Stratigraphy Books

Book SynopsisMetamorphic rocks are one of the three main types of rock. Originally comprising either igneous or sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks are the products of change by heat and pressure, often at great depths in the earth’s crust, into a completely new form. One of the classic examples of the result of a metamorphic process is the transformation of sedimentary mudstone into slate.Introducing Metamorphism provides a succinct introduction to metamorphism. Ian Sanders explains how and why rocks change during metamorphic processes. He discusses the role of water in metamorphism and describes the different types of metamorphic processes including contact, shock and high pressure metamorphism and metamorphism in an orogenic belt.Copiously illustrated and written for those who wish to gain a clear understanding of metamorphic processes, Introducing Metamorphism is designed to make the processes that led to the formation of these rocks intelligible to its readers. Technical terms are kept to a minimum and are explained in a glossary.Trade Review‘In summary, the author has succeeding in producing a text that provides a comprehensive description of metamorphism ranging from the simple fundamental definitions to complex metamorphic processes.It is superbly illustrated with, in particular, excellent photographs and microphotographs illustrating mineral textures, the relationship of minerals to structures and the relative development of minerals. In addition, there are many very clear and useful diagrams covering mineral types, their stability fields and their development under evolving metamorphic conditions, simplified facies maps, the relationship of minerals within triangular chemical diagrams, etc.This is a well-produced book and a comprehensive modern account of metamorphism.Each chapter contains a wealth of detail. It covers items of interest to the novice and those with experience in metamorphic rocks. Because of the depth of information, the relative novice might find a straight read rather overwhelming and might find it better to skim the essence of each section and then go back and study the detail as desired. Either way, all users will enjoy and gain from this book.’ Edinburgh Geologist'Ian Sanders has produced an excellent introductory text into perhaps one of the more abstract and technical areas of the Earth Sciences.Despite the fact that metamorphic rocks make up the bulk of the Earth’s crust, there is a glaring gap in the market for a succinct publication that examines the wide variety of processes that generate metamorphic rocks and minerals. Perhaps the paucity of publications in this field relates to the rather ‘unglamorous’ perception of this key area of geology or the necessity for at least a basic grounding in the chemical and physical sciences to understanding key metamorphic concepts. However, this book clearly shows the importance of understanding metamorphic processes in Earth Systems Science without losing the reader in the detailed kinematics of the subject.The joy of Ian Sander’s textbook is that it makes the processes responsible for the formation of metamorphic rocks intelligible to its readers but does not shy away from key theories and concepts. The lack of unnecessary terminology (which is included as a glossary in the appendix) and incorporation of numerous illustrations makes this textbook an enthralling and informative read. Buy it, sit back, relax, read and enjoy!'Teaching Earth SciencesTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction: 1.1 What is metamorphism? 1.2 Metamorphic rocks – made under mountains; 1.3 Metamorphism in local settings. 2 The petrography of metamorphic rocks: 2.1 Quartzite and metapsammite; 2.2 Metapelite; 2.3 Marble; 2.4 Metabasite; 2.5 Metagranite; 2.6 Metaperidotite; 2.7 Summary of metamorphic minerals and protoliths. 3 Interpreting mineral changes and textures; 3.1 Mineral stability, fluids, and partial melting; 3.2 Understanding metamorphic textures. 4 Aureoles, orogenies and impacts: 4.1 Contact metamorphism; 4.2 Metamorphism in orogenic belts and subduction zones; 4.3 Shock metamorphism. 5 Case studies in geothermobarometry: 5.1 Granulite-facies rocks at Slishwood; 5.2 Eclogite-facies rocks at Glenelg. Appendix 1 The Earth’s interior. Appendix 2 The chemical formulae of minerals. Appendix 3 Minerals under the microscope. Appendix 4 Microbeam and X-ray methods. Appendix 5 The principles of isotopic dating (geochronology).

