Science & Nature Books

Book SynopsisThis book is an enthusiastic account of Pierre Laszlo’s life and pioneering work on catalysis of organic reactions by modified clays, and his reflections on doing science from the 1960s to 1990s. In this autobiography, readers will discover a first-hand testimony of the chemical revolution in the second half of the 20th century, and the author’s perspective on finding a calling in science and chemistry, as well as his own experience on doing science, teaching science and managing a scientific career.During this period, Pierre Laszlo led an academic laboratory and worked also in three different countries: the US, Belgium and France, where he had the opportunity to meet remarkable colleagues. In this book, he recalls his encounters and collaborations with important scientists, who shaped the nature of chemistry at times of increased pace of change, and collates a portrait of the worldwide scientific community at that time. In addition, the author tells us about the turns and twists of his own life, and how he ended up focusing his research on clay based chemistry, where clay minerals were turned in his lab to catalysis of key chemical transformations. Given its breath, the book offers a genuine information on the life and career of a chemist, and it will appeal not only to scientists and students, but also to historians of science and to the general reader. Trade Review“A Life and Career in Chemistry is filled with names of scientists and other more or less remarkable persons whom Laszlo has met and interacted with during his long and varied career. … Laszlo’s autobiography is in many respects of interest to historians of twentieth-century chemistry … . the portrait of Laszlo himself, his life, and his career that this autobiography offers is very much as its author wants to be remembered.” (Helghe Kragh, Ambix, Vol. 69 (4), November, 2022)Table of ContentsSee attachments

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides details of the derivation of Lagrange's planetary equations and of the closely related Gauss's variational equations, thereby covering a sorely needed topic in existing literature. Analytical solutions can help verify the results of numerical work, giving one confidence that his or her analysis is correct. The authors—all experienced experts in astrodynamics and space missions—take on the massive derivation problem step by step in order to help readers identify and understand possible analytical solutions in their own endeavors. The stages are elementary yet rigorous; suggested student research project topics are provided.After deriving the variational equations, the authors apply them to many interesting problems, including the Earth-Moon system, the effect of an oblate planet, the perturbation of Mercury's orbit due to General Relativity, and the perturbation due to atmospheric drag. Along the way, they introduce several useful techniques such as averaging, Poincaré's method of small parameters, and variation of parameters. In the end, this textbook will help students, practicing engineers, and professionals across the fields of astrodynamics, astronomy, dynamics, physics, planetary science, spacecraft missions, and others. “An extensive, detailed, yet still easy-to-follow presentation of the field of orbital perturbations.” - Prof. Hanspeter Schaub, Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado, Boulder “This book, based on decades of teaching experience, is an invaluable resource for aerospace engineering students and practitioners alike who need an in-depth understanding of the equations they use.” - Dr. Jean Albert Kéchichian, The Aerospace Corporation, Retired “Today we look at perturbations through the lens of the modern computer. But knowing the why and the how is equally important. In this well organized and thorough compendium of equations and derivations, the authors bring some of the relevant gems from the past back into the contemporary literature.” - Dr. David A Vallado, Senior Research Astrodynamicist, COMSPOC “The book presentation is with the thoroughness that one always sees with these authors. Their theoretical development is followed with a set of Earth orbiting and Solar System examples demonstrating the application of Lagrange’s planetary equations for systems with both conservative and nonconservative forces, some of which are not seen in orbital mechanics books.” - Prof. Kyle T. Alfriend, University Distinguished Professor, Texas A&M UniversityTable of Contents1 The n-Body Problem2 General Perturbations 3 Evaluation of Lagrange’s Brackets 4 Lagrange’s Planetary Equations 5 Expansion of the Perturbation Function 6 The Earth-Moon System 7 Potential of an Oblate Spheroid8 Effects of General Relativity9 Perturbations due to Atmospheric Drag 10 Periodic Solutions in Nonlinear OscillationsBibliography Projects

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introductory guide to applied machine learning, specifically for biology students.

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Book Synopsis Personalized and adaptive systems employ user models to adapt content, services, interaction or navigation to individual users’ needs. User models can be inferred from implicitly observed information, such as the user’s interaction history or current location, or from explicitly entered information, such as user profile data or ratings. Applications of personalization include item recommendation, location-based services, learning assistance and the tailored selection of interaction modalities. With the transition from desktop computers to mobile devices and ubiquitous environments, the need for adapting to changing contexts is even more important. However, this also poses new challenges concerning privacy issues, user control, transparency, and explainability. In addition, user experience and other human factors are becoming increasingly important. This book describes foundations of user modeling, discusses user interaction as a basis for adaptivity, and showcases several personalization approaches in a variety of domains, including music recommendation, tourism, and accessible user interfaces.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the reader to the wonders of Mars, covering all aspects from our past perceptions of the planet through to the latest knowledge on its history, its surface processes such as impact cratering, volcano formation, and glaciation, and its atmosphere and climate. In addition, a series of ten intriguing open issues are considered in a more advanced way. These include such thought-provoking questions as What turned off the planet’s magnetic field?, Why are the northern and southern hemispheres so different?, What was the fate of the once abundant water?, and Is there, or was there, life on Mars? Numerous original figures, unavailable elsewhere, reproduce details of images from Viking, CTX, MOC, HiRISE, THEMIS, and HRSC. The book will appeal especially to general readers interested in planetary sciences, astronomy, astrogeology, and space exploration and to students of Earth Sciences and Natural and Environmental Sciences. The higher-level material on the remaining mysteries of Mars will also be of interest to astrogeologists and other researchers.Trade Review“This slender volume offers a useful, quick study on Mars. … The book is richly illustrated in both black and white and color. It is written in an accessible style that is thoroughly peppered with fact after fact; De Blasio offers plenty to intrigue readers about one of Earth's closest neighbors.” (P. K. Strother, Choice, Vol. 56 (10), June, 2019)Table of ContentsPart I: Mars through the millennia.- Mars as a heavenly warrior.- Mars with its odd orbit enters science.- Schiaparelli, Lowell, and the Martians.- Martian engineers or Martian lichens?.- Mars as seen by Mariners and Vikings.- A long interval and the return to Mars.- Technical box: Sending a spacecraft to Mars.- Mars in its orbit.- The big disappointment.- The rocks of the Martian surface.- The final answer.- Part II: history and geography of Mars.- The geography of Mars, shortly.- The interior of Mars.- Mystery No. 1. Why has Mars no magnetic field ?.- Ancient Mars: the Noachian period.- Mystery No. 2: Has Mars ever had a plate tectonics ?.- A tour on Noachian terrains of Mars: Noachis Terra.- The middle period: the Hesperian.- A tour on the Hesperian outflow channels.- The last period: the Amazonian.- Geological formations of Mars.- Part III: Processes at the surface of Mars.- Martian mountains.- The northern lowlands.- Mystery No. 3: What is the origin of the global dichotomy, which divides so sharply the North from the South of Mars?.- The giant impact basins on Mars.- Technical box: Impact cratering on Earth and Mars.- Valles Marineris.- Mistery No. 4: How were the Valles Marineris formed?.- The volcanoes of Mars.- Technical: Volcanic eruptions on Earth and Mars.- Mystery No. 5: Enigmatic mountains and mysterious geological formations (the strange arc of Acheron, the halos of Olympus Mons, Vastitas Borealis and Medusae Fossae formations).- Part IV: an exhibition of martian images.- Fractures.- Ice-related landforms.- Technical box: Optical images, infrared, radar maps. How data are acquired from remote sensing.- Catastrophic landslides.- Mystery No. 6: Great Ice age on Mars ?.- Morphologies due to wind.- Morphologies due to water.- Mystery No. 7: Was there an ocean on Mars?.- Breathtaking views.- Mystery No. 8: The enigmatic outflow channels.- Part V: The atmosphere, climate and life on Mars.- The atmosphere of Mars.- Dust devils.- The atmosphere of Mars.- The ice caps.- Mystery No. 9: How has the atmosphere of Mars changed? And what happened to the once abundant water ?.- The search for life on Mars.- Martian meteorites.- Mystery No. 10: Is there or was there life on Mars ?.- Ancient civilization on Mars ?.- Upcoming missions to Mars.- How to get to Mars and back.- Colonize Mars ?.- Terraforming.- Technical appendices.- Martian data.- Planitiae, Fossae, Terrae: Nomenclature of planetary geology.- Missions to: past, current, future.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an introduction to photochemistry for students with a minimal background in physical chemistry and molecular quantum mechanics. The focus is from a theoretical perspective and highlights excited state dynamics. The authors, experienced lecturers, describe the main concepts in photochemical and photophysical processes that are used as a basis to interpret classical steady-state experimental results (essentially product branching ratios and quantum yields) and the most advanced time-resolved techniques. A significant portion of the content is devoted to the computational techniques present in quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics.With its short summaries, questions and exercises, this book is aimed at graduate students, while its theoretical focus differentiates it from most introductory textbooks on photochemistry.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.-What is photochemistry. -Primary and secondary processes, quantum yields.-Photochemical kinetics. Unimolecular and bimolecular processes..-Chapter 2. Molecular states.-The time-dependent Schrödinger equation.-Molecular dynamics and the separation of variables.-The Born-Oppenheimer approximation and its breakdown: the nonadiabatic couplings.-The electrostatic approximation: spin and magnetic couplings.-Vibrational and rotational states.-Electronic states of polyatomics and photoreactivity.-Environmental effects.-Computational note: the determination of electronic excited states.-Chapter 3. Electronic excitation and decay.-Perturbation theory and the time evolution of molecular states.-Light absorption and emission.-Light pulses and the excitation to non-stationary states.-Beyond perturbation theory.-Decay to a continuum or quasi-continuum of states: Fermi's golden rule.-Computational note: transition matrix elements.-Chapter 4. Fast nonadiabatic dynamics.-Non-crossing rule and avoided crossings.-Diabatic states.-Landau-Zener rule.-Conical intersections and other surface crossings.-Computational note: methods for nonadiabatic dynamics.-Chapter 5. Charge and energy transfer.-Localization of charge and excitation.-Charge transfer: Marcus theory.-Excitation transfer: Förster and Dexter mechanisms.-Excitonic coupling and antenna effect.-Spin changing processes.-Computational note: localization and couplings.-Chapter 6. Femtochemistry.-Time-resolved fluorescence.-Time-resolved differential absorption.-Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.-Resonant Raman spectroscopy.-Computational note: the simulation of transient spectra.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume textbook provides a comprehensive overview on the broad field of Animal Biotechnology with a special focus on livestock reproduction and breeding. The reader will be introduced to a variety of state-of-the-art technologies and emerging genetic tools and their applications in animal production. Also, ethics and legal aspects of animal biotechnology will be discussed and new trends and developments in the field will be critically assessed. The two-volume work is a must-have for graduate students, advanced undergraduates and researchers in the field of veterinary medicine, genetics and animal biotechnology.This first volume mainly focuses on artificial insemination, embryo transfer technologies in diverse animal species and cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. Trade Review“This book is of interest to academicians and researchers in the various disciplines of life sciences, agricultural sciences, medicine, and biotechnology in universities, research institutions, and biotechnology industries. … the book achieves its goal of providing an overview of the new developments in assisted reproductive technologies.” (Juanmahel Davila, Doody's Book Reviews, July 05, 2019)Table of Contents1. Evolution of animal breeding and animal biotechnology H. Niemann and R.F. Seamark 2. Future Agricultural Animals: The Need for Biotechnology G. Seidel 3. Artificial insemination in domestic and wild animal species D. Waberski 4. Technique and Application of Sex Sorted Sperm in Domestic Farm Animals D. Rath and C. Maxwell 5. ET-technologies in domestic cattle G. Bo and R Mapletoft6. ET-technology in small ruminants S. Ledda and A. Gonzalez-Bulnes7. ET-technology in domestic pigs C. Youngs 8. ET-technologies in horses H. Sieme, J. Rau, D. Tiedemann, H. Oldenhof, L. Barros, R. Sanchez, M. Blanco, G.Martinsson, C. Herrera, D. Burger9. Endoscopy in Cattle Reproduction V. Havlicek, G. Brem, U. Besenfelder10. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval (OPU: Ovum Pick-Up) in cows and mares P. Bols and T. Stout11. Preservation of Gametes and Embryos A. Arav and J. Saragusty12. In vitro production of farm animal embryos C. Wrenzycki

