Social and ethical issues Books

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Book SynopsisA superb book about a topic that should be front and center in the American political debate (National Review), from the acclaimed Harvard scholar and historian of the Russian Revolution An exploration of a wide range of national and political systems to demonstrate persuasively that private ownership has served over the centuries to limit the power of the state and enable democratic institutions to evolve and thrive in the Western world.Beginning with Greece and Rome, where the concept of private property as we understand it first developed, Richard Pipes then shows us how, in the late medieval period, the idea matured with the expansion of commerce and the rise of cities. He contrasts England, a country where property rights and parliamentary government advanced hand-in-hand, with Russia, where restrictions on ownership have for centuries consistently abetted authoritarian regimes; finally he provides reflections on current and future trend

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Book SynopsisA sweeping new look at the unheralded transformation that is eroding the foundations of American exceptionalism.Trade Review"Marc Dunkelman gets it. In The Vanishing Neighbor, he shows how the traditional web of relationships that makes up American life is undergoing fundamental change, why it matters, and what we need to do about it." -- President Bill Clinton"Important… provide[s] fresh thoughts about community in the United States that might win assent from left and right alike." -- E.J. Dionne Jr. - Washington Post"A highly ambitious, wide-ranging book that offers important new insights into why the bonds of community have unraveled in America in the past generation." -- Alan Ehrenhalt, author of The Great Inversion"In The Vanishing Neighbor, Marc Dunkelman conducts us insightfully through the work of astute sociologists and other observers of American social life, from the time in the 1950s when they described a conformist and confident society to the confused and more uncertain period of today. He focuses on one significant change: the transformation of the American 'township,' a defining characteristic of American society since Tocqueville first identified it, into something quite different. As Dunkelman ably shows, rapid economic change, the digital revolution, and other factors have fundamentally altered our social life, our political life, and our ability to solve the problems of a rapidly changing society." -- Nathan Glazer, professor emeritus of sociology and education, Harvard University"The Vanishing Neighbor is an urgent, challenging, strongly reasoned argument about the health of American society. Marc Dunkelman speaks directly to the communication gap between our local communities and the governments that serve them. How we bridge that gap—as working people, as political leaders, and as neighbors—will determine the care we provide to our loved ones and the opportunities we leave our children for years to come." -- Neera Tanden, president, Center for American Progress"After a panoramic view of how the United States has changed in so many ways, Marc Dunkelman argues that Americans are left with a sense of isolation from neighbors nearby: we keep 'inner-ring' relationships with family and close friends plus 'outer-ring' with Facebook friends we see infrequently, but we have lost middle-ring relationships with families down the street and a barber around the corner. Institutions, Dunkelman believes, must adapt to these new realities, nourishing a fresh sense of community. This is an insightful call for remembering what Tocqueville found best about America." -- David Gergen, codirector of the Center for Public Leadership and professor of public service at Harvard Kennedy School and senior political analyst, CNN"A meditation on the evaporation of American exceptionalism… thought-provoking [and] evenhanded." -- Kirkus Reviews"A rich and accessible diagnosis of contemporary mores and discontents." -- Publishers Weekly

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Book SynopsisAn eye-opening investigation into how our ever-expanding urban highways accelerated inequality and fractured communities—and a call for a more just, sustainable path forward “Megan Kimble manages to turn a book about transportation and infrastructure into a fascinating human drama.”—Michael Harriot, New York Times bestselling author of Black AF HistoryEvery major American city has a highway tearing through its center. Seventy years ago, planners sold these highways as progress, essential to our future prosperity. The automobile promised freedom, and highways were going to take us there. Instead, they divided cities, displaced people from their homes, chained us to our cars, and locked us into a high-emissions future. And the more highways we built, the worse traffic got. Nowhere is this more visible than in Texas. In Houston, Dallas, and Austin, residents and activists are fighting against massive, multi-billion-dollar highway expansions that will claim thousands of homes and businesses, entrenching segregation and sprawl.In City Limits, journalist Megan Kimble weaves together the origins of urban highways with the stories of ordinary people impacted by our failed transportation system. In Austin, hundreds of families will lose child care if a preschool is demolished to expand Interstate 35. In Houston, a young Black woman will lose her brand-new home to a new lane on Interstate 10—just blocks away from where a seventy-four-year-old nurse lost her home in the 1960s when that same highway was built. And in Dallas, an urban planner has improbably found himself at the center of a national conversation about highway removal. What if, instead of building our aging roads wider and higher, we removed those highways altogether? It’s been done before, first in San Francisco and, more recently, in Rochester, where Kimble traces how highway removal has brought new life to a divided city.With propulsive storytelling and ground-level reporting, City Limits exposes the enormous social and environmental costs wrought by our allegiance to a life of increasing speed and dispersion, and brings to light the people who are fighting for a more sustainable, connected future.

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Book SynopsisAn award-winning book by a New York Times bestselling author!When he follows his nose through the woods, Cub discovers a backyard tea party…with cookies!  He is just about to dig in when the hostess of the tea party shows up. And she has several strong opinions on how Tea Party must be played. Cub tries to follow her rules . . . but just how much can one bear take, even for cookies?A laugh-out-loud funny look at the required give-and-take of playtime, Tea Party Rules is an eventual friendship story that will delight grubby cubs, fancy girls, and cookie lovers everywhere.

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Book SynopsisThe fate of the world’s coasts rests on a knife edge as global warming melts ice sheets and glaciers from the Alps to the Andes. The choices we make now will determine whether oceans rise by a coast-swamping one metre by 2100 or whether we can save our coastal communities.

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Book SynopsisIlluminate New Orlean's open embrace of alcohol, both in religious and secular life, while delving into the myths, traditions, and personalities that have made the city a destination for imbibing tourists and a mecca for mixologists.

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Book SynopsisExamines the politics of development in Appalachia since World War II with an eye toward exploring the idea of progress as it has evolved in modern America. Appalachia's struggle to overcome poverty, to live in harmony with the land, and to respect the diversity of cultures and the value of community is also an American story.

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Book SynopsisWashington DC's mother church has often assumed a role in church-state relations - this look at its history describes the city's development and the issues that have shaped national policies and Catholicism in the US: race relations, religious freedom, education, immigration, and others.

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Book SynopsisAdding a new dimension to the historiography of World War I, Maksudyan explores the variegated experiences and involvement of Ottoman children and youth in the war. Rather than simply passive victims, children became essential participants as soldiers, wage earners, farmers, and artisans.

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Book SynopsisDrawing from a 2014 Hoover Institution Conference on Inequality in honor of Gary Becker, a group of distinguished contributors explore various measures of inequality in America and address the issue of whether or not it is increasing. In looking at this question and examining policy implications, the authors draw on research on human capital and intergenerational mobility.

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Book SynopsisA diverse group of contributors offer different perspectives on whether or not the different experiences of the US military and the broader society amounts to a “gap” - and if the American public is losing connection to its military. They analyse extensive polling information to identify those gaps between civilian and military attitudes on issues central to the military profession and the professionalism of the military.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses slavery around the world, with research and firsthand stories that reframe slavery as a modern-day crisis, not a historical phenomenon or third-world issue. Identifying four types of slavery - chattel slavery, debt bondage, forced labour, and sex slavery - W. Kurt Hauser examines the efforts and failures of governments to address them.