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Book SynopsisThe landscape of the Netherlands has been changing constantly since the end of the last ice age, some 11,700 years ago. Where we walk today was once a polar desert, a river delta or a shallow sea. The end of the last ice age marked the beginning of a new geological period - the Holocene, the relatively warm geological epoch in which we are still living today. The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands contains special maps, supplemented by archaeological and historical information. These maps show the geographical situation for thirteen different points in time since the last ice age, based on tens of thousands of drill samples and the latest geological, soil and archaeological research. This magnificent atlas also paints a surprising picture of the position we humans have occupied in the landscape. It addresses such questions as: How did we take advantage of the opportunities offered by the landscape? And how did we mould the landscape to suit our own purposes? The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands will change once and for all the way you look at the Dutch landscape.Trade Review"The Holocene history of the Netherlands is a learning site for coastal sedimentary landscapes all over the world. The international community is indebted to this team of experts that shared their deep understanding of landscape evolution. Learning the lessons from this atlas may prevent future catastrophes. It is the main reason why this book deserves very wide distribution."- Henry Hooghiemstra, Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, 41.1 (2021)Table of ContentsPreface Introduction 1 The Netherlands in the Holocene 2 What came before? 3 Rising sea levels 4 Tides and waves shape the coast 5 The big rivers fill the delta 6 Peat covers the land 7 Human intervention 8 How the maps were compiled 9 Notes on the map legends The maps 9000 BCE Rising temperatures 5500 BCE Rising water levels 3850 BCE Expanding peat 2750 BCE The coastline closes 1500 BCE Peat covers the land 500 BCE The building of terps 250 BCE Changing tidal systems CE 100 Human impact CE 800 Return of the sea CE 1250 Dyking of rivers and salt marshes CE 1500 People shape the landscape CE 1850 Human 'nature' CE 2000 A country created by people Glossary Further reading Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisBenthic foraminifera from the classic southern Caribbean region are presented in this book, to provide valuable information on ranges for biostratigraphers working in the region and beyond. Around 1000 of the more important species are assembled - from the Barremian (early Cretaceous) to the middle Miocene, approximately 120 to 10 million years before the present. The deeper water benthic species are tied in to the zonal scheme used in Plankton Stratigraphy, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985. The taxa have been brought up to date generically, and in many cases new comparisons between species have been made - the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene are particularly detailed. This information, together with detailed illustrations, will enable the taxa to be used stratigraphically.Trade Review' … beautifully produced, scholarly work … This handsome volume has been a pleasure to review. No institution with interests in benthic foraminifera can afford to be without this book and specialists in the group will feel deprived without it.' Geological Magazine' … an excellent piece of work and will most definitely deserve a place on the shelf of any micropaleontologist …' Earth Science ReviewsTable of ContentsPublications in which the distribution of Cenozoic benthic foraminifera is correlated with planktic foraminiferal zonal schemes; Correlation of zones and formation in the areas under discussion; Part I. Trinidad: Barremian to Early Albian; Late Albian to Early Eocene; Late Early Eocene to Middle Miocene; Part II. Venezuela: Early Cretaceous of eastern Venezuela; Oligocene and Miocene of eastern Venezuela; The Falcon basin; The Maracaibo basin; Part III. Barbados; Annotated taxonomic list of late Early Eocene to Middle Miocene benthic foraminifera of Trinidad, Venezuela (Falcon), and Barbados; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of The Biomarker Guide is a fully updated and expanded version of this essential reference. Now in two volumes, it provides a comprehensive account of the role that biomarker technology plays both in petroleum exploration and in understanding Earth history and processes. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History itemizes parameters used to genetically correlate petroleum and interpret thermal maturity and extent of biodegradation. It documents most known petroleum systems by geologic age throughout Earth history. The Biomarker Guide is an invaluable resource for geologists, petroleum geochemists, biogeochemists, and environmental scientists.Trade Review'The authors have clearly and thoroughly explained the widespread application of biomarkers in the exploration and production of petroleum. No other book shows these organic markers so clearly as a useful tool for the operating geologist, the reservoir engineer, and professors and their students who work in the petroleum field.' John M. Hunt, Petroleum Geochemist, 1982 Alfred Treibs Medalist, author of Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology (1996)'The updated and expanded Biomarker Guide, 2nd Edition has the quality and depth to become the 'scientific bible'for a diverse audience of