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Book SynopsisCompletely updated in line with the rapid progress made in the field, this new edition of the highly-praised textbook addresses powerful new methods and concepts in biotechnology, such as genome editing, reprogrammed stem cells, and personalized medicine. An introduction to the fundamentals in molecular and cell biology is followed by a description of standard techniques, including purification and analysis of biomolecules, cloning techniques, gene expression systems, genome editing methods, labeling of proteins and in situ-techniques, standard and high resolution microscopy. The third part focuses on key areas in research and application, ranging from functional genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics to drug targeting, recombinant antibodies and systems biology. The final part looks at the biotechnology industry, explaining intellectual property issues, legal frameworks for pharmaceutical products and the interplay between start-up and larger companies. The contents are beautifully illustrated throughout, with hundreds of full color diagrams and photographs. Provides students and professionals in life sciences, pharmacy and biochemistry with everything they need to know about molecular biotechnology.Table of ContentsAbbreviations xix Part I Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology 1 1 The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 3Michael Wink References 8 Further Reading 8 2 Structure and Function of Cellular Macromolecules 9Michael Wink 2.1 Structure and Function of Sugars 9 2.2 Structure of Membrane Lipids 13 2.3 Structure and Function of Proteins 17 2.4 Structure of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 25 References 32 Further Reading 32 3 Structure and Functions of a Cell 33Michael Wink 3.1 Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell 33 3.1.1 Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 33 3.1.1.1 Membrane Permeability 33 3.1.1.2 Transport Processes Across Biomembranes 34 3.1.1.3 Receptors and Signal Transduction at Biomembranes 37 3.1.2 Endomembrane System in a Eukaryotic Cell 40 3.1.3 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 45 3.1.4 Cytoplasm 49 3.1.5 Cytoskeleton 51 3.1.6 Cell Walls 53 3.2 Structure of Bacteria 53 3.3 Structure of Viruses 55 3.4 Differentiation of Cells 56 3.5 Cell Death 60 References 61 Further Reading 61 4 Biosynthesis and Function of Macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and Proteins) 63Michael Wink 4.1 Genomes, Chromosomes, and Replication 63 4.1.1 Genome Size 63 4.1.2 Composition and Function of Chromosomes 67 4.1.3 Mitosis and Meiosis 69 4.1.4 Replication 71 4.1.5 Mutations and Repair Mechanisms 72 4.2 Transcription: From Gene to Protein 77 4.3 Protein Biosynthesis (Translation) 81 Further Reading 85 5 Distributing Proteins in the Cell (Protein Sorting) 87Michael Wink 5.1 Import and Export of Proteins via the Nuclear Pore 87 5.2 Import of Proteins in Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes 88 5.3 Protein Transport into the Endoplasmic Reticulum 89 5.4 Vesicle Transport from the ER via the Golgi Apparatus to the Cytoplasmic Membrane 92 References 94 Further Reading 94 6 Evolution and Diversity of Organisms 95Michael Wink 6.1 Prokaryotes 95 6.2 Eukaryotes 95 References 101 Further Reading 101 Part II Standard Methods in Molecular Biotechnology 103 7 Isolation and Purification of Proteins 105Thomas Wieland 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Producing a Protein Extract 106 7.3 Gel Electrophoretic Separation Methods 107 7.3.1 Principles of Electrophoresis 107 7.3.2 Native Gel Electrophoresis 107 7.3.3 Discontinuous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 107 7.3.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) Gel Electrophoresis and Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) 108 7.3.5 Detecting Proteins in Gels 108 7.4 Methods of Protein Precipitation 109 7.5 Column Chromatography Methods 109 7.5.1 General Principles of Separation 109 7.5.1.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography (Gel Filtration) 109 7.5.1.2 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography 111 7.5.1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography 111 7.5.1.4 Hydroxyapatite Chromatography 112 7.5.2 Group-Specific Separation Techniques 112 7.5.2.1 Chromatography on Protein A or Protein G 112 7.5.2.2 Chromatography on Cibacron Blue (Blue Gel) 112 7.5.2.3 Chromatography on Lectins 112 7.5.2.4 Chromatography on Heparin 113 7.5.3 Purification of Recombinant Fusion Proteins 113 7.5.3.1 Chromatography on Chelating Agents 113 7.5.3.2 Chromatography on Glutathione Matrices 114 7.6 Examples 114 7.6.1 Example 1: Purification of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase from the Cytosol of Bovine Retina Rod Cells 114 7.6.2 Example 2: Purification of Recombinant His6-RGS16 After Expression in E. coli 114 Further Reading 115 8 Mass Spectrometry and Applications in Proteomics and Microbial Identification 117Andreas Schlosser and Wolf D. Lehmann 8.1 Principles of ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry 117 8.2 Instrumental Setup 118 8.3 Intact Protein Analysis 119 8.3.1 Protein Digestion 119 8.3.2 Peptide Fragmentation 119 8.3.3 Protein Identification with MS/MS Spectra 121 8.4 Protein and Proteome Quantification 121 8.4.1 Label-Free Quantification 121 8.4.2 Chemical Stable Isotope Labeling 121 8.4.3 Metabolic Stable Isotope Labeling 122 8.5 Protein–Protein Interaction Analysis 123 8.6 Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications 124 8.7 Microbial Identification and Resistance Detection 125 References 126 9 Isolation of DNA and RNA 129Hans Weiher 9.1 Introduction 129 9.2 DNA Isolation 129 9.3 RNA Isolation 131 9.3.1 Enrichment of mRNA 131 Reference 131 10 Chromatography and Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids 133Hans Weiher 10.1 Introduction 133 10.2 Chromatographic Separation of Nucleic Acids 133 10.3 Electrophoresis 134 10.3.1 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Submarine Electrophoresis 134 10.3.2 Pulsed-Field Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 134 10.3.3 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) 135 Further Reading 135 11 Hybridization of Nucleic Acids 137Hans Weiher 11.1 Significance of Base Pairing 137 11.2 Experimental Hybridization: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control 137 11.3 Analytical Techniques 138 11.3.1 Clone Detection, Southern Blotting, Northern Blotting, and Gene Diagnosis 138 11.3.2 Systematic Gene Diagnosis and Expression Screening Based on Gene Arrays 139 11.3.3 In Situ Hybridization 139 References 140 Further Reading 140 12 Use of Enzymes in the Modification of Nucleic Acids 141Ingrid Herr and MichaelWink 12.1 Restriction Enzymes (Restriction Endonucleases) 141 12.2 Ligases 142 12.3 Methyl transferases 142 12.4 DNA Polymerases 143 12.5 RNA Polymerases and Reverse Transcriptase 144 12.6 Nucleases 144 12.7 T4 Polynucleotide Kinase 144 12.8 Phosphatases 145 Further Reading 145 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction 147Richard Jäger and Hans Weiher 13.1 Introduction 147 13.2 PCR Methods 147 13.2.1 Basic Principle 147 13.2.2 Primer Design and Hot Start PCR 148 13.2.3 Multiplex PCR 149 13.2.4 RT-PCR 149 13.2.5 Qualitative Analysis of the PCR Products 149 13.3 PCR as a Quantitative Method 149 13.3.1 PCR Phases and PCR Efficiency 149 13.3.2 Quantitative Real-Time PCR 150 13.3.3 Digital PCR 151 13.4 Areas of Application 151 13.4.1 Genome Analysis 151 13.4.2 Cloning Techniques 152 13.4.3 Gene Expression Studies 152 Further Reading 152 14 DNA Sequencing 153Richard Jäger and HansWeiher 14.1 Introduction 153 14.2 The Sanger Method 153 14.3 Pyrosequencing 154 14.4 Second-Generation Sequencing: Illumina and Ion Torrent 155 14.4.1 Overview 155 14.4.2 The Illumina Sequencing System 155 14.4.3 The Ion Torrent Sequencing System 156 14.5 Third-Generation Sequencing Techniques 156 14.5.1 Overview 156 14.5.2 SMRT Sequencing 157 14.5.3 Nanopore Sequencing 157 14.6 The Impact of the DNA Sequencing Technology 158 References 158 Further Reading 158 Websites 158 15 Cloning Procedures 159Thomas Wieland and Susanne Lutz 15.1 Introduction 159 15.2 Construction of Recombinant Vectors 159 15.2.1 Insert 159 15.2.2 Vector 161 15.2.3 Essential Components of Vectors 162 15.2.3.1 Bacterial Origin of Replication (ori) 162 15.2.3.2 Antibiotic Resistance 162 15.2.3.3 Polylinkers 162 15.2.4 Cloning Using Recombination Systems 162 15.2.5 Further Components of Vectors for Prokaryotic Expression Systems 163 15.2.5.1 Promoter 163 15.2.5.2 Ribosome-Binding Site 163 15.2.5.3 Termination Sequence 164 15.2.5.4 Fusion Sequence 164 15.2.6 Further Components of Eukaryotic Expression Vectors 164 15.2.6.1 Eukaryotic Expression Vectors: Yeast 164 15.2.6.2 Eukaryotic Expression Vectors for Mammal Cells 165 15.2.6.3 Viral Expression Systems for Mammalian Cells 167 15.2.7 Nonviral Introduction of Heterologous DNA to Host Organisms (Transformation, Transfection) 168 15.2.7.1 Transformation of Prokaryotes 168 15.2.7.2 Transformation of Yeast Cells 169 15.2.7.3 Transfection of Mammal Cells 169 Further Reading 170 16 Expression of Recombinant Proteins 171Thomas Wieland 16.1 Introduction 171 16.2 Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Host Organisms 171 16.2.1 Expression in E. coli 172 16.2.2 Expression in Yeasts 175 16.2.3 Expression in Insect Cells 177 16.2.3.1 Expression Based on Recombinant Baculoviruses 177 16.2.3.2 Expression of Proteins in Stably Transfected Insect Cells 178 16.2.4 Expression of Proteins in Mammalian Cells 178 16.3 Expression in Cell-Free Systems 179 16.3.1 Expression of Proteins in Reticulocyte Lysates 180 16.3.2 Protein Expression Using E. coli Extracts 180 Further Reading 180 17 Patch Clamp Method 181Robert Kraft 17.1 Ion Channels 181 17.2 Technical Requirements of the Patch Clamp Method 181 17.3 Patch Clamp Configurations 182 17.4 Applications of the Patch Clamp Method 183 Reference 185 Further Reading 185 18 Cell Cycle Analysis 187Stefan Wölfl 18.1 Introduction 187 18.2 Analyzing the Cell Cycle 187 18.3 Experimental Analysis of the Cell Cycle 189 18.3.1 Preparing Synchronized Cell Cultures of S. cerevisiae 189 18.3.1.1 Centrifugal Elutriation 190 18.3.1.2 Cell Cycle Arrest Using α-Factor 190 18.3.2 Identification of Cell Cycle Stages 191 18.3.2.1 Budding Index 191 18.3.2.2 Fluorescent Staining of the Nucleus 191 18.3.2.3 Detection of Cell Cycle Phases Using Fluorescent Proteins as Reporters 194 Acknowledgments 195 Further Reading 196 19 Microscopic Techniques 197Stephan Diekmann 19.1 Introduction 197 19.2 Electron Microscopy 197 19.2.1 Cryo-electron Microscopy 199 19.2.2 Electron Tomography 199 19.3 Atomic or Scanning Force Microscopy 199 19.3.1 Force Spectroscopy 200 19.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 201 19.4 Light Microscopy 201 19.4.1 Deconvolution 202 19.4.2 Confocal Microscopy 202 19.4.3 Why Fluorescence? 203 19.4.4 Nanoscopy 203 19.5 Microscopy in the Living Cell 204 19.5.1 Analysis of Fluorescently Labeled Proteins In Vivo 205 19.5.2 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching 206 19.5.3 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy 206 19.5.4 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 207 19.5.5 Single-Molecule Fluorescence 207 Further Reading 207 20 Laser Applications 209Rainer Fink 20.1 Laser Development: A Historical Perspective 209 20.2 Types of Lasers and Setups 210 20.3 Properties of Laser Radiation 210 20.4 Applications 211 20.4.1 Laser Scanning Microscopy 211 20.4.2 Optical Tweezers 212 20.4.3 Laser Microdissection and Laser Therapy 212 20.4.4 Manufacturing of Products in Medical Technology and Biotechnology Products 213 Further Reading 213 Part III Key Topics 215 21 Sequencing the Universe of Life 217Stefan Wiemann 21.1 What to Sequence? 217 21.1.1 Whole-Genome Sequencing 217 21.1.2 Exome Sequencing 220 21.1.3 (Gene) Panel Sequencing 220 21.1.4 RNA Sequencing 221 21.1.4.1 Tag- vs. Full-Length Sequencing 221 21.1.4.2 Sequencing of RNA Species and Modifications 221 21.1.4.3 Sequencing of Single Cells 222 21.1.4.4 In Situ Sequencing 222 21.1.5 (Whole-Genome) Bisulfite Sequencing of DNA 223 21.1.6 Sequencing to Characterize Chromatin Structure and Beyond 223 21.2 Sequencing Projects: Human 224 21.2.1 Initial Sequencing of the Human Genome 224 21.2.2 The 1000 Genomes Project: Assessing Natural Variation 224 21.2.3 Screening for Genetic Disease 225 21.2.4 Sequencing of Populations 226 21.2.5 TCGA and ICGC: Screening for Cancer Driver Mutations 226 21.3 Sequencing Other Species, Environments,… 228 21.4 Sequencing in the Clinics: Personalizing Oncology 228 21.5 Sequencing in the Private Sector: Direct to Consumer Testing (DTC) 231 21.6 The Information Content of a Genome Sequence and Ethical Consequences 231 References 232 22 Cellular Systems Biology 239Melanie Boerries, Hauke Busch, and Rainer König 22.1 Introduction 239 22.2 Analysis of Cellular Networks by Top-Down Approaches 240 22.2.1 Motivation 240 22.2.2 Definitions and Construction of the Networks 240 22.2.3 Gene Set Enrichment Tests 241 22.2.4 Inferring Gene Regulators Employing Gene Regulatory Models 242 22.2.5 Network Descriptors 243 22.2.5.1 Scale-Free Networks 243 22.2.5.2 Centrality 243 22.2.5.3 The Clustering Coefficient 244 22.2.6 Detecting Essential Enzymes with a Machine Learning Approach 244 22.2.7 Elementary Flux Modes 244 22.3 Overview over Bottom-Up Modeling of Biochemical Networks 247 22.3.1 Motivation 247 22.3.2 Choosing Model Complexity and Model Building 248 22.3.3 Model Simulation 251 22.3.4 Model Calibration 252 22.3.5 Model Verification and Analysis 254 22.3.6 Examples 254 Further Reading 258 References 259 23 Protein–Protein and Protein–DNA Interactions 261Peter Uetz and Ehmke Pohl 23.1 Protein–Protein Interactions 261 23.1.1 Classification and Specificity: Protein Domains 261 23.1.2 Protein Networks and Complexes 262 23.1.3 Structural Properties of Interacting Proteins 262 23.1.4 Which Forces Mediate Protein–Protein Interactions? 263 23.1.4.1 Thermodynamics 264 23.1.4.2 Energetics 264 23.1.5 Methods to Examine Protein–Protein Interactions 264 23.1.6 Theoretical Prediction of Protein–Protein Interactions 266 23.1.7 Regulation of Protein–Protein Interactions 266 23.1.8 Biotechnological and Medical Applications of Protein–Protein Interactions 268 23.2 Protein–DNA Interactions 269 23.2.1 Specific Protein–DNA Interaction 269 23.2.2 Thermodynamic Consideration 270 23.2.3 Methods to Study Protein–DNA Interactions 270 23.2.3.1 Structural Classification of Protein–DNA Complexes 270 23.2.4 Regulatory Networks and System Biology 270 23.2.5 Medical Importance of Protein–DNA Interactions 273 23.2.6 Biotechnological Applications 274 References 275 Further Reading 275 24 Bioinformatics 277Benedikt Brors 24.1 Introduction 277 24.2 Data Sources 277 24.2.1 Primary Databases: EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ, PIR, and Swiss-Prot 277 24.2.2 Genome Databases: Ensembl and GoldenPath 278 24.2.3 Motif Databases: BLOCKS, PROSITE, Pfam, ProDom, and SMART 278 24.2.4 Molecular Structure Databases: PDB and SCOP 278 24.2.5 Transcriptome Databases: SAGE, ArrayExpress, and GEO 279 24.2.6 Reference Databases: PubMed, OMIM, and GeneCards 279 24.2.7 Pathway Databases and Gene Ontology 279 24.3 Sequence Analysis 280 24.3.1 Kyte–Doolittle Plot, HelicalWheel Analysis, and Signal Sequence Analysis 280 24.3.2 Pairwise Alignment 281 24.3.2.1 Local/Global 281 24.3.2.2 Optimal/Heuristic 282 24.3.3 Alignment Statistics 282 24.3.4 Multiple Alignment 282 24.4 Evolutionary Bioinformatics 283 24.4.1 StatisticalModels of Evolution 283 24.4.2 Relation to Score Matrices 284 24.4.3 Phylogenetic Analysis 285 24.5 Gene Prediction 285 24.5.1 Neural Networks or HMMs Based on Hexanucleotide Composition 286 24.5.2 Comparison with Expressed Sequence Tags or Other Genomes (Fugu, Mouse) 286 24.6 Bioinformatics in Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis 287 24.6.1 Preprocessing and Normalization 287 24.6.2 Feature Selection 288 24.6.3 Similarity Measures: Euclidean Distance, Correlation, Manhattan Distance, Mahalanobis Distance, and Entropy Measures 288 24.6.4 Unsupervised Learning Procedures: Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, and Correspondence Analysis 289 24.6.5 Supervised Learning Procedures: Linear Discriminant Analysis, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, and ANNs 289 24.6.6 Analysis of Overrepresentation of Functional Categories 290 24.7 Analysis of Ultraparallel Sequencing Data 291 24.7.1 Mapping of Ultraparallel Sequencing Data 291 24.7.2 Genome (Re-)sequencing 292 24.7.3 Transcriptome Sequencing 292 24.7.4 ChIP-seq 293 24.7.5 Epigenetic Analysis 293 24.7.6 Single-Cell Analysis 294 24.7.7 Bioethics of Human Sequencing Data 294 24.8 Bioinformatic Software 294 Further Reading 295 25 Drug Research 297Manfred Koegl, Ralf Tolle, Ulrich Deuschle, Claus Kremoser, and Michael Wink 25.1 Introduction 297 25.2 Active Compounds and Their Targets 297 25.2.1 Identification of Potential Targets in the Human Genome 298 25.2.2 Comparative Genome Analysis 298 25.2.3 Experimental Target Identification: In Vitro Methods 299 25.2.4 Experimental Identification of Targets: Model Organisms 300 25.2.5 Experimental Target Identification in Humans 300 25.2.6 Difference Between Target Candidates and Genuine Targets 301 25.2.7 Biologicals 301 25.2.8 DNA and RNA in New Therapeutic Approaches 302 25.2.9 Patent Protection for Targets 303 25.2.10 Compound Libraries as a Source of Drug Discovery 304 25.2.11 High-Throughput Screening 304 25.2.12 High-Quality Paramounts in Screening Assays 304 25.2.13 Virtual Ligand Screening 306 25.2.14 Activity of Drugs Described in Terms of Efficacy and Potency 307 25.2.15 Chemical Optimization of Lead Structures 307 25.3 Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 308 25.4 Clinical Development 309 25.5 Clinical Testing 309 Further Reading 310 26 Drug Targeting and Prodrugs 311Gert Fricker 26.1 Drug Targeting 311 26.1.1 Passive Targeting by Exploiting Special Physiological Properties of the Target Tissue 311 26.1.2 Physical Targeting 312 26.1.3 Active Targeting 313 26.1.4 Cellular Carrier Systems 316 26.2 Prodrugs 316 26.2.1 Prodrugs to Improve Drug Solubility 316 26.2.2 Prodrugs to Increase Stability 317 26.3 Penetration of Drugs Through Biological Membranes 317 26.4 Prodrugs to Extend Duration of Effect 318 26.5 Prodrugs for the Targeted Release of a Drug 318 26.6 Prodrugs to Minimize Side Effects 320 References 320 27 Molecular Diagnostics in Medicine 323Stefan Wölfl and Reinhard Gessner 27.1 Introduction 323 27.2 Uses of Molecular Diagnostics 323 27.2.1 Introduction 323 27.2.2 Monogenic and Polygenic Diseases 323 27.2.3 Individual Variability in the Genome: Forensics 325 27.2.4 Individual Variability in the Genome: HLA Typing 325 27.2.5 Individual Variability in the Genome: Pharmacogenomics 325 27.2.6 Individual Variability in the Genome: Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases 326 27.2.7 Viral Diagnosis 326 27.2.8 Microbial Diagnosis and Resistance Diagnosis 327 27.3 Which Molecular Variations Should be Detected 327 27.3.1 Point Mutations 327 27.3.2 Insertions and Deletions 328 27.3.3 Nucleotide Repeats 328 27.3.4 Deletion or Duplication of Genes 328 27.3.5 Recombination Between Chromosomes 329 27.3.6 Epigenetic Changes 329 27.4 Molecular Diagnostic Methods 330 27.4.1 DNA/RNA Purification 331 27.4.2 Detection of Target Sequence and Known Sequence Variations 331 27.4.2.1 Nucleic Acid Tests 331 27.4.2.2 Quantitative PCR 332 27.4.2.3 Multiplexing of Nucleic Acid Detection: Nucleic Acid Microarrays 333 27.4.2.4 Production and Manufacture of Microarrays 334 27.4.2.5 Applications of Fragment Length Analysis 335 27.4.2.6 Minisequencing 336 27.4.2.7 Determination of Unknown Mutations 336 27.5 Outlook 337 Further Reading 338 Historic Article: “News & Views” 338 Reviews 338 Web Link 338 Textbooks 338 28 Recombinant Antibodies and Phage Display 339Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira and Stefan Dübel 28.1 Introduction 339 28.2 Generation of Specific Recombinant Antibodies 340 28.2.1 Generation of Antibody Gene Libraries 341 28.2.2 Selection Systems for Recombinant Antibodies 342 28.2.2.1 Transgenic Mice with Human IgG Genes 342 28.2.2.2 In Vitro Selection Systems 342 28.3 Production and Purification of Recombinant Antibodies 348 28.4 Features and Applications of Recombinant Antibodies 349 28.4.1 Advantages of Recombinant Antibodies 349 28.4.2 Formats and Applications of Recombinant Antibodies 350 28.4.2.1 Camelid Antibodies and VH Domains 351 28.4.2.2 scFv and dsFv 351 28.4.2.3 scFv–Fc Fusions, Fc Engineering, and the Addition of Constant Domains 352 28.4.2.4 IgG, Fusion Proteins, and Derivatives for Therapy 352 28.4.2.5 Bispecific Antibodies 354 28.4.2.6 Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) 355 28.4.3 The Future of Therapeutic Antibodies 355 28.4.4 Research and In Vitro Diagnostics 356 28.4.5 Intracellular and Cell-Penetrating Antibodies 356 28.5 Outlook 357 Further Reading 357 Textbooks 357 References 358 29 Genetically Modified Mice and Their Impact in Medical Research 361Rolf Sprengel and Mazahir T. Hasan 29.1 Overview 361 29.2 Transgenic Mice 362 29.2.1 Retroviral Infection 362 29.2.2 Pronuclear Injection 363 29.3 Homologous Recombination: Knockout (Knock-In) Mice 364 29.4 Endonuclease-Based Knockout Mice 366 29.5 Endonuclease-Based Knock-In Mice 367 29.6 Conditionally Regulated Gene Expression 367 29.7 Gene Transfer to Subpopulations of Cells 368 29.7.1 Electroporation of Mouse Embryos (Plasmid DNA) 368 29.7.2 Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer (Lentivirus, rAAVs) 369 29.7.3 Virus-Mediated Gene Deletion (Cre/lox) 370 29.7.4 Virus-Mediated Gene Knockdown (shRNA, Antagomirs) 370 29.8 Impact of Genetically Modified Mice in Biomedicine 370 29.8.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 370 29.8.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 370 29.8.3 Psychological and Cognitive Disorders 371 29.8.4 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 371 29.8.5 Chemogenetics, Optogenetics, and Magnetogenetics 372 29.9 Outlook 372 Reference 373 Further Reading 373 30 Plant Biotechnology 375Helke Hillebrand and Rüdiger Hell 30.1 Introduction 375 30.1.1 Green Genetic Engineering: A New Method Toward Traditional Goals 375 30.1.2 Challenges in Plant Biotechnology 376 30.2 Gene Expression Control and Genome Editing 376 30.2.1 Gene Expression Control 377 30.2.2 Genome Editing 377 30.3 Production of Transgenic Plants 378 30.3.1 Transformation Systems 379 30.3.1.1 Agrobacterium as a Natural Transformation System 379 30.3.1.2 Biolistic Method: Gene Gun 381 30.3.1.3 Plastid Transformation 382 30.3.1.4 Viral Systems 382 30.4 Selection of Transformed Plant Cells 383 30.4.1 Requirements for an Optimal Selection Marker System 383 30.4.2 Negative Selection Marker Systems 384 30.4.3 Positive Selection Marker Systems 385 30.4.4 Selection Systems, Genetic Engineering Safety, and Marker-Free Plants 385 30.5 Regeneration of Transgenic Plants 387 30.5.1 Regeneration Procedures 387 30.5.2 Composition of Regeneration Media 387 30.6 Plant Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Genetically Engineered Plants 388 30.6.1 DNA and RNA Verification 388 30.6.2 Protein Analysis 389 30.6.3 Genetic and Molecular Maps 389 30.6.4 Stability of Transgenic Plants 390 Further Reading 390 31 Biocatalysis in the Chemical Industry 393Michael Breuer and Bernhard Hauer 31.1 Introduction 393 31.2 Bioconversion/Enzymatic Procedures 395 31.3 Development of an Enzyme for Industrial Biocatalysis 397 31.3.1 Identification of Novel Biocatalysts 397 31.3.2 Improvement of Biocatalysts 399 31.3.3 Production of Biocatalysts 399 31.3.4 Outlook 399 31.3.5 Case Study 1: Screening for New Nitrilases 400 31.3.6 Case Study 2: Use of Known Enzymes for New Reactions: Lipases for the Production of Optically Active Amines and Alcohols 400 31.3.7 Case Study 3: Enzyme Optimization with Rational and Evolutive Methods 401 31.4 Fermentative Procedures 402 31.4.1 Improvement of Fermentation Processes 402 31.4.2 Classical Strain Optimization 403 31.4.3 Metabolic Engineering 404 31.4.4 Case Study 4: Fermentative Production of n-Butanol 405 31.4.5 Case Study 5: Production of Glutamic Acid with C. glutamicum 406 31.4.5.1 Molecular Mechanism of Glutamate Overproduction 406 31.4.6 Case Study 6: Production of Lysine with C. glutamicum 407 31.4.6.1 Molecular Mechanism of Lysine Biosynthesis 407 31.4.6.2 Deregulation of the Key Enzyme Aspartate Kinase 408 31.4.7 Genomic Research and Functional Genomics 409 31.4.8 Case Study 7: Fermentative Penicillin Production 409 31.4.9 Case Study 8: Vitamin B2 Production 409 31.4.9.1 Riboflavin Biosynthesis 410 31.4.9.2 Classical Strain Development 410 References 410 Part IV Biotechnology in Industry 411 32 Industrial Application: Biotech Industry,Markets, and Opportunities 413 Julia Schüler 32.1 Historical Overview and Definitions of Concepts 413 32.2 Areas of Industrial Application of Molecular Biotechnology 414 32.2.1 Red Biotechnology 414 32.2.1.1 Biopharmaceutical Drug Development 414 32.2.1.2 Gene and Cell Therapy 416 32.2.1.3 Tissue Engineering/Regenerative Medicine 419 32.2.1.4 Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 421 32.2.1.5 Molecular Diagnostic Agents 421 32.2.1.6 Systems Biology 422 32.2.1.7 Synthetic Biology 422 32.2.2 Green Biotechnology 422 32.2.2.1 Transgenic Plants 422 32.2.2.2 Genomic Approaches in Green Biotechnology 423 32.2.2.3 Novel Food and Functional Food 423 32.2.2.4 Livestock Breeding 423 32.2.3 White Biotechnology 424 32.3 Status Quo of the Biotech Industry Worldwide 424 32.3.1 Global Overview 424 32.3.2 United States 424 32.3.3 Europe 424 33 Patents in the Molecular Biotechnology Industry: Legal and Ethical Issues 425David Resnik 33.1 Patent Law 425 33.1.1 What is a Patent? 425 33.1.2 How Does One Obtain a Patent? 426 33.1.3 What is the Proper Subject Matter for a Patent? 426 33.1.4 Types of Patents in Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 427 33.1.5 Patent Infringement 427 33.1.6 International Patent Law 428 33.2 Ethical and Policy Issues in Biotechnology Patents 428 33.2.1 No Patents on Nature 428 33.2.2 Threats to Human Dignity 429 33.2.3 Problems with Access to Technology 430 33.2.4 Benefit Sharing 432 33.3 Conclusions 433 Acknowledgments 433 34 Drug Approval in the European Union and United States 435Gary Walsh 34.1 Introduction 435 34.2 Regulation Within the European Union 435 34.2.1 The EU Regulatory Framework 435 34.2.2 The EMA and National Competent Authorities 436 34.2.3 New Drug Approval Routes 437 34.2.3.1 The Centralized Procedure 437 34.2.3.2 Decentralized Procedure and Mutual Recognition 438 34.3 Regulation in the United States 438 34.3.1 CDER and CBER 439 34.3.2 The Approvals Procedure 439 34.4 The Advent and Regulation of Biosimilars 440 34.5 International Regulatory Harmonization 441 References 442 35 Emergence of a Biotechnology Industry 445Claus Kremoser Reference 451 Further Reading 451 36 The 101 of Founding a Biotech Company 453Claus Kremoser and Michael Wink 36.1 First Steps Toward Your Own Company 453 36.2 Employees: Recruitment, Remuneration, and Participation 456 37 Marketing 459Claus Kremoser and Michael Wink 37.1 Introduction 459 37.2 What Types of Deals Are Possible? 460 37.3 What Milestone or License Fees Are Effectively Paid in a Biotech/Pharma Cooperation? 460 37.4 PR and IR in Biotech Companies 461 Further Reading 462 Websites 462 Glossary 463 Index 491

