise complicated concepts. Kate Gaertner makes sustainable actions accessible to everyone. Buy this book! --Gregg Semler, CEO of InPipe Energy Now it's personal. Individuals are stewards of sustainable change. In her uplifting book, Kate Gaertner provides the knowledge, tools, and easy-to-adopt frameworks for lowering environmental impact in all parts of one's life. --Dan Kalafatas, co-founder and chairman of 3Degrees

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Book SynopsisWealth is no longer just an ability to live well in a world shaped by human activities. It is also an ability to push back or defer the limits of a world in biological and climatic closure. This book examines the theoretical conflicts and the power plays which often oppose the socio-political and technical-financial practices of recognition of what intervenes in the production of this wealth – i.e. of what has value. It lays down the principles of a contributory modeling method, allowing debates around the concept of development; the building of scenarios; the negotiation of their implementation; and a cross-sectoral reading of their social, ecological and economic costs. This method, called Dynamic Modeling of Cost Systems, is based on a territorial communication device which articulates political, contractual and accounting innovations using deliberative and normative digital tools. It combines different local representations of value, in order to approach wealth through an integrated analysis of micro-, meso- and macro- issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction vii Chapter 1. Economics and Imbalances 1 1.1. Capturing power 1 1.1.1. From eco-development to sustainable development 2 1.1.2. Interest and limits of the decoupling concept 10 1.2. Systemic approach to the economy 19 1.2.1. Nature and structure of productive capital 21 1.2.2. Spaces and temporalities of productive phenomena 29 1.3. Conclusion 38 Chapter 2. Information Structures Production 41 2.1. The value chain: an outdated representation 41 2.1.1. Toward a functional economy 42 2.1.2. Valuing multifunctional production 50 2.2. Reinventing performance 58 2.2.1. Information socioeconomy 59 2.2.2. Preserving the functional heritage 67 2.3. Conclusion 72 Chapter 3. Communication Renews Rationalities 75 3.1. From agent to actor 75 3.1.1. Decompartmentalizing the economic space 76 3.1.2. Toward a cooperative transaction society 84 3.2. To discuss is to produce 89 3.2.1. Toward a hermeneutical and contributory web 91 3.2.2. A contributory platform for political economy 100 3.3. Conclusion 107 Chapter 4. Accounting: The Figure in Dialogue 109 4.1. Performance systems 109 4.1.1. Coupling between functional ecosystems 111 4.1.2. Multiscalar and cross-sectoral scenarios 123 4.2. Cost systems 133 4.2.1. Internalization and territorialization 134 4.2.2. Structuring the micro–macro accounting space 142 4.3. Conclusion 154 Chapter 5. Contractualizing: The Value in Act 157 5.1. Restructuring the transactional space 157 5.1.1. Levels of representation and materiality 159 5.1.2. Intangible assets and performance contract 166 5.2. Taking the measure of the territorial heritage 178 5.2.1. An irreducible interface between performance and profitability 179 5.2.2. Territorial informative and cognitive assessment 186 5.3. Conclusion 194 Chapter 6. Development, Changing the Compass and the Map 197 6.1. Dynamic Modeling of Cost Systems 197 6.1.1. Linking shared representations and activity costs 199 6.1.2. Relative growth and strategic alignment 207 6.2. Social value of acceleration 219 6.2.1. Entropy, wealth and time 221 6.2.2. Turning toward sustainability 229 6.3. Conclusion 241 Conclusion 245 Postface 255 References 259 Index 281

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Book SynopsisAfter WWII, the United States of America proposed their way of life, based on an unlimited consumption of land, goods, and energy, as a model for the entire world. Nowadays, this expansionist model has reached its limits. This book provides a comprehensive study of the geographical basis of the American settlements, assuming that part of the U.S. overshooting is related to geography because of harsh climates and the continental size of the Nation, but another part is the result of a cultural habits of expansion and segregation. Urban Sprawl, for instance, is the real Achille's heel of America, because it challenges the cultural revolution required by sustainability. From the continental physiography to the New Orleans – Katrina case, this book explores these issues with maps and charts created with the help of a nationwide multiscalar GIS.