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Book SynopsisIn The World’s Biggest Cash Machine, award-winning journalist Chris Blackhurst weaves together iconic personalities, sporting drama and boardroom deals to deliver a must-read narrative on the world’s most influential football club.Trade ReviewJaw-dropping revelations . . . The incredible story of [Man United] laid bare in new book * Daily Mail *A gripping tale, full of insight. Blackhurst is an enormously talented writer * City A.M. *Packed with insights and details that will both amaze and appal you. This is the inside story of how the City of London really operates and if it doesn't make you angry, you need to check your pulse -- Oliver Bullough, author of Moneyland and Butler to the World, on Too Big to JailBlackhurst’s tale would make an exciting novel. But alarmingly, this is a true story, carefully researched and told with gusto -- Baroness Patience Wheatcroft, former editor of The Sunday Telegraph, on Too Big to JailHighly entertaining . . . told with pace, gusto, and a strong sense of moral outrage -- The Critic Magazine, on Too Big to JailIf you want to understand how Manchester United got into its current total mess, you should read Chris Blackhurst's timely new book on the Glazers -- Michael CrickBrilliant . . . [a] very insightful account -- Simon Jordan, author of Be Careful What You Wish For

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Book SynopsisThe past few years have witnessed an upsurge in incidences relating to food safety issues, which are all attributed to different factors. Today, with the increase in knowledge and available databases on food safety issues, the world is witnessing tremendous efforts towards the development of new, economical and environmentally-friendly techniques for maintaining the quality of perishable foods and agro-based commodities. The intensification of food safety concerns reflects a major global awareness of foods in world trade. Several recommendations have been put forward by various world governing bodies and committees to solve food safety issues, which are all mainly targeted at benefiting consumers. In addition, economic losses and instability to a particular nation or region caused by food safety issues can be huge. Various non-dependent' risk factors can be involved with regard to food safety in a wide range of food commodities such as fresh fruits, vegetables, seafood, poultry, meaTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxi 1 Food Safety: A Global Perspective 1 Karl R. Matthews 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 National and global food safety events 2 1.3 Foodborne illness outbreaks: imports and exports 3 1.4 Regulations impacting food safety 4 1.5 China’s food safety growing pains 6 1.6 Food safety and product testing 7 1.7 Fresh fruits and vegetables safety 7 1.8 Conclusions and future outlook 8 References 8 2 Food Safety: Consumer Perceptions and Practices 11 Anne Wilcock and Brita Ball 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Novel technologies and issues 13 2.2.1 Irradiation 14 2.2.2 Genetic modification 15 2.2.3 Nanotechnology 16 2.2.4 Hormone use in food animals 17 2.2.5 Organic foods 19 2.2.6 Deliberate and accidental contamination 19 2.3 Consumer attitudes, knowledge and behavior 21 2.3.1 Types of food safety issues 21 2.3.2 Knowledge versus behavior 22 2.3.3 Influence of consumer demographics 23 2.3.4 Knowledge and behavior 23 2.4 Conclusion and outlook 24 References 25 3 Educating for Food Safety 31 Angela M. Fraser and Cortney Miller 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Food safety education targeting food handlers 33 3.3 Effective food safety education interventions 38 3.3.1 Intervention design 38 3.3.2 Instructional strategies 41 3.3.3 Learner assessment 43 3.3.4 Training in languages other than English 44 3.4 Future outlook 45 Acknowledgements 45 References 46 4 Food Safety Training in Food Services 49 Caroline Opolski Medeiros, Suzi Barletto Cavalli, and Elisabete Salay 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Legislation about training 50 4.2.1 European Union 50 4.2.2 United States 50 4.2.3 Mercosur 51 4.2.4 Brazil 51 4.3 Evaluation of the programs 51 4.4 Planning the training programs 52 4.4.1 Knowing the target public 52 4.4.2 Training themes 52 4.4.3 Training methods 53 4.4.4 Duration of training programs 58 4.4.5 Language used in training 58 4.5 Conclusions and future outlook 58 References 59 5 Product Tracing Systems 63 Jennifer McEntire and Tejas Bhatt 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 Traceability: meaning and context 64 5.2.1 Tracebacks, traceforwards, and recalls 64 5.2.2 Traceability system attributes 65 5.3 International traceability regulations 65 5.3.1 Codex 66 5.4 Private global traceability standards 67 5.4.1 International Standards Organization (ISO) 67 5.4.2 Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) 67 5.4.3 GS1 68 5.5 Country-specific traceability requirements 68 5.5.1 Traceability in developed economies 69 5.5.2 Traceability through regulatory consolidation 72 5.5.3 Traceability through transformative events 72 5.5.4 Traceability in developing countries 73 5.6 Costs and benefits to traceability 75 5.6.1 Societal benefits 75 5.6.2 Government benefits 75 5.6.3 Industry costs and benefits 75 5.7 Challenges 76 5.7.1 Education 76 5.7.2 Technology 76 5.7.3 Commingling: a challenge to traceability 77 5.8 The role of technology in traceability 77 5.9 Steps to achieve a global, traceable supply chain 78 5.10 Summary and outlook 79 Acknowledgements 79 References 79 6 Linking Local Suppliers to Global Food Markets: A Critical Analysis of Food Safety Issues in Developing Countries 83 Sapna A. Narula and Neeraj Dangi 6.1 Introduction 84 6.2 The rise of global supply chains 85 6.3 Global trade opportunities for developing countries 85 6.4 Food safety issues: traceability, certification, labelling and phytosanitary 86 6.4.1 Traceability and certification 86 6.4.2 Labelling 87 6.4.3 Phytosanitary issues 88 6.5 Role of public standards 88 6.5.1 Codex Alimentarius 89 6.5.2 Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) 89 6.5.3 Food safety initiatives: Philippines 89 6.5.4 Strengthening food safety initiatives: India 90 6.6 Role of private standards in food supply chains 90 6.7 Challenges faced by developing countries in food safety implementation 92 6.7.1 Development of cold chains in India 92 6.8 Conclusions and future outlook 93 References 96 7 Achieving Quality Chemical Measurements in Foods 99 Yiu-chung Wong and Michael Walker 7.1 Introduction 100 7.2 Quality assurance in food analysis 101 7.2.1 Method validation 101 7.2.2 Control chart 107 7.2.3 Traceability 108 7.2.4 Measurement uncertainty 110 7.2.5 Laboratory accreditation 111 7.3 Metrology in chemistry 111 7.3.1 Assigned values in PT programmes 114 7.3.2 PT on melamine in milk 115 7.3.3 PT on cypermethrin in green tea 117 7.3.4 Insights from the two described PT 120 7.4 Conclusions and future outlook 120 Acknowledgements 120 References 121 8 Protection of the Agri-Food Chain by Chemical Analysis: The European Context 125 Michael Walker and Yiu-chung Wong 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 European food and feed law 127 8.3 Chemical contaminants 128 8.3.1 Mycotoxins 129 8.3.2 Aluminium in noodles 135 8.3.3 Veterinary residues: Nitrofurans 137 8.3.4 Non-regulated contaminants 138 8.4 Resolution of disputed chemical results 139 8.5 Conclusions and future outlook 140 Acknowledgements 140 References 140 9 Pesticide Residues in Food: Health Implications for Children and Women 145 Muhammad Atif Randhawa, Salim-ur-Rehman, Faqir Muhammad Anjum and Javaid Aziz Awan 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Pesticides 146 9.2.1 Definition of pesticide 146 9.2.2 History of pesticide production and application 146 9.2.3 Worldwide production and consumption of pesticides 146 9.2.4 Benefits and risks of pesticide application 147 9.3 Pathway of pesticide residues in the food chain 147 9.3.1 Pesticide residues in soil and groundwater 147 9.3.2 Plant uptake of pesticide residues 149 9.3.3 Pesticide residues in feed and food 149 9.3.4 Pesticide residues in livestock/animal tissues 149 9.4 Pesticide residue dissipation during processing 150 9.4.1 Dissipation of pesticide residues by washing with water 150 9.4.2 Dissipation of pesticide residues by dipping in chemical solutions 150 9.4.3 Dissipation of pesticide residues by heat treatment 150 9.4.4 Dissipation of pesticide residues by low-temperature storage 153 9.5 Pesticide residues in food and food products 153 9.5.1 Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables 153 9.5.2 Pesticide residues in milk 155 9.5.3 Pesticide residues in organic foods 155 9.6 Pesticide residues in humans 155 9.6.1 Pathways of pesticide residues in women 156 9.6.2 Pathways of pesticide residues in children 157 9.7 Health repercussions 157 9.8 Measures to combat pesticide exposure 159 References 160 10 The Need for a Closer Look at Pesticide Toxicity during GMO Assessment 167 Robin Mesnage and Gilles-Éric Séralini 10.1 Purpose, aim and scope 168 10.2 A silent pandemic 168 10.2.1 First observations on animal and human reproduction 168 10.2.2 Endocrine and nervous disruptions due to the aromatic structure of pesticides 169 10.3 Link between pesticides and agricultural GMOs 171 10.4 Focus on Roundup toxicity in GMOs 172 10.4.1 Adjuvants: glyphosate is not the major toxicant in Roundup 172 10.4.2 Glyphosate action in non-target species 173 10.4.3 Long-term effects of Roundup or its residues in GMOs 174 10.5 Agricultural GMOs producing Bt are new insecticidal plants 176 10.6 Side-effects of the genetic modification itself 177 10.6.1 Specific side effects of the transgene expression 177 10.6.2 Insertional mutagenesis or new unexpected/unexplainable metabolism 178 10.7 Limits and difficulties of interpretations in toxicity tests 178 10.8 The relevance of in vivo findings and length of the nutritional tests 180 10.8.1 Insufficiencies of in vitro tests 180 10.8.2 Limitations of 90-day-long tests 181 10.8.3 The need for additional tests including long-term tests 181 10.8.4 Unraveling the effects of mixtures 182 10.9 Conclusions and future outlook 183 References 183 11 What Have We Learnt from the Melamine-tainted Milk Incidents in China? 