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Book SynopsisThoughts are free - but they are no longer secret. Today, our data is automatically stored and analyzed by algorithms ”behind the cloud” - where we no longer have control over our data. Our most private and secret information is entrusted to the internet and permanently collected, stacked and linked to our digital twins. With and without our consent. "Privacy is dead", as Mark Zuckerberg put it. The question is: How did we get there? And, if the actors behind the cloud know everything: what is still private today, and are there any personal secrets at all when the "gods" behind the cloud possibly know us better than our friends and family?The book uses a wealth of case studies (e.g. cryptocurrencies, journalism, digital traces of sexual preferences) to develop a typology of privacy in the history of ideas. Furthermore, it shows the areas of life in which big data and artificial intelligence have already made inroads. This book is a translation of the original German 2nd edition Die Rückseite der Cloud by Peter Seele and Lucas Zapf, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2020. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The reverse side of the cloud.- Part 1: The secret private - introduction and derivation.- "Privacy is dead": How could it come to this?- Part 2: Symptoms of the structural change of the private.- Symptoms of an immanent digital omniscience.- Part 3: Theory of the structural change of the private.- Functional systematics of the structural change of the private.- Summary of the theory or: Thoughts are free - but no longer secret.- Conclusions.- Outlook: Digital authenticity - an immersive consumer experience.

