Soil science and management Books

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of latest work in the field of urban soil management. It explores the global status of urban soils and puts forwards methods for sustainable utilization of urban soils and green spaces.Urban soil study is a new frontier of soil science. Urban soils research is challenging due to complexity of classification, spatial-temporal variability, exposure to pollution and the predominant effect of the anthropogenic factor on soil formation. Management of urban soils and green spaces is an important aspect for developing sustainable spaces. This is a comprehensive collection of information for the students, researchers, landscape architects understanding and maximizing the benefits of soils in urban ecosystems. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Urban Soil- A Review on Historical Perspective.- Chapter 2. Classification and functional characteristics of urban soil.- Chapter 3. Characteristics and functions of Urban Soils.- Chapter 4. The (urban) soil microbiome and the ecosystem services and functions.- Chapter 5. Urban soil carbon: processes and patterns.- Chapter 6. Nitrogen cycling processes in urban soils: stocks, fluxes and microbial transformations.- Chapter 7. Urban Soils and Their Management: A multidisciplinary approach.- Chapter 8. Soil quality: concepts, importance, indicators, and measurement.- Chapter 9. Digital Soil Map: an applied tool to Determine Land-use alterations.- Chapter 10.Soil conservation using mechanical and non-mechanical methods.- Chapter 11. Proximal sensing of soil pollution by heavy metals using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer in Subarctic industrial barren: limitations and perspectives.- Chapter 12. Urban Smart Sustainability in Tehran: LIPSOR Approach for Transformation.- Chapter 13. A system of the soil mapping and assessment relating to environmentally sensitive areas in cities.- Chapter 14. Heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration in Russian subtaiga and forest-steppe zones measured by substrate-induced respiration technique.- Chapter 15. Unsaturated Properties of Singapore Urban Soils.

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Book SynopsisDiversity of microbial communities in soil and their multifaceted functionalities has paved the way for utilization of microbes in industries. This book comprises of soil microbial diversity and role of microbes in agro-industry.This volume is the compilation of the updated research from resource persons on impact of soil microbial diversity like increasing soil fertility, CO2 sequestration, and understanding soil microbial communities through cutting edge technology. Besides, the book embodies microbes renewed role in production of bioplastics, nutraceuticals, dairy products, drugs from macro-fungi, potential economic development from agrowaste or fish waste, and advance approaches in bioprospecting of biocatalyst and biosensing of secondary metabolites. This will not only improve knowledge but also enhance research on exploiting soil microbes in industry or agro-industry. The proposed book, Advances in Agricultural and Industrial Microbiology, Vol I can be very effective to bridge the gap between vastness of literatures available pertaining to agricultural and industrial microbiology and their applications with authoritative chapters containing latest updates available in this area of science.The content of the book is an exhaustive reference resource for soil microbiologist, agricultural scientists, academia, policymakers, industrial microbiologists pursuing teaching and research in these domains.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Soil Fertility and Sustainable Agriculture.- Chapter 2. Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Acid Soil Ecosystem.- Chapter 3. Soil enzymes and their role in soil health improvement.- Chapter 4. Soil Bacillus as biocontrol agent: Prospects and applications.-Chapter 5. An overview of soil bacteria for CO2 sequestration.- Chapter 6. Soil Verrucomicrobia and their role in sustainable agriculture.- Chapter 7. Agricultural wastes as an alternative source for the production of antibiotics: recent developments and future perspectives.- Chapter 8. Valorization of agri-food industry waste for the production of microbial pigments: An eco-friendly approach.- Chapter 9. Commercial production of Biohydrogen using microbes.- Chapter 10. Microbial synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and their Applications.- Chapter 11. Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae for nutraceuticals.- Chapter 12. Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): A brief overview of their features, synthesis, and agro-industrial applications.- Chapter 13. Trends in probiotics on human health and industrial application.- Chapter 14. Plant secondary metabolites: A biosensing approach.