191 Miao Hong, Cui Xia, Zhu Pan, and Wu Yongning 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 Melamine and its analogs 192 11.3 Melamine incidents 193 11.3.1 Melamine-contaminated pet food 193 11.3.2 Infant formula 193 11.4 Epidemiological studies 193 11.4.1 Emergency exposure assessment in China and WHO 194 11.4.2 Initial and later risk management responses of Chinese government 195 11.4.3 Development of detection of melamine and its analogs in food 196 11.5 Screening methods 196 11.5.1 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 196 11.5.2 High-performance liquid chromatography 197 11.5.3 Capillary electrophoresis 197 11.6 Confirmatory methods 198 11.6.1 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry 198 11.6.2 Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry 198 11.6.3 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry 199 11.6.4 Application of new technologies 199 11.7 Health effects and toxicology of melamine and its analogs 199 11.7.1 Health effects 199 11.7.2 Toxicology 200 11.7.3 Toxicity of melamine 200 11.7.4 Toxicity of cyanuric acid 201 11.7.5 Combined toxicity 201 11.8 Diet exposure assessment from China Total Diet Study 202 11.9 Who should be responsible for food safety in China? 203 11.9.1 Food safety is the responsibility of the food producer 203 11.9.2 Comprehensive and found legislation and regulation system 204 11.9.3 Effective supervision and risk management 205 11.9.4 Food safety is the responsibility of the consumer 206 11.10 Conclusions and future perspectives 206 References 206 12 Heavy Metals of Special Concern to Human Health and Environment 213 Sameeh A. Mansour 12.1 Introduction 213 12.2 Mercury 214 12.2.1 Occurrence, use and exposure 214 12.2.2 Health effects 215 12.2.3 Toxicology of mercury 216 12.3 Cadmium 216 12.3.1 Occurrence, use and exposure 216 12.3.2 Health effects 217 12.3.3 Cadmium toxicolgy 218 12.4 Lead 220 12.4.1 Occurrence, use and exposure 220 12.4.2 Health effects 220 12.4.3 Lead toxicology 221 12.5 Chromium 223 12.5.1 Occurrence, use and exposure 223 12.5.2 Health effects 223 12.6 Arsenic 223 12.6.1 Occurrence, exposure and dose 223 12.6.2 Health effects 224 12.7 Nickel 225 12.7.1 Occurrence, use and exposure 225 12.7.2 Health effects 225 12.8 Other essential elements 225 12.8.1 Copper 225 12.8.2 Selenium 226 12.8.3 Manganese 226 12.8.4 Molybdenum 226 12.8.5 Zinc 227 12.8.6 Cobalt 227 12.8.7 Iron 227 12.8.8 Magnesium 228 12.9 Conclusions 228 References 229 13 Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food 235 Sameeh A. Mansour 13.1 Introduction 235 13.2 Analytical methods 236 13.2.1 Colorimetric methods 236 13.2.2 Instrumental methods 237 13.3 Contamination levels data 237 13.3.1 Vegetables and fruits 237 13.3.2 Medicinal plants and herbs 239 13.3.3 Grains 240 13.3.4 Fish and seafood 241 13.3.5 Miscellaneous 242 13.4 Heavy metals in non-conventionally produced crops 242 13.5 Dietary health risk assessment of heavy metals through consumption of food commodities 246 13.5.1 Risk assessment 247 13.5.2 Daily dietary index 247 13.5.3 Daily intake of metals 247 13.5.4 Health risk index 247 13.6 Conclusions 252 References 253 14 Heavy Metal Contamination as a Global Problem and the Need for Prevention/Reduction Measurements 257 Sameeh A. Mansour 14.1 Introduction 257 14.2 Pathway of heavy metals through the food chain 258 14.2.1 Transfer of heavy metals from soil to vegetables 259 14.2.2 Heavy metal transfer through irrigation water 260 14.2.3 Heavy metals transfer and accumulation in fish 261 14.2.4 Heavy metal deposition from air 263 14.3 Multiple environmental factors affecting accumulation of heavy metals in food and impact on human health 265 14.4 Comparative levels of heavy metals in vegetables and fruits from different countries 268 14.5 Removal of heavy metal contamination 271 14.5.1 Vegetable/fruit decontamination 271 14.5.2 Wastewater treatment 271 14.5.3 Plant- and animal-derived materials 271 14.5.4 Soil remediation 272 14.5.5 Soil bioremediation 273 14.5.6 Soil remediation by metal phytoextraction 273 14.6 Prevention and reduction of metal contamination in food 274 14.7 Recent technologies for removal of heavy metal contaminants 275 14.8 Conclusion 275 References 275 15 Radionuclides in Food: Past, Present and Future 281 Rajeev Bhat and Vicente M. Gómez-López 15.1 Introduction 282 15.2 Radionuclides in nature 282 15.3 Historical background of radioactivity 284 15.3.1 Most recent large-scale radiation release 284 15.4 Radionuclides and the food chain 286 15.5 Measurement of radionuclides in food 289 15.6 210Po and 210Pb (polonium and lead) in food 292 15.7 Uranium, thorium and radium 294 15.8 Other radionuclides in food 297 15.9 Minimizing internal exposure by ingestion after long-scale radiation releases 298 15.10 Conclusions and future outlook 298 References 299 16 Antinutrients and Toxicity in Plant-based Foods: Cereals and Pulses 311 Salim-ur-Rehman, Javaid Aziz Awan, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, and Muhammad Atif Randhawa 16.1 Introduction 312 16.2 Toxicity 313 16.2.1 Accidental toxicity 313 16.2.2 Toxic compounds in legumes and cereal grains 313 16.3 Plant-derived allergens 313 16.3.1 Haemagglutinins, trypsin and protease inhibitors 314 16.3.2 Goitrogens 315 16.3.3 Cyanogens 315 16.3.4 Lathyrogens 316 16.3.5 Lignins and lignans 317 16.3.6 Phytate 318 16.3.7 Amylase inhibitors 318 16.3.8 Plant phenolics 319 16.3.9 Saponins 322 16.3.10 Raffinose 322 16.3.11 Other antinutrients 322 16.4 Mechanisms of antinutritional factors 323 16.5 Prevention and detoxification 324 16.5.1 Soaking in water 325 16.5.2 Boiling/steeping/steaming 325 16.5.3 Germination and malting 326 16.5.4 Fermentation 326 16.6 Health repercussions 326 16.7 Conclusions and future outlook 328 References 330 17 N anotechnology Tools to Achieve Food Safety 341 Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Gustavo Adolfo González-Aguilar, María Roberta Ansorena, Emilio Alvarez-Párrilla, and Laura de la Rosa 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 Types of nanotechnological devices 342 17.2.1 Nanosystems to release antimicrobial compounds 343 17.2.2 Immobilization of antimicrobial compounds using nanocomposite materials 344 17.3 Food safety monitoring systems 345 17.3.1 Microbial growth nanosensors 345 17.3.2 Toxin sensors 348 17.3.3 Food traceability systems 348 17.4 Safety regulations regarding food-applied nanotechnology 349 17.5 Conclusions and outlook 350 References 350 18 Photonic Methods for Pathogen Inactivation 355 Vicente M. Gómez-López and Rajeev Bhat 18.1 Introduction 355 18.1.1 Dosimetry 356 18.2 Comparison of CW UV and PL treatment 356 18.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of CW UV light 356 18.