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Book SynopsisThis workbook takes you through the successful work Harris, Textbook of Quantitative Analysis and is designed primarily for self-study. In five parts, the lecture content of analytical chemistry is summarized and explained using selected examples. Basic concepts of analytical chemistry are presented as well as the principle and various techniques of dimensional analysis and chromatography. UV/VIS, infrared and Raman spectroscopy are used to explain the investigation of molecularly present compounds, and selected techniques of atomic spectroscopy conclude the introduction to the fundamentals of analysis. The textbook's essential sections and illustrations are repeatedly referred to, which facilitates independent learning of the fundamentals of analytical chemistry.Easy to read, the book introduces the fundamentals and key techniques of analytical chemistry; it is aimed at undergraduate students of chemistry or related science subjects. It repeatedly refers back to the basics familiar from courses in general chemistry, so that the connections between what is already known and what is new become immediately apparent. Learning with this workbook has been tested in a distance learning chemistry course and facilitates preparation for module examinations in analytical chemistry.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Analytische Chemie I by Ulf Ritgen, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2019. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.Table of ContentsI Fundamentals.- Basic concepts of analysis.- Sampling and sample preparation.- Quality assurance and calibration.- II Dimensional analysis.- General information on dimensional analysis.- Dimensional analysis with acids and bases.- Dimensional analysis with complexes (complexometry).- A combination with considerable potential: redox titrations.- Poor solubility can be an advantage: Precipitation titration.- Gravimetry.- Selected detection methods.- III Chromatographic methods.- General aspects of chromatography.- Liquid chromatography (LC).- Gas chromatography (GC).- More specialized forms of chromatography.- Electrophoresis.- Choice of methodology.- IV Molecular spectroscopy.- General aspects of spectroscopy.- Excitation of electrons.- Vibrational spectroscopy.- V Atomic spectroscopy.- General aspects of atomic spectroscopy.- Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).- Atomic emission spectrometry (AES, OES).- X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF).- Glossary.