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Book SynopsisThis edited volume focuses on the core aspects of sugarcane production-management under stressful environments as well as innovative strategies for augmenting crop growth & productivity through intrinsic and extrinsic manipulations. The various chapters aim at bringing out comprehensive and advance information on different aspects of sugarcane cultivation under stress environments and impact of climate change on the sustainability of sugarcane production. The book encompasses information about crop production management, physiological & nutritional requirements, ratooning, ripening and post-harvest losses management. It also delineates various technologies that support the continued use and improvement of sugarcane as renewable source of food, fiber and bio-energy. The manipulations at cellular and molecular levels, molecular breeding approaches and post-harvest technologies are also included. The area under sugarcane cultivation is gradually increasing because of its diversification potential. The high productivity and biomass of the cane crop also makes it a key source for use as bio-energy crop and a promising raw material for bio-based agro-industries. However, poor crop & biomass productivity due to abiotic stress is the foremost constraint in its future commercial exploitation as sustainable feed-stock for bio-based industries. It is therefore imperative to understand the cellular-molecular modulation responsible to productivity barrier under specific stress situation(s) for better sugarcane quality and quantum under field condition. Some of these innovative approaches are delineated in this book. This book is of interest to progressive sugarcane growers, millers, industrial entrepreneurs, sugarcane scientists, cane development and extension officers, sugar industry managers and valuable source of reference worldwide.Table of ContentsAttached

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Book SynopsisThe book is designed to serve as a textbook for graduate and undergraduate courses on soil and water conservation engineering for students of agricultural engineering, civil engineering, environmental engineering and related disciplines. The book presents the basics of soil and water erosion, and describes the measures to control erosion, focusing on structures to prevent and control erosion. The chapters dedicated to erosion control structures provide a detailed view of each structural construction, covering the function, design and elements of each type of structure. Some common type of structures covered in the book are terrace, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control structures, including spillways. The book also covers wind erosion and control structures to prevent wind erosion. Each chapter includes pedagogical elements such as examples, practice questions, and multiple-choice-type questions to improve understanding and aid in self-study. Besides serving as a textbook university coursework, the book can also serve as a supplementary or primary text for professional development courses for practicing engineers engaged in soil and water conservation or watershed management. The book will also serve as a reference for professionals, environmental consultants, and policy makers engaged in soil and water conservation related fields.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Abstract Soil and water conservation is essential to tackle the global challenge of soil erosion, which is negatively impacting food productivity, water security and environmental quality. This chapter traces the history of soil erosion and introduces the principles of soil and water conservation. It highlights the challenges involved in adopting appropriate measures for preventing and minimising soil erosion. The chapter also discusses the types of soil erosion and their causes. The impacts of soil erosion are analysed from a global in general and Indian perspective in particular. The current and emerging trends in soil and water conservations research are highlighted. Contents 1.1 Soil and Water Conservation 1.1.1 Principles of Soil and Water Conservation 1.1.2 Challenges in Soil and Water Conservation 1.2 Soil Erosion 1.3 History of Soil Erosion 1.4 Agents of Soil Erosion 1.5 Types of Soil Erosion 1.5.1 Geological Erosion 1.5.2 Accelerated Erosion 1.5.2.1 Water Erosion 1.5.2.2 Wind Erosion 1.6 Effects of Soil Erosion 1.6.1 Global Perspective 1.6.2 Indian Perspective 1.7 Causes of Erosion 1.7.1 Destruction of Natural Protective Cover 1.7.2 Improper Land Use 1.7.3 Improper Cultivation or Cropping Pattern 1.8 Factors affecting erosion 1.8.1 Climate 1.8.2 Topography 1.8.3 Vegetation 1.8.4 Soil 1.9 Recent Trends in Soil and Water Conservation Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 2 WATER EROSION Abstract Water erosion encompasses the detachment of soil particles primarily by raindrops and flowing water and their transport