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PL compared to CW UV light 357 18.2.3 Inactivation of microorganisms and viruses in vitro 358 18.3 Microbial inactivation mechanism 358 18.3.1 Continuous UV light 358 18.3.2 Pulsed light 359 18.4 Sublethal injury, acquired resistance and sensitization 360 18.5 Kinetics of microbial inactivation 361 18.6 Application of photonic methods 362 18.6.1 Application to foods of vegetable origin 362 18.6.2 Application to meat products 363 18.6.3 Application to liquids 364 18.6.4 Application to other foods 365 18.6.5 Decomposition of allergens by pulsed light 366 18.6.6 Decomposition of mycotoxins by pulsed light 367 18.6.7 Photosensitization 367 18.7 Concluding remarks and future work 368 Acknowledgement 368 References 368 19 Intelligent Packaging and Food Safety 375 István Siró 19.1 Introduction 375 19.2 Concepts of intelligent packaging 376 19.2.1 Time-temperature indicators 376 19.2.2 Current technologies and applications 377 19.2.3 State-of-the-art developments 378 19.2.4 Possibilities and limitations 379 19.3 Radio frequency identification 379 19.4 Gas indicators and sensors 381 19.4.1 Oxygen indicators 381 19.4.2 Carbon-dioxide indicators 383 19.5 Gas composition sensors 384 19.6 Freshness or spoilage indicators 384 19.7 Biosensors and nanosensors 385 19.7.1 Metallic nanoparticles 386 19.7.2 Quantum dots 387 19.7.3 DNA-based nanosensors 388 19.7.4 Conducting polymers 389 19.8 Conclusion and future outlook 389 References 390 20 Consumer Perception of Safety and Quality of Food Products Maintained under Cold Storage 395 Jasmin Geppert and Rainer Stamminger 20.1 Introduction 395 20.2 The role of refrigeration in food quality and safety 396 20.2.1 Food spoilage processes 396 20.2.2 Microbial spoilage 396 20.2.3 (Bio-) chemical spoilage 397 20.2.4 Physical spoilage 398 20.3 Effects of temperature on food spoilage and quality 398 20.3.1 Temperature dependency of chemical spoilage processes 398 20.3.2 Temperature dependency of enzymatic spoilage processes 398 20.3.3 Temperature dependency of microbial spoilage processes 399 20.4 Quality and safety of frozen foods 400 20.4.1 Freezing process 400 20.4.2 Frozen storage 400 20.5 Cold storage technologies 401 20.5.1 Principles of refrigeration 401 20.5.2 Refrigerator layout and temperature zones 402 20.5.3 Energy label and its influence on cooling performance 403 20.6 Consumers’ handling of chilled food and home practices 404 20.6.1 Factors affecting consumer behaviour in handling chilled foods 405 20.6.2 Food shopping habits 405 20.6.3 Food handling at home 406 20.6.4 Temperatures in domestic refrigeration 407 20.7 Conclusions and future outlook 409 References 410 21 Foodborne Infections and Intoxications Associated with International Travel 415 Martin Alberer and Thomas Löscher 21.1 Introduction 415 21.2 Travelers’ diarrhea 416 21.3 Etiology of foodborne infections 418 21.3.1 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 419 21.3.2 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 419 21.3.3 Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 420 21.3.4 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli 421 21.3.5 Enteropathogenic E. coli 422 21.3.6 Enteroinvasive E. coli 422 21.3.7 Diffusely adherent E. coli 423 21.3.8 Infection by Campylobacter spp. 423 21.3.9 Shigellosis 424 21.3.10 Salmonellosis 424 21.3.11 Infection by Aeromonas spp. 425 21.3.12 Infection by Plesiomonas spp. 425 21.3.13 Infection by Vibrio cholerae and Non-cholera Vibrios 425 21.3.14 Infection by Yersinia enterocolitica 426 21.3.15 Infection by Arcobacter spp. 427 21.3.16 Viruses as causative agents in the development of TD 427 21.3.17 Protozoan organisms as cause of TD 428 21.3.18 Giardiasis 428 21.3.19 Cryptosporidiosis 428 21.3.20 Cyclosporiasis 429 21.3.21 Amebiasis 429 21.3.22 Other intestinal parasites as a cause for foodborne infection 430 21.4 Clinical symptoms/signs and diagnosis of TD 430 21.5 Therapy of TD 431 21.6 Prevention and Prophylaxis of TD 432 21.7 Foodborne intoxications 433 21.7.1 Staphylococcal enterotoxin intoxication 433 21.7.2 Bacillus cereus food intoxication 434 21.7.3 Clostridium perfringens food intoxication 434 21.7.4 Clostridium botulinum intoxication 434 21.7.5 Ciguatera 435 21.7.6 Tetrodotoxin poisoning 435 21.7.7 Paralytic shellfish poisoning 436 21.7.8 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 436 21.7.9 Amnesic shellfish poisoning 437 21.7.10 Scombroid 437 21.8 Conclusion 437 References 438 22 Electron Beam Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens with an Emphasis on Salmonella 451 Reza Tahergorabi, Jacek Jaczynski, and Kristen E. Matak 22.1 Introduction 452 22.2 Food irradiation 453 22.3 Inactivation of Salmonella with e-beam and ionizing radiation 455 22.3.1 Application of electron beam 455 22.3.2 Comparison of e-beam, gamma radiation, and x-ray 456 22.3.3 Mechanism of microbial inactivation 456 22.4 Microbial inactivation kinetics and process calculations 459 22.5 Microbial radio-resistance 460 22.6 Foodborne Salmonella outbreaks and Salmonella reservoirs 460 22.6.1 Examples of e-beam applications to inactivate Salmonella in food 462 22.7 US regulatory status of e-beam 462 22.8 Future direction of Salmonella inactivation using e-beam 464 22.9 Conclusions 465 References 466 23 Inactivation of Foodborne Viruses: Recent Findings Applicable to Food-Processing Technologies 471 Allison Vimont, Ismaïl Fliss, and Julie Jean 23.1 Introduction 472 23.2 Physical treatments 473 23.2.1 Low-temperature-based methods 473 23.2.2 High-temperature-based methods 474 23.2.3 UV light treatments 475 23.2.4 Pulsed light treatments 477 23.2.5 Irradiation treatments 478 23.2.6 High-pressure treatments 479 23.2.7 Other physical treatments 480 23.3 Chemical treatments 481 23.3.1 Washing 481 23.3.2 Hypochlorous acid 481 23.3.3 Chlorine dioxide 483 23.3.4 Ozone 483 23.3.5 Peroxyacids 484 23.3.6 Other chemical agents 485 23.4 Conclusions and future outlook 486 References 486 24 Use of Synbiotics (Probiotics and Prebiotics) to Improve the Safety of Foods 497 Jean Guy LeBlanc, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira, and Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov 24.1 Introduction 498 24.2 Probiotics 499 24.3 Prebiotics and synbiotics 501 24.4 Production of bacteriocins by probiotic LAB 502 24.4.1 Production of antibacterial substances by LAB 502 24.4.2 Production of bacteriocins by LAB 503 24.4.3 Production of bacteriocins by LAB present in fermented cereals 504 24.4.4 Production of bacteriocins by LAB present in other fermented foods 505 24.4.5 Effect of commercial drugs on bacteriocin production by LAB 506 24.4.6 Antibiotic resistance in bacteriocins producing LAB 507 Acknowledgements 510 References 511 25 Predictive Microbiology: A Valuable Tool in Food Safety and Microbiological Risk Assessments 517 F.N. Arroyo-López, J. Bautista Gallego, A. Valero, R.M. García-Gimeno, and A. Garrido Fernández 25.1 Introduction 518 25.2 Predictive microbiology 519 25.2.1 History and definition 519 25.2.2 Steps to follow in the correct implementation of a predictive model 520 25.2.3 Choice of the medium for model development 521 25.2.4 Experimental design 521 25.2.5 Data collection 521 25.2.6 Primary modelling 522 25.2.7 Secondary modelling 522 25.2.8 Square root models 524 25.2.9 Cardinal parameters models 524 25.2.10 Polynomial models 525 25.2.11 Probabilistic models 525 25.2.12 Neural network (NN) models 525 25.2.13 Dose response models 526 25.2.14 Dynamic models 526 25.2.15 Model validation 526 25.3 Microbiological risk assessment 527 25.4 Software packages and web applications 529 25.5 Applications and future implications 530 Acknowledgements 531 References 531 26 Pests in Poultry, Poultry Product-Borne Infection and Future Precautions 535 Hongshun Yang, Shuvra K. Dey, Robert Buchanan, and Debabrata Biswas 26.1 Introduction 536 26.2 The potential risk of contamination in poultry 537 26.2.1 Conventional poultry 537 26.2.2 Pasture poultry 538 26.3 Major sources of pests in poultry 539 26.3.1 Premise pests 540 26.3.2 Ectoparasites 541 26.4 Important poultry-related diseases associated with pests 542 26.4.1 Salmonella and Campylobacter 542 26.4.2 Coccidiosis of poultry associated with pest 544 26.5 Current practices of pest control in poultry 545 26.5.1 Housing type and management 545 26.5.2 Waste management 545 26.5.3 Flock management 545 26.6 Promising pest control strategies 546 26.7 Conclusion and future outlook 547 References 548 27 Safety of Meat and Meat Products in the Twenty-first Century 553 Ian Jenson, Paul Vanderlinde, John Langbridge, and John Sumner 27.1 Introduction 553 27.2 Where did we start? 554 27.3 Associated risk and public health 555 27.4 Meat safety: fresh (chilled and frozen) red meat 556 27.4.1 Hazards associated with fresh meat 557 27.4.2 Hygienic processing of meat 559 27.4.3 Risk assessment 560 27.4.4 Risk management 561 27.4.5 Performance 563 27.5 Meat safety: cooked and ready-to-eat meats 564 27.5.1 Hazards associated with RTE meats 564 27.5.2 Processing of RTE meats 565 27.5.3 Risk assessment 566 27.5.4 Risk management 566 27.6 Meat safety: fermented meats 567 27.6.1 Hazards 568 27.6.2 Processing of fermented meats 569 27.6.3 Risk associated with fermented meats 570 27.6.4 Microbiological criteria 570 27.7 Current status of meat safety and future outlook 570 References 571 28 Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Principles for Ochratoxin-A Prevention in Coffee Production Chain 577 Kulandaivelu Velmourougane, T.N.Gopinandhan, and Rajeev Bhat 28.1 Introduction 578 28.2 Coffee quality and food safety 578 28.3 Mycotoxins 578 28.4 Coffee production and OTA contamination 580 28.4.1 Harvesting 580 28.4.2 Sorting 580 28.4.3 Pulping and fermentation 580 28.4.4 Drying 583 28.4.5 Moisture management 584 28.4.6 On-farm storage 585 28.5 Coffee waste management and OTA contamination 587 28.6 Curing factories as a source of OTA contamination 587 28.6.1 Dust control in curing factories 587 28.6.2 Defective beans and OTA contamination 587 28.6.3 Shipment 588 28.7 Application of GAP/GMP and HACCP principles 588 28.7.1 HACCP, food hygiene and food safety 588 28.7.2 Code of good practices for OTA prevention in coffee production 589 28.8 Conclusions and future outlook 592 Acknowledgements 592 References 592 Index 597