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Book SynopsisThe Voyage of the Beagle is a seminal work by means of the famend British naturalist Charles Darwin, recounting his 5-12 months' journey aboard the HMS Beagle, from 1831 to 1836. The book presents a charming and insightful account of the voyage, which took him round the sector and played a pivotal position within the development of his idea of evolution by herbal choice. The narrative takes readers on a systematic expedition, exploring the vegetation, fauna, geology, and various cultures encountered in South America, the Galápagos Islands, Australia, and other areas. Darwin's meticulous observations and the wealth of records accrued during the voyage laid the muse for his groundbreaking work, On the Origin of Species. In The Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin demonstrates his keen powers of statement and his capacity to synthesize geological and organic information. He offers a detailed report of the animals and plants he encountered, in conjunction with the geological formations and the insights gained from interactions with indigenous peoples. The book serves as a travelogue, herbal records account, and scientific exploration blended into one, presenting readers a glimpse into the thoughts of a younger scientist at the cusp of one of the most transformative medical discoveries in history.

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Book SynopsisContent has been revised to include updated information on plasma sterilisation, CSSD, and the care bundle approach.

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Book SynopsisThis special volume is dedicated to Geoffrey Chew who passed away on April 12, 2019, at age 94. He is best known as the architect and passionate champion of the bootstrap concept, sometimes called nuclear democracy. His work influenced generations of particle physicists. His passion for physics was an inspiration for his many students and associates. From the Chew-Low theory for meson-nucleon scattering to Analytic S-Matrix, Regge Poles, and Bootstrap principle, his originality left its mark in ways that continue to the present. With contributions from Chew's former collaborators, students, and friends, the book will cover various facets of his life and impact on physics.Contributors include Steven Weinberg, Steven Frautschi, Gabriele Veneziano, Peter Landshoff, Carl Rosenzweig, Basarab Nicolescu, William Frazer, David Gross, John Schwartz, Ling-Lie Chau, Chung-I Tan, Richard Brower, Carleton DeTar, R Shankar, David Kaiser, Fritjof Capra, and others.

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Book Synopsis'High-order harmonics emerging from the interaction of strong laser fields with solid matter constitute a novel, highly sensitive tool for interrogating electronic structure and dynamics in solids. At the interface of attosecond physics and condensed matter physics, this book provides an excellent overview of the current state of the art.'Ferenc KrauszNobel Laureate in Physics, 2023High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in solids, the nonlinear upconversion of coherent radiation resulting from the interaction of a strong and short laser pulse with bulk matter, has come of age. Since the seminal experiments and theoretical developments, there has been a constant and vibrant interest in this topic. In this book, we invite experimental and theoretical experts in the field with the aim to summarize the progress made so far and propose new possibilities and prospects for the generation of high-order harmonics using solid samples. Nowadays, it is possible to engineer, both spatially and tempor

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to Lev Okun, who passed away in November 2015. He was a true pioneer in probing fundamental dynamics.The book has two objectives. First is to showcase Okun's impact for decades since 1963, when he published his remarkable book Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles. Second is to present the current progress of our scientific community in the studies of our Universe. New directions and possible future developments are discussed, often using the past as a guide. The authors mostly focus on CP asymmetries in the transitions of hadrons and leptons, but they also discuss their rare decays, and talk about axions and supersymmetry, and possible connections with dark matter, extra dimensions, baryogenesis and multiverse.This book is suitable for readers who know quantum mechanics and quantum field theories in general.

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Book SynopsisKendall/Atkins' Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials 13th Edition, introduces you to sociology through captivating, real-life stories and timely topics such as the relationship between politics, economics and student protests on campuses. The authors show how sociology applies to everyday life and the pressing social issues we each face. Learn how you can make a difference in your community and in the world. Examine issues making headlines such as influences of technology on everyday life, social and environmental activism led by teens and young adults and present-day political engagement. Images, figures and other website resources complement the text's main themes of diversity, the application of sociology to everyday life, global comparisons, media and social change and other forms of technology that spur new ways of interacting. The text is also available with MindTap.

