Soil and rock mechanics Books

Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Theoretical basis of rock dynamics.- Rock dynamics test device and test technique.- Rock dynamic properties.- Propagation characteristics of stress wave in rock.- Rockburst dynamics and engineering protection.- Key techniques for numerical simulation of rock dynamics.- Engineering applications in rock dynamics.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisAbout our authors Ray R. Weil is a professor of soil science at the University of Maryland. He has previously served in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia, managed a 500-acre organic farm in North Carolina, and been a lecturer at the University of Malawi. Dr. Weil is an international leader in sustainable agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries. Published in more than 85 scientific journals and in eight books, Dr. Weil focuses his research on cover crops and organic matter management for enhanced soil quality and nutrient cycling for water quality and sustainability. His research lab developed analytical methods for soil microbial biomass and active soil C that have been adopted by the USDA/NRCS and are used in ecosystem studies worldwide. His contributions to improved cropping systems and soil management have been put into practice on farms large and small. At the University of Maryland, Dr. Weil teaches undergraduate and graTable of Contents1. The Soils Around Us2. Formation of Soils from Parent Materials3. Soil Classification4. Soil Architecture and Physical Properties5. Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior6. Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle7. Soil Aeration and Temperature8. The Colloidal Fraction: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity9. Soil Acidity, Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity10. Organisms and Ecology of the Soil11. Soil Organic Matter12. Nutrient Cycles and Soil Fertility13. Practical Nutrient Management14. Soil Erosion and Its Control15. Soils and Chemical Pollution

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Book SynopsisThe aim of process calculations is to evaluate the performance of minerals and coal processing operations in terms of efficiency of the operation, grade of the final products and recovery of the required constituents. To meet these requirements, in-depth detailed calculations are illustrated in this book.This book is designed to cover all the process calculations. The method and/or steps in process calculations have been described by taking numerical examples. Process calculations illustrated in a simple and self explanatory manner based on two basic material balance equations will allow the reader to understand the contents thoroughly. Inclusion of elaborate process calculations in every chapter is the highlight of this book. This book is unique and devoted entirely to the process calculations with sufficient explanation of the nature of the calculations. This book will prove useful to all: from student to teacher, operator to engineer, researcher to designer, and proTrade Review"This book is a vital asset and first of its kind in process calculations. This book meets the requirement of technocrats and engineers who are pursuing the advance studies and research."Om Prakesh, General Manager - Engineering, Metso India Pvt Ltd.Table of Contents1. Minerals and coal 2. Material Balance3. Sampling4. Size analysis 5. Screening 6. Density 7. Liberation 8. Comminution9. Crushing10. Grinding11. Principles of settling12. Classification13. Beneficiation operations14. Sink and float15. Float and sink 16. Metallurgical accounting17. Coal washing efficiency18. Process plant circuits

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Book SynopsisThis third volume completes the long-established key handbook for the laboratory testing of soils. The text covers soil testing in terms of effective stress, for which the measurement of pore water pressure is the essential feature. The principle and theory of effective stress are explained, practical applications are outlined, and the apparatus used, including its calibration and checking, is described. The book has been updated to reflect current practice and instrumentation using electronic data capture. The first two chapters provide the theory. These are followed by a description of the apparatus and associated instrumentation for effective stress triaxial tests and then the test procedures themselves. A description of the accelerated permeability test and procedures for unconsolidated undrained and consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests using a mid-height pore pressure probe have been added, and reference to changes due to Eurocode 7 requirements for sample quality are provided as required.Trade Review'...provides a very useful introduction for geoscientists to the concept of effective stress and the theory of triaxial testing. The descriptions are clear, the chapters are very well organized, and the illustrations are superb. This splendid manual belongs in every university library patronized by geoscientists and engineers.' Environmental & Engineering GeoscienceTable of ContentsEffective stress testing principles, theory and applications; Stress paths in triaxial testing; Test equipment; Calibrations, corrections and general practice; Routine effective stress triaxial tests; Further triaxial shear strength tests; Triaxial consolidation and permeability tests; Hydraulic cell consolidation and permeability tests; Appendix: Units, nomenclature and laboratory equipment; Uncertainty of measurement; Index

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Book SynopsisChalk has proved to be one of the more difficult rocks to core-log as it breaks up readily during the drilling process leading to core-loss and destructuring, particularly where flints, nodular chalks and/or fractures are present. One of the greatest difficulties is the identification of chalk engineering grade which relies heavily on fracture aperture. Obtaining the correct grade to define the depth of weathering and the depth at which fractures become closed is essential whether for tunnels in London or for wind turbine piled foundations in the offshore chalks. Very few geologists and engineers have had the opportunity to study field sections in the Chalk so there is little visual appreciation of the grades or the variation to expect or even what flint bands look like. To partly overcome this difficulty, both field and core sections are illustrated in this book. Equally important to recognising Chalk grade is the building of conceptual ground models for construction projects. This can only be achieved if the various Chalk formations, beds and marker beds can be identified from cores and then boreholes correlated using the marker beds.The Chalk stratigraphy is accordingly covered with key formations and marker beds illustrated, and the best field sections for viewing them identified. This book is based on the standard lithostratigraphy and method of engineering description of Chalk developed over many years. Also important are over 3000 onshore and offshore chalk-cored boreholes undertaken by the author over more than 30 years. In addition, typical lithologies and weathering profiles representing the Chalk formations likely to be encountered in the various onshore and offshore construction projects are illustrated using field exposures, rotary core samples and geophysical borehole wire-line logs. There will be geological settings where information on the Chalk is poor and unexpected lithologies and stratigraphies may be found. This book will enable geologists to work from first principles to construct a lithostratigraphy and define weathering boundaries.Trade Review`This book brings together logs from numerous UK projects as well as offshore records and others from mainland Europe. …the results are truly amazing with superb logs, maps, diagrams, photograph and core samples’. Down to Earth -------------------- '...a lavishly illustrated volume... ...a weighty tome that encapsulates the author's 30 plus years' experience of logging chalk... ...this book should also be available to all in the team when developments on or in the Chalk are under investigation or design'. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment ---------- '...the first ever book exclusively dedicated to this geological material, includes excellent and detailed information for geologists and geological engineers who might have to work in the field with chalk in any geological or construction project'. European Geologist -------------------- 'As well as serving a practical guide, this lavishly illustrated book also provides a detailed overview of onshore and offshore Chalk stratigraphy with a much newly published data... ...the applicability and ease of access of the information it contains provide an excellent basis for anyone who needs to become competent in logging and understanding Chalk geology, and will be invaluable to those who want to expand established expertise'. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association -------------------- '...exemplifies good geological practice... The key selling point of the book...is its lavish illustration. ...really helps the reader to observe the Chalk through the eyes of a leading chalk geologist. ...an invaluable training resource to students, amateurs and professionals. ... I would strongly recommend this book to anyone who wants to know the Chalk, scientifically or practically. The book is highly accessible and a pleasure to read. It is absolutely essential reading for all practitioners...' Geology Today -------------------- '...does an excellent job of describing its huge variety of lithologies and fabrics. ...this is the book to have to hand. ... One of its beauties is the wonderful set of colour photographs used to portray chalk profiles. ...the author's masterly synthesis of chalk description...' Geoscientist

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Book SynopsisBishop is undoubtedly one of the most widely-known names in the soil mechanics, or geotechnical engineering, community today, alongside the `founding father', Karl Terzaghi. This is mainly due to the method Bishop devised for estimating the stability of soil slopes; it became known as The Bishop Method and immortalised his name. However, Bishop's contributions to the development of soil mechanics were far wider and of greater significance than his slope stability `method'. His colleague, Professor Skempton, makes this very clear in his contribution to the Bishop eulogy published in Geotechnique in 1988. ...It was a great privilege and the best of good luck to be associated for nearly 40 years with one of the finest intellects in our subject ... his work in this field brought about a highly beneficial revolution in soil mechanics... He was loved and respected by his numerous students... Through them and the strict but friendly criticism of his colleagues' work, and his own important contributions, he exerted a unique influence. Bishop began his career in 1943 when the new soil mechanics world was still grappling with the fundamental issue of soil shear strength. Even the great Terzaghi had not sorted this out. Bishop applied himself immediately to this problem and by the mid 1950s had largely solved it. He published his findings in 1960 in a paper co-authored with Lauritz Bjerrum. This established the parameters to be determined by triaxial testing and the two methods of analysis in use today. This was undoubtedly Bishop's most influential paper. In the eyes of many people Bishop did not receive the recognition he deserved during his lifetime, and indeed has not received since. However, The Bishop Method makes it clear just how influential and important Bishop's contributions were to soil mechanics. The book comprises three parts: Part 1 - the story of Bishop's life, emphasising his particular problem-solving skills Part 2 - his contribution to soil mechanics in some detail, of particular interest to anyone with a technical/professional perspective Part 3 - articles by past students and others who knew him which together paint a fascinating picture of the manTrade Review'...A very interesting and wonderfully readable book...If you have even the slightest interest in the history of soil mechanics and the life of one of its best pioneers, this is a book you will delight in reading'. NZ Geomatics News

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Book SynopsisThis is the second volume of three that provides a comprehensive working manual for the laboratory testing of soils for civil engineering purposes. It is an essential practical handbook for all who are engaged in laboratory testing of soils as well as being of great value to professional engineers, consultants, academics and students in geotechnical engineering. The contents have been revised and updated to reflect current practice in standard laboratory test procedures for determining some of the important engineering properties of soils.The authors have had many years experience in managing large soil testing laboratories since the early 1950s through to the present day, whilst actively contributing to the development of geotechnical testing through training courses, lectures, committees and working groups. They recognise that it is particularly important for test methods to be fully understood and a step-by-step approach has therefore been used in presenting each section. The test procedures comprise the measurement of soil permeability, CBR value, drained and undrained shear strength, and consolidation characteristics.Additional material in this new edition includes the Fall cone procedure for measurement of shear strength in clays based on the European Technical Specification, a simplified direct approach and a useful arrangement for applying pressures in multistage triaxial tests to meet the requirements of BS1377. The latest requirements for calibration of equipment and measuring devices are presented and discussed, together with the significance of quality assurance based on recognised laboratory accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025.Descriptions of test methods are complemented by many numerical examples in order to illustrate the methods for recording test data, making calculations, presenting graphical plots and deriving test results. Fundamental principles are explained, where appropriate, so that the operator can have a better understanding of the significance of the tests and guidance is given where experience has shown that difficulties may be encountered. The importance of good techniques, essential checks on test equipment and laboratory safety are all emphasised.Trade Review'This splendid manual belongs in every university library patronized by geoscientists and engineers.' Environmental & Engineering Geoscience -------------------- 'The three volumes that made up the first edition have since become the standard reference for laboratory managers and technicians alike, containing as it did valuable explanations of all the tests described in BS 1377:1975. ...geotechnical engineers would do well to be aware of the publication since it provides valuable, easy-to-understand descriptions of tests that they will be specifying to obtain design parameters. ... The resulting revision .. has been worth the wait. It is well written, clear and concise and contains numerous figures and photographs to help the reader understand exactly which piece of testing equipment is being discussed. ...experienced technicians will gain both insight and value from the explanations of theory and methodology... ...the authors have succeeded in making what can seem a daunting subject readily accessible and easy to understand. ...the updated version should continue to act as the definitive reference for years to come'. Geotechnical EngineeringTable of ContentsEquipment and laboratory practice; Preperation of test specimens; Permeability and erodibility tests; California bearing radio test; Direct shear tests; Undrained compression tests; Oedometer consolidation tests; Appendix. Index