by runoff. Comprehending the mechanics of water erosion is essential to develop measures to control erosion. This chapter describes the principal types of water erosion, viz., raindrop splash erosion, sheet erosion, interrill erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, tunnel erosion and streambank erosion, and explores the mechanics of each type. The chapter also describes various agronomical and biological measures employed to control water erosion. It also introduces popular engineering erosion control measures like terracing, bunding, vegetated waterways and gully control structures. Contents 2.1 Water Erosion 2.2 Types of Water Erosion 2.2.1 Raindrop Splash Erosion 2.2.2 Sheet Erosion 2.2.3 Interrill Erosion 2.2.4 Rill Erosion 2.2.5 Gully Erosion 2.2.5.1 Processes of Gully Erosion 2.2.5.2 Stages of Gully development 2.2.5.3 Classification of Gully 2.2.6 Tunnel Erosion 2.2.7 Streambank Erosion 2.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion 2.3.1 Detachment 2.3.2 Transportation 2.3.3 Deposition 2.4 Control of Water Erosion 2.4.1 Strategies 2.4.2 Agronomical and Biological Measures 2.4.2.1 Crop Rotation 2.4.2.2 Conservation Tillage 2.4.2.3 Cover cropping 2.4.2.4 Contour Cropping 2.4.2.5 Strip Cropping 2.4.2.6 Contour Strip Cropping 2.4.2.7 Mulching 2.4.2.8 Agroforestry 2.4.2.9 Alley Cropping 2.4.2.10 Buffer Strips 2.4.3 Engineering Measures 2.4.3.1 Terraces 2.4.3.2 Bunds 2.4.3.3 Vegetative Waterways 2.4.3.4 Gully Control Structures Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 3 SOIL LOSS ESTIMATION Abstract The soil loss estimated using soil erosion models is vital in evaluating the existing soil conservation practices and identifying priority areas and appropriate measures to control erosion. This chapter presents various soil erosion modelling and measurement techniques for soil loss assessment. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), an empirical modelling approach, is introduced along with its factors: rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length-gradient, land cover and management, and soil conservation practice factor. Also, the Modified USLE (MUSLE), which has a runoff factor in place of the rainfall factor, and the Revised USLE (RUSLE), which includes several process-based concepts, are discussed. The chapter introduces the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), and the European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM), the distributed, physically-based soil erosion models that can simulate soil loss under diverse land uses and hydrologic conditions. Also, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method and the rational method used for estimating the runoff volume and peak runoff rate are included. The chapter discusses the soil loss measurements from runoff plots. The different sizes plots are discussed along with commonly used devices, namely the multi-slot divisor and Coshocton wheel. Contents 3.1 Background 3.2 Modelling Soil Loss 3.2.1 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 3.2.1.1 Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity Factor (R) 3.2.1.2 Rainfall Erosion Index (EI) 3.2.1.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 3.2.1.4 Slope Length-Gradient Factor (LS) 3.2.1.5 Land Cover and Management Factor (C) 3.2.1.6 Soil Conservation Practice Factor (P) 3.2.2 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) 3.2.3 SCS Curve Number Method 3.2.4 Rational Method 3.2.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 3.2.6 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model 3.2.7 EUROSEM 3.3 Measuring Soil Loss 3.3.1 Erosion plots 3.3.2 Multi-slot Divisor 3.3.3 Coshocton Wheel 3.3.4 Size of plots Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 4 TERRACE Abstract Terraces are the most widely practised soil erosion control measure around the world. The practice consists of earth embankments constructed across the steep slopes to intercept surface runoff and divert it at a non-erosive velocity to a safe outlet or store it to enhance soil infiltration. This chapter presents a broad classification of terraces into two types: the common (or normal) terraces and the bench terraces. The chapter presents the design of common (or normal) terraces in terms of their spacing, grades, length and cross-section. The design of bench terraces includes spacing, bench width, cross-section and length, besides the volume of cut and fill or earthwork and area lost under them. The chapter also contains the terrace system planning, including its location, layout and maintenance. The design procedures are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 4.1 Definition 4.2 Functions 4.3 Classification 4.3.1 Common (or normal) Terraces 4.3.1.1 Narrow-base terraces 4.3.1.2 Medium-base terraces 4.3.1.3 Broad-base terraces 4.3.2 Bench Terraces 4.3.2.1 Level or Tabletop 4.3.2.2 Inward-sloping 4.3.2.3 Outward-sloping 4.4 Design of Common (or Normal) Terraces 4.4.1 Terrace