experts and newcomers in this interdisciplinary field of science, ranging from geologists and archaeologists to environmental scientists, microbiologists, and chemists.' Dietrich H. Welte, Organic Geochemist, 1983 Alfred Treibs Medalist, co-author of Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (1984)'The 2nd Edition of The Biomarker Guide contains the most comprehensive discussion of the world's petroleum systems available. It is a 'must have' for all petroleum geologists and students of subsurface fluid systems.' Leslie B. Magoon, Petroleum Systems Analyst, recipient as co-editor of the R.H. Dott Sr. Memorial Award for AAPG Memoir 60 The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap'The Biomarker Guide 1st Edition has been an indispensable reference for virtually all organic geochemists for the past ten years. I use it constantly and eagerly await my copy of the revised and extended 2nd Edition. It will certainly remain the standard reference for my classes and laboratory.' Roger E. Summons, Biogeochemist, 2003 Alfred Treibs Medalist, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'The 2nd Edition is an excellent synthesis of biomarker and isotopic geochemistry in petroleum research with a greatly expanded treatment of applications to environmental issues, the latter filling what has hitherto been a significant gap in the literature. This two-volume set will be an important resource for graduate teaching.' Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Isotope Geochemist, University of Toronto, profiled in TIME magazine's Leaders of the 21st Century for research on tracing organic contaminants in groundwaterPraise for first edition: 'The authors should be congratulated for compiling and publishing this important and useful guide.' Raphael Ikan, Organic GeochemistryPraise for first edition: 'This book will rapidly become the standard in the field … required reading for anyone interested in understanding biomarkers and their application in petroleum geology.' Joseph A. Curiale, American Association of Petroleum GeologistsPraise for the first edition: 'The book is a must for any geological research library, and certainly a necessary reference for petroleum research.' William D. Bischoff, Carbonates and EvaporitesTable of ContentsAbout the authors; Preface; Purpose; Acknowledgements; Part II. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Systems and Earth History: 12. Geochemical correlation and chemometrics; 13. Source- and age-related biomarker parameters; 14. Maturity-related biomarker parameters; 15. Non-biomarker maturity parameters; 16. Biodegradation parameters; 17. Tectonic and biotic history of the Earth; 18. Petroleum systems through time; 19. Problem areas and further work; Appendix: geologic time charts; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis unique survey describes the world's ancient phosphorite deposits on a scale never previously attempted. The International Geological Correlation Programme started Project 156, on world phosphate resources, in 1977. It is expected that the final results of the project will be published as four reference volumes, of which this is the first.Table of ContentsList of contributors; Preface; Acknowledgements; Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites; 1. An introduction P. J. Cook and J. H. Shergold; 2. Regional review: world resources A. J. G. Notholt and R. P. Sheldon; 3. Regional review: Australia P. F. Howard; 4. Regional review: China Li Yueyan; 5. Regional review: Asian part of USSR and Mongolian People's Republic A. L. Yanshin; 6. Regional review: Indian subcontinent C. M. Banerjee; 7. Regional review: Europe A. J. G. Notholt and M. D. Brasier; 8. Regional review: North America R. L. Christie and R. P. Sheldon; 9. Regional review: West Africa M. Slansky; 10. Regional review: Brazil M. A. Dardenne, R. Trompette, L. F. Magalhaes and L. A. Soares; 11. Deposits: Lady Annie, Queensland, Australia P. J. Cook and S. A. Elgueta; 12. Deposits: Kunyang, Ynnan, China Yeh Lientsun, Sun Shu, Chen Qiying and Guo Shizeng; 13. Deposits: Lao Cai, Vietnam Tran Quoc An and Nguyen Dang Khoa; 14. Deposits: Khubsugul, Mongolian People's Republic A. V. Ilyin, N. S. Zaitsev and Z. Bjamba; 15. Deposits: Karatau, southern Zazakhstan, USSR E. A. Eganov, Yu. K. Sovetov and A. L. Yanshin; 16. Deposits: Hazara, Pakistan Mirza Talib Hasan; 17. Deposits: Jhamarkotra, Rajasthan, India R. Choudhuri and A. B. Roy; 18. Deposits: Fontanarejo, Spain E. Perconig, F. Vazquez, F. Velando and F. Leyva; 19. Deposits: Volta Basin, West Africa J. Lucas, Av. Ilyin and A. Kühn; 20. Specialist studies: chemical and mineral characteristics of some Cambrian and Precambrian phosphorites G. H. McClellan and F. N. Saavedra; 21. Specialist studies: geochemistry of organic matter in Middle Cambrian phosphorites from the Georgina Basin, north-eastern Australia M. W. Sandstrom; 22. Specialist studies: Early Cambrian palaeogeography, palaeoceanography and phosphorites J. T. Parrish, A. M. Ziegler, C. R. Scotese, R. G. Humphreville and J. K. Kirschvink; 23. Specialist studies: biochronology of Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites J. H. Shergold and M. D. Brasier; 24. Specialist studies: Middle Cambrian phosphatic hardgrounds, phoscrete profiles and stromatolites, and their implications for phosphogenesis P. N. Southgate; 25. Specialist studies: phosphogenesis and its relationship to exploration for Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites S. R. Riggs; 26. Nature and origin P. J. Cook and J. H. Shergold; Conclusions; References.