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the basic principles of soil mechanics, illustrating why the properties of soil are important, the techniques used to understand and characterize soil behavior and how that knowledge is then applied in construction.Table of ContentsPreface xii Dedication and Acknowledgments xiii List of Symbols xiv 1 Soil Structure 1 1.1 Volume relationships 1 1.1.1 Voids ratio (e) 2 1.1.2 Porosity (n) 3 1.1.3 Degree of saturation (Sr) 3 1.2 Weight−volume relationships 6 1.2.1 Bulk densities 7 1.2.2 Dry densities 8 1.2.3 Saturated densities 8 1.2.4 Submerged densities (γ′) 9 1.2.5 Density of solids (γs) 10 1.2.6 Specific gravity (Gs) 10 1.2.7 Moisture content (m) 11 1.2.8 Partially saturated soil 12 1.2.9 Relative density (Dr) 18 1.3 Alteration of soil structure by compaction 20 1.3.1 Laboratory compaction tests 21 1.3.2 Practical considerations 26 1.3.3 Relative compaction (Cr) 27 1.3.4 Compactive effort 27 1.3.5 Under- and overcompaction 28 1.3.6 Site tests of compaction 28 1.4 California bearing ratio (CBR) test 30 1.5 The pycnometer 35 Supplementary problems for Chapter 1 39 2 Classification of Cohesive Soils 43 2.1 Atterberg Limits 43 2.1.1 Liquid Limit (LL) 43 2.1.2 Plastic Limit 48 2.1.3 Shrinkage Limit 50 2.1.4 Swelling of cohesive soils 56 2.1.5 Saturation Limit (Z%) 56 2.1.6 Relationship between the limits 57 2.1.7 Linear shrinkage and swelling 59 2.2 Consistency indices 64 2.2.1 Plasticity index (PI) 64 2.2.2 Relative consistency index (RI) 64 2.2.3 Liquidity index (LI) 64 2.3 Classification of soils by particle size 69 2.3.1 Sieve analysis 69 2.3.2 Uniformity coefficient (U) 73 2.3.3 Filter design 74 2.3.4 Typical problems 77 2.3.5 Combination of materials 78 2.3.6 Sedimentation tests 85 Supplementary problems for Chapter 2 91 3 Permeability and Seepage 92 3.1 Coefficient of permeability (k) 93 3.2 Seepage velocity (us) 94 3.3 Determination of the value of k 96 3.3.1 Constant head test 96 3.3.2 Falling head test 98 3.4 Field pumping tests 102 3.4.1 Unconfined layer 102 3.4.2 Radius of influence (R) 104 3.4.3 Confined layer under artesian pressure (σA) 106 3.5 Permeability of stratified soil 107 3.6 Flow nets 108 3.6.1 Flow lines (FL) 109 3.6.2 Head loss in a flow channel 111 3.6.3 Equipotential lines (EPL) 111 3.6.4 Flow net construction 113 3.6.5 Application of flow nets 114 3.6.6 Seepage flowrate (Q) 114 3.6.7 Seepage pressure 115 3.6.8 Seepage force (S) 119 3.7 Erosion due to seepage 121 3.8 Prevention of piping 128 3.9 Flow net for earth dams 129 Supplementary problems for Chapter 3 135 4 Pressure at Depth Due to Surface Loading 139 4.1 Concentrated point load 140 4.2 Concentrated line load 142 4.3 Uniform strip loading (Michell’s solution) 144 4.4 Bulb of pressure diagrams 147 4.5 Vertical pressure under triangular strip load 151 4.6 Vertical pressure under circular area 156 4.7 Rectangular footing 159 4.8 Footings of irregular shape 163 4.9 Pressure distribution under footings 167 4.9.1 Influence of footing 167 4.9.2 Influence of loading 170 4.10 Linear dispersion of pressure 170 Supplementary problems for Chapter 4 173 5 Effective Pressure (σ′) 175 5.1 Unloaded state 175 5.2 Loaded state 177 5.3 Flooded state 180 5.4 Types of problem 182 5.5 Effect of seepage on shallow footings 194 5.6 Ground water lowering (at atmospheric pressure) 195 5.7 Reduction of artesian pressure 196 5.8 Capillary movement of water 199 5.8.1 Equilibrium moisture content (mE) 204 5.8.2 Soil suction (Ss) 208 Supplementary problems for Chapter 5 214 6 Shear Strength of Soils 219 6.1 Coulomb–Mohr Theory 220 6.1.1 Stresses on the plane of failure 221 6.1.2 Friction and cohesion 223 6.1.3 Apparent cohesion 224 6.2 Stress path 224 6.2.1 Stress path failure envelope 225 6.2.2 Variation of stress path 231 6.3 Effect of saturation 234 6.3.1 Effective Mohr’s circle 234 6.3.2 Effective stress path (ESP) 234 6.4 Measurement of shear strength 238 6.4.1 Triaxial tests 238 6.4.2 Variation of pore pressure 240 6.4.3 Total excess pore pressure 241 6.4.4 Unconsolidated–undrained tests 242 6.4.5 Quick-undrained test 248 6.4.6 Consolidated–undrained (CU) test 250 6.4.7 Consolidated–drained (CD) test 252 6.4.8 Unconfined compression strength of clays 253 6.4.9 Standard shear box test 256 6.4.10 The Vane shear test 259 6.4.11 Residual shear strength 261 6.5 Thixotropy of clay 263 6.6 Undrained cohesion and overburden pressure 263 Supplementary problems for Chapter 6 265 7 Consolidation and Settlement 268 7.1 Consolidation 268 7.2 The pressure–voids ratio curve 270 7.2.1 Analytical solution 270 7.2.2 Equation of the σ′−e curve 271 7.2.3 Alternative conventional procedure 274 7.2.4 Graphical solution 276 7.3 Forms of the σ′−e curve 279 7.3.1 Normally consolidated clay 280 7.3.2 Overconsolidated clays 280 7.4 Coefficient of Compressibility (av) 281 7.5 Coefficient of Volume Change (mv) 282 7.5.1 Voids ratio method 282 7.5.2 Direct method 282 7.6 Estimation of settlement 284 7.6.1 Voids ratio method 286 7.6.2 Method Using mv 288 7.6.3 Direct method 289 7.7 Rate of consolidation 291 7.7.1 Variation of excess pore pressure with time 292 7.7.2 Typical pore pressure distributions 293 7.7.3 Estimation of time 294 7.7.4 Coefficient of Consolidation (cv) 295 7.8 Pore pressure isochrones 301 7.8.1 Average percentage consolidation 302 7.9 Coefficient of permeability (k) 310 7.10 Time from similarity 310 7.11 Total settlement 311 7.11.1 Initial compression 311 7.11.2 Primary consolidation 311 7.11.3 Secondary consolidation 312 Supplementary problems for Chapter 7 314 8 Lateral Earth Pressure 319 8.1 Resistance to active expansion 320 8.2 The value of K0 321 8.3 Stress path representation 322 8.4 Rankine’s theory of cohesionless soil 324 8.4.1 Stress path representation (Lambe) 330 8.5 Rankine-Bell theory for c − φ soil 334 8.5.1 Tension cracks 335 8.5.2 Effect of surcharge (q kN/m) on z0 336 8.5.3 Water in the cracks only 336 8.6 Rankine−Bell theory for c–soil 336 8.7 Pressure−force and its line of action 336 8.7.1 Triangular diagram for uniform soil 337 8.7.2 Triangular diagram for water 337 8.7.3 Rectangular diagram for surcharge only 338 8.8 Wall supporting sloping surface 342 8.9 General formulae for c − φ soil 342 8.9.1 Active case 343 8.9.2 Passive case (with surcharge) 345 8.10 Formulae for pure clay (φ = 0) 349 8.11 Height of unsupported clay 350 8.12 Wedge theories 350 8.12.1 Procedure for cohesionless soil 351 8.12.2 Procedure for cohesive soil 355 8.12.3 Point of application of Pa(x) 359 8.12.4 Effect of static water table 360 8.13 Stability of retaining walls 360 8.13.1 Gravity walls 360 8.13.2 Cantilever walls 361 8.13.3 Buttress and counterfort walls 361 8.13.4 Stability check 362 8.14 Sheet piles 368 8.14.1 Cantilever sheet pile walls 369 8.14.2 Factor of safety 370 8.14.3 Bending of sheet piles 374 8.14.4 Sheet pile in cohesive soils 375 8.15 Anchored sheet pile walls 375 8.15.1 Free-earth support method 376 8.15.2 Fixed-earth support method 384 8.15.3 Anchorage 390 8.15.4 Length of tie rod (L) 390 8.15.5 Stability of anchors 390 8.16 Effect of ground water 393 8.17 Stability of deep trenches 400 8.17.1 Horizontal bracing 400 8.18 Bentonite slurry support 406 8.18.1 Trench in clay 407 8.18.2 Trench in sand 408 Supplementary problems for Chapter 8 413 9 Bearing Capacity of Soils 420 9.1 Terminology 420 9.1.1 Foundation pressure (σ) 420 9.1.2 Net foundation pressure (σn) 421 9.1.3 Effective overburden pressure (σ′0) 421 9.1.4 Ultimate bearing capacity (qu) 421 9.1.5 Net ultimate bearing capacity (qn) 421 9.1.6 Safe net bearing capacity (qsn) 422 9.1.7 Safe bearing capacity (qs) 422 9.1.8 Allowable foundation pressure (σa) 422 9.1.9 Presumed bearing values 424 9.2 Shallow strip footing 424 9.2.1 Terzaghi’s equation for qu 425 9.2.2 Effect of static water table 428 9.3 Influence of footing shape 435 9.4 Shallow rectangular footing 436 9.4.1 Method of Fellenius 438 9.5 Deep foundations 439 9.5.1 Moderately deep foundations 439 9.6 Standard penetration test (SPT) 443 9.7 Pile foundations z/B > 445 9.7.1 Types of pile 446 9.8 Some reasons for choosing piles 449 9.9 Some reasons for not choosing piles 451 9.10 Effects necessitating caution 451 9.11 Negative skin friction 453 9.12 Stress distribution around piles 455 9.13 Load-carrying capacity of piles 455 9.13.1 Static formulae 456 9.13.2 End-bearing resistance (Qe) 456 9.13.3 Shaft resistance (Qs) 457 9.13.4 Ultimate carrying capacity of pile 458 9.13.5 Allowable carrying capacity of piles (Qa) 458 9.13.6 Negative skin friction (Qf) 458 9.14 End bearing resistance and SPT 464 9.15 Influence of pile section on Qu 465 9.16 Group of piles 465 9.16.1 Eccentrically loaded pile group 468 9.16.2 Settlement of pile groups 471 9.16.3 Raking piles 472 Supplementary problems for Chapter 9 474 10 Stability of Slopes 479 10.1 Short-term and long-term stability 479 10.2 Total stress analysis (cohesive soils) 480 10.2.1 Homogeneous, pure clay (φu = 0) 480 10.2.2 Increasing the value of Fs 481 10.2.3 Minimum value of Fs 482 10.2.4 Potential slip surface 482 10.2.5 Determination of the factor of safety 483 10.2.6 Homogeneous c − φ soil (total stress analysis) 497 10.2.7 Stratified slopes 500 10.2.8 Slopes under water 501 10.2.9 Taylor’s stability numbers 505 10.3 Effective stress analysis (cohesive soils) 513 10.3.1 Method of slices (radial procedure) 513 10.3.2 Bishop’s conventional method 518 10.3.3 Bishop’s rigorous iterative method 519 10.4 Stability of infinite slopes 523 Supplementary problems for Chapter 10 528 11 Eurocode 7 530 11.1 Introduction 530 11.2 Recommended units 530 11.3 Limit states 531 11.4 Design procedures 531 11.5 Verification procedures 532 11.6 Application of partial factors 534 Appendices Appendix A Mass and Weight 552 Appendix B Units, Conversion Factors and Unity Brackets 556 Appendix C Simpson’s Rule 562 Appendix D Resultant Force and Its Eccentricity 567 Appendix E References 570 Index 572

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Book SynopsisA major revision of the comprehensive text/reference Written by world-leading geotechnical engineers who share almost 100 years of combined experience, Slope Stability and Stabilization, Second Edition assembles the background information, theory, analytical methods, design and construction approaches, and practical examples necessary to carry out a complete slope stability project. Retaining the best features of the previous edition, this new book has been completely updated to address the latest trends and methodology in the field. Features include: All-new chapters on shallow failures and stability of landfill slopes New material on probabilistic stability analysis, cost analysis of stabilization alternatives, and state-of-the-art techniques in time-domain reflectometry to help engineers plan and model new designs Tested and FHA-approved procedures for the geotechnical stage of highway, tunnel, and bridge projects Sound guidaTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. About the Authors. 1. General Slope Stability Concepts (Lee W. Abramson). 2. Engineering Geology Principles (Thomas S. Lee). 3. Groundwater Conditions (Thomas S. Lee). 4. Geologic Site Exploration (Thomas S. Lee). 5. Laboratory Testing and Interpretation (Sunil Sharma). 6. Slope Stability Concepts (Sunil Sharma). 7. Slope Stabilization Methods (Lee W. Abramson). 8. Design, Construction, and Maintenance (Glenn M. Boyce). 9. Shallow Failures (Thomas S. Lee). 10. Stability of Landfill Slopes (Lee W. Abramson). Index.