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Book SynopsisPublic health has never been more important, or more controversial. What states do, and fail to do, makes a significant difference to the lives we are able to lead. Putting public health first would allow improvements to the health of everyone, especially the worst off. Yet many citizens actively oppose state interference to improve population health, complaining that it encroaches on personal liberty. How should policymakers reconcile these conflicting priorities?This groundbreaking book argues that philosophy is not just useful, but vital, for thinking coherently about priorities in health policy and public policy. Novel, theoretically rigorous, yet practical, Philosophy for Public Health and Public Policy examines why it is so common for public policies to fail in practice to improve the problems they aim to solve, and what to do about this. It argues that a shift to complex systems approaches to policymaking is overdue. Philosophers need to become much more attuned to the contingenTrade ReviewJames Wilson's clear and tightly argued new book, Philosophy for Public Health and Public Policy: Beyond the Neglectful State, endeavors to carve out a space for a pragmatic, practice oriented philosophy in the world of public health policy making...I would recommend the book to those who are curious about methodology in normative ethics and about how to make scholarly endeavors more readily applicable to tough political and policy problems. * Kathryn MacKay, University of Sydney, Ethics *Table of Contents1: Introduction Part I: Philosophy for Public Policy 2: Evidence, Mechanisms and Complexity 3: Internal and External Validity in Ethical Reasoning 4: Ethics for Complex Systems Part II: Beyond the Neglectful State: an Ethical Framework for Public Health 5: Paternalism, Autonomy and the Common Good: Infringing liberty for the Sake of Health 6: The Right to Public Health 7: Which Risks to Health Matter Most? Part III: Structural Justice 8: Responsibility 9: Measuring and Combatting Health Related Inequalities 10: Communicable Disease 11: Conclusion

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Book SynopsisA must read for all wildlife lovers' Dominic DyerFoxes, buzzards, crows, badgers, weasels, seals, kites Britain and Ireland's predators are impressive and diverse and they capture our collective imagination. But many consider them to our competition, even our enemies.The problem is that predators eat what we farm or use for sport. From foxes and ravens attacking new-born lambs to weasels eating game-bird chicks, predators compete with us, putting them directly into the firing line. Farming, fishing, sport and leisure industries want to see numbers of predators reduced, and conservation organisations also worry that predators are threatening some endangered species. Other people, though, will go to great lengths to protect them from any harm. This clashing of worlds can be intense. So, what do we do? One of the greatest challenges facing conservation today is how, when and where to control predators. It is a highly charged debate.Mary Colwell travels across the UK and Ireland to encounTrade Review‘Provocative, thought provoking and life affirming. Mary Colwell enters a world steeped in blood, much of it on our hands. A masterpiece of Conservation writing’ Sir Tim Smit of the Eden Project ‘This fascinating – and balanced – book wrestles with our confused, paradoxical relationship with predators … and argues that our relationship with them needs to be evaluated within the context of its history’ The Field ‘There are few more fraught topics than the status of Britain’s larger predators … It takes immense courage to be a voice of calm … and once again Mary Colwell has stepped up to the mark. There is much to learn from this book’ BBC Wildlife ‘Colwell seeks to steer those who legally cull predators towards a more thoughtful stance, while urging others to understand why predators have to be managed’ BBC Countryfile magazine ‘This book made me question what I thought that I knew about species ranging from seals to wolves’ BTO magazine ‘An engaging, balanced and wise book on a contested subject … A lesson both in open-mindedness and in sweet reason’ Jeremy Mynott, author of Birdscapes ‘A brave book … that seeks out a fair-minded variety of opinions … thoroughly researched, indexed and annotated … this honest scrutiny of our relationship with middle-sized British predators is timely, informative and necessary’ Juliet Blaxford

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Book SynopsisBiology is a traditional, comprehensive introductory biology textbook with coverage from cell structure and function to the conservation of biodiversity and is appropriate for a one- or two-semester biology course. Biology focuses on three themes: systems, evolution, and the nature of science. These themes are integrated into all aspects of the textbook, from the unit learning outcomes to the theme-based feature readings in the text. Recognizing that instructors are increasingly being asked to engage their students while still providing them with a firm foundation in core biological principles, the authors of Biology integrated relevant content throughout the text to better allow students to make connections and think more scientifically.

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Book SynopsisOUT NOW: the new book from the bestselling authors and hosts of the wildy popular ''The Skeptics Guide to the Universe''__________Our predictions of the future are a wild fantasy, inextricably linked to our present hopes and fears, biases and ignorance. Whether they be the outlandish leaps predicted in the 1920s, like multi-purpose utility belts with climate control capabilities and planes the size of luxury cruise ships, or the forecasts of the ''60s, which didn''t anticipate the sexual revolution or women''s liberation, the path to the present is littered with failed predictions and incorrect estimations.The best we can do is try to absorb from futurism''s checkered past, perhaps learning to do a little better.In The Skeptics'' Guide To The Future, Steven Novella and his co-authors build upon the work of futurists of the past by examining what they got right, what they got wrong, and how they came to those conclusi

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Book Synopsis Herbs are wonderful things. Without them so much would not be possible. With the advance of science over the last two hundred years these once mystical plants have changed and saved countless lives, vastly improving our standard of living while providing us all with a much richer, healthier diet. Today, we take for granted a world full of life-saving drugs, luxury cosmetics and exotic foods. This fascinating book will tell this story: revealing how poisons once used by the ancient Romans such as Deadly Nightshade are now being used in modern medicine or how the herbs used by indigenous people around the world have provided remedies for countless illnesses. It will explore the myths and legends behind herbs such as the infamous Mandrake and how herbs such as Yarrow are still being used to treat wounds today, just as they were thousands of years ago; and it will show how exotic herbs from across the globe have enriched our lives and delve into the origins of the culinary herb

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Book SynopsisEmbrace the energy of crystals throughout the changing seasonsThroughout the year, the energies around us vary dramatically. Working with crystals is all about bringing specific energies into our life, so it''s important to be connected with these natural cycles, to ensure we''re bringing balance, peace and healing into our lives in our crystal work.In The Crystal Almanac, certified Crystal Healer Gemma Petherbridge teaches you how the seasons might feel or play out, the emotional shifts that can happen throughout the year, and how changing energies can affect our mood, happiness and even our manifestation skills. Discover the Sabbats and celebrations, moon phases, astrological cycles and deities related to each season and learn how you can use this knowledge to support and enhance your crystal work. Featuring crystal activities tailored to every month, this book will help to bring you into alignment with the natural world.For each month you wil

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Book SynopsisHow does chance enter our world? And why is so much not predictable?In an understandable, exciting and amusing narrative, the author takes us into the world of chemistry, quantum physics and biology. Touching on astronomy and philosophy, we witness a rewarding journey of discovery. In the process, he develops a completely new view of chance based on the laws of nature. Here, the omnipresent non-equilibrium plays an extremely decisive role, because it generates the complex structures in our world. Finally, on this basis, he presents an equally simple and captivating hypothesis on the nature of time.This non-fiction book provides a deep insight into the fascination of research, the agonizing search for fundamental understanding, and the struggle for scientific knowledge.Table of ContentsChance takes its course.- Chance is everywhere.- Creativity is chance in the brain.- "Balance is good, non-balance is bad" - is it true?- Almost despairing of science.- The birth of chance in complex systems.- What is there when time flows, and where does it flow to?- Our perception of time.

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Book SynopsisThe scientist who has been dubbed the “Father of Intelligent Design” and author of the groundbreaking book Darwin’s Black Box contends that recent scientific discoveries further disprove Darwinism and strengthen the case for an intelligent creator. In his controversial bestseller Darwin’s Black Box, biochemist Michael Behe challenged Darwin’s theory of evolution, arguing that science itself has proven that intelligent design is a better explanation for the origin of life. In Darwin Devolves, Behe advances his argument, presenting new research that offers a startling reconsideration of how Darwin’s mechanism works, weakening the theory’s validity even more. A system of natural selection acting on random mutation, evolution can help make something look and act differently. But evolution never creates something organically. Behe contends that Darwinism actually works by a process of devolution—d

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Book SynopsisFifth revised edition of the classic natural history of the killer whale, now up to date with the latest research, conservation news and changes in public awareness.Trade Review[Review of previous edition: ] A well-written, balanced account ... interspersed in the story are excellent summaries of our current knowledge about orca attacks, feeding behavior and hearing acuity. Aside from maps and photos, 8 well-referenced appendixes and a 14-page bibliography make it an important reference source for scientists.--Edward Mitchell, Arctic Biological Station [Canada "Canadian Geographic " [Review of previous edition: ] There is nothing wildlife needs more urgently than truth, for once people understand, people will act with preserved habitat, protective legislation, the tools of conservation. Erich Hoyt tells the truth about the orca in his fascinating book Orca: The Whale Called Killer. It is in itself a conservation tool. Required reading.--Roger Caras "ABC-TV News " [Review of previous edition: ] An enchanting story of adventure and discovery, one told with style, insight, charm and thoroughness.--Akron Beacon Journal [Review of previous edition: ] An engaging picture of the life of killer whales ... Hoyt's style is easygoing and comfortable, and as well organized as it is informative.--Cleveland Plain Dealer [Review of previous edition: ] An intensely personal account....Scientific, political, and historical details are woven into a highly readable narrative...thorough appendixes, lengthy bibliography. Recommended.--Library Journal [Review of previous edition: ] Monumental achievement...the best whale book in years.--Ronn Patterson "Oceans " [Review of previous edition: ] I have never read a better book on whales, partly because Hoyt writes so well ... The developing relationship between the whale-watchers and these magnificent mammals makes absorbing reading ... The book contains valuable scientific and historical appendixes and an excellent index ... Don't miss it!--Philadelphia Inquirer [Review of previous edition: ] Superb ... A fine story of adventure ... One of the best nature books of the year.--Publishers Weekly [Review of previous edition: ] A fine record of observations accumulated by patience and cautious persistence...presented somewhat in diary form of the summers with the whales, and interwoven with facts....The result is a well-compounded blend of close-up nature observation, scientific knowledge, and history. Bonuses are interesting asides on the scenery and wildlife, the lumbering, salmon fishing, and the local flavor of northern Vancouver Island. Hoyt's theme is preserve killer whales in their natural environment. He makes a good argument for it.--Elizabeth N. Shor, Scripps Institute of Oceanograp "San Diego Union Tribune "

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Book SynopsisThe science of finding habitable planets beyond our solar system and the prospects for establishing human civilization away from our ever-less-habitable planetary home.Planet Earth, it turns out, may not be the best of all possible worlds—and lately humanity has been carelessly depleting resources, decimating species, and degrading everything needed for life. Meanwhile, human ingenuity has opened up a vista of habitable worlds well beyond our wildest dreams of outposts on Mars. Worlds without End is an expertly guided tour of this thrilling frontier in astronomy: the search for planets with the potential to host life. With the approachable style that has made him a leading interpreter of astronomy and space science, Chris Impey conducts readers across the vast, fast-developing field of astrobiology, surveying the dizzying advances carrying us ever closer to the discovery of life beyond Earth—and the prospect of humans living on another pla