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. The American Territory 1 1.1. A continent-nation with a dispersed population 1 1.2. Major geographical areas 5 1.3. Unfavorable climatic factors 9 1.4. Physical geography of the US 17 Chapter 2. Developing the Territory 23 2.1. Agricultural regions 23 2.2. An agriculture which does not influence settlement 29 2.3. The abundance and limits of natural resources 33 2.4. Working towards the sustainable management of the American forest 33 2.5. Fossil resources-abundance and dependence 36 2.6. The case of fossil fuels 37 2.7. Environmental protection 46 Chapter 3. A Rapidly Growing Population 49 3.1. A relatively high fertility rate due to immigration 50 3.2. Life expectancy and aging 51 3.3. Aging – regional disparities 53 3.4. Immigration to the United States of America. 54 3.5. The country’s gateways 58 Chapter 4. A Multi-ethnic Nation 63 4.1. Native peoples 64 4.2. A nation of immigrants 66 4.3. The African-American question 68 4.4. America and Mexico 76 4.5. Geography of the population of Asian origin 82 Chapter 5. Regional Dynamics 85 5.1. Main features of settlement in the US territory 89 5.2. The dynamics of regional settlement between 1930 and 2005 95 Chapter 6. Economic Change and Territories 99 6.1. A changing economy 99 6.2. Economic growth 102 6.3. Industrial change105 6.4. A population on the move 108 6.5. Migration of retired populations 117 Chapter 7. A Suburban Nation 119 7.1. Urban sprawl 121 7.2. Big cities 126 7.3. Consequences of urban sprawl on sustainable development 131 7.4. Urban sprawl is not only a big city phenomenon 133 Chapter 8. Urban Fragmentation and Sprawl 137 8.1. Social divisions find expression in land use patterns 137 8.2. The challenge of governance in fragmented metropolitan areas 171 8.3. The crisis of cities 174 Chapter 9. New Orleans in Dangerous Waters 177 9.1. The physical components of natural hazards 178 9.2. Increased vulnerability from urban sprawl 184 9.3. The consequences of a natural disaster 195 Conclusion 203 Glossary 211 References 239 List of Tables and Figures 245 Index 251

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Book SynopsisThis textbook explains the various aspects of sustainable agricultures to undergraduate and graduate students. The book first quantifies the components of the crop energy balance, i.e. the partitioning of net radiation, and their effect on the thermal environment of the canopy. The soil water balance and the quantification of its main component (evapotranspiration) are studied to determine the availability of water to rain fed crops and to calculate crop water requirements. Then it sets the limitations of crop production in relation to crop phenology, radiation interception and resource availability (e.g. nutrients). With that in mind the different agricultural techniques (sowing, tillage, irrigation, fertilization, harvest, application of pesticides, etc.) are analyzed with special emphasis in quantifying the inputs (sowing rates, fertilizer amounts, irrigation schedules, tillage plans) required for a given target yield under specific environmental conditions (soil & climate). For all techniques strategies are provided for improving the ratio productivity/resource use while ensuring sustainability. The book comes with online practical focusing on the key aspects of management in a crop rotation (collecting weather data, calculating productivity, sowing rates, irrigation programs, fertilizers rates etc). Table of ContentsPART A: CROPS AND THE ENVIRONMENT.- Chapter 1. Introduction to agricultural systems.- Chapter 2. The soil. Physical and chemical properties.- Chapter 3. Radiation balance.- Chapter 4. Wind and turbulence.- Chapter 5. Air temperature and humidity.- Chapter 6. Soil temperature.- Chapter 7. The energy balance.- Chapter 8. Water balance: Infiltration, runoff and percolation.- Chapter 9. Evapotranspiration and crop water requirements.- PART B: DETERMINANTS OF CROP PRODUCTIVITY Chapter 10 Crop development and growth.- Chapter 11 Photosynthesis and respiration.- Chapter 12 Density and competition.- Chapter 13. Potential productivity.