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Book SynopsisJ. Carlos Santamarina, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA in collaboration with Katherine A. Klein, University of Toronto, Canada; Moheb A. Fam, Cairo University, Egypt Soils are unique materials. Analogous to all other particulate materials, their properties depend on environmental parameters, such as confinement and fluid characteristics.Trade Review"an excellent reference" (Journal of Soils & Sediments)Table of ContentsPART ONE: INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1: Materials And Scales. PART TWO: PARTICULATE MATERIALS. Chapter 2: Characterization Of Particles And Particulate Media. Chapter 3: Particle-Fluid Interactions. Chapter 4: Load-Deformation Behavior. Chapter 5: Conduction And Diffusion - Soil Behavior. PART THREE: ELASTIC WAVES AND SOILS. Chapter 6: Elastic Waves In The Continuum. Chapter 7: Elastic Waves In Particulate Media. Chapter 8: Velocity And Attenuation: Data And Empirical Relations. Chapter 9: Laboratory Measurement Methods. PART FOUR: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND SOILS. Chapter 10: Electromagnetism. Chapter 11: Electromagnetic Properties: Physical Description And Analytical Models. Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Properties: Data And Empirical Relations. Chapter 13: Laboratory Measurement Methods. PART FIVE: PROCESS MONITORING. Chapter 14: Process Monitoring With Elastic And Electromagnetic Waves. APPENDIX A: MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS. REFERENCES.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the seismic design and retrofit of bridges. It provides detailed information on the seismic considerations in the design of a wide range of substructures including beam and slab, box girder, arch, cable, stayed, and suspension bridges.Table of ContentsSeismic Design Philosophy for Bridges. Seismicity and Geotechnical Considerations. Conceptual Design. Modeling and Analysis. Design. Design of Bridges Using Isolation and Dissipation Devices. Seismic Assessment of Existing Bridges. Retrofit Design. References. List of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work on rock mass classification contains previously unpublished material and authoritative case studies. It includes the fundamental concepts of classification schemes and critically appraises their practical applications in industrial projects such as mining.Table of ContentsRole of Rock Mass Classifications in Site Characterization andEngineering Design. Early Rock Mass Classifications. Geomechanics Classification (Rock Mass Rating System). Q-System. Other Classifications. Applications in Tunneling. Applications in Mining. Other Applications. Case Histories Data Base. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a concise, systematic and complete treatment of the design and construction of pile foundations. Discusses pile behavior under various loadings and types of piles and their installation, including consideration of soil parameters.Table of ContentsTypes of Piles and Pile Materials. Piling Equipment and Installation. Soil Parameters for Pile Analysis and Design. Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations for Vertical StaticLoads. Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations Under Lateral Loads. Pile Foundations Under Dynamic Loads. Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations in PermafrostEnvironments. Pile Load Tests. Buckling Loads of Slender Piles. Case Histories. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first hands-on instruction guide to landform grading and revegetation Landform grading provides a cost-effective, attractive, and environmentally compatible way to construct slopes and other landforms that are stable and that blend in with the natural surroundings. Landform grading design and construction technology have advanced rapidly during the past decade, and this book explains the technique, its uses, its various applications, and its significant advantages. Landforming: An Environmental Approach to Hillside Development, Mine Reclamation and Watershed Restoration, presents the first comprehensive and practical guidebook to the innovative techniques of landform grading and revegetation. Citing numerous practical applications in such areas as hillside housing developments, mass grading operations, surface mining and watershed reclamation projects, the authors--one an internationally recognized instructor and the other an engineer with over thirtyTrade Review"Landforming presents the first comprehensive, hands-on instruction guide for this emerging discipline." (Civil Engineering; 10/07)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Landform grading and Revegetation. 2. Surficial Erosion and Mass Wasting of Slopes. 3. Influence of Vegetation on Hillside Stability. 4. Influence of Topography on Slope Stability and Hydrology. 5. Geomorphic Evolution of Slopes. Hillside Grading Fundamentals. 7. Principles of Landform Grading. 8. Essential Design Elements for Slope Forms and Landforms. 9. Implementation of the Landform Grading Plan. 10. Public and Regulatory Response to Landform Grading. 11. Landforming Projects-Watershed Restoration and Mining Reclamation. 12. Landforming Projects-Hillside Developments and Mass-Grading Applications. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text addresses the hazard posed to engineering structures by salt weathering, which is an increasing one because of such diverse factors such as the spread of irrigation and high levels of atmospheric pollution.Table of ContentsPeface. Acknowledgements. The Hazard. Case Studies. Nature of Salts Involved in Salt Weathering and Sources ofMoisture. Materials' Susceptibility and Experimental Simulations. Mechanisms of Salt Attack. Geomorphological Implications of Salt Weathering. Diagnosing, Solving and Managing Salt weathering Hazards. Referenes. Index.

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Book SynopsisDynamic unbounded medium-structure interactions occur in manyfields of engineering and physical science, such as wavepropagation in soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions,acoustics and electromagnetism and as diffusion in heat conductionand consolidation. This book presents three novel concepts, basedon the finite-element methodology, to model the unboundedmedium: * The consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method, aboundary finite-element procedure, requires the discretization ofthe structure-medium interface only and is exact in thefinite-element sense. It is applied to unbounded media governed bythe hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic differentialequations. * The damping-solvent extraction method permits the analysis of abounded medium only. * The doubly-asymptotic multi-directional transmitting boundary isexact for the low- and high-frequency limits at preselected wavepropagation directions. All concepts are explained using simple examples that the reTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: SIMILARITY-BASED FORMULATION FOR UNIT-IMPULSE RESPONSE AND DYNAMICSTIFFNESS. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Unit-Impulse Response withDynamic Stiffness and Rational Approximation. Forecasting Method. Consistent Infinitesimal Finite-Element Cell Method Applied toBounded Medium. DAMPING-SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR DYNAMIC STIFFNESS AND INTERACTIONFORCE. Fundamentals of Damping-Solvent Extraction Method. DOUBLY-ASYMPTOTIC MULTI-DIRECTIONAL TRANSMITTING BOUNDARY. Concept and Numerical Implementation of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Accuracy and Modelling Procedure of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSafe Intrusive Activities on Land Potentially Impacted by Contamination provides health, safety and environmental information and good practice recommendations for professionals engaged with intrusive activities on land impacted by contamination, including individuals/organisations involved in specification, procurement, execution and more.Table of Contents1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LEGISLATION 2.1 General 2.2 Acts 2.3 Regulations 3.0 COMPETENCE, TRAINING & QUALIFICATIONS 3.1 General 3.2 Competence 3.3 Qualification Requirements 3.4 Training 4.0 MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY 5.0 DESK STUDIES 6.0 RISK ASSESSMENT 6.1 General 6.2 Hazard Identification 6.3 Hazard Assessment 6.4 Risk Estimation 6.5 Risk Evaluation 7.0 SITE CATEGORISATION 8.0 INTRUSIVE & NON INTRUSIVE METHODS & SITE PRACTICES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Non-intrusive Methods 8.3 Intrusive Methods 9.0 PROJECT SPECIFICATION 10.0 CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS 11.0 INSURANCE 12.0 HEALTH & SAFETY PLANNING 13.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SITE SAFETY EQUIPMENT 14.0 PLANT & EQUIPMENT 15.0 HEALTH SURVEILLANCE 16.0 SAFETY INDUCTION 17.0 SITE MANAGEMENT 17.1 Site Rules 17.2 Use of PPE/RPE/Decontamination Equipment 17.3 Prevention of Cross Contamination 17.4 Prevention of Contamination by Arisings 17.5 Limiting the Creation of Contamination Pathways 17.6 Control of Gas Emissions 17.7 Control of Fugitive Dust 17.8 Disposal of Excess Arisings & Other Materials 17.9 Visitors 18.0 HANDLING OF CONTAMINATED MATERIAL 18.1 General 18.2 Sampling 18.3 Containers 18.4 Transportation 19.0 STORAGE & DISPOSAL OF GEOTECHNICAL & CHEMICAL SAMPLES 20.0 BACKFILLING 30 20.1 Surface Settlement 20.2 Boreholes & Trial Pits 20.3 Large Excavations 21.0 DECOMMISSIONING & DEMOBILISING 30 21.1 Decommissioning of Monitoring Installations 21.2 Site Decommissioning REFERENCES APPENDICES A . Site Categorisation System B . Indicative Site Categorisation by Industry C. Personal Protective & Site Safety Equipment D. Flow Diagram of Key Health and Safety Processes E. Classification of Soil Samples for Disposal F. Non-intrusive Techniques – Relative Merits G. Intrusive Techniques – Relative Merits H. Additions to Bill of Quantities I . Suggested Topics to be covered during Safety Induction J. Definitions K . Respiratory Protective Equipment"

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Book SynopsisCore Principles of Soil Mechanics is a practical guide to the key concepts and latest developments in the field of soil mechanics.Table of Contents1. Geological and Basic Characteristics of Soil 2. Soil Classification 3. Stresses in Soil 4. Fluid Flow through Soil 5. Consolidation and Compressibility of Soil 6. Shear Strength of Soil 7. Thermal and Electrical Characteristics of Soil 8. Site Investigation 9. Compaction and Ground Improvement Techniques 10. Lateral Earth Pressures and Retaining Structures 11. Earth Slopes and Embankments 12. Shallow Foundations 13. Deep Foundations 14. Soil Arching and Buried Structures 15. Soil Dynamics and Machine Foundations 16. Pavement Geotechnics

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Book SynopsisProduced by the Institution of Civil Engineers, ICE Textbooks offer clear, concise and practical information on the major principles of civil and structural engineering. They are an indispensable companion to undergraduate audiencesTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Site investigation Chapter3. Ground improvement techniques Chapter 4. Shallow foundations Chapter 5. Deep foundations Chapter 6. Retaining structures Chapter 7. Slopes, Earth dams and embankments Chapter 8. Machine foundations Chapter 9. Burried structures and tunnels Chapter 10. Highway, airport and railway pavements Chapter 11. Geotechnical structures with geosynthetics

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Book SynopsisBio- and Chemo- Mechanical Processes in Geotechnical Engineering provides researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive introduction to the recent advances in the area and invaluable insight into the developments within this emerging field.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Chemo-mechanical investigations in soils 1.1 Clays 1.2 Other geo-materials 2. Bio-chemo-mechanical aspects in geomechanics 3. Overview and future challenges 4. Related Content

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Book SynopsisCivil Excavations and Tunnelling is a comprehensive guide to civil excavations at surface and subsurface levels with or without aid of explosives. It features descriptions of the latest methods, techniques, equipment, trends and practices, as well as guidance on safety and the environment.Civil Excavations and Tunnelling, Second edition: serves as a single point of extraction of multiple data for earthworks comprises numerous case studies to illustrate the challenges posed by different types of soil, as well as the pros and cons of different sets of equipment details the recent innovations in tunnel boring machines (TBMs), including crossover, variable density and multi-mode TBMs includes key points and learning questions that allow readers to test their knowledge highlights best practices, sustainability in operations, loss-prevention strategies, and occupational health, safety and environment issues Excavation is a mul

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Book SynopsisLandslide Risk Assessment, Third Edition is the essential guide on establishing the likelihood and extent to which future slope failures could adversely impact society and affect urban areas.

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Book SynopsisICE Manual of Geotechnical Engineering, Second edition brings together an exceptional breadth of material to provide a definitive reference on geotechnical engineering solutions. Written and edited by leading specialists, each chapter provides contemporary guidance and best practice knowledge for civil and structural engineers in the field.

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Book SynopsisDescribing the methods and practices in the field of subsurface drainage for slope stability, this book discusses general principles of reducing pressure by drainage. The mechanics of water flow in soil, rock, aggregates, geotextiles, and pipes are covered. Filtration theory and filter design are presented in a geotechnical context.