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Book SynopsisHow human pilots and automated systems worked together to achieve the ultimate in flight?the lunar landings of NASA''s Apollo program.As Apollo 11''s Lunar Module descended toward the moon under automatic control, a program alarm in the guidance computer''s software nearly caused a mission abort. Neil Armstrong responded by switching off the automatic mode and taking direct control. He stopped monitoring the computer and began flying the spacecraft, relying on skill to land it and earning praise for a triumph of human over machine. In Digital Apollo, engineer-historian David Mindell takes this famous moment as a starting point for an exploration of the relationship between humans and computers in the Apollo program. In each of the six Apollo landings, the astronaut in command seized control from the computer and landed with his hand on the stick. Mindell recounts the story of astronauts'' desire to control their spacecraft in parallel with the history of the Apollo Guidance Computer. From the early days of aviation through the birth of spaceflight, test pilots and astronauts sought to be more than ?spam in a can? despite the automatic controls, digital computers, and software developed by engineers.Digital Apollo examines the design and execution of each of the six Apollo moon landings, drawing on transcripts and data telemetry from the flights, astronaut interviews, and NASA''s extensive archives. Mindell''s exploration of how human pilots and automated systems worked together to achieve the ultimate in flight?a lunar landing?traces and reframes the debate over the future of humans and automation in space. The results have implications for any venture in which human roles seem threatened by automated systems, whether it is the work at our desktops or the future of exploration.

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Book SynopsisWynn Kapit graduated in 1955 from the University of Miami, Florida with honors in Business Administration and Law. He then attended Art Center School in Los Angeles and worked in New York as a graphic designer and advertising art director from 1960-66. He moved to California to pursue a painting career and was given a one-man show at the Legion of Honor in San Francisco in 1968. He then attended the University of California at Berkeley and received a Masters in Painting and worked as a portraitist and teacher of figure drawing. While taking a class in human anatomy at San Francisco City College, he discovered a way to effectively learn the subject by coloring in drawings, diagrams and names. The teacher of the course, Lawrence Elson, Ph.D. agreed to help him produce a coloring book. Elson wrote and Kapit designed and illustrated The Anatomy Coloring Book, which was published in 1977 and has been a widely-translated bestseller ever since. The Physiology ColoriTable of Contents 1. Cell Physiology. 2. Nerve, Muscle and Synapse. 3. Circulation. 4. Respiration. 5. Kidney. 6. Digestion. 7. Nervous System. 8. Endocrines and Hormonal Regulation. 9. Metabolic Physiology. 10. Blood and Defense. 11. Reproduction.

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Book SynopsisNew in paperback, an engrossing guide to the anatomy of flies and the science behind their unique adaptations from the award-winning author of the acclaimed 'Secret Life of Flies'.

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Book SynopsisStunning photographs of the most striking birds nests and their colourful eggs.

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Book SynopsisThis quick-reference, field-friendly guide offers a complete identification reference to all of the sandpipers, plovers, stints and other waders found in Europe, Asia and North America.This new field guide offers a complete identification reference to all of the waders found in Europe, Asia and North America. The superb illustrations show birds at rest and in flight, in every plumage variant likely to be encountered in the region. More than eighty species have been grouped, especially on the flight plates, so that similar species are shown close to each other to avoid confusion. Facing text concisely summarises key identification pointers including appearance, voice and behaviour to aid quick identification when out-and-about. Clear, colour distribution maps are given for every species in this field-friendly guide.Trade Review"...a definitive guide to the 124 species of the northern hemisphere waders" Birdy World (April 2006) "...an excellent resource..." Birdwatch (May 2006) "...the most significant book about waders to come out for some time... this book is a real advance for wader fans everywhere." Birdtours.co.uk (29th August 2006) "...it is an excellent reference publication, and those with a particular interest in shorebirds will certainly want to consider it." Scottish Bird News (September 2006) "...this is a useful addition to wader identification guides and, unlike many 'field' guides, is small and light enough to carry easily in a field bag." The British Ornithologists' Union (2006)Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Introduction Colour plates: Waders at rest (Plates 1-45) Colour plates: Waders in flight (Plates 46-77) Appendices Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe definitive photographic guide to the vibrant and under-explored avifauna of Uruguay.As a grassland country in the heart of the pampas, Uruguay is a fantastic destination for birdwatchers. With around 450 regularly occurring species, the country boasts iconic species such as Greater Rhea, Crane Hawk, Maroon-bellied Parakeet and Saffron-cowled Blackbird, as well as pampas specialities including Curve-billed Reedhaunter and Pampas Meadowlark.The perfect companion for any wildlife-friendly visitor, Birds of Uruguay provides photographic coverage of more than 320 species that regularly breed in or pass through the country. Concise text for each species includes information on identification, songs and calls, behaviour, distribution and habitat, with each photograph carefully selected to aid identification. A guide to the best birdwatching sites in Uruguay is also included.Portable yet authoritative, this is the perfect guide for birdwatchers visi

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Book SynopsisA new and updated edition of this popular title covering the fishes, invertebrates and other marine life of the Mediterranean Sea.Almost entirely enclosed by land, the Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by many popular wildlife destinations, including Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Gibraltar, Greece and Turkey. From sharks and turtles to anemones and sponges, Marine Life of the Mediterranean reveals the fascinating wealth of sea life found in this diverse region.Featuring more than 400 species of fish, corals and other vertebrates and invertebrates, each species account includes key information on identification, habitats, diet and behaviour. Recommendations on where to go scuba diving, as well as important information on dangerous marine life, conservation zones and marine protected areas are also included.This compact and easy-to-follow guidebook illustrated with colour photographs taken in a number of unique and exotic locations is an essential

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Book SynopsisIntroducing 70 of the world's most dazzling, extraordinary and, at times, disturbing insects. In this richly illustrated and engaging book, you'll discover their remarkable adaptations, intricate worlds and the surprising ways they impact our own lives. Many of these insects that represent peak biological innovation. By sharing their amazing physical attributes - from wings to antennae, iridescence to camouflage, microscopic Fairy Wasps to Goliath Beetles - entomologist and zoologist Ross Piper reveals the fascinating stories of insect origins, mating rituals and survival, as well as their resonance in culture and history. With large-scale, detailed illustrations by Carim Nahaboo, The Wonder of Insects is a celebration of these endlessly fascinating and important creatures.

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Book SynopsisMushrooms, the first of a major new series of books on British natural history, provides a remarkable insight into the natural and human world of fungi.Peter Marren, in his inimitable, relaxed style, guides the reader through the extraordinary riches of this often overlooked group, from the amazing diversity of forms and lifestyles that populate the fungal landscape, to the pursuit of edible fungi for the pot, and the complexities of identification thrown up by our modern understanding of DNA. Throughout the book, the author tells a story rich in detail about how we have come to appreciate and, in some cases, fear the mushrooms and toadstools that are such an integral part of the changing seasons. Marren also provides a refreshingly candid view of our attempts to name species, the role of fungi in ecosystems, and our recent efforts to record and conserve them.Trade ReviewThe biggest attraction of all is Marren’s writing: quirky, trenchantly observant, sometimes hilarious, full of engaging anecdotes and as far from the soulless impersonal tone of a fungi field guide as it is possible to get. Implausible as it may seem, here indeed is a man’s relationship with mushrooms, in fact, his extravagant love affair with them. It is the single best book on the natural world I have read this year. -- Michael McCarthy * The Independent *A wonderfully eclectic book about the strange world of fungi, by one of the best nature writers in Britain today. -- Stephen Moss * The Guardian *Table of ContentsForeword A fungal autobiography Meet the mushrooms What's in a name? Mushrooms on parade What mushroom is that? Natural habitats In our midst: our fungal neighbours Earthtongues, waxcaps and hedgehogs Scarcity and plenty Forays amongst the funguses The good, the bad and the crazy Picking for the pot Saving mushrooms

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Book SynopsisEver since humans first began to count, people have clocked days, moons and years, tried to make sense of them in terms of each other, and formed calendars to order their lives. In an amazing leap, the ancient Maya managed to synchronize all the visible planets too. In this tiny guide to ancient calendars, Geoff Stray explains the difference between lunar and solar calendars, the importance of precession, and reveals for the very first time the secret of the Long Count. WOODEN BOOKS are small but packed with information. "Fascinating" FINANCIAL TIMES. "Beautiful" LONDON REVIEW OF BOOKS. "Rich and Artful" THE LANCET. "Genuinely mind-expanding" FORTEAN TIMES. "Excellent" NEW SCIENTIST. "Stunning" NEW YORK TIMES. Small books, big ideas.