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Book SynopsisKevin E. Trenberth emphasizes the fundamental role of energy flows in the climate system and anthropogenic climate change. The distribution of heat, or more generally, energy, is the main determinant of weather patterns in the atmosphere and their impacts. The topics addressed cover many facets of climate and the climate crisis. These include the diurnal cycle; the seasons; energy differences between the continents and the oceans, the poles and the tropics; interannual variability such as Niño; natural decadal variability; and ice ages. Human-induced climate change rides on and interacts with all of these natural phenomena, and the result is an unevenly warming planet and changing weather extremes. The book emphasizes the need to not only slow or stop climate change, but also to better prepare for it and build resilience. Students, researchers, and professionals from a wide range of backgrounds will benefit from this deeper understanding of climate change.Trade Review'Kevin Trenberth is one of the world's premier climate scientists … [He] has an extraordinary ability to take the complicated scientific dynamics of global warming and communicate what's happening in a clear and compelling way … I highly value the way he not only informs, but also motivates action … an essential read to understand the underlying scientific dynamics of the climate crisis.' Al Gore, former Vice President; from the Foreword to the book'Nobody has contributed more to our understanding of climate change than Kevin Trenberth. In this book, Trenberth uses the concept of energy flows to explain, in accessible terms, how Earth's climate system operates and how it's being profoundly impacted by human-generated carbon emissions. Read this book to be informed about the basic science underlying the defining challenge of our time.' Michael E. Mann, Penn State University; author of The New Climate War: The Fight to Take Back Our Planet'Authoritative, rigorous, well written, and nicely illustrated, Trenberth's book is a welcome addition to the non-specialist literature on climate change. It should be suitable as a possible textbook for graduate courses in climate change and climate dynamics, and appealing to the reader willing to invest the time and effort required to understand the scientific principles that determine how the climate system will respond to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.' John M. Wallace, University of Washington'Trenberth is the world's greatest master-gatherer of climate data; he orders and translates it into beautifully rendered illustrations that can be followed by everyone. If you do not understand a figure, just go to his accompanying prose and you will. He understands every contour of the data. He teaches us through the lens of energetic reservoirs and fluxes among the various climate system components and how they are forced to move about, grow or shrink. What a treat it is.' Gerald R. North, Texas A&M University'Trenberth's The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System is an important new textbook on global warming. It is highly accessible and includes a wide range of informative color figures. The introductory chapters give a broad overview of the Earth's climate system that will complement other textbooks on the subject. The chapters on flows of energy go beyond many other publications and provide a deeper understanding of topics such as patterns of natural variability. It is an up-to-date and timely publication, coinciding as it does with the latest Assessment Report from the IPCC.' Matt Smith, University of Worcester'Understanding the changes occurring in the Earth's energy budget underlies understanding of our changing climate. This excellent book builds on the many highly acknowledged research papers Kevin has written on this and related topics of the physics associated with our climate system to explain the depths of the science, while doing it in a way that it readable by the non-expert. And yet, there is much in it of value to all of us, including the experienced scientist.' Donald J. Wuebbles, University of Illinois'I read Kevin's book in August 2021 while visiting family in Greece, away from my home in California, at a time when both regions were devastated by fires following persistent drought and the worst heat waves in decades. Kevin's book emphasizes physical concepts behind these accelerating extremes. He very nicely describes the need to 'stabilize the energy flow of our climate system' and build resilience for the disasters ahead. The easy-to-read style of Kevin's book is a welcome and very timely addition for scientists, non-scientists and decision-makers, alike. He reminds us that it is only by the people of the world working together that we can address this crisis and save humanity on our Spaceship Earth.' Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, University of California, Irvine'Kevin Trenberth is not only one of the world's foremost scholars on climate change, but also among the best at communicating this science. Kevin doesn't just take the reader through the science, but also does a masterful job at laying the foundation upon which the climate change story is built. This is a perfect book for atmospheric and climate science students, as well as for scientifically literate members of the general public who want a true dive into the fundamentals of climate change.' Paul Gross, CCM, CBM; WDIV-TV Meteorologist; Fellow, American Meteorological Society'… a highly accessible treatment of contemporary climate science … Ideal for non-experts, this volume avoids overly technical language yet still describes complex climate system changes … Highly recommended.' J. Schoof, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Earth and Climate System; 2. Earth's Energy Imbalance and Climate Change; 3. Earth's Energy Balance; 4. The Sun-Earth System; 5. Observations of Temperature, Moisture, Precipitation and Radiation; 6. The Climate System; 7. The Weather Machine; 8. The Dynamic Ocean; 9. Poleward Heat Transports by the Atmosphere and Ocean; 10. The Changing Hydrological Cycle; 11. Teleconnections and Patterns of Variability; 12. El Niño; 13. Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity; 14. Earth's Energy Imbalance Estimates; 15. Attribution and the Hiatus; 16. Prediction and Projection; 17. Emissions and Information; 18. Climate Change and Environmental Issues; References and further reading; Bibliography; Glossary; Acronyms; Index.

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Book SynopsisA Late Ordovician silicified brachiopod fauna from the White Mountain area, west-central Alaska is described and interpreted in a palaeoecological and biogeographical context. This area is situated within the Nixon Fork Subterrane of the Farewell Terrane, which origin and timing of final docking with Laurentia has been much debated. The current study adds new faunal data to the debate with nearly 100 species described, of these at least nine are new. The fauna is predominantly a deep-water autochthonous fauna that was mixed with an allochthonous fauna as a result of down-slope movement of turbidity currents. Biogeographically this study demonstrates close faunal affinities with Siberia.