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Book SynopsisPresents information in active research and practical interest in the field of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. This book covers topics including methods for liquefaction assessment, constitutive modeling, cyclic shear strength, soil-structure interaction, dam engineering, soil improvement, and probabilistic methods.

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Book SynopsisSelected papers from the First International Symposium on Pavement and Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure held in Nanchang, China, June 5-7, 2011. Sponsored by the Nanchang Hangkong University and the International Association of Chinese Infrastructure Professionals (IACIP) in cooperation with the Geo-Institute of ASCE. Pavement and Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation contains 20 papers that represent the latest developments in the application of soil, rock, and paving materials to the study and application of geomechanics and transportation geotechnology. Topics include pavement structure and subgrade preparation such as: the use of chemical additives and geogrid reinforcement; performance assessment of concrete and asphalt mixtures; mathematical models for the simulation of geotechnical problems; and evaluation of soil types in relation to slope failure, consolidation, and embankment behaviour. This Geotechnical Practice Publication focuses on the appl

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Book SynopsisPresents the challenges of cold regions engineering in a changing climate, as well as the current practices and state-of-the-art tools for addressing them. The book is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, and government agencies involved in cold regions engineering and the mitigation of frost action.

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Book SynopsisAn essential guide to improving preliminary geotechnical analysis and design from limited data Soil Properties and their Correlations, Second Edition provides a summary of commonly-used soil engineering properties and gives a wide range of correlations between the various properties, presented in the context of how they will be used in geotechnical design. The book is divided into 11 chapters: Commonly-measured properties; Grading and plasticity; Density; Permeability, Consolidation and settlement; Shear strength; California bearing ratio; Shrinkage and swelling characteristics; Frost susceptibility; Susceptibility to combustion; and Soil-structure interfaces. In addition, there are two appendices: Soil classification systems; and Sampling methods. This new, more comprehensive, edition provides material that would be of practical assistance to those faced with the problem of having to estimate soil behaviour from little or no laboratory test data.<Table of ContentsPreface x Acknowledgements xii List of Symbols xiii List of Property Values and Correlations in the Tables and Figures xx 1 Commonly Measured Properties 1 1.1 Moisture Content 2 1.1.1 Test Methods 2 1.2 Grading 3 1.2.1 Test Methods 4 1.3 Plasticity 7 1.3.1 Test Methods 7 1.4 Specific Gravity of Soil Particles 10 1.4.1 Test Method 10 1.5 Soil Density 11 1.5.1 Test Methods 12 1.6 Permeability 16 1.6.1 Test Methods 17 1.7 Consolidation 19 1.7.1 Test Method 20 1.8 Shear Strength 21 1.8.1 Test Methods 22 1.8.2 Choice of Shear Strength Test 27 1.9 Standard Compaction Test 27 1.9.1 Test Method 27 1.10 California Bearing Ratio 30 1.10.1 Test Method 30 1.11 Other Properties 32 1.11.1 Swelling Potential 32 1.11.2 Frost Susceptibility 32 1.11.3 Combustible Content 33 References 33 2 Grading and Plasticity 34 2.1 Grading 34 2.1.1 The influence of Grading on Soil Properties 35 2.1.2 Standard Grading Divisions 36 2.2 Plasticity 38 2.2.1 Consistency Limits 41 2.2.2 Development of the Liquid and Plastic Limit Tests 42 2.2.3 Plasticity Test Results and Plasticity Descriptions 43 2.2.4 The Shrinkage Limit Test 43 2.2.5 Consistency Limits as Indicators of Soil Behaviour 45 2.2.6 Limitations of the Use of Plasticity Limits 47 References 47 3 Density 49 3.1 Density in the Context of Soils 49 3.1.1 Density Relationships 50 3.1.2 Typical Natural Density Values 53 3.2 Compacted Density 53 3.2.1 Typical Compacted Density Values 54 3.2.2 Quick Estimates of Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content 55 3.3 Relative Density 59 3.3.1 Field Measurement of Relative Density 59 3.3.2 SPT Correction Factors 60 3.3.3 Other Dynamic Cone Tests 64 3.3.4 Static Cone Tests 65 References 66 4 Permeability 68 4.1 Effects of Soil Macro]Structure 69 4.2 Typical Values 69 4.3 Permeability and Grading 71 References 73 5 Consolidation and Settlement 74 5.1 Compressibility of Clays 75 5.1.1 Compressibility Parameters 75 5.1.2 Settlement Calculations Using Consolidation Theory 78 5.1.3 Settlement Calculations Using Elastic Theory 79 5.1.4 Typical Values and Correlations of Compressibility Coefficients 81 5.1.5 Settlement Corrections 84 5.2 Rate of Consolidation of Clays 86 5.3 Secondary Compression 88 5.4 Settlement of Sands and Gravels 92 5.4.1 Methods Based on Standard Penetration Tests 93 5.4.2 Methods Based on Plate Bearing Tests 101 5.5 Assessment of Settlement Parameters from Static Cone Penetration Testing 102 5.5.1 Coefficient of Volume Compressibility 102 5.5.2 Coefficient of Consolidation 103 References 105 6 Shear Strength 107 6.1 Stresses Within a Material 108 6.1.1 The Mohr Diagram 108 6.1.2 Relationships of Stresses at a Point 108 6.2 Shear Strength in Soils 113 6.3 The Choice of Total or Effective Stress Analysis 116 6.3.1 The Choice in Practice 116 6.4 Peak, Residual and Constant]Volume Shear Strength 118 6.5 Undrained Shear Strength of Clays 119 6.5.1 Consistency and Remoulded Shear Strength 119 6.5.2 Consistency and Undisturbed Shear Strength 120 6.5.3 Estimates Using the Standard Penetration Test 126 6.5.4 Estimates Using Dynamic Cone Tests 128 6.5.5 Estimates Using Static Cone Tests 130 6.6 Drained and Effective Shear Strength of Clays 130 6.7 Shear Strength of Granular Soils 132 References 136 7 California Bearing Ratio 138 7.1 Correlations with Soil Classification Tests 139 7.2 Correlations with Soil Classification Systems 144 7.3 CBR and Undrained Shear Strength 144 7.4 An Alternative to CBR Testing 148 References 149 8 Shrinkage and Swelling Characteristics 151 8.1 Identification 151 8.2 Swelling Potential 153 8.2.1 Swelling Potential in Relation to other Properties 153 8.2.2 Reliability of Swell Predictions Based on Correlations 160 8.3 Swelling Pressure 160 References 162 9 Frost Susceptibility 164 9.1 Ice Segregation 164 9.2 Direct Measurement of Frost Susceptibility 166 9.3 Indirect Assessment of Frost Susceptibility 167 9.3.1 Grading 167 9.3.2 Plasticity 169 9.3.3 Predictions Based on Segregation Potential 171 9.4 Choosing a Suitable Method of Evaluating Frost Susceptibility 173 References 174 10 Susceptibility to Combustion 175 Reference 176 11 Soil-Structure Interfaces 177 11.1 Lateral Pressures in a Soil Mass 177 11.1.1 Earth Pressure at Rest 178 11.2 Friction and Adhesion at Interfaces 180 11.2.1 Values Relating to Specific Types of Structure 180 References 184 Appendix A Soil Classification Systems 186 A.1 Systems Based on the Casagrande System 187 A.1.1 The Unified System 187 A.1.2 The ASTM System 189 A.1.3 The British Standard System 189 A.2 The AASHTO System 194 A.3 Comparison of the Unified, AASHTO and BS Systems 198 References 199 Appendix B Sampling Methods 200 B.1 Pits and Borings 201 B.1.1 Trial Pits 201 B.1.2 Light Cable Percussion Borings 202 B.1.3 Rotary Boring 204 B.1.4 Window Samplers and Windowless Samplers 204 B.2 Sampling and Samplers 206 B.2.1 Disturbed Samples 206 B.2.2 Open]Drive Samplers 206 B.2.3 Piston Samplers 209 B.2.4 The Standard Penetration Test 210 B.3 Probes 212 B.3.1 Dynamic Probes 212 B.3.2 Static Probes 213 Reference 217 Index 218

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Book SynopsisIn order to describe soil–structure interaction in various situations (nonlinear, static, dynamic, hydro-mechanical couplings), this book gives an overview of the main modeling methods developed in geotechnical engineering. The chapters are centered around: the finite element method (FEM), the finite difference method (FDM), and the discrete element method (DEM). Deterministic Numerical Modeling of Soil–Structure Interaction allows the reader to explore the classical and well-known FEM and FDM, using interface and contact elements available for coupled hydro-mechanical problems.Furthermore, this book provides insight on the DEM, adapted for interaction laws at the grain level. Within a classical finite element framework, the concept of macro-element is introduced, which generalizes constitutive laws of SSI and is particularly straightforward in dynamic situations. Finally, this book presents the SSI, in the case of a group of structures, such as buildings in a town, using the notion of metamaterials and a geophysics approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Hydro-mechanically Coupled Interface Finite Element for the Modeling of Soil–Structure Interactions: Application to Offshore Constructions 1Benjamin CERFONTAINE and Robert CHARLIER 1.1. Introduction 2 1.1.1. The finite element method (FEM) 2 1.1.2. Review of existing contact formulations 3 1.1.3. Objectives 7 1.2. Governing equations of the interface problem 7 1.2.1 .Mechanical problem 8 1.2.2. Flow problem 12 1.2.3. Couplings between mechanical and flow problems 15 1.3. Numerical formulation of the element 16 1.3.1. Space and fluid pressure discretization 16 1.3.2. Mechanical problem 17 1.3.3. Flow problem 19 1.3.4. Time discretization 19 1.3.5. Stiffness matrix 20 1.4. Application 20 1.4.1. Suction caissons 20 1.4.2. Problem description 22 1.4.3. Tension loading 26 1.4.4. Lateral loading 37 1.5. Conclusion and perspectives 47 1.5.1. Conclusion 47 1.5.2. Perspectives 48 1.6. References 49 Chapter 2. DEM Approach for the Modeling of Geotechnical Structures in Interaction with Reinforcements 55Pascal VILLARD 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Discrete modeling 56 2.2.1. General concepts of the discrete modeling approach 56 2.2.2. Specific interaction between discrete particles and reinforcement elements 59 2.2.3. Numerical strategy for geotechnical structure modelling using DEM 61 2.3. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with rigid piles 61 2.3.1. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles 64 2.3.2. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles under cyclic loadings 71 2.4. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with flexible and deformable reinforcement – comparison with experiment results 76 2.4.1. Numerical and experimental behavior of geosynthetic tubes filled with granular material 78 2.4.2. Numerical and experimental behavior of granular embankments reinforced with geosynthetic in areas prone to subsidence 87 2.5. Conclusion 96 2.6. References 96 Chapter 3. SSI Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Problems Using a Finite Difference Method 101Daniel DIAS and Orianne JENCK 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. The finite difference method using an explicit scheme 102 3.3. Application of the finite difference method to soil–structure interaction problems 104 3.3.1. Structural elements 105 3.3.2. Interfaces 107 3.3.3. Constitutive models for soil 108 3.3.4. Dimension of the problem 111 3.3.5. Monotonic, quasi-static cyclic and dynamic loadings 112 3.4. Some application examples in the geotechnical engineering field 112 3.4.1. Reinforced retaining walls 112 3.4.2. Tunneling 115 3.4.3. Soft soil improvement using vertical rigid piles 121 3.5. Conclusion 138 3.6. References 139 Chapter 4. Macroelements for Soil–Structure Interaction 143Diana SALCIARINI, Stéphane GRANGE, Claudio TAMAGNINI and Panagiotis KOTRONIS 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. The concept of generalized forces: Eurocode 8 recommendations 145 4.3. Macroelements for shallow foundations 148 4.3.1. Generalities 148 4.3.2. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hardening elastoplasticity 150 4.3.3. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hypoplasticity 151 4.4. The considered macroelements 154 4.4.1. The elastoplastic macroelement 154 4.4.2. The hypoplastic macroelement 156 4.5. Case study: seismic response of a reinforced concrete viaduct 160 4.5.1. Features of the viaduct 160 4.5.2. The finite element model of the viaduct and its foundations 161 4.5.3. Seismic input 163 4.6. Calibration of the macroelements 164 4.7. Results of the numerical simulations 167 4.7.1. Forces and displacements in the structural elements 167 4.7.2. Displacements of the abutment and the foundations 170 4.8. Concluding remarks 172 4.9. References 175 Chapter 5. Urban Seismology: Experimental Approach to Soil–Structure Interaction Towards the Concept of Meta-city 181Philippe GUÉGUEN, Philippe ROUX and Andrea COLOMBI 5.1. Introduction 181 5.1.1. Observation of soil–structure interaction under weak and strong seismic loading 183 5.1.2. Contamination of urban seismic motion by the vibration of buildings 196 5.1.3. Conclusion 202 5.2. References 203 List of Authors 211 Index 213