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Book SynopsisThe issue explores psychological consequences of past genocide. It uses a multiplicity of theoretical approaches to understand how historical genocide affects current intergroup relations and psychological well-being.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION After the Genocide: Psychological Perspectives on Victim, Bystander, and Perpetrator Groups Johanna Ray Vollhardt and Michal Bilewicz SECTION I: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PROCESSES AMONG PERPETRATOR GROUPS National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks’ Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide Rezarta Bilali Moral Immemorial: The Rarity of Self-Criticism for Previous Generations’ Genocide or Mass Violence Colin Wayne Leach, Fouad Bou Zeineddine, and Sabina Cehajic-Clancy Thou Shall Not Kill . . . Your Brother: Victim–Perpetrator Cultural Closeness and Moral Disapproval of Polish Atrocities against Jews after the Holocaust Miroslaw Kofta and Patrycja Slawuta When the Past is Far from Dead: How Ongoing Consequences of Genocides Committed by the Ingroup Impact Collective Guilt Roland Imhoff, Michael J. A. Wohl, and Hans-Peter Erb SECTION II: CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALING AMONG VICTIM GROUPS Child Survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and Trauma-Related Affect Suzanne Kaplan Restoring Self in Community: Collective Approaches to Psychological Trauma after Genocide Laurie Anne Pearlman SECTION III: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PROCESSES AMONG VICTIM GROUPS The “Never Again” State of Israel: The Emergence of the Holocaust as a Core Feature of Israeli Identity and Its Four Incongruent Voices Yechiel Klar, Noa Shori-Eyal, and Yonat Klar “Crime against Humanity” or “Crime against Jews”? Acknowledgment in Construals of the Holocaust and Its Importance for Intergroup Relations Johanna Ray Vollhardt SECTION IV: PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION Reconciliation through the Righteous: The Narratives of Heroic Helpers as a Fulfillment of Emotional Needs in Polish–Jewish Intergroup Contact Michal Bilewicz and Manana Jaworska A World without Genocide: Prevention, Reconciliation, and the Creation of Peaceful Societies Ervin Staub COMMENTARY ON THE ISSUE The Aftermath of Genocide: History as a Proximal Cause Peter Glick and Elizabeth Levy Paluck