Spacing 4.4.2 Terrace Grades 4.4.3 Terrace Length 4.4.4 Terrace Cross-Section 4.5 Design of Bench Terraces 4.5.1 Terrace Spacing 4.5.2 Bench width 4.5.3 Terrace Cross-section 4.5.4 Terrace Length 4.5.5 Net Cultivated Area 4.5.6 Volume of Cut and Fill or Earthwork 4.5.7 Area Lost under Bench Terraces 4.6 Terrace System Planning 4.6.1 Planning Considerations 4.6.2 Soils 4.6.3 Landscape 4.6.4 Tillage equipment 4.6.5 Terrace Outlets 4.7 Terrace Location 4.8 Terrace System Layout 4.9 Terrace Maintenance Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 5 BUNDS Abstract Bunds are among the most common mechanical measures of erosion control. These consist of small embankments constructed across the land slope to reduce the slope length, runoff and soil erosion and enhance soil infiltration. This chapter presents a broad classification of bunds. It includes the common design considerations for contour and graded bunds like storm frequency, spacing, side slopes, freeboard and seepage through them. The chapter elaborates the design of contour and graded bunds in terms of their height, cross-section, length, the volume of earthwork and area lost under them. The chapter also contains the planning considerations and construction of bunds. The design procedures are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 5.1 Definition 5.2 Functions 5.3 Classification 5.3.1 Contour Bunds 5.3.2 Graded Bunds 5.3.3 Side Bunds 5.3.4 Lateral Bunds 5.3.5 Marginal Bunds 5.3.6 Semi-circular Bunds 5.3.7 Contour Stone Bunds 5.4 Common Design Considerations for Contour and Graded Bunds 5.4.1 Storm Frequency 5.4.2 Bund Spacing 5.4.3 Bund Side Slopes 5.4.4 Freeboard 5.4.5 Seepage through Bund 5.5 Design of Contour Bunds 5.5.1 Height of Contour Bund 5.5.2 Bund Cross-Section 5.5.3 Length of the Bund 5.5.4 Earthwork 5.5.5 Area Lost under the Bund 5.6 Design of Graded Bunds 5.7 Planning Considerations for Bunds 5.8 Construction of Bunds Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 6 VEGETATED WATERWAYS Abstract Vegetated waterways are natural or constructed channels having vegetative cover to dispose of runoff safely without causing erosion. These waterways are designed using the ‘permissible velocity approach’ and constructed along the natural slope. This chapter presents the preliminary design considerations for vegetated waterways and elaborates the design processes to decide the size, shape, vegetation, permissible velocity and roughness coefficient. Solved examples are included to demonstrate the design procedure. The chapter also contains the layout, construction and maintenance of the waterways. Contents 6.1 Vegetated Waterways 6.2 Vegetated Waterway Design 6.2.1 Preliminary Design Considerations 6.2.2 Design Process 6.2.2.1 Size of Waterway 6.2.2.2 Shape of Waterway 6.2.2.3 Vegetation Selection for Waterway 6.2.2.4 Permissible Velocity in Waterway 6.2.2.5 Roughness Coefficient of Waterway 6.2.3 Design Procedure ­­­­­­­­6.3 Waterway Layout and Construction 6.4 Waterway Maintenance Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 7 GULLY CONTROL STRUCTURES Abstract Gully control structures, i.e., the check dams, have been used since the 12th century for soil and water conservation and more frequently over the past 150 years. These are employed in severely eroded gullies that cannot be managed with biological or vegetative erosion control measures. The temporary or permanent structures are constructed across the gully to reduce the channel gradient and stabilise the gully to prevent further erosion. This chapter presents the design principles used in designing temporary gully control structures, i.e., different check dams, preferred in areas where labour is inexpensive, and the appropriate construction materials are readily available. The design includes the number of structures, spacing between structures and a spillway to handle the peak runoff due to a 10-year return period storm. Subsequently, the chapter introduces three established permanent gully control structures, i.e., the drop spillway, drop inlet spillway and chute spillway, preferred in medium to large gullies with significantly high flows that the temporary structures cannot handle. The hydrologic, hydraulic and structural design principles of the permanent structures are introduced. The chapter also includes the prerequisites, viz., the specific energy considerations, critical flow characteristics and hydraulic jump, for designing permanent structures. Contents 7.1 Background 7.2 Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.1 Design of Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.2 Number of Temporary Structures 7.2.3 Spacing between Structures 7.2.4 Design of Spillway 7.2.5 Types of Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.5.1 Woven-wire Check Dams 7.2.5.2 Brushwood Check Dams 7.2.5.3 Log Check Dams 7.2.5.4 Loose Rock Check Dams ­ 7.2.5.5 Gabion Check Dams 7.3 Permanent Gully Control Structures 7.3.1 Design of Permanent Gully Control