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Soils in Urban Environments is a concise book explaining how urban soils develop, change and erode. Soils provide the foundation for buildings and infrastructure, and the medium for plant growth in fields, parks and gardens. They can act as a sink for waste, and can be contaminated in urban areas by heavy metals, organic chemicals and other contaminants. Soil properties such as water retention, salinity and acidity can cause environmental and structural problems for buildings and other engineering works. This text recognises and draws attention to the particular nature of soils in urban environments and discusses their distinctive management needs. Since the first edition was published in 2011, it has been used across a wide range of disciplines, many of which require an understanding of urban soil and specific soil properties that cause environmental concern. Urban soils are now recognised as much more important now than they were ten years ago, when they were seen as a poor relation to agriculture. The need for better understanding of all aspects of this topic has become evident especially at conferences in the last 5 years in Australia and internationally, where urban soils are now included as specific sections, not just as subsets such as contamination. This new edition updates and expands on the original text, including a specific chapter on the use of manufactured soil for rehabilitation and recreation, and additional case studies in other chapters, particularly contamination. The text is updated throughout to address the increasing importance of soil health for seed banks and parklands, and its implications for planning developments, the legal determination of bioregions, and addressing environmental issues that can arise from mismanagement of urban soils.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Soils in an urban environment Chapter 2: Soil characteristics important for urban soil management Chapter 3: Soils and the hydrological cycle in urban environments Chapter 4: Soil property problems for engineering works Chapter 5: Soil contamination in urban areas Chapter 6: Urban soils and ecosystems Chapter 7: Soils and vegetation: contributing to a more sustainable urban environment Chapter 8: Urban development on coastal soils Chapter 9: Interpretation of soil attributes in an urban environment

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Book SynopsisAgriculture is strongly affected by changes in soil hydrology as well as by changes in land use and management practices and the complex interactions between them. This book aims to expand our knowledge and understanding of these interactions on a watershed scale, using soil hydrology models, and to address the consequences of land use and management changes on agriculture from a research perspective. Case studies illustrate the impact of land use and management practices on various soil hydrological parameters under different climates and ecosystems.Table of Contents1: Introduction to soil hydrology 2: Hydrology past, present and future 3: Over-view of existing soil hydrology models 4: Modeling agricultural management systems with APEX 5: Application of WEPP model to hillslopes and small watersheds in the US 6: Application of WEPP a distributed hydrological model on some Austria Watersheds 7: Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for hydrological modelling in Germany 8: Spatially Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in Illinois River Drainage Area in Arkansas Using SWAT 9: Application of a distributed hydrological model for hydrological modeling in India 10: Application of RZWQM for hydrological modeling in Alcalde Basin of Northern New Mexico 11: A comprehensive, physically based model for surface and subsurface hydrology for small catchments 12: Effects of artificial drainage on water regime and solute transport at different spatial scales 13: Effect of land use and soil management on soil properties and processes 14: Land use and agricultural management systems effects on subsurface drain water quality and crop yields 15: Different types of climatic datasets for hydrological analysis 16: Climate change and soil hydrology: European perspective 17: Modeling the impacts of climate change on water balance and agricultural productivity in southern Portugal using SWAT 18: Soil hydrology, runoff, and soil erosion under future climate change 19: Remote sensing and soil hydrology

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Book SynopsisThis title provides a comprehensive overview of elastoplasticity relating to soil and rocks. Following a general outline of the models of behavior and their internal structure, each chapter develops a different area of this subject relating to the author's particular expertise. The first half of the book concentrates on the elastoplasticity of soft soils and rocks, while the second half examines that of hard soils and rocks.Table of ContentsPreface to the English Edition xi Preface to the French xiii Chapter 1. The Main Classes of Constitutive Relations 1 Félix DARVE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The rheological functional 3 1.3. Incremental formulation of constitutive relations 5 1.4. Rate-independent materials 6 1.4.1. Non-linearity of G and H 7 1.4.2. Anisotropy of G and H 7 1.4.3. Homogenity of degree 1 of G and H 8 1.5. Notion of tensorial zones 9 1.6. The main classes of rate-independent constitutive relations 11 1.6.1. Constitutive relations with one tensorial zone 11 1.6.2. Constitutive relations with two tensorial zones 12 1.6.3. Constitutive relations with four tensorial zones 19 1.6.4. Constitutive relations with n tensorial zones (n > 4) 23 1.6.5. Constitutive relations with an infinite number of tensorial zones 23 1.6.6. Conclusion 24 1.7. The main constitutive relations for rate-dependent materials 25 1.7.1. First class of incremental strain decomposition 25 1.7.2. Second class of incremental strain decomposition 26 1.8. General conclusions 27 1.9. References 28 Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Soil Deformation 31 Jean BIAREZ and Pierre-Yves HICHER 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Remolded soil behavior 32 2.3. Relationships between discontinuous and continuous medium 44 2.3.1. Granular materials 47 2.3.2. Remolded clayey materials 48 2.3.3. Granular materials with intergranular glue 51 2.4. Natural soils 55 2.5. Conclusion 73 2.6. References 73 Chapter 3. Elastoplastic Modeling of Soils: Monotonous Loadings 77 Philippe MESTAT, Emmanuel BOURGEOIS and Philippe REIFFSTECK 3.1. Introduction 77 3.2. Elastoplasticity equations 78 3.2.1. Basic concepts 78 3.2.2. Yield surface and elastic domain 79 3.2.3. Plastic flow rule 80 3.2.4. Incremental relations for one plastic mechanism model 81 3.2.5. Incremental relationships for multi-mechanism elastoplasticity 83 3.3. Constitutive laws and laboratory tests 84 3.4. Characterization of natural cohesive soil behavior 86 3.4.1. Analysis of triaxial test results 86 3.4.2. Analysis of oedometer tests 87 3.4.3. Elasto-viscoplasticity or elastoplasticity? 88 3.5. Characterization of frictional soil behavior 88 3.5.1. Analysis of triaxial test results 88 3.5.2. Elastoplasticity framework for frictional soils 91 3.6. Principles for the derivation of elastoplastic models 92 3.6.1. Elastic behavior 92 3.6.2. Estimation of the plastic behavior 96 3.6.3. Failure surface 97 3.6.4. Total and plastic strains 102 3.6.5. Plastic potential 103 3.6.6. Yield surface 107 3.7. Three-dimensional aspect of the models and calculation of geotechnical works 116 3.8. Examples of perfect elastoplastic models 117 3.8.1. The Mohr-Coulomb model 117 3.8.2. The Drücker-Prager model 121 3.9. Examples of elastoplastic models with hardening 124 3.9.1. University of Cambridge models (Cam-Clay models) 124 3.9.2. Nova model (1982 version) 129 3.9.3. Mélanie model 131 3.10. Conclusions 136 3.11. Notations 138 3.12. References 138 Chapter 4. Elastoplastic Modeling of Soils: Cyclic Loading 143 Bernard CAMBOU and Pierre-Yves HICHER 4.1. Soil behavior under drained loading 143 4.1.1. Isotropic and oedometric cyclic loading 143 4.1.2. Cyclic triaxial loading 144 4.1.3. Influence of rotating principal axes 148 4.2. Isochoric triaxial tests 149 4.3. Modeling soil cyclic behavior 154 4.3.1. Difficulties involved in the modeling of the soil cyclic behavior in the framework of elastoplasticity 155 4.3.2. The Masing model 157 4.4. Models based on one or several independent yield surfaces 160 4.4.1. The CJS model 161 4.5. Models based on nested yield surfaces 166 4.5.1. Models with nested yield surfaces: the Mroz model 167 4.5.2. Model with infinite yield surfaces: the Hujeux model 168 Deviatoric mechanisms (k = 1, 2, 3) 169 4.5.3. Models with two yield surfaces: the Dafalias model 176 4.5.4. Models with two yield surfaces: the Hashigushi model 178 4.5.5. Models with two yield surfaces: CJS 4 model 179 4.6. Generalized plasticity models 181 4.7. Parameter identification for cyclic plasticity models 182 4.8. Conclusion 183 4.9. References 183 Chapter 5. Elastoplastic Behavior of Ductile Porous Rocks 187 Jian-Fu SHAO and Shou-Yi XIE 5.1. Introduction 187 5.2. Review of typical mechanical behavior of porous rocks 188 5.3. Formulation of the constitutive model 192 5.3.1. Plastic pore collapse model 194 5.3.2. Plastic shearing model 195 5.4. Examples of numerical simulations 198 5.5. Influence of water saturation 200 5.6. Creep deformation 204 5.7. Conclusion 206 5.8. References 207 Chapter 6. Incremental Constitutive Relations for Soils 211 René CHAMBON, Félix DARVE and Farid LAOUAFA 6.1. Incremental nature of constitutive relations 211 6.2. Hypoplastic CloE models 213 6.2.1. Irreversibility in hypoplasticity 214 6.2.2. Limit states 216 6.2.3. A simple example: the 2D Mohr-Coulomb model 219 6.2.4. Use in boundary value problems 221 6.2.5. Explicit criterion of localization 222 6.2.6. Induced anisotropy 224 6.2.7. Extension to media with internal length 225 6.2.8. Examples of application 226 6.3. Incrementally non-linear constitutive relations 229 6.3.1. Formalism 229 6.3.2. Continuous transition between non-linear and octo-linear interpolations 234 6.3.3. Significant degenerations 238 6.3.4. Applications 240 6.3.5. Conclusions 255 6.4. General conclusion 255 6.5. References 257 Chapter 7. Viscoplastic Behavior of Soils 261 Pierre-Yves HICHER and Isam SHAHROUR 7.1. Introduction 261 7.2. Laboratory testing 262 7.2.1. Strain rate influence 262 7.2.2. Creep tests 265 7.3. Constitutive models 277 7.3.1. Modeling framework 277 7.3.2. Perzyna’s formulation 278 7.4. Numerical integration of viscoplastic models 280 7.5. Viscoplastic models for clays 281 7.5.1. Choice of the viscoplastic mechanisms 281 7.5.2. Viscoplastic models derived from the elastoplastic Cam-Clay model 284 7.5.3. Cyclic viscoplastic modeling 294 7.6. Conclusion 295 7.7. References 296 Chapter 8. Damage Modeling of Rock Materials 299 André DRAGON 8.1. Introduction 299 8.2. Modeling of damage by mesocracks and induced anisotropy 302 8.2.1. Preliminaries: damage variables and some micromechanical bases 302 8.2.2. Anisotropic damage model (basic model - level (i)) 306 8.2.3. Comments on the identification of the model’s parameters and on its prediction capability 314 8.3. Taking into account mesocrack closure effects: restitution of moduli and complex hysteretic phenomena 322 8.3.1. Normal unilateral effect 322 8.3.2. Introduction of friction 329 8.4. Numerical integration and application examples – concluding notes 336 8.5. References 342 Chapter 9. Multiscale Modeling of Anisotropic Unilateral Damage in Quasibrittle Geomaterials: Formulation and Numerical Applications 347 Djimédo KONDO, Qizhi ZHU, Jian-Fu SHAO and Vincent PENSEE 9.1. Introduction 347 9.2. Homogenization of microcracked materials: basic principles and macroscopic energy 349 9.3. Formulation of the multiscale anisotropic unilateral damage model 354 9.3.1. Constitutive equations 354 9.3.2. Friction-damage coupling and evolution laws 358 9.4. Computational aspects and implementation of the multiscale damage model 360 9.4.1. Determination of the tangent matrix 360 9.4.2. Local integration of the model 361 9.5. Illustration of the model predictions for shear tests 363 9.6. Model’s validation for laboratory data including true triaxial tests 364 9.6.1. Validation by comparison with conventional triaxial compression tests 365 9.6.2. Simulations of true triaxial compression tests 367 9.7. Application on an underground structure: evaluation of the excavation damage zone (EDZ) 369 9.8. Conclusions 373 9.9. References 374 Chapter 10. Poromechanical Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Rocks 377 Jian-Fu SHAO and Albert GIRAUD 10.1. Introduction 377 10.2. Fundamentals of linear poroelasticity 378 10.3. Fundamentals of poroplasticity 382 10.4. Damage modeling of saturated brittle materials 385 10.4.1. Experimental characterization 386 10.4.2. Numerical modeling 394 10.5. Conclusion 401 10.6. References 402 Chapter 11. Parameter Identification 405 Pierre-Yves HICHER and Jian-Fu SHAO 11.1. Introduction 405 11.2. Analytical methods 407 11.3. Correlations applied to parameter identification 407 11.4. Optimization methods 413 11.4.1. Numerical formulation 414 11.4.2. Examples of parameter identification by means of laboratory testing 416 11.4.3. Parameter identification from in situ testing 418 11.5. Conclusion 430 11.6. References 430 List of Authors 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThe environmental field has evolved since its beginnings in 1970 with the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and further with the 1980 passage of CERCLA legislation (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), commonly known as Superfund. Many site characterization studies and remediation designs have also evolved since that time. In order for the Environmental Engineer to understand the behavior and design remediation of the chemicals and pollutants in the environment, knowledge of the principles and tenets of geology is critical. Geology means the study of the Earth and is the science that seeks to collect, correlate, and interpret facts concerning the Earth. Its scope is almost boundless. The cycle that gives origin to the different types of rock and the geologic processes that produce the soils is discussed. On a macro scale, it seeks to discover the origin of the Earth, of mountains, valleys, glaciers, rocks, volcanoes, and a myriad number of other phenomena. Plate tectonics, continental drift, and subduction zones all played a role in the formation of our planet. On the micro scale, geology seeks to understand fluid flow through small pores and fractures. The fate and transport of chemicals through soils and especially through bedrock is a function of the geology. The rock structure and its understanding of the geologic processes which produce fractures and allows fluid flow is a major factor in remediation design.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents selected papers presented during the 4th International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics. The papers address the geotechnical challenges in design, construction, maintenance, monitoring, and upgrading of roads, railways, airfields, and harbor facilities and other ground transportation infrastructure with the goal of providing safe, economic, environmental, reliable and sustainable infrastructures. This volume will be of interest to postgraduate students, academics, researchers, and consultants working in the field of civil and transport infrastructure. Table of ContentsThemes:

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents select papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. The papers discuss advances in the fields of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. Some of the themes include ground response analysis & local site effect, seismic slope stability and landslides, application of AI in geotechnical earthquake engineering, etc. A strong emphasis is placed on connecting academic research and field practice, with many examples, case studies, best practices, and discussions on performance based design. This volume will be of interest to researchers and practicing engineers alike. Table of ContentsGround Response Analysis with Deep Bedrock Depth in Indo-Gangetic Plains.- Soil Amplification Study for Kolkata Region.- Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Subsurface Shear Wave Velocity Investigation using Ground Vibration Data.- Nonlinear Soil Amplification Models for a Moderately Active Seismic Zone in India.- Prediction of Future Surface PGA in the States of Indo-Gangetic Basin Considering Site Specific Studies.- Synthetic Ground Motion Simulation for Varanasi City.- Dynamic Study of Existing Structure Influenced by Adjacent Deep Excavation.- 1D and 2D Dynamic Site Response of Landfill Site through Numerical Analysis.- A Study on Characteristics of Soil Profile of Guwahati City against Different Ground Motions: 1D Non Linear Ground Response Analysis.- One Dimensional Ground Response Analysis to Arrive at Surface Peak Ground Acceleration- A Case Study of Golaghat District in Assam.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a brief history and a general overview of the state of surface mining technology with topics ranging from the principles to surface mining methods, systems, and pit planning design. It starts with the definition of surface mine and ends with land reclamation and mine closure. The following chapters address the basics of mineral economics, calculation of stripping ratio; exploitation of difficult parts of ore deposits, slope stability, controlling falls and slides in the surface mines, sorts of freight traffic, scrapers, bulldozers, and loaders. The book serves as a reference text for mining students, engineers, and geologists.Table of ContentsChapter 1 1. Introduction to Mining 1.1. Advancements in Mining Technology 1.2. Introductory to Mining 1.2.1 Mineral 1.2.2 Rock 1.2.3 Metallic ores 1.2.4 Nonmetallic minerals (also known as industrial minerals) 1.3. Surface Mine Terminology 1.4. The Choice between Surface and Underground Mining 1.5. Surface Mining 1.5.1. Open Pit Mining 1.5.2. Open cast mining 1.5.3. Glory Holing 1.5.4. Quarrying or Quarry Mining 1.5.5. Strip Mining 1.5.6. Auger Mining 1.5.7. Placer Mining or Alluvial Mining 1.5.7.1. Panning and Sluicing 1.5.7.2. Hydraulic Mining 1.5.7.3. Dredging 1.5.7.4. In Situ Leaching 1.6. Underground mining 1.7. Preparation of Open pit Field for Mining 1.8. Stages in the Life of a Mine 1.8.1. Prospecting 1.8.2. Exploration 1.8.3. Development 1.8.4. Exploitation 1.8.5. Reclamation 1.9 Unit Operations of Mining Chapter 2 2 Principles of Surface Mining of Mineral Deposits 2.1. Mine Layout 2.1.1. The shape and depth of the deposit 2.1.2. The properties of the ore and overburden 2.1.3. The geometry of the excavating equipment (digging height, dumping height and reach). 2.2. Types of Surface Mining Deposits 2.2.1. As regards their shape 2.2.2. The surface relief 2.2.3. Depending on their position 2.2.4. By the angle of inclination (dip) 2.2.5. The Capacity or depth of deposits 2.2.6. The quality of a mineral 2.2.7. By the prevailing type of rock 2.3. Kinds of Surface Mining 2.4. Kinds and Sizes of Open-pit Fields 2.5. Variations of Open Pit Mining 2.6. Surface Mining Economics 2.6.1. The Concept of “Cut-off” 2.6.2. Profit Margin 2.7. Maximum vs. Overall Stripping Ratio 2.8. Different stripping ratios 2.8.1. Industrial excavation ratio 2.8.2. Exploitation excavation ratio 2.8.3. Current excavation ratio 2.8.4. Expansion excavation ratio 2.8.5. Layer ratio 2.8.6. Border excavation ratio (Critical ratio) 2.9. Difficult parts 2.9.1. Case 1.a: Difficult part near to one of the borders 2.9.2. Case 1. b: Difficult part near to two borders: 2.9.3. Case 2- Turning Point: 2.9.4. Case 3-Intersection: 2.10. The important coefficients in surface mining Chapter 3 3. Slope Stability 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Physical properties of the Soil slope material 3.2.1. Formation of Soil 3.2.2. Soil Types 3.3. Some Physical Properties of Soil 3.3.1. Soil Moisture Content 3.3.2. Permeability 3.3.3. Capillarity 3.3.4. Shear strength of the soil slope material 3.4. Stability Analysis of Slopes 3.4.1. Factors Contributing to Slope Failures 3.4.2. Classification of slides 3.4.3. Mode of Rupture 3.4.4. Plane Rupture Surfaces 3.4.5. Circular Sliding Surface 3.4.6. Seepage Force 3.4.7. Seismic Forces 3.4.8. Friction-Circle Method 3.4.9. Remedial Work against Failures of Slopes Chapter 4 4. Prevention of slides and falls in surface mines 4.1. General Characteristics of Slides and falls in Opencast Mines 4.2. Stability of Pit Benches and Faces 4.3. Stability of Pit Wall 4.4. Stability of Waste Banks Chapter 5 5. Surface Mine Development 5.1 Order of Development of Opencast Mining Work 5.2 The Concepts of Regimes and Stages of Mining Work 5.3 The Theory of Stripping of Mining Levels 5.3.1 The Order of Formation of Freight Traffic 5.3.2 Kinds of Freight Traffic 5.3.3 Prerequisites for the Formation of Freight Traffic 5.3.4 Initial Stages of Mining Work Development 5.3.5 Stripping Workings. 5.3.6 Methods of Stripping of Working Levels in a Quarry 5.3.7 Routes of Stripping Workings 5.3.8 Route Forms of Permanent Workings 5.3.9 Volumes of Main Trenches and Half-trenches* 5.3.10 Working Trenches and Pits 5.4 The Nature of Surface Mining 5.4.1 Land Reclamation 5.4.2 Topsoil Stockpiles and Waste Disposal 5.4.3 Advanced Stripping 5.4.4 Plant Layout 5.5 Pit Planning and Design 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Long-Term Mine Planning 5.5.3 Short-Term Mining Planning 5.5.4 Stripping ratio and pit limit 5.6 Special topics 5.6.1 Calculation of stripping ratios and pit limits 6. Surface Mining Equipments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Types of draglines 6.2.1 Size of dragline (range and capacity): 6.2.2 The output of draglines 6.2.3 Mining Method 6.2.4 Average mining load per cycle 6.2.5 Fillability: 6.2.6 Cycle times 6.2.7 Theoretical Swing Time 6.2.8 Mining Cycle Time 6.2.9 Percent Operating Time 6.2.10 Costs 6.2.11 Outputs of clamshells 6.2.12 Working ranges of clamshells 6.2.13 Production Rate 6.3 Continuous Excavators (Bucket Wheel and Chain Diggers) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Material Transport 6.3.3 Sizing and Operating a BWE 6.3.4 Example of BWE Selection 6.3.5 Estimating BWE costs 6.3.6 Selection of Type of Hauling Equipment 6.3.7 Definition of Payloads 6.3.8 Cost Estimating 6.3.9 Ownership cost items 6.3.10 Operating cost items 6.3.11 Development data for above 6.4 Loading and excavation 6.4.1 Materials Handling 6.4.2 Principles of Loading 6.4.3 Selection of Equipment 6.5 Haulage and hoisting 6.5.1 Principles of Haulage and Hoisting Chapter 7 7. Rock Extraction with Scrapers, Bulldozers and Loaders 7.1 Technological Parameters of Wheeled Scrapers 7.2 Mining Rock with Scrapers 7.2.1 Scraper Capacity 7.3 Rock Extraction with Bulldozers 7.3.1 Bulldozer Capacity 7.4 Technological Fundamentals of Mining Automation 7.5 Technological Characteristics of Loaders 7.5.1 Rock Extraction with Loaders 7.5.2 Loader Capacity 7.6 Rock Extraction with Single-Bucket Excavators 7.6.1 Technological Parameters of Power Shovels 7.7 Working Parameters of Draglines 7.7.1 Dragline Faces 7.7.2 Road width 7.7.3 Services 7.7.4 Stockpiles 7.7.5 Mine layout 8. Surface Mining Methods and Systems 8.1 Surface mining methods 8.1.1 Strip Mining 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Opening up the Deposit 8.4 Advance benching (or side benching or chop -down) 8.5 Dragline bucket size 8.5.1 Dragline selection 8.5.2 Dragline geometry 8.6 Introduction to strip mine design 8.6.1 Major Factors 8.6.2 Stripping Ratio 8.7 Terrace Mining (multi-bench, lateral advance) 8.7.1 Terrace mining 8.8 Reclamation 8.9 Conveyor advancement 8.9.1 Bench Conveyors 8.9.2 Bench Lift Conveyors 8.9.3 Shuttle Conveyors 8.10 The Conical Pit Mining 8.10.1 Introduction 8.10.2 Design considerations 8.11 Classification of Opencast Mining Systems 8.12 Classification of Mining Systems 8.12.1 Based on the direction of transfer of overburden and the method of stripping work 8.12.2 Development Schemes 9. Glossary of Surface Mining Terms References