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Book SynopsisChanging the way we use, develop, and fund technology for social change is possible, and it starts with you. The Tech That Comes Next: How Changemakers, Philanthropists, and Technologists Can Build an Equitable World outlines a vision of a more equitable and just world along with practical steps to creating it, appropriately leveraging technology along the way. In the book, you'll find: Strategies for changing culture and investments inside social impact organizationsWays to change technology development so it incorporates more of societyExamples of data, security, and privacy laws and policies that need to change to protect vulnerable populations and advance positive change Ideal for nonprofit leaders, social activists, policymakers, technologists, entrepreneurs, founders, managers, and other business leaders, The Tech That Comes Next belongs in the libraries of anyone who envisions a world in which technology helps advance, rather than hinders, positive social change.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi One Where We Are and How We Got Here 1 Two Where Are We Going? 15 Three Changing Technology Culture and Investments Inside Social Impact Organizations 29 Four Changing Technology Development Inside and for Social Impact 63 Five Changing Technology and Social Impact Funding 91 Six Changing Laws and Policies 127 Seven Changing Conditions for Communities 157 Eight Start Building Power for What’s Next 183 Nine Where Will You Go Next? 195 Ten Resources for What Comes Next 205 Notes 221 Index 231

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Book SynopsisThis bookis an essential guide and support to understanding of the science and policy, procedure and practice that underpins the REACH risk assessments required for the use and placing on the market of chemicals in the European Union. A clear understanding of information provision and how this affects the assessment of chemical safety is fundamentally important to the success of policy on chemicals and ultimately to the sustainability of the chemicals industry. Within the book, the scientific processes that underpin the policy are explained in a practical way. Importantly, it includes coverage of techniques to help solve the problems of using potentially risky and hazardous chemicals through the use of less hazardous alternatives and green chemistry', and also the analysis of the risks of the use of the most hazardous substances against the social and economic benefits of use. Chemical Risk Assessment: A Manual for REACHcovers the following main themes: <Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xvii List of Contributors xix Introduction xxi 1. Introduction: Policy and Scientific Context of Chemicals Risk and Risk Management 1 1.1 Overview of the Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances 4 1.2 Chemical Hazard and Risk Programmes 5 1.2.1 REACH Overview 5 1.2.2 Registration 6 1.2.3 Evaluation 8 1.2.4 Authorisation and Restriction 11 1.2.5 Hazard and Risk Communication 14 1.2.6 Hazards 16 1.2.7 Overview of Types of Exposure 17 1.2.8 Overview of Risk Characterisation 19 1.2.9 Successful Interaction with REACH: Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation 21 1.2.10 Regulation and Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals Outside of the European Union 24 2. Roles and Responsibilities in REACH 39 2.1 The Structure and Responsibilities of the Authorities 39 2.1.1 Role of the ECHA 39 2.1.2 The Role of the Member State Committee (MSC) 40 2.1.3 The Role of the Member State Competent Authorities (MSCA) 40 2.2 Forum Enforcement Project – REACH-EN-FORCE-1 41 2.3 Future Aims of the HSE (an Example of a ECHA-Related Authority Acting in the UK) 41 2.4 What Does REACH Require as Regards Enforcement? 41 2.5 What Powers Do Enforcing Authorities Have? 42 2.6 The Responsibilities of Industry 42 2.6.1 Responsibilities of the Manufacturer 42 2.6.2 Responsibilities of the Importer 43 2.6.3 The Only Representative 43 2.6.4 Responsibilities of the Downstream User 43 2.7 Communication in the Supply Chain and with Regulators 44 2.7.1 Use Descriptor System 44 3. Control of Chemicals – Legislative and Policy Context 57 3.1 How EU Chemical Legislation Evolved 57 3.2 Air Quality Regulations 63 3.3 Water Framework Directive 64 3.4 Carcinogens at Work 65 3.5 Cosmetics 66 3.6 Biocidal and Plant Protection Products 67 3.7 Nationally (UK)-Implemented Legislative and Policy Frameworks 68 3.7.1 Workplace Exposure 68 3.7.2 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002 69 3.7.3 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR) 2002 72 3.8 UK Environmental Regulation 74 3.8.1 Overview and IPPC 74 3.8.2 Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011 SI 988 75 3.8.3 Water Legislation in the UK 75 3.8.4 Directive 2006/118/EC on the Protection of Groundwater against Pollution and Deterioration 77 3.8.5 Groundwater (England and Wales) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009 No. 2902) 77 3.8.6 Air Legislation in the UK 77 4. Identification of Substances for REACH – Practicalities 81 4.1 Substance Identification 81 4.1.1 Types of Substances 82 4.1.2 Mono-Constituent Substances 82 4.1.3 Multi-Constituent Substances (MCSs) 82 4.1.4 Substances with Unknown or Variable Composition, or of Biological Origin (UVCBs) 82 4.1.5 Nanomaterials 83 4.1.6 Articles 84 4.1.7 EC Number 84 4.2 Sameness 85 4.3 Essentially-Pure Substances 85 4.4 Approaching the Substance Data Set – Understanding the Substance 86 5. Physico-Chemical Properties for REACH – Purpose and Practicalities 89 5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties 89 5.2 Strategy in Physico-Chemical Testing Plans 91 5.2.1 Tier 1 Tests 91 5.2.2 Tier 2 Tests 92 5.2.3 Tier 3 Tests 93 5.3 Difficult-to-Measure Substances 94 5.3.1 Multiconstituent or UVCB Substances (Mixtures) 94 5.3.2 Poorly Soluble Substances 94 5.3.3 Volatile Substances 94 5.3.4 Unstable Substances Either by Hydrolysis, Photolysis or Oxidation 94 5.3.5 Ionisable Substances 95 5.3.6 Surface Active Substances 95 5.4 Hazardous Physico-Chemical Data 95 5.5 Relationship between Physico-Chemical Tests 95 5.6 Application of Physico-Chemical Test Data 96 5.7 Can Physico-Chemical Tests Be Omitted? 96 5.8 (Q)SAR and Physico-Chemical Tests 97 5.9 (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships ((Q)SAR) 97 6. Assessing and Documenting the Intrinsic Properties of Substances in REACH 103 6.1 Introduction to REACH Data Requirements 103 6.1.1 Strictly Controlled Conditions 104 6.2 Hazards 108 6.3 PBT 108 6.4 Equivalent Concern 109 6.4.1 Adversity 109 6.4.2 Mode of Action 110 6.5 Test Proposal Rule 110 6.6 Availability of Existing Data and Rights of Access 111 6.7 Data Reliability 111 6.8 Data Gaps – Options for Surrogate Data for Description of Hazard and Risk – Including Read-Across 111 6.9 Read-Across 113 7. Assessing Environmental Properties Data 115 7.1 Environmental Properties Data 115 7.1.1 PNECs 115 7.1.2 Classification and Labelling (C&L) 116 7.1.3 PBT 116 7.2 Environmental Fate 116 7.2.1 Degradation 117 7.2.2 Bioaccumulation 120 7.2.3 Adsorption 121 7.3 Ecotoxicology 123 7.3.1 Introduction 123 7.3.2 Hazard Assessment and Risk Characterisation 123 7.3.3 Data Review 127 7.3.4 Testing of Difficult Substances 127 7.3.5 (Q)SARs, Data Waiving and EPM 128 7.3.6 Further Testing 129 7.3.7 Toxicity to Sewage Treatment Plant Microorganisms 129 7.4 Turning Intrinsic Properties into ‘No-Effect’ Concentrations 130 7.4.1 Selecting a Suitable Starting Point for a PNEC Calculation 131 7.4.2 Calculating a PNEC Using Assessment Factors 131 7.4.3 Calculating a PNEC Using Sensitivity Distribution 133 7.4.4 Calculating a PNEC Using Equilibrium Partitioning 133 7.4.5 Intermittent versus Continuous Releases 134 8. Environmental Exposure 137 8.1 Substance Identity and Approach to Exposure Assessment 137 8.2 Characterising Releases 138 8.2.1 Evaluating Use Pattern 138 8.3 Evaluating Releases 139 8.3.1 Reality Checking – Top Down and Bottom Up 141 8.4 Documentation for the Registration 142 8.4.1 Uncertainty 142 8.5 Local Scale Releases 142 8.5.1 Site Size 142 8.5.2 Site Inspections 143 8.6 Exposure Assessment – Models or Measurements? 