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Book SynopsisA discussion and description of prehistoric fish within an international series Material of six osteolepiform genera is described in Morphology, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Osteolepiform Fish. This publication is Number 61 within the Fossils and Strata series. The international Fossils and Strata series features monographs in palaeontology and biostratigraphy with taxonomic descriptions. The series is owned by and published on behalf of The Lethaia Foundation in cooperation with the Scandinavian countries.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 General taxonomy 2 ‘Crossoptgerygii’ and ‘Rhipidistia’ 2 Osteolepiform subdivisions 3 Terminology 4 Cranial roof 4 Endocranium 13 Dermal bones in mouth roof 13 Lower jaw 14 Operculo-gular bones 15 Upper Palaeozoic fossil locality in the Oslo Region 16 Stratigraphy 16 Descriptions 18 Material, methods and repository 18 Genus Askerichthys n gen 20 Askerichthys heintzi n sp 20 Genus Megalichthys Agassiz, 1835 62 Megalichthys cf M hibberti Agassiz, 1835 62 Megalichthys pygmaeus Tranquair, 1879 97 Megalichthys syndentolaminaris n sp 99 Genus Latvius Jarvik, 1948 100 Latvius grewingki (Gross, 1933) 101 Latvius deckerti Jensen, 1966 114 Latvius sp Jensen, 1966 121 Latvius cf L niger Jensen, 1973 128 Genus Osteolepis Agassiz, 1835 130 Osteolepis macrolepidotus Agassiz, 1835 131 Genus Gyroptychius McCoy, 1848 131 Gyroptychius milleri (Jarvik, 1948) 131 Gyroptychius groenlandicus Jarvik, 1950a 141 Morphologic comparisons and discussions 160 Fronto-ethmoidal shield 160 General shape 160 Interpremaxilla 162 Composition of naso-rostro-premaxillary complex 162 Shape of upper mouth margin 165 Anterior palatal (premaxillary and rostral) teeth and palatal processes 166 Defi nitions and occurrences of morphotypes of anterior palatal teeth 166 Tooth replacement and evolutionary relationship between the anterior palatal dental morphotypes 167 Number of premaxillary teeth 169 Systematic significance of anterior palatal teeth 170 Anterior palatal processes 171 Postrostrals 172 Variation and trends in postrostral pattern 172 Taxonomic significance of postrostral pattern 176 Nasals 178 Number of nasal bones 178 Positions of the bones in the nasal series 178 Circumnarial dermal bones and supraorbitals 180 Variation in eusthenopterids 180 Reconstructing the circumnarial pattern in Osteolepis macrolepidotus 186 Reconstructing the pattern of supraorbitals in Osteolepis macrolepidotus 188 Circumnarial and supraorbital pattern in other Devonian osteolepiforms 189 Homologizations of circumnarial bones in Megalichthys hibberti, Ectosteorhachis, Askerichthys and Cladarosymblema 191 Supraorbito-tectal series of panderichthyids 196 Frontals and dermosphenotics 197 Shape and composition of frontals 197 Shape, positions and extension of dermosphenotic bones 199 Fenestrae 199 Position of nasal fenestra 199 Shape of nasal fenestra 200 Processus dermintermedius 201 Tubercles in nasal fenestra 202 Presence or absence of pineal openings 202 Position of pineal foramen 203 Shape of pineal openings 204 Size of pineal fenestra and presence of pineal plates 204 Sensory canals 204 Pitlines 205 Parietal shield 206 Relative lengths of fronto-ethmoidal and parietal shields 206 Shape of parietal shield 207 Proportions 207 Protruding posterior margin 209 Position of spiracular incision 212 Relative length of the spiracular incision 213 Parietals 214 Shape of parietals 214 Parietal structures 214 Intertemporals 215 Shape of interpemporal 215 Anterior intertemporal margin and process in post-Devonian taxa 216 Anterior intertemporal processes in Devonian forms 222 On the function of the intracranial joint 223 Lateral shelf of intertemporal 223 Ventral surface of intertemporal 224 Supratemporals 228 Shape 228 Ventral surface and lateral margin 228 Spiracular structures 231 Extension of the spiracular opening 231 Types of spiracular openings 232 Possible muscle insertions around the spiraculum 233 Extratemporal (= postspiraculars) 236 Sensory canals 236 Course of sensory canal 236 Position of canal openings 237 Pitlines 238 Extrascapulars238 Dermal palatal bones 239 Vomers 239 Review of taxa with known vomers 239 Transverse tusk positions on anterior vomers 243 Configuration of anterior vomers 244 Extensions and proportions of the posterior vomer 245 Dental lamina and teeth 245 Intervomerine Canals 246 Evolution of the vomers 247 Parasphenoid 248 Division of the parasphenoid 248 Paraspenoid dental plate 248 Buccohypophysial foramen 250 Pars anterior of parasphenoid 250 Parasphenoid shelves and processi ascendens 250 Foramina on the shelf 253 Acrochordal depressions, additional dermal bones and basicranial muscles 254 Occurrence of acrochordal depressions 254 Function