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a timely review on recent advancements in rock-filled concrete dam: a new type of dam originated from Tsinghua University in China. It covers historical overview of the development, filling process of high performance self-compacting concrete, mechanical and physical properties of rock-filled concrete, design of rock-filled concrete gravity dams and arch dams, as well as construction and quality control specifications. The book is intended for researchers, practicing engineers and graduate students who are interested in fundamental research and engineering design principles of rock-filled concrete dams. Successful insights gained from more than 120 rock-filled concrete dams completed or under construction in China are presented in this book, which can be useful references for all readers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Rock-Filled Concrete Technology.- Filling process and Compactness of Rock-Filled Concrete.- Mechanical and Physical Properties.- Design of Rock-Filled Concrete Gravity Dam.- Design of Rock-Filled Concrete Arch Dam.- Construction.- Quality Control, Construction Information System and Monitoring.- Rock-filled Concrete Dam Projects.- Other Related Technology.- Summary and Rock-filled Concrete Technology in the Future.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2021. The contents focus on Geotechnics for Infrastructure Development and Innovative Applications. The book covers topics related to parameters of soil, liquefaction evaluation of subsoil strata, analysis of earth and development of shear wave velocity profile, seismic hazard analysis, vibration isolation methods, application of machine learning in geotechnical engineering, among others. This volume will be of interest to those in academia and industry. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Evaluation of Compactive Parameters of Soil using Machine Learning.- Chapter 2. Numerical Study of Tapered Pile Subjected to Cyclic Loading.- Chapter 3. Seepage Analysis of Resilient Rubble Mound Breakwater Under Tsunami Overflow: Numerical Analysis.- Chapter 4. Analytical and Numerical Modelling of Combined Pile-Raft Foundation for Tall Wind Turbine in Various Soils.- Chapter 5. Prediction of Strength Parameters of Fiber Reinforced Soil Using Machine Learning Algorithms.- Chapter 6. Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash - Bentonite Mixture Exposed To Salt Solutions: Ann Model And Sensitivity Analysis.- Chapter 7. Influence of Inclined Loads on the Behavior of Piles – A Numerical Study.- Chapter 8. 3D Numerical Analysis of Screw Pile Subjected to Axial Compressive and Lateral Load.- Chapter 9. Finite Element Modelling of Laboratory One Dimensional Consolidation of Soft Clays.- Chapter 10. Numerical Study on Uplift Capacity Of Helical Pile Embedded In Homogeneous And Layered Soil.- Chapter 11. Simplified Plane Strain Consolidation Modeling of Stone Column.- Chapter 12. Lateral Displacements of Soft Ground Treated with PVD’s under Embankment Loading.- Chapter 13. Sensitivity Study of the Pressure-dependent Soil Model Based on the Abutment-Backfill Pushover Behaviour.- Chapter 14. Behavior of Skirted Foundation under Different Loading Conditions using FEM Approach.- Chapter 15. Numerical Modelling for Prediction of Ground Subsidence over Room and Pillar Mining in an Underground Coal Seam. etc.