Structures 7.3.1.1 Hydrologic Design 7.3.1.2 Hydraulic Design 7.3.1.3 Structural Design 7.3.2 Energy Considerations in Design of Permanent Structures 7.3.2.1 Energy Relationships in Open Channel Flow 7.3.2.2 Characteristics of Critical Flow 7.3.3 Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.1 Types of Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.2 Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.3 Length of Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.4 Application of Hydraulic Jump for Designing Stilling Basins Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 8 DROP SPILLWAY Abstract Drop spillway, one of the most widely used soil conservation structures, is primarily used for controlling and stabilising grades in a gully. The chapter focuses on the hydrologic, hydraulic and structural designs of drop spillways. The hydrologic design approaches for estimating the peak flow rate, i.e., the rational method, empirical or frequency factor method of frequency analysis and the hydrological or hydraulic modelling, are discussed. The hydraulic design of straight and box-inlet drop spillways under free and submerged flow conditions is presented. This chapter also includes the critical depth concept and its application in determining the dimensions of various components of the straight and box-inlet drop spillways. The structural design contains the analysis of the horizontal forces acting against the structure due to the hydrostatic pressure of the water column upstream and the earth pressure caused by the backfill. It also comprises the uplift pressure caused due to water seepage through the saturated foundation material. A detailed procedure to analyse the stability of the structure against overturning, sliding, piping, tension, and compression or contact pressure is demonstrated through a solved example. Contents 8.1 Background 8.2 Functions 8.3 Adaptability 8.4 Advantages and Limitations 8.5 Materials of Construction 8.6 Drop Spillway: Components and Functions 8.7 Design of Drop Spillway 8.7.1 Hydrologic Design 8.7.1.1 Rational Method 8.7.1.2 Frequency Analysis of Historical Rainfall or Flow Data 8.7.1.3 Hydrological or Hydraulic Modelling 8.7.2 Hydraulic Design of Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.2.1 Design Cases 8.7.2.2 Design for Free Flow Condition 8.7.2.3 Design for Submerged Flow Condition 8.7.2.4 Design Dimensions of Different Components of a Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.3 Hydraulic Design of Box-Inlet Drop Spillway 8.7.3.1 Design for Free Flow Condition 8.7.3.2 Case I: When the crest of the box-inlet controls the flow 8.7.3.3 Case II: When the opening of the headwall controls the flow 8.7.3.4 Design Dimensions of Different Components of a Box-Inlet Drop Spillway 8.7.3.5 Submergence Effect 8.7.4 Structural Design of Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.4.1 Safety of the Structure against Overturning 8.7.4.2 Safety of the Structure against Sliding 8.7.4.3 Safety of the Structure against Piping 8.7.4.4 Safety of the Structure against Tension 8.7.4.5 Safety of the Structure against Compression or Contact Pressure 8.7.4.6 Apron Thickness 8.7.4.7 Wall Thickness Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 9 DROP INLET SPILLWAY Abstract Drop-inlet spillway, a widely used soil conservation structure, is preferred for sites providing substantial temporary storage above the inlet, especially in gullies having more than 3 m fall or drop. The chapter focuses on the hydraulic design of two general types of drop inlet spillways, the first having a circular or rectangular box type flat crest and the second having a standard or funnel-shaped crest, the latter popularly known as ‘morning glory’ or ‘glory hole’ spillway. It discusses the typical head-discharge relationships of the structure, controlled by its various components, besides the composite head-discharge relationship. The pressure distribution in various components of a drop-inlet spillway, essential for determining the hydraulic loading to ensure safety against cavitation, is discussed. The chapter mainly focuses on designing the standard-crested and the flat-crested drop inlet spillways under specific discharge and pressure conditions. The design includes computing the water surface profile in the conduit and developing the composite head-discharge relationship. The complex computations involved in the design are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 9.1 Background 9.1.1 Standard-Crested and Flat-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway 9.2 Functions 9.3 Adaptability 9.4 Advantages and Limitations 9.5 Materials of Construction 9.6 Drop Inlet Spillway: Components and Functions 9.6.1 Inlet or Riser 9.6.2 Conduit 9.6.3 Outlet or Terminal Structure 9.7 Design of Drop Inlet Spillway 9.7.1 Head-Discharge Relationship 9.7.2 Composite Head-Discharge Relationship 9.7.3 Hydraulic Grade Line Location at Conduit Exit 9.7.4 Pressure Distribution