of acrochordal depressions 255 Endocranium 258 Ethmosphenoid 258 Proportions of ethmosphenoid 258 Subethmoidal fossae 258 Nasobasal canal and palatonasal canal 261 Internal structures of nasal capsule 261 Postnasal wall 263 Orbitosphenoid wall of eusthenopterids 268 Comparing orbitosphenoid region of Ectosteorhachis foordi with other cyclolepidoids than eusthenopterids 271 Orbitosphenoid in Osteolepidoidei and other forms 273 Systematic significance of orbitosphenoid structure 277 Posterior end of orbitosphenoid 277 Otico-occipital 278 Cheek plate 280 Maxilla 280 Shape 280 Ventral margin and tooth distribution on maxilla 282 Postorbital and squamosal 283 Lachrymal 285 Jugal 285 Shape 285 Contact with the orbit 285 Quadratojugal 287 Lower jaw (= mandible) 287 Shape 287 Proportions 287 Anterior notch 288 Antero-dorsal bulb 288 Dorsal margin 288 Positions of dental margin and glenoid notch 290 Retroarticular process 292 External structures 292 Dentary/Infradentary suture 292 Inter-infradentary sutures 294 Dorsal cosmine notch, cosmine corners and postero-dorsal bone margin 295 Horizontal pitline 298 Vertical pitline of infradentary 2 300 Sensory canal 300 Canal course 301 Configuration of canals 301 Dentary 302 Dentary teeth 302 Dentary shelf and dental fossa 307 Coronoids 307 Number of coronoid bones and tusks 307 Replacement of coronoid tusks 312 Relative size of coronoid tusks 313 Relative positions of coronoid tusks 315 Coronoid dental ridge 317 Intercoronoid fossae 321 Anterior mandibular fossa 322 Prearticular 322 Presence of a pars anterior of the prearticular 322 Anteriad extension and configuration of pars anterior of the prearticular 323 Course of the pars anterior of the prearticular 329 Anterior extension of prearticular dental plate 330 Shape of dental plate 331 Prearticular dental plate configuration and teeth 332 Postero-ventral depression 332 Posterior part of prearticular 333 Parasymphyseal dental plate and adsymphysial fossa 333 Occurrence of Parasymphyseal dental plate 333 Shape of Parasymphyseal dental plate 334 Relations of Parasymphyseal dental plate to other bones 334 Adsymphysial fossa 338 Infradentaries 341 Infradentary surfaces 341 Posterior extension of infradentaries 341 Meckelian bone 342 Pars mentomandibularis 342 Ventral exposures 342 Pars articularis 342 Foramina 343 Sensory canal foramina 343 Foramina for nerves and vessels 344 Sensory canal pore patterns 350 Distribution patterns of sensory pores 350 Pore distribution as an age indicator 350 Evolution of pore dispersion 353 Taxonomic significance of pore number and distribution 355 Size and types of sensory pits 357 Operculo-gular complex 357 Median gular 357 Principal gulars 360 Submandibulars 362 Opercular and subopercular 365 Shoulder girdle 367 Scapulocoracoid 367 Dermal shoulder girdle 368 Fins 369 Caudal fin 369 Position of fins 370 Scales, body proportions and vertebrae 370 Scales 370 Scale distribution 370 Scale morphology 371 Body proportions 371 Vertebrae 371 Phylogeny and taxonomy of osteolepiforms 372 Taxonomic concepts and principles 372 Characters 372 Quantitative characters 372 Primitive and derived characters, convergence, parallelism and homoplasy 372 Sufficient, necessary, indicative,single and combined characters 375 Diagnoses 376 A phylogenetic model 377 A systematic model 381 Order Osteolepiformes Berg, 1937 381 Suborder Osteolepidoidei Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971 382 Family Thursiidae n fam 383 Genus Thursius Traquair, 1888 384 Family Osteolepididae Cope, 1889 388 Subfamily Glyptopominae Goodrich, 1909 389 Genus Glyptopomus Agassiz, 1844 390 Genus Megistolepis Obruchev, 1955 392 Genus Shirolepis Vorobyeva, 1977a 393 Genus Greiserolepis Vorobyeva, 1977a 394 Subfamily Osteolepidinae n subfam 396 Genus Osteolepis Agassiz, 1835 396 Genus Latvius Jarvik, 1948 397 Genus Gogonasus Long, 1985b 400 Genus Geptolepis Vorobyeva & Lebedev, 1986a 403 Genus Peregrina Vorobyeva & Lebedev, 1986b 404 Family Megalichthyidae Hay, 1902 406 Subfamily Ectosteorhachinae n subfam 412 Genus Ectosteorhachis Cope, 1880 412 Subfamily Megalichthyinae n subfam or Cope, 1940 415 Genus Cladarosymblema Fox, Cambell, Barwick & Long, 1995 415 Genus Megalichthys Agassiz, 1835 415 Subfamily Askerichthyinae n subfam 419 Genus Askerichthys n gen 419 Suborder Cyclolepidoidei n suborder 420 Superfamily Eopodoidea n superfam 420 Family Gyroptychiidae Berg, 1958 Berg 1940 422 Genus Gyroptychius McCoy, 1848 422 Family Panderichthyidae Vorobyeva & Lyarskaya, 1968 429 Subfamily Panderichthyinae n subfam 432 Genus Panderichthys Gross, 1941 432 Genus Livoniana Ahlberg, Lukševiès & Lebedev, 2000 435 Subfamily Elpistosteginae n subfam 435 Genus Elpistostege Westoll, 1938 436 Genus Tiktaalik Daeschler, Shubin & Jenkins, 2006 436 Family Chrysolepididae n fam 438 Genus Chrysolepis