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Book SynopsisThe book is designed to serve as a textbook for graduate and undergraduate courses on soil and water conservation engineering for students of agricultural engineering, civil engineering, environmental engineering and related disciplines. The book presents the basics of soil and water erosion, and describes the measures to control erosion, focusing on structures to prevent and control erosion. The chapters dedicated to erosion control structures provide a detailed view of each structural construction, covering the function, design and elements of each type of structure. Some common type of structures covered in the book are terrace, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control structures, including spillways. The book also covers wind erosion and control structures to prevent wind erosion. Each chapter includes pedagogical elements such as examples, practice questions, and multiple-choice-type questions to improve understanding and aid in self-study. Besides serving as a textbook university coursework, the book can also serve as a supplementary or primary text for professional development courses for practicing engineers engaged in soil and water conservation or watershed management. The book will also serve as a reference for professionals, environmental consultants, and policy makers engaged in soil and water conservation related fields.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Abstract Soil and water conservation is essential to tackle the global challenge of soil erosion, which is negatively impacting food productivity, water security and environmental quality. This chapter traces the history of soil erosion and introduces the principles of soil and water conservation. It highlights the challenges involved in adopting appropriate measures for preventing and minimising soil erosion. The chapter also discusses the types of soil erosion and their causes. The impacts of soil erosion are analysed from a global in general and Indian perspective in particular. The current and emerging trends in soil and water conservations research are highlighted. Contents 1.1 Soil and Water Conservation 1.1.1 Principles of Soil and Water Conservation 1.1.2 Challenges in Soil and Water Conservation 1.2 Soil Erosion 1.3 History of Soil Erosion 1.4 Agents of Soil Erosion 1.5 Types of Soil Erosion 1.5.1 Geological Erosion 1.5.2 Accelerated Erosion 1.5.2.1 Water Erosion 1.5.2.2 Wind Erosion 1.6 Effects of Soil Erosion 1.6.1 Global Perspective 1.6.2 Indian Perspective 1.7 Causes of Erosion 1.7.1 Destruction of Natural Protective Cover 1.7.2 Improper Land Use 1.7.3 Improper Cultivation or Cropping Pattern 1.8 Factors affecting erosion 1.8.1 Climate 1.8.2 Topography 1.8.3 Vegetation 1.8.4 Soil 1.9 Recent Trends in Soil and Water Conservation Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 2 WATER EROSION Abstract Water erosion encompasses the detachment of soil particles primarily by raindrops and flowing water and their transport by runoff. Comprehending the mechanics of water erosion is essential to develop measures to control erosion. This chapter describes the principal types of water erosion, viz., raindrop splash erosion, sheet erosion, interrill erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, tunnel erosion and streambank erosion, and explores the mechanics of each type. The chapter also describes various agronomical and biological measures employed to control water erosion. It also introduces popular engineering erosion control measures like terracing, bunding, vegetated waterways and gully control structures. Contents 2.1 Water Erosion 2.2 Types of Water Erosion 2.2.1 Raindrop Splash Erosion 2.2.2 Sheet Erosion 2.2.3 Interrill Erosion 2.2.4 Rill Erosion 2.2.5 Gully Erosion 2.2.5.1 Processes of Gully Erosion 2.2.5.2 Stages of Gully development 2.2.5.3 Classification of Gully 2.2.6 Tunnel Erosion 2.2.7 Streambank Erosion 2.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion 2.3.1 Detachment 2.3.2 Transportation 2.3.3 Deposition 2.4 Control of Water Erosion 2.4.1 Strategies 2.4.2 Agronomical and Biological Measures 2.4.2.1 Crop Rotation 2.4.2.2 Conservation Tillage 2.4.2.3 Cover cropping 2.4.2.4 Contour Cropping 2.4.2.5 Strip Cropping 2.4.2.6 Contour Strip Cropping 2.4.2.7 Mulching 2.4.2.8 Agroforestry 2.4.2.9 Alley Cropping 2.4.2.10 Buffer Strips 2.4.3 Engineering Measures 2.4.3.1 Terraces 2.4.3.2 Bunds 2.4.3.3 Vegetative Waterways 2.4.3.4 Gully Control Structures Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 3 SOIL LOSS ESTIMATION Abstract The soil loss estimated using soil erosion models is vital in evaluating the existing soil conservation practices and identifying priority areas and appropriate measures to control erosion. This chapter presents various soil erosion modelling and measurement techniques for soil loss assessment. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), an empirical modelling approach, is introduced along with its factors: rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length-gradient, land cover and management, and soil conservation practice factor. Also, the Modified USLE (MUSLE), which has a runoff factor in place of the rainfall factor, and the Revised USLE (RUSLE), which includes several process-based concepts, are discussed. The chapter introduces the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), and the European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM), the distributed, physically-based soil erosion models that can simulate soil loss under diverse land uses and hydrologic conditions. Also, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method and the rational method used for estimating the runoff volume and peak runoff rate are included. The chapter discusses the soil loss measurements from runoff plots. The different sizes plots are discussed along with commonly used devices, namely the multi-slot divisor and Coshocton wheel. Contents 3.1 Background 3.2 Modelling Soil Loss 3.2.1 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 3.2.1.1 Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity Factor (R) 3.2.1.2 Rainfall Erosion Index (EI) 3.2.1.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 3.2.1.4 Slope Length-Gradient Factor (LS) 3.2.1.5 Land Cover and Management Factor (C) 3.2.1.6 Soil Conservation Practice Factor (P) 3.2.2 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) 3.2.3 SCS Curve Number Method 3.2.4 Rational Method 3.2.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 3.2.6 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model 3.2.7 EUROSEM 3.3 Measuring Soil Loss 3.3.1 Erosion plots 3.3.2 Multi-slot Divisor 3.3.3 Coshocton Wheel 3.3.4 Size of plots Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 4 TERRACE Abstract Terraces are the most widely practised soil erosion control measure around the world. The practice consists of earth embankments constructed across the steep slopes to intercept surface runoff and divert it at a non-erosive velocity to a safe outlet or store it to enhance soil infiltration. This chapter presents a broad classification of terraces into two types: the common (or normal) terraces and the bench terraces. The chapter presents the design of common (or normal) terraces in terms of their spacing, grades, length and cross-section. The design of bench terraces includes spacing, bench width, cross-section and length, besides the volume of cut and fill or earthwork and area lost under them. The chapter also contains the terrace system planning, including its location, layout and maintenance. The design procedures are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 4.1 Definition 4.2 Functions 4.3 Classification 4.3.1 Common (or normal) Terraces 4.3.1.1 Narrow-base terraces 4.3.1.2 Medium-base terraces 4.3.1.3 Broad-base terraces 4.3.2 Bench Terraces 4.3.2.1 Level or Tabletop 4.3.2.2 Inward-sloping 4.3.2.3 Outward-sloping 4.4 Design of Common (or Normal) Terraces 4.4.1 Terrace Spacing 4.4.2 Terrace Grades 4.4.3 Terrace Length 4.4.4 Terrace Cross-Section 4.5 Design of Bench Terraces 4.5.1 Terrace Spacing 4.5.2 Bench width 4.5.3 Terrace Cross-section 4.5.4 Terrace Length 4.5.5 Net Cultivated Area 4.5.6 Volume of Cut and Fill or Earthwork 4.5.7 Area Lost under Bench Terraces 4.6 Terrace System Planning 4.6.1 Planning Considerations 4.6.2 Soils 4.6.3 Landscape 4.6.4 Tillage equipment 4.6.5 Terrace Outlets 4.7 Terrace Location 4.8 Terrace System Layout 4.9 Terrace Maintenance Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 5 BUNDS Abstract Bunds are among the most common mechanical measures of erosion control. These consist of small embankments constructed across the land slope to reduce the slope length, runoff and soil erosion and enhance soil infiltration. This chapter presents a broad classification of bunds. It includes the common design considerations for contour and graded bunds like storm frequency, spacing, side slopes, freeboard and seepage through them. The chapter elaborates the design of contour and graded bunds in terms of their height, cross-section, length, the volume of earthwork and area lost under them. The chapter also contains the planning considerations and construction of bunds. The design procedures are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 5.1 Definition 5.2 Functions 5.3 Classification 5.3.1 Contour Bunds 5.3.2 Graded Bunds 5.3.3 Side Bunds 5.3.4 Lateral Bunds 5.3.5 Marginal Bunds 5.3.6 Semi-circular Bunds 5.3.7 Contour Stone Bunds 5.4 Common Design Considerations for Contour and Graded Bunds 5.4.1 Storm Frequency 5.4.2 Bund Spacing 5.4.3 Bund Side Slopes 5.4.4 Freeboard 5.4.5 Seepage through Bund 5.5 Design of Contour Bunds 5.5.1 Height of Contour Bund 5.5.2 Bund Cross-Section 5.5.3 Length of the Bund 5.5.4 Earthwork 5.5.5 Area Lost under the Bund 5.6 Design of Graded Bunds 5.7 Planning Considerations for Bunds 5.8 Construction of Bunds Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 6 VEGETATED WATERWAYS Abstract Vegetated waterways are natural or constructed channels having vegetative cover to dispose of runoff safely without causing erosion. These waterways are designed using the ‘permissible velocity approach’ and constructed along the natural slope. This chapter presents the preliminary design considerations for vegetated waterways and elaborates the design processes to decide the size, shape, vegetation, permissible velocity and roughness coefficient. Solved examples are included to demonstrate the design procedure. The chapter also contains the layout, construction and maintenance of the waterways. Contents 6.1 Vegetated Waterways 6.2 Vegetated Waterway Design 6.2.1 Preliminary Design Considerations 6.2.2 Design Process 6.2.2.1 Size of Waterway 6.2.2.2 Shape of Waterway 6.2.2.3 Vegetation Selection for Waterway 6.2.2.4 Permissible Velocity in Waterway 6.2.2.5 Roughness Coefficient of Waterway 6.2.3 Design Procedure ­­­­­­­­6.3 Waterway Layout and Construction 6.4 Waterway Maintenance Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 7 GULLY CONTROL STRUCTURES Abstract Gully control structures, i.e., the check dams, have been used since the 12th century for soil and water conservation and more frequently over the past 150 years. These are employed in severely eroded gullies that cannot be managed with biological or vegetative erosion control measures. The temporary or permanent structures are constructed across the gully to reduce the channel gradient and stabilise the gully to prevent further erosion. This chapter presents the design principles used in designing temporary gully control structures, i.e., different check dams, preferred in areas where labour is inexpensive, and the appropriate construction materials are readily available. The design includes the number of structures, spacing between structures and a spillway to handle the peak runoff due to a 10-year return period storm. Subsequently, the chapter introduces three established permanent gully control structures, i.e., the drop spillway, drop inlet spillway and chute spillway, preferred in medium to large gullies with significantly high flows that the temporary structures cannot handle. The hydrologic, hydraulic and structural design principles of the permanent structures are introduced. The chapter also includes the prerequisites, viz., the specific energy considerations, critical flow characteristics and hydraulic jump, for designing permanent structures. Contents 7.1 Background 7.2 Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.1 Design of Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.2 Number of Temporary Structures 7.2.3 Spacing between Structures 7.2.4 Design of Spillway 7.2.5 Types of Temporary Gully Control Structures 7.2.5.1 Woven-wire Check Dams 7.2.5.2 Brushwood Check Dams 7.2.5.3 Log Check Dams 7.2.5.4 Loose Rock Check Dams ­ 7.2.5.5 Gabion Check Dams 7.3 Permanent Gully Control Structures 7.3.1 Design of Permanent Gully Control Structures 7.3.1.1 Hydrologic Design 7.3.1.2 Hydraulic Design 7.3.1.3 Structural Design 7.3.2 Energy Considerations in Design of Permanent Structures 7.3.2.1 Energy Relationships in Open Channel Flow 7.3.2.2 Characteristics of Critical Flow 7.3.3 Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.1 Types of Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.2 Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.3 Length of Hydraulic Jump 7.3.3.4 Application of Hydraulic Jump for Designing Stilling Basins Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 8 DROP SPILLWAY Abstract Drop spillway, one of the most widely used soil conservation structures, is primarily used for controlling and stabilising grades in a gully. The chapter focuses on the hydrologic, hydraulic and structural designs of drop spillways. The hydrologic design approaches for estimating the peak flow rate, i.e., the rational method, empirical or frequency factor method of frequency analysis and the hydrological or hydraulic modelling, are discussed. The hydraulic design of straight and box-inlet drop spillways under free and submerged flow conditions is presented. This chapter also includes the critical depth concept and its application in determining the dimensions of various components of the straight and box-inlet drop spillways. The structural design contains the analysis of the horizontal forces acting against the structure due to the hydrostatic pressure of the water column upstream and the earth pressure caused by the backfill. It also comprises the uplift pressure caused due to water seepage through the saturated foundation material. A detailed procedure to analyse the stability of the structure against overturning, sliding, piping, tension, and compression or contact pressure is demonstrated through a solved example. Contents 8.1 Background 8.2 Functions 8.3 Adaptability 8.4 Advantages and Limitations 8.5 Materials of Construction 8.6 Drop Spillway: Components and Functions 8.7 Design of Drop Spillway 8.7.1 Hydrologic Design 8.7.1.1 Rational Method 8.7.1.2 Frequency Analysis of Historical Rainfall or Flow Data 8.7.1.3 Hydrological or Hydraulic Modelling 8.7.2 Hydraulic Design of Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.2.1 Design Cases 8.7.2.2 Design for Free Flow Condition 8.7.2.3 Design for Submerged Flow Condition 8.7.2.4 Design Dimensions of Different Components of a Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.3 Hydraulic Design of Box-Inlet Drop Spillway 8.7.3.1 Design for Free Flow Condition 8.7.3.2 Case I: When the crest of the box-inlet controls the flow 8.7.3.3 Case II: When the opening of the headwall controls the flow 8.7.3.4 Design Dimensions of Different Components of a Box-Inlet Drop Spillway 8.7.3.5 Submergence Effect 8.7.4 Structural Design of Straight Drop Spillway 8.7.4.1 Safety of the Structure against Overturning 8.7.4.2 Safety of the Structure against Sliding 8.7.4.3 Safety of the Structure against Piping 8.7.4.4 Safety of the Structure against Tension 8.7.4.5 Safety of the Structure against Compression or Contact Pressure 8.7.4.6 Apron Thickness 8.7.4.7 Wall Thickness Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 9 DROP INLET SPILLWAY Abstract Drop-inlet spillway, a widely used soil conservation structure, is preferred for sites providing substantial temporary storage above the inlet, especially in gullies having more than 3 m fall or drop. The chapter focuses on the hydraulic design of two general types of drop inlet spillways, the first having a circular or rectangular box type flat crest and the second having a standard or funnel-shaped crest, the latter popularly known as ‘morning glory’ or ‘glory hole’ spillway. It discusses the typical head-discharge relationships of the structure, controlled by its various components, besides the composite head-discharge relationship. The pressure distribution in various components of a drop-inlet spillway, essential for determining the hydraulic loading to ensure safety against cavitation, is discussed. The chapter mainly focuses on designing the standard-crested and the flat-crested drop inlet spillways under specific discharge and pressure conditions. The design includes computing the water surface profile in the conduit and developing the composite head-discharge relationship. The complex computations involved in the design are demonstrated through solved examples. Contents 9.1 Background 9.1.1 Standard-Crested and Flat-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway 9.2 Functions 9.3 Adaptability 9.4 Advantages and Limitations 9.5 Materials of Construction 9.6 Drop Inlet Spillway: Components and Functions 9.6.1 Inlet or Riser 9.6.2 Conduit 9.6.3 Outlet or Terminal Structure 9.7 Design of Drop Inlet Spillway 9.7.1 Head-Discharge Relationship 9.7.2 Composite Head-Discharge Relationship 9.7.3 Hydraulic Grade Line Location at Conduit Exit 9.7.4 Pressure Distribution within the Spillway 9.7.4.1 Pressure Distribution in the Conduit Flowing Full 9.7.5 Design Approaches 9.7.5.1 Standard-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway 9.7.5.2 Flat-Crested Drop Inlet Spillway Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 10 CHUTE SPILLWAY Abstract A chute spillway also called a trough spillway, is designed to dispose of surplus water from upstream to downstream through a steeply sloped open channel. The chapter describes the functions of the various components of a chute spillway and presents the hydrologic, hydraulic and structural designs of chute spillways. The hydraulic design of the entrance or approach channel, inlet or control structure, chute channel or discharge carrier and outlet or energy dissipater is presented. The structural stability is analysed considering the weight of the structure and the uplift pressure created due to the differential head between the upstream and downstream. A detailed procedure to analyse the stability of the structure against overturning, tension and compression is demonstrated through a solved example. Contents 10.1 Background 10.2 Functions 10.3 Adaptability 10.4 Advantages and Limitations 10.5 Materials of Construction 10.6 Chute Spillway: Components and Functions 10.6.1 Entrance or Approach channel 10.6.2 Inlet or Control structure 10.6.3 Chute Channel or Discharge Carrier 10.6.4 Outlet or Energy Dissipater 10.7 Design of Chute Spillway 10.7.1 Hydrologic Design 10.7.2 Hydraulic Design 10.7.2.1 Entrance or Approach channel 10.7.2.2 Inlet or Control Structure 10.7.2.3 Chute channel or Discharge Carrier 10.7.2.4 Outlet or Energy Dissipater 10.7.3 Structural Design 10.7.3.1 Safety of the Structure against Overturning 10.7.3.2 Safety of the Structure against Tension 10.7.3.3 Safety of the Structure against Compression or Contact Pressure Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography CHAPTER 11 WIND EROSION Abstract Wind erosion is a serious environmental hazard, which causes land degradation and air pollution and adversely affects human health. Dust emission generated by wind erosion is the most prominent aerosol source that directly or indirectly influences the global radiation balance. The chapter presents the factors influencing wind erosion and describes the mechanics of soil particle movement in wind erosion. The Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ), the first empirical wind erosion model for estimating the annual soil loss, and its revised version, the Revised WEQ (RWEQ), are discussed. A few popular process-based wind erosion models are introduced. The basic principles adopted for controlling wind erosion are presented. The chapter also describes the benefits of windbreaks and shelterbelts, two popular mechanical measures of wind erosion control. The design of the windbreaks and shelterbelts is discussed in terms of their height, length, continuity, density, orientation and number of rows and plant species. Contents 11.1 Background 11.2 Factors Affecting Wind Erosion 11.3 Mechanics of Movement 11.3.1 Initiation of Movement 11.3.2 Transportation 11.3.2.1 Saltation 11.3.2.2 Suspension 11.3.2.3 Surface Creep 11.3.3 Deposition 11.4 Estimation of Soil Loss due to Wind Erosion 11.4.1 Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) 11.4.1.1 Soil Erodibility Index, I 11.4.1.2 Soil Ridge Roughness Factor, K 11.4.1.3 Climate Factor, C 11.4.1.4 Unsheltered Length, L 11.4.1.5 Vegetative Cover Factor, V 11.4.1.6 Application of WEQ for Estimating Wind Erosion 11.4.1.7 Limitations of WEQ 11.4.2 Revised WEQ (RWEQ) 11.4.3 Process-Based Models for Wind Erosion 11.4.3.1 Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) 11.4.3.2 Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) 11.4.3.3 Wind Erosion Stochastic Simulator (WESS) 11.4.3.4 Texas Erosion Analysis Model (TEAM) 11.4.3.5 Dust Production Model (DPM) 11.4.3.6 Wind Erosion on European Light Soils (WEELS) 11.4.3.7 Australian Land Erodibility Model (AUSLEM) 11.4.3.8 Aeolian EROsion (AERO) model 11.5 Wind Erosion Control 11.5.1 Reduce the Field Width along the Prevailing Wind Direction 11.5.1.1 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.5.1.2 Grass Barriers 11.5.1.3 Artificial Barriers 11.5.1.4 Strip Cropping 11.5.2 Establish and Maintain Vegetative Cover on the Surface 11.5.3 Maintain Stable Aggregates or Clods on the Surface 11.5.4 Roughen the Land Surface 11.6 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.6.1 Benefits of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts 11.6.1.1 Reduced Wind Erosion 11.6.1.2 Improved Microclimatic Conditions 11.6.1.3 Snow Retention 11.6.1.4 Reduced Wind Damages 11.6.1.5 Energy Conservation 11.6.2 Design of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts ­­­­­­­­11.6.2.1 Height 11.6.2.2 Length 11.6.2.3 Continuity 11.6.2.4 Density 11.6.2.5 Orientation 11.6.2.6 Number of Rows and Plant Species Practice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis open access book is the first to consider the effect of non-uniform fluid pressure in hydraulic fractures. The book covers the key topics in the process of hydraulic fracture nucleation, growth, interaction and fracture network formation. Laboratory experiments and theoretical modeling are combined to elucidate the formation mechanism of complex fracture networks. This book is suitable for master’s/Ph.D. students, scientists and engineers majoring in rock mechanics and petroleum engineering who need to use a more reliable model to predict fracture behavior.Table of Contents1 Introduction.- Part I Laboratory observation.- 2 Rock mechanics in hydraulic fracturing operations.- Part II Laboratory observation.- 3 Reservoir characteristics.- 4 Constant flow injection.- 5 Constant pressure injection.- Part III Theoretical modeling considering Nonuniform fluid pressure.- 6 Fracture initiation.- 7 Fracture propagation.- 8 Fracture interaction behaviors.- Part IV Field implication.- 9 Formation of complex networks.- Epilogue.- References.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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