- Chapter 14 Water-limited productivity.- Chapter 15. Other limitations to crop productivity.- PART C: SOWING, SOIL MANAGEMENT AND SOIL CONSERVATION.- Chapter 16. Planting and sowing.- Chapter 17. Tillage.- Chapter 18. Soil erosion and soil conservation.- PART D: WATER MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF SALINITY.- Chapter 19. Irrigation systems.- Chapter 20. Irrigation scheduling.- Chapter 21. Deficit irrigation.- Chapter 22. Control of salinity.- PART E: FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT.- Chapter 23. Fertilizers.- Chapter 24. N fertilization.- Chapter 25. P, K and other nutrients.- Chapter 26. Fertigation.- PART F: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND OTHER TECHNIQUES.- Chapter 27. Windbreaks, agroforestry.- Chapter 28. Temperature modification.- Chapter 29. Frost control.- Chapter 30. Control of weeds and other biotic factors.- Chapter 31. Application of herbicides and other biotic control agents.- Chapter 32. Harvest and conservation.- Chapter 33. New tools and methods in agronomy: remote sensing, site specific agriculture and simulation modeling applications.- PART G: Cropping systems.- Chapter 34. Cropping and farming systems.- Chapter 35. Farming and the sustainability of food systems.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how technological progress accelerates the transformation of economic development by adopting a fundamental logical approach to technological progress, intensive inputs, and promotion of productive efficiency to transformation of economic development. It investigates the internal mechanisms and the choice of corresponding modes that initiate technological progress to accelerate the transformation of economic development at three basic research levels: micro-enterprise level, mid-industry level and macro-economy level. Based on the above research, the book summarizes four dimensions facilitating the transformation: agricultural intensification, new industrialization, modernization of the service industry and the advanced manufacturing industry, and linkage of the modern service industry. This book is especially valuable in its hierarchical categorization covering theoretical, empirical, industrial and strategic exploration. On one hand, it analyzes the mechanisms and approaches influencing the transformation of economic development driven by technological progress from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. On the other hand, based on the introduction of advanced international experiences, it probes into the guarantee basis for the strategic implementation and the corresponding mode choices of the transformations. Furthermore, it offers specific policy proposals from both the macro level of how technological progress promotes the transformation of economic development and the micro level covering the agricultural, industrial and service industries.Table of ContentsChapter1 Literature Review of Technological Improvement and Transformation of Economic Development Model.- Chapter2 Theoretical Research: Endogenous Growth Model Embedded with Innovation Heterogeneity.- Chapter3 Mechanical Analysis: Technological Improvement and the Transformation of Industry Development.- Chapter4 An International Comparison: Technological Improvement and the Transformation of Economic Development Model.- Chapter5 Measurement and Analysis of China’s Technological Improvement Comprehensive Capability and its Evolvement.- Chapter6 An Empirical Study of Economic Development Mode Transformation Promoted by Technological Improvement.- Chapter7 Technological Improvement and Agricultural Development Mode Transformation: Agricultural Intensification.- Chapter8 Technological Improvement and Industrial Development Mode Transfor mations: New Industrialization.- Chapter9Technological Improvement and Service Development Mode Transformation: Modernized Service Industry.- Chapter10 A Linkage between Advanced Manufacturing Industry and Modern Service Industry Promoted by Technological Improvement.- Chapter11 Basic Guarantee Foundation for the Implementation of China’s Technological Advance Strategies.- Chapter12 Mode Selections for the Transformation of Economic Development Mode Promoted by Technological Improvement.- Chapter13 Policy Proposals for Economic Development Mode Transformation Promoted by Technological Improvement.

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