Lebelev, 1983 438 Family Eusthenopteridae Berg, 1955 440 Genus Tristichopterus Egerton, 1861 445 Genus Eusthenopteron Whiteaves, 1881 447 Genus Eusthenodon Jarvik, 1952 448 Genus Platycephalichthys Vorobyeva, 1959 449 Genus Jarvikina Vorobyeva, 1977a 452 Genus Marsdenichthys Long, 1985a 453 Genus Spodichthys Jarvik, 1985 455 Genus Notorhizodon Young, Long, & Ritchie, 1992 456 Genus Mandageria Johanson & Ahlberg, 1997 457 Genus Cabonnichthys Ahlberg & Johanson, 1997 458 Genus Heddleichthys Snitting, 2008b 460 Genus Langlieria Clément, Snitting & Ahlberg, 2008 462 Superfamily Parapodoidea n superfam 463 Family Medoevididae n fam 463 Genus Medoevia Lebedev, 1995 463 Family Canowindridae Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992 464 Genus Canowindra Th omson, 1973 465 Genus Beelarongia Long, 1987 466 Genus Koharalepis Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992 467 Superfamily Rhizodontoidea n superfam 468 Osteolepiformes subord indet 468 Family Lamprotolepididae Vorobyeva, 1977a 468 Genus Lamprotolepis Vorobyeva, 1977a 468 Osteolepiformes subord & fam indet 470 Genus Litoptychius Denison, 1951 470 Genus Lohsania Thomson & Vaughn, 1968 471 Genus Sterropterygion Thomson, 1972 472 Genus Megapomus Vorobyeva, 1977a 472 Genus Thysanolepis Vorobyeva, 1977a 474 Genus Viluichthys Vorobyeva, 1977a 475 Genus Mahalalepis Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992 476 Genus Platyethmoidea Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992 478 Genus Vorobjevaia Young, Long & Ritchie, 1992 479 Genus Sengoerichthys Janvier, Clément & Cloutier, 2007 480 Genus Criptolepis Worobjeva, 1975c 481 Acknowledgements 481 References 482 Tables 491 Appendix Abbreviations used in illustrations and tables 506

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Book SynopsisStratigraphy is the branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).Stratigraphy deals primarily with sedimentary rocks but also embraces layered igneous rocks where layers result from successive lava flows.A common goal of stratigraphic studies is the interpretation of sequences of rock strata, thus understanding the time relationships involved, and correlating units of the sequence with rock strata elsewhere. Nicholas Steno described four principles of stratigraphy in the seventeenth century, including the law of superposition which states that states that, in undeformed stratigraphic sequences, the oldest strata will be at the bottom of the sequence. These ideas still underpin modern stratigraphy which is governed by The International Commission on Stratigraphy. Its primary objective is to precisely define global units (systems, series, and stages) of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart that, in turn, are the basis for the units (periods, epochs, and age) of the International Geologic Time Scale.Stratigraphy has application in many scientific fields, including archaeology, palaeontology and in the search for natural resources. This succinct and accessible introduction to stratigraphy will prove helpful to students and amateur geologists alike.Trade Review‘In this book Paul Lyle is able to draw on his considerable experience of field geology. aided by lots of good photographs. diagrams and maps, to make this an enthralling read! Dunedin have employed a fairly large format for this book and the resultant pages are well designed and allow for large illustrations, meaning that it isn't too text heavy. Paul obligingly starts with a definition of stratigraphy and sets it into a historical setting that helps the reader to understand the importance of the principles of time and strata. Due deference is paid to James Hutton and his appreciation of deep time. especially at the 'holy grail' of Siccar Point. Only by going down this historical road can the various potential pitfalls of the construction of the geological timescale be appreciated. This is one of those cases where an example serves well to illustrate the problems and Paul chooses the Cambrian-Silurian controversy that was eventually solved by Charles Lapworth when he gave us the Ordovician. The pioneers came in two camps, the catastrophists and those who believed in the principle of uniformitarianism. Paul shows how these opposing views can be reconciled. The subject of absolute dating is dealt with in a way that enables everyone to understand what can be a difficult subject for those without much scientific background. For me. the best part of this book is a long chapter that examines the stratigraphic column from beginning to end on a world wide scale. So far as I know that has never been done in a popular book before and it's long overdue! This is followed short chapters that introduce us to stratigraphic units and the ·golden spike' and the applications of stratigraphy. This is surely a reminder that stratigraphy isn't just about historical geology, it's a live part of our science. especially in the search for hydrocarbons and in climate studies. This book fills a very large hole in popular Earth science publishing that has existed for many years. Go out and buy it!’ Down to EarthTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. What is stratigraphy? Definitions and branches: lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy; Applications: why is it important? Historical developments: cross-cutting depositional relationships, the sedimentary sequence & Walther's law, gradualism versus actualism, units in geochronology and stratigraphy, building the stratigraphic chart. The Role of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Global sratotype sections and points (GSSPs); the Anthropocene. Quantification of dates and rates: radiometric age dating methods, the geological time scale, the age of the earth, earth cycles, magnetostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, event stratigraphy - examples of catastrophic events. Seismic stratigraphy: advent of seismic data, use of reflector terminations, use of seismic stratigraphy in basin analysis, sequence stratigraphy and systems tracts, sea level charts. Biostratigraphy: microfossils in biostratigraphy, macrofossils in biostratigraphy, biostratrigraphy in industry. Glossary. Further reading/ Websites

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Book SynopsisAs the year 1386 began, Geoffrey Chaucer was a middle-aged bureaucrat and sometime poet, living in London and enjoying the perks that came with his close connections to its booming wool trade. When it ended, he was jobless, homeless, out of favour with his friends and living in exile. Such a reversal might have spelled the end of his career; but instead, at the loneliest time of his life, Chaucer made the revolutionary decision to 'maken vertu of necessitee' and keep writing. The result - The Canterbury Tales - was a radically new form of poetry that would make his reputation, bring him to a national audience, and preserve his work for posterity. In The Poet's Tale, Paul Strohm brings Chaucer's world to vivid life, from the streets and taverns of crowded medieval London to rural seclusion in Kent, and reveals this crucial year as a turning point in the fortunes of England's most important poet.Trade ReviewStrohm illuminates how 1386 marked a decisive year for Geoffrey Chaucer, one in which he went from accomplished coterie poet to the popular author of the work of genius: The Canterbury Tales. Strohm, one of the finest medievalists of our time, brings this turbulent moment in Chaucer's England to life. -- James ShapiroIn this thrilling book, Paul Strohm lets us in on little-known secrets of living life in London in the fourteenth Century ... an imaginative recreation of everything you ever wanted to know about Chaucer. -- Terry JonesSimply a brilliant book, a superb combination of biography, social history and literary scholarship. It is a new model for literary biography, and I cannot recommend it highly enough -- Ian MortimerStrohm's book reignited my love for Chaucer, and is sure to do so for readers who've read him before and who've never read him at all. -- Stuart Kelly * The Scotsman *Paul Strohm has written a brilliant book. -- John Carey * Sunday Times *The rewards are plenty. -- Toby Lichtig * Daily Telegraph *The best of Paul Strohm's constantly involving, frequently funny and sometimes moving little book is that, just now and again, it feels like you can catch his [Chaucer's] eye. -- Sam Leith * The Spectator *Paul Strohm's superb biography of a year in Chaucer's life... The Poet's Tale shows the biographer as avid scholarly detective... one of the joys of The Poet's Tale is Strohm's imaginative reconstruction of Chaucer's London/ -- Stevie Davies * The Independent *Strohm has produced what is certainly the most enlightening book about Chaucer that a general reader is likely to encounter: a wonderfully readable, unexpectedly thrilling story, illuminating the parts of Chaucer's life that seemed irrevocably dark, -- Nicola Shulman * Evening Standard *Strohm evokes Chaucer's world with scholarly rigour and in vivid detail, drawing parallels between the life and the literature. -- Orlando Bird * Financial Times *The greatest praise that can be offered is that it makes one want to revisit The Canterbury Tales. -- Alexander Larman * The Observer *This is an extremely good book. * The Economist *Wonderfully readable... The Poet's Tale eloquently speaks of Strohm's immersion in both the sensibility of Chaucer's poetry and the London archives. -- Anthony Bale * BBC History Magazine *

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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