within the Spillway 9.7.4.1 Pressure Distribution in the Conduit Flowing Full 9.7.5 Design Approaches 9.7.5.1 Standard-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway 9.7.5.2 Flat-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 10 CHUTE SPILLWAY Abstract A chute spillway also called a trough spillway, is designed to dispose of surplus water from upstream to downstream through a steeply sloped open channel. The chapter describes the functions of the various components of a chute spillway and presents the hydrologic, hydraulic and structural designs of chute spillways. The hydraulic design of the entrance or approach channel, inlet or control structure, chute channel or discharge carrier and outlet or energy dissipater is presented. The structural stability is analysed considering the weight of the structure and the uplift pressure created due to the differential head between the upstream and downstream. A detailed procedure to analyse the stability of the structure against overturning, tension and compression is demonstrated through a solved example. Contents 10.1 Background 10.2 Functions 10.3 Adaptability 10.4 Advantages and Limitations 10.5 Materials of Construction 10.6 Chute Spillway: Components and Functions 10.6.1 Entrance or Approach channel 10.6.2 Inlet or Control structure 10.6.3 Chute Channel or Discharge Carrier 10.6.4 Outlet or Energy Dissipater 10.7 Design of Chute Spillway 10.7.1 Hydrologic Design 10.7.2 Hydraulic Design 10.7.2.1 Entrance or Approach channel 10.7.2.2 Inlet or Control Structure 10.7.2.3 Chute channel or Discharge Carrier 10.7.2.4 Outlet or Energy Dissipater 10.7.3 Structural Design 10.7.3.1 Safety of the Structure against Overturning 10.7.3.2 Safety of the Structure against Tension 10.7.3.3 Safety of the Structure against Compression or Contact Pressure Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 11 WIND EROSION Abstract Wind erosion is a serious environmental hazard, which causes land degradation and air pollution and adversely affects human health. Dust emission generated by wind erosion is the most prominent aerosol source that directly or indirectly influences the global radiation balance. The chapter presents the factors influencing wind erosion and describes the mechanics of soil particle movement in wind erosion. The Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ), the first empirical wind erosion model for estimating the annual soil loss, and its revised version, the Revised WEQ (RWEQ), are discussed. A few popular process-based wind erosion models are introduced. The basic principles adopted for controlling wind erosion are presented. The chapter also describes the benefits of windbreaks and shelterbelts, two popular mechanical measures of wind erosion control. The design of the windbreaks and shelterbelts is discussed in terms of their height, length, continuity, density, orientation and number of rows and plant species. Contents 11.1 Background 11.2 Factors Affecting Wind Erosion 11.3 Mechanics of Movement 11.3.1 Initiation of Movement 11.3.2 Transportation 11.3.2.1 Saltation 11.3.2.2 Suspension 11.3.2.3 Surface Creep 11.3.3 Deposition 11.4 Estimation of Soil Loss due to Wind Erosion 11.4.1 Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) 11.4.1.1 Soil Erodibility Index, I 11.4.1.2 Soil Ridge Roughness Factor, K 11.4.1.3 Climate Factor, C 11.4.1.4 Unsheltered Length, L 11.4.1.5 Vegetative Cover Factor, V 11.4.1.6 Application of WEQ for Estimating Wind Erosion 11.4.1.7 Limitations of WEQ 11.4.2 Revised WEQ (RWEQ) 11.4.3 Process-Based Models for Wind Erosion 11.4.3.1 Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) 11.4.3.2 Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) 11.4.3.3 Wind Erosion Stochastic Simulator (WESS) 11.4.3.4 Texas Erosion Analysis Model (TEAM) 11.4.3.5 Dust Production Model (DPM) 11.4.3.6 Wind Erosion on European Light Soils (WEELS) 11.4.3.7 Australian Land Erodibility Model (AUSLEM) 11.4.3.8 Aeolian EROsion (AERO) model 11.5 Wind Erosion Control 11.5.1 Reduce the Field Width along the Prevailing Wind Direction 11.5.1.1 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.5.1.2 Grass Barriers 11.5.1.3 Artificial Barriers 11.5.1.4 Strip Cropping 11.5.2 Establish and Maintain Vegetative Cover on the Surface 11.5.3 Maintain Stable Aggregates or Clods on the Surface 11.5.4 Roughen the Land Surface 11.6 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.6.1 Benefits of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.6.1.1 Reduced Wind Erosion 11.6.1.2 Improved Microclimatic Conditions 11.6.1.3 Snow Retention 11.6.1.4 Reduced Wind Damages 11.6.1.5 Energy Conservation 11.6.2 Design of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts ­­­­­­­­11.6.2.1 Height 11.6.2.2 Length 11.6.2.3 Continuity 11.6.2.4 Density 11.6.2.5 Orientation 11.6.2.6 Number of Rows and Plant Species Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis volume is a simplified and condensed version of Fundamentals of Solid