143 8.6.1 Using Measurements 143 8.6.2 Using Models 145 8.6.3 Models or Measurements – Recommended Approach 145 8.6.4 Tools 145 8.7 Water 146 8.7.1 Release via Waste-Water 146 8.7.2 River Environment 148 8.7.3 Marine Environment 149 8.7.4 Sediments 149 8.8 Soil 149 8.8.1 WWTP Sludge and Agricultural Soil 149 8.8.2 Deposition 149 8.8.3 Biodegradation in Soil 150 8.8.4 Crops and Grassland 150 8.8.5 Industrial Soil 150 8.9 Air 150 8.9.1 Air in the Standard PEC Models 150 8.9.2 Ozone Depletion and Other Specific Effects 150 8.9.3 Long Range Pollutants 151 8.10 The Food Chain 151 8.10.1 Biomagnification 151 8.10.2 Secondary Poisoning 151 9. Assessing the Hazards to Human Health from Chemicals 153 9.1 Mammalian Toxicology 153 9.2 Exposure Routes and Local/Systemic Effect Types 153 9.3 Acute and Chronic Effects 154 9.4 Influences on Toxicity 154 9.5 How Chemicals Cause Harm 155 9.5.1 Asphyxiants 155 9.5.2 Narcotics 155 9.5.3 Irritants and Corrosives 155 9.5.4 Sensitisation (Allergic Reactions) 156 9.5.5 Carcinogenicity 156 9.5.6 Genotoxic Effects 157 9.5.7 Reproductive and Developmental Effects 157 9.5.8 Target Organ Effects 157 9.6 Toxicokinetics 157 9.7 Toxicological Testing 158 9.7.1 Data Gaps 159 9.7.2 Data Waiving 159 9.7.3 Acute Toxicity Studies 159 9.7.4 Short-Term, Repeated Dose Studies 160 9.7.5 Long-Term (Chronic) Studies 160 9.7.6 Other Systemic Effects 161 9.7.7 Local Effects 162 9.8 Genetic Toxicology 162 9.8.1 Introduction 162 9.8.2 Hazard Assessment 163 9.8.3 Risk Assessment 166 9.9 Turning Intrinsic Properties into ‘No-Effect’ Levels 166 9.9.1 Special Cases 169 10. Human Exposure to Chemicals 171 10.1 Exposure 171 10.2 Exposure to Chemicals in the Workplace 173 10.2.1 First Tier Models 173 10.2.2 Higher Tier Models 174 10.2.3 Risk Management Measures 174 10.2.4 Exposure in the Professional Use Setting 175 10.2.5 Models 176 10.2.6 Measurements 178 10.3 Risk Management Measures 179 10.4 Consumer Exposure 179 10.4.1 General Considerations for Exposure Estimation for Consumers 180 10.4.2 Tier 1 Models 180 10.4.3 Refinement of Initial Exposure Estimates, Higher Tier Models and Measurements 181 10.4.4 Risk Management Measures – Consumers 181 10.5 Indirect Exposure (Humans via the Environment) 182 10.6 Risk due to Physico-Chemical Hazard 182 11. Managing Hazard and Risk 185 11.1 Characterisation, Assessment and Management of Risk 185 11.2 What Is ‘Risk’ under REACH? 186 11.3 What Are Risk Reduction and Risk Management? 187 11.3.1 Risk 187 11.3.2 How Can Risks Be Controlled Adequately? 189 11.4 Where Safe Levels Cannot Be Established – CMRs and PBTs (and vPvBs) 190 11.5 Responsibilities in the Supply Chain – Introduction 190 11.6 Regulatory Requirements 191 11.7 Guidance 193 11.8 The Extended Safety Data Sheet 193 11.8.1 Current issues surrounding the use of eSDS by DUs 194 11.9 When Communication Is Difficult 194 11.10 Exposure Measurements in the Workplace – Occupational Hygiene 195 11.11 Control of Environmental Releases – Abatement Techniques 196 11.11.1 Engineering Controls 196 11.11.2 Enclosure and Containment 197 11.11.3 Bunding 197 11.11.4 Dedicated Equipment 197 11.11.5 Investment and Scale of Use – Economic Viability 197 11.11.6 Waste Stream Treatments 197 11.11.7 WWTP Treatments 198 11.11.8 Custom and Practise 198 11.11.9 Handling Standards 198 11.11.10 Clean-Down Practises 198 11.12 Effectiveness of Risk Reduction – Risk Management Options 200 11.13 Types of Risk Management – in the Workplace 201 11.13.1 Options Overview 202 11.13.2 Understanding Assumptions and Critical Issues 202 11.13.3 Risk Management Measures 202 11.14 Types of Risk Management – for the Environment 203 11.14.1 Unacceptable Risk 203 11.14.2 Options Overview 203 11.14.3 When a Data Set Is Not Complete 204 11.14.4 When a Data Set Is as Complete as It Can Be 204 11.14.5 Understanding Assumptions and Critical Issues 204 11.14.6 Strategies to Reduce the Amount of Substance Released to the Environment 204 11.15 Consumer Protection 205 12. Avoiding the Use of Hazardous Substances: Substitution and Alternatives 207 12.1 Properties That Contribute to Hazard and Risk for Human Health and the Environment 209 12.2 Assessment of Alternatives – Replacement of Use 210 12.3 What Is an Alternative? 211 12.4 Analysis of Alternatives 211 12.5 Substitution – Replacement with Substances of Reduced Hazard 211 12.5.1 Examples of Voluntary Substitution 212 12.5.2 Regulation-Led Substitution – Case Studies 213 12.6 Sustainability and Green Chemistry 218 12.7 What Is Green Chemistry in Practice? Principles and Concepts 219 12.7.1 Why Is Green Chemistry Important? 220 12.7.2 Research in Green Chemistry 220 12.7.3 Substance Design 220 12.7.4 Process Design 222 13. Hazards, Risks and Impacts – The Development and Application of Frameworks for the Assessment of Risk 225 13.1 Policy Context – Risk, Hazard and the Precautionary Principle 226 13.1.1 Assessment Frameworks – Hazard and Risk and Impacts 230 13.1.2 Precaution – Where No Safe Level Can Be Established 232 13.1.3 Application of Assessment Frameworks to Human Health and Environmental Protection 234 13.2 From Hazards to Risks to Impacts – Understanding the Implications of Exposure to Dangerous Chemicals 235 13.2.1 Introduction: The Need for a Culture of Safety 236 13.2.2 Responsible Care® 238 13.2.3 Standards and Management Tools 239 13.2.4 Risk Control and Management 241 13.2.5 Risk Control and Management in REACH 241 13.3 Risk Management Options – REACH Processes for Control of Hazardous and Risky Substances 244 13.3.1 Restrictions and Authorisations in REACH 244 13.3.2 Restrictions 246 13.3.3 Authorisations 247 14. Socio-Economic Analysis in REACH 251 14.1 Background – the Need for and Development of Socio-Economic Analysis in the Regulation of Chemicals 253 14.2 What Is SEA and Why Is It Needed and Applied in REACH? 254 14.2.1 What Is SEA within REACH? 254 14.3 Role, Purpose and Performing an SEA in REACH 255 14.3.1 Role and Purpose of an SEA in REACH 255 14.3.2 Doing an SEA in REACH 256 14.4 The Difficulties of Moving from Risks to Impacts 256 14.5 Regulatory Processes – Who Are the Decision Makers and What Are Their Roles? 265 14.6 The Wider Benefits of Performing an SEA 265 14.7 Developments and the Future 267 15. REACH: How It Is Working and May Develop 269 15.1 Introduction 269 15.2 Experiences and Observations 269 15.2.1 Observations 270 15.3 Basics of Successful Submission 271 15.4 Testing, Prediction and Read-Across 271 15.5 The Community Rolling Action Plan 272 15.6 EU and National Responsibilities 272 15.7 Risk-Based Regulation and the Precautionary Approach 272 15.8 Higher Tiers of Assessment 273 15.9 REACH Developments 274 15.9.1 Methods of Operation and Constant Change 274 15.9.2 Improved Efficiency of Operation 275 15.9.3 Increased Scope 275 15.9.4 Policy Development on the Control of Chemicals – EU and Global Perspectives 276 15.10 Rationalising Overlap with Other Legislation 276 15.11 Scientific Developments and Challenges 278 15.12 Impact on Industry 278 15.12.1 Manufacturers and Importers 278 15.12.2 Downstream Users and Consumers 278 15.12.3 Innovation 279 15.13 ECHA Evaluation Report 2012 279 16. Resources, Official Guidance, Further Reading and Centres of Expertise 283 16.1 Introduction to Resources and Organisations 283 16.1.1 Official Journal 283 16.1.2 ECHA and REACH-IT 284 16.1.3 CEFIC and Sector Groups 285 16.1.4 IUCLID Guidance 285 16.1.5 ECETOC 286 16.1.6 OECD 286 16.1.7 EU JRC 286 16.2 Facts and Statistics 286 Appendix A Substance Classification and Labelling under REACH 317 A.1 Important Differences 319 A.1.1 Physico-Chemical Hazards 320 A.1.2 Health Hazards 320 A.1.3 Environmental Hazards 321 A.1.4 Supplementary Labelling Requirements under the CLP Regulations 321 A.2 CLP Symbols 322 A.2.1 Comparison of DSP/DPD with CLP 2008 325 A.3 Specific Target Organ Systemic Toxicity – Single Exposure 334 A.3.1 Carcinogenic Substances 335 A.3.2 Mutagenic Substances 337 A.3.3 Effect during Lactation 337 A.3.4 Aquatic Environment 338 A.3.5 Ozone 338 A.4 Harmonised Classification and Labelling 339 Appendix B Further Discussion of Substance Identification and Sameness 341 B.1 Substance Identifiers 341 B.1.1 EC Name 341 B.1.2 CAS Registry Number (CAS# or CAS No.) 341 B.1.3 SMILES 341 B.1.4 InChI 342 B.2 Substance Analysis 342 B.2.1 Sameness 343 B.2.2 Impurities 344 B.2.3 Departures from the Agreed Norm 344 B.3 Straightforward Organic Substances 345 B.3.1 Identity 345 B.3.2 Purity and Characterisation 346 B.4 Complex Organic Substances 347 B.5 Inorganic Substances 348 B.5.1 Structure 349 B.5.2 Elemental Quantification 349 B.6 Analysis of UVCBs 349 Appendix C Tools for REACH Compliance: IUCLID, Chesar and In-House Databases 351 C.1 International Uniform Chemical Information Database (IUCLID) 351 C.2 IUCLID and PPORDs 354 C.3 Submission of PPORD to ECHA 354 C.3.1 IUCLID Submission 354 C.3.2 Notification by REACH-IT 355 C.4 Chesar 356 C.4.1 Introduction 356 C.4.2 Chesar Functionalities or Organisation of the Tool 356 C.4.3 Assessment workflow of Chesar 358 C.5 Advice on Storing of Data Outside of the IUCLID 358 C.5.1 Structure 359 C.5.2 Identifiers 360 C.5.3 Mechanistic Issues 360 C.5.4 Identification and Expression of Substance Identity 361 C.5.5 Result Values 361 C.5.6 SMILES and Textual Representations of Structure 361 C.5.7 Modifications to the Data Set 361 C.5.8 Composited Fields and Repeated Processes 361 C.5.9 Duplicates 362 C.5.10 Validation 362 C.5.11 Checking 363 C.5.12 Study Reports and Cataloguing 363 C.5.13 Snapshots and Backups 364 Appendix D Glossary 365 Index 383

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Book SynopsisDo you find Twitter or Instagram more interesting than textbooks? From an interpersonal communications viewpoint, that makes perfect sense because social media connect you with your friends. Now there's a text you can easily connect with. With its intriguing anecdotes, current research and student-friendly storytelling style, INTERCONNECTIONS equips you with a solid foundation in interpersonal communication. You'll read about conflicts and communications between people that will help you apply key ideas from the latest research. Surveys help you analyze your own communication style and the text provides the tools to change it--if you want. Links to clips from current TV shows bring chapter concepts to life. To help you maximize your study time, the award-winning app MindTap offers video activities, auto-graded chapter quizzes, interactive flash cards and ReadSpeaker, which will read the textbook to you.Table of ContentsPart I: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS. 1. Interpersonal Communication Overview. Interpersonal Communication Defined. Models of Communication. Foundational Principles of Interpersonal Communication. Interpersonal Communication Channels. 2. Identity and the Self. Identity. Cognition and Schemata. Identity Management. Self-Monitoring. Self-Portrayal and Social Media. 3. Individual and Intercultural Motivations. Interpersonal Motivations. Beyond Initial Attraction. Group Membership and Attraction. Communication Cultures and Attraction. Intercultural Competence. Part II: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN ACTION. 4. Verbal Messages. Rhetorical Foundations. Characteristics of Language. Message Construction and Management. Verbal Theories. 5. Listening. Comparing Hearing and Listening. Listening to Verbal Messages and Message Processing. Elements of Effective Listening. Hindrances to Effective Listening. 6. Nonverbal Messages and Perception. Nonverbal Communication Basics. Nonverbal Communication Characteristics. Nonverbal Codes. Intercultural Challenges and Nonverbal Communication. 7. Maintaining Our Changing Relationships. Relational Maintenance. Charting a Relationship. Relationship-Focused Behaviors. 8. Relational Difficulties. Relational Transgressions. Aggression. Unhealthy Conflict. Deception. Infidelity. Jealousy and Envy. Part III: UNIQUE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS. 9. Romantic Relationships. Romantic Relationships. Love and Other Matters. Attachment. 10. Families. Our First Relationships. Defining the Family. Types of Family Structures. Family Systems Theory. Types of Family Functions. Types of Family Challenges. 11. Workplace Interactions. The Culture of Work. Tensions in Workplace Relationships. Popular Team-Based Work Contexts.

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