Physics and Applications of Soil Physics (Academic Press, 1980). It provides a presentation of the physical properties of solids, the state and transport of matter and energy within soil bodies, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.Table of ContentsBasic Relationships. The task of Soil Physics. General Physical Characteristics of Soils. The Solid Phase. Texture, Particle Size Distribution, and Specific Surface. Soil Structure and Aggregation. The Liquid Phase. Soil Water: Content and Potential. Flow of Water in Saturated Soil. Flow of Water in Unsaturated Soil. The Gaseous Phase. Soil Air and Aeration. Composite Properties and Behavior. Soil Temperature and Hear Flow. Soil Compaction and Consolidation. Tillage and Soil Structure Management. The Field--Water Cycle and Its Management. Infiltration and Surface Runoff. Internal Drainage and Redistribution Following Infiltration. Groundwater Drainage. Evaporation from Bare-Surface Soils. Uptake of Soil Moisture by Plants. Water Balance and Energy Balance in the Field. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning basic soil physics and its application to environment, soil health, water quality and productivity, this book provides readers with a clear coverage of the basic principles of water and solute transport through vadose zone, the theory behind transport and step-by-step guidance on how to use current computer models in the public domain along with soil erosion and contaminant remediation. Students will develop a deeper understanding of the fundamental processes within the soil profile that control water infiltration, redistribution, evapotranspiration, drainage, and erosion. The updated second edition features one new chapter, highlighting new problems, new computer models, and remediation.Features Serves as the most up-to-date textbook on soil physics available Includes one new chapter and many new numerical examples Offers mathematical descriptions supported by Table of Contents1. Introduction to Soil Physics 2. Units and Dimensions 3. Characteristics of Soils of the Vadose Zone 4. Sampling Concepts and Designs 5. Spatial Variability of Vadose Zone Properties 6. Fundamentals of Hydrology 7. Properties of Water 8. Water in the Vadose Zone 9. Flow through the Vadose Zone 10. Water Infiltration into the Vadose Zone 11. Energy Flow through the Vadose Zone 12. Evaporation from Soil 13. Root Water Uptake 14. Airflow through the Vadose Zone 15. Chemical Transport through the Vadose Zone 16. Modeling Flow through the Vadose Zone Using the HYDRIS-1D Model 17. Flow through the Vadose Zone Using RZWQM 18. Special Topics: Soil Erosion, Contaminant Remediation and Salt Removal

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisDrawing on contributions from more than thirty scholars and experts in the field, this book examines the role of business as an enabler, as an inhibitor, and ultimately as a co-actor in global sustainability transformations expected over the next few decades.The Role of Business in Global Sustainability Transformations employs several theoretical perspectives and provides abundant examples and cases to discuss a variety of emerging concepts, phenomena, and trends shaping business sustainability. Weaving through the chapters, the editors present core tensions and sources of inertia towards transformative change, and acknowledge that envisioning multiple solutions and pathways are possible and desirable. They advocate for the need to align visions, actions and time horizons between policy, society and business in addressing the interlinked socio-ecological challenges that our society currently faces.This book will be an important resource for scholars and profesTrade Review"This book is a little gem! It succeeds in the ambitious task of putting together what businesses, governments, and the civil society could do in tandem – through collaborative but also adversarial action – to forward a systemic transformation toward sustainability, especially within business. The readers are offered a comprehensive understanding of theories of sustainability transformation, particularly as concerns sustainability change within business, coupled with concrete examples from different parts and contexts of the globe. If you seeking for new ideas for how to change businesses toward sustainability in a systemic setting, this is book is a perfect choice."Minna Halme, Professor of Sustainability Management, Aalto University School of Business"As The Role of Business in Global Sustainability Transformations sets out, a green economy based on natural capital, as well as social and human capital, is going to be essential in the global sustainability transformation. The authors delve into the challenges of this and consider some of the potential solutions for business, connecting the jigsaw of activities in an engaging overview of where we find ourselves today."Mark Gough, CEO, Capitals Coalition"Society must find a way to halt the climate and biodiversity crisis if we are to leave a habitable world for future generations. Sustainable business approaches are recognised as being critical for achieving that aim. This extremely timely and important book is essential reading for policy makers, academics and those working in the private sector. It provides an insightful collection of essays critically reflecting on the most prominent business pathways, opportunities and challenges to the sustainability transition."Lyndall Bull, Honorary Research Fellow, University of MelbourneTable of ContentsTable of ContentsPart 1 – Business sustainability today A little chapter on the big picture Robert Kozak, Anne Toppinen, Dalia D’Amato Towards the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in business strategy and operations Angelina Korsunova and Kaisa Korhonen-Kurki Sustainable business models: state of the art and emerging avenues Romana Rauter, Tomas Santa-Maria, and Josef-Peter Schöggl Part 2 – Framing and managing sustainability Potential of the green economy discourse to advance sustainability in business Maria Fernanda Tomaselli, Kahlil Baker, Michael Barkusky, Noriko Kusumi The circular bioeconomy: company-level strategic perspectives Ari Jantunen and Anni Tuppura Strategies for brand owners and retailers in the circular bioeconomy transition Fabian Schipfer, Gülşah Yilan, Francesca Govoni, Piergiuseppe Morone Servitization and the future of business development – Insights from the forest industry Katja Lähtinen and Liina Häyrinen Part 3 – Governance and policy mechanisms The private sector engagement paradox: the proliferation of finance and market driven sustainability tools alongside the acceleration of environmental degradation Ben Cashore Intact forest landscapes and the FSC: lessons for NGO-business cooperation William Nikolakis and Peter Wood The internet of trees and networked surveillance: a multi-stakeholder effort to protect the resilience of ecosystem Mario Schultz and Peter Seele Part 4 – Business sustainability tomorrow? The quandary of sustainability-oriented innovations Eric Hansen, Jaana Korhonen, Rajat Panwar, Marko Hakovirta Business in a strongly sustainable society? Iana Nesterova and Ben Robra The quest for the sustainable hybrid business Ellen Stenslie Sustainable futures and the changing role of business vis-à-vis with society Anne Toppinen, Robert Kozak, Dalia D’AmatoIndex

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisIncrease in global population, drastic changes in the environment, soil degradation and decrease in quality and quantity of agricultural productivity warranted us to adapt sustainable farming practices. This book focuses on soil health management and creating biased rhizosphere that can effectively augment the needs of sustainable agriculture.Trade Review"This book is well designed with six broad areas explaining the approach for sustainable agriculture which include soil basics, soil management, plant nutrients and biological protection, soil organisms, soil–water–plant relationships and rhizosphere engineering. In the recent past, it has been observed that drastic global agricultural transformations have taken place in the farming systems due to modern cultivation practices and nutrient management. The book also mentions the methods and practices of sustainable agriculture, suggesting their benefits and importance. This book should be in every library and will prove useful to soil scientists, agronomists, environmental scientists, biochemists and those involved in natural resource management."— K. P. Voswanatha, Current Science, Vol 118, 2020Table of ContentsSoil BasicsIntroduction to Sustainable AgricultureSoil Formation and ClassificationPhysical Properties of SoilChemical Properties of SoilIntroduction to Soil Water SystemSoil management for sustainable agricultureHealthy Soils for Sustainable AgricultureSoil Erosion and its ConservationSoil Pollution: causes, effects, and preventive measuresSoil Testing for Better Nutrient ManagementSoil Preparation and TillageComposting for Sustainable AgricultureOrganic Farming and Precision Agriculture for Sustainable FarmingPlant Nutrients and BiopesticidesPlant Mineral NutrientsChemical Fertilizers and FertigationOrganic FertilizersBio-fertilizers for Integrated Nutrient ManagementBiopesticides for Integrated Pest ManagementSoil Organisms in Sustainable AgricultureSoil Biology Management for Sustainable Soil HealthSoil, Water, and Plant RelationsPlant Forms and FunctionsPlant Growth and DevelopmentMechanism of Mineral Nutrient Uptake in PlantsWater Absorption and Transport in PlantsAbiotic Stress: Plant response to moisture and salt stressesRhizosphere Engineering for Sustainable AgricultureRhizosphere Structure and Rhizodeposition.Rhizosphere Interactions: Network of plants, microbes and soilRhizosphere Engineering: Enhancing sustainable plant ecosystemBioremediation: A promising rhizosphere technology

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