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Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, Sustainable Materials shows how we can greatly reduce the amount of material demanded and used in manufacturing, while still meeting everyone's needs. Materials, transformed from natural resources into the buildings, equipment, vehicles and goods that underpin our remarkable lifestyle, are made with amazing efficiency. But our growing demand is not sustainable. Production of just five materials – steel, aluminium, paper, plastics and cement – accounts for 55% of industrial emissions, and demand for materials will double by 2050. Can we continue to live well but use less materials? So far people have considered the problem with only one eye open, hoping for a magic solution (such as carbon capture and storage). But with both eyes open we have a whole new set of options. Rather than making more materials, we can use them more wisely – with less material, keeping them for longer, re-using their parts and more. These options make a huge difference: we really could set up our children with a more sustainable life, without compromising our own. Sustainable Materials faces up to the impacts of making materials in the 21st century. Drawing on their experiences working with innovative materials as well as the facts and findings of their research, Julian Allwood and Jonathan Cullen provide an evidence-based vision of change that will allow us to make our future more sustainable. Packed with hundreds of colour photos and helpful graphs and diagrams, Sustainable Materials provides a thorough analysis of the problems that we face through wasteful attitudes and the growing demand for materials, as well as an evaluation of practical and achievable solutions for the future. The first edition of this optimistic and richly-informed book was listed as one of Bill Gate's top reads in 2015, and was also chosen as an Outstanding Academic Title by ACRL Choice magazine. This up-to-date, revised edition is perfect for anyone with an interest in sustainability.Trade ReviewInstead of the usual ya-boo about sustainability, this is a pragmatic guide to getting more value from less stuff. Researched with long-term co-operation from industry, it emphasizes facts and evidence but is aimed at a popular readership. * BBC News Magazine *Well researched with reasoned and compelling arguments... This is essential reading for both student and practitioner, particularly those in senior management positions. 10/10. * Materials World (Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining) *A valuable, impartial expert source in an important debate. * BOING BOING *The book offers perspectives from fundamental materials science, process engineering, product design and architecture, and economics not seen in most materials texts. * Science *An excellent book ... the message is clear and convincing: We can’t go on using materials the way we have been for the past 150 years, but fortunately, we don’t have to. We can meet the world’s growing need for the stuff of modern life, avoid the worst effects of climate change, and preserve the environment for future generations. * Bill Gates, Gates Notes *This is something you don’t see every day: a substantial, carefully-researched book on how to reform our manufacturing industries for policy-makers trying to cut emissions, and anyone in manufacturing, it should be required reading. * New Scientist Culture Lab *Accessible, fact-filled and entertaining read. * Friends of the Earth Blog *Allwood and Cullen write about engineering with the elegance of the best pop-science writers... A valuable, impartial expert source in an important debate. * Boing Boing *Table of ContentsThe world of materials With one eye open With both eyes open Other materials Creating sustainable material future References Index Acknowledgements About the authors

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Book SynopsisCharacterization of Condensed Matter A comprehensive and accessible introduction to the characterization of condensed materials The characterization of condensed materials is a crucial aspect of materials science. The science underlying this area of research and analysis is interdisciplinary, combining electromagnetic spectroscopy, surface and interface testing methods, physiochemical analysis methods, and more. All of this must be brought to bear in order to understand the relationship between microstructures and larger-scale properties of condensed matter. Characterization of Condensed Matter: An Introduction to Composition, Microstructure, and Surface Methods introduces the technologies involved in the characterization of condensed matter and their many applications. It incorporates more than a decades’ experience in teaching a successful undergraduate course in the subject and emphasizes accessibility and continuously reinforced learning. The result is a survey which promises to equip students with both underlying theory and real experimental instances of condensed matter characterization. Characterization of Condensed Matter readers will also find: Detailed treatment of techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, electron microscopy, surface and element analysis, and more Incorporation of concrete experimental examples for each technique Exercises at the end of each chapter to facilitate understanding Characterization of Condensed Matter is a useful reference for undergraduates and early-career graduate students seeking a foundation and reference for these essential techniques.Table of ContentsPart I Fundamental of Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 1 1 Universe, Matter, Condensed Matter and Materials 3 1.1 Features of the Universe and Fundamental Constants 4 1.2 Structure and Composition of Matter 9 1.2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Matter (Radiation Coupling and Energy Conservation) 9 1.2.2 Fundamental Particles 9 1.2.3 Fundamental Forces 11 1.3 Fundamental Constants Describing the Universe and Matter 15 1.4 Experiments to Study Fundamental Particles and Forces 20 1.5 Introduction to Condensed Matter and Materials 27 1.5.1 Classification of Condensed Matter 28 1.5.2 Structures and Compositions of Condensed Matter or Materials 30 1.5.3 Intrinsic Properties of Condensed Matter and Materials 32 1.6 Main Research Areas in Condensed Matter Physics 33 Questions for Thinking 34 References 34 2 The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory 37 2.1 A Brief History of Gravitational and Gravitational-Wave Measurements 37 2.2 Fundamentals of LIGO and Related Facility Development 39 2.2.1 Detecting Gravitational Waves 41 2.2.2 Educational Analogy Experiments 44 2.2.2.1 Herriott Delay Line 45 2.3 Key Components of the LIGO Facility 47 2.3.1 Coherent Laser Source and Laser 47 2.3.2 The Laser Interferometer Detector 47 2.3.3 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 48 2.4 Application of LIGO 49 2.4.1 Detection of a Supernova Explosion 49 2.4.2 Detection of Black Hole Fusion 50 Questions for Thinking 51 List of Abbreviations 51 References 51 3 Fundamentals of Crystallography: Microstructures and Crystal Phases of Condensed Matter 55 3.1 The Microstructure of Condensed Matter and Materials 55 3.1.1 The Microscale 55 3.1.2 The Hard-Sphere Model 56 3.1.3 Energy and Packing 57 3.1.4 Crystals, Quasicrystals and Amorphous Structures 58 3.2 The Unit Cell 60 3.2.1 Lattice and Motif 60 3.2.2 Lattice and Crystal Structure 61 3.2.3 Unit Cell and Unit Vectors 61 3.2.4 Unit Cells, Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems 63 3.2.5 Unit Cells and Their Parameters 65 3.3 Crystal Structures (Phases) 65 3.3.1 Close Packing and Stacking 65 3.3.2 The Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Lattice and its Parameters 67 3.3.3 The Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Lattice and its Parameters 69 3.3.4 The Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Lattice and its Parameters 70 3.3.5 Point Coordinates and Crystallographic Directions 71 3.3.6 Crystallographic Families and Symmetry 72 3.3.7 Coordinate Transformations 72 3.3.8 Crystallographic Planes and Miller Indices 73 3.3.9 Linear Density, Planar Density and Crystal Density 74 3.4 Quasicrystals 77 3.4.1 A Brief History of Quasicrystals 77 3.4.2 Phase and Structure Characteristics of Quasicrystals 79 Questions for Thinking 79 References 80 Part II Electromagnetic Spectroscopy 81 4 Elements of X-Ray Diffraction 83 4.1 Diffraction of X-Rays 83 4.1.1 The Kinematical Theory of Diffraction 85 4.1.2 The Dynamical Diffraction Theory 85 4.1.3 The Mechanism of the Interaction between X-Rays and the Unit Cell 86 4.1.4 Scattering of X-Rays and the Structure Factor of the Unit Cell 86 4.2 Development of X-Ray Diffraction 88 4.3 Generation of X-Rays 91 4.3.1 X-Ray Tubes: Cathode Ray Tube Structure 91 4.3.2 The Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 92 4.3.2.1 Scattering of X-Rays 92 4.3.2.2 Absorption of X-Rays by Matter 93 4.4 Applications 94 4.4.1 Crystal Phase Analysis 94 4.4.2 Determination of Inner Stress of Condensed Samples 97 4.4.2.1 Measurement of Residual Stress in Polycrystalline Materials 98 4.4.2.2 Measurement of Residual Stress in Single-Crystalline Materials 100 Questions for Thinking 101 References 101 5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 103 5.1 Theoretical Foundations 103 5.2 General Setup of an XRF Spectrometer 104 5.3 Types of XRF Analyzers 107 5.4 History and Current Status of XRF 108 5.5 Applications 109 5.6 Appendix 112 5.6.1 Analysis of XRF Spectra 112 5.6.2 Total Reflection XRF, Proton-Excited XRF and Synchrotron Radiation XRF Spectrometry 113 Questions for Thinking 114 References 114 6 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) 115 6.1 Principles of XAS and XES 115 6.2 Classification of XES 118 6.3 History of XES and Common XES Spectrometers 119 6.4 Applications 119 Questions for Thinking 121 References 121 7 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 123 7.1 The Physics of XAS 123 7.1.1 The Principle of X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy 123 7.1.2 The Principle of Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) Spectroscopy 124 7.2 Generation of X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation 125 7.2.1 The Structure of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities 126 7.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Around the World 127 7.3 Applications of XANES Spectroscopy 132 7.4 Applications of EXAFS Spectroscopy 133 7.5 Differences Between EXAFS and XANES 133 Questions for Thinking 134 References 134 8 X-Ray Raman Scattering (XRS) 137 8.1 Interaction of Light and Matter in XRS 137 8.2 A Brief History of XRS Spectrometers 139 8.3 Components of an XRS Spectrometer 141 8.3.1 X-Ray Scattering Crystal Detector 141 8.3.2 High-Resolution Crystal Detector 142 8.3.3 A Superlattice Thin-Film Mirror Surface as a Double Multilayer Monochromator 142 8.3.4 The Detection of Scattered Photons in XRS 143 8.4 Applications of XRS 143 8.4.1 Chemistry 143 8.4.2 Polymer Science 143 8.4.3 Materials Science 144 8.4.4 Biology 145 8.4.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine 146 8.4.6 Gem Research 146 8.4.7 Investigation of Cultural Relics 147 8.5 Summary and Outlook 147 Questions for Thinking 148 References 148 9 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 149 9.1 General Scope of FTIR Spectroscopy 149 9.2 A Brief History of IR Spectrometers 150 9.3 Basic Concepts 150 9.4 Setup of a Standard FTIR Instrument 153 9.5 Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy 155 9.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Linearity 155 9.5.2 Accuracy 155 9.5.3 Data Handling Facility 155 9.5.4 Mechanical Simplicity 155 9.6 Key Elements of an FTIR Spectrometer 156 9.6.1 IR Light Source and Laser 156 9.6.2 Michelson Interferometer and Beam Splitter 156 9.6.2.1 Michelson Interferometer 156 9.6.2.2 Measuring and Processing the Interferogram 158 9.6.2.3 Beamsplitter 160 9.6.3 Infrared Photodetector 160 9.6.4 Fourier Transform and Signal Processing System 161 9.7 Spectral Range 161 9.7.1 Far Infrared 161 9.7.2 Mid Infrared 161 9.7.3 Near Infrared 161 9.8 Application of FTIR Spectroscopy 162 9.8.1 Biological Materials 162 9.8.2 Microscopy and Imaging 162 9.8.3 Studies at the Nanoscale and Spectroscopy Below the Diffraction Limit 162 9.8.4 FTIR Systems as Detectors in Chromatography 162 9.8.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis 163 9.8.6 Emission Spectroscopy and IR Chemiluminescence 163 9.8.7 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions and Spectra of Transient Species 163 Questions for Thinking 164 References 164 10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy of Elements 167 10.1 Principles of EDX Spectroscopy 167 10.1.1 Production of Characteristic X-Rays 167 10.2 A Brief History of EDX Spectrometer Development 169 10.3 Key Components of EDX Spectrometers 170 10.3.1 The X-Ray Generator 170 10.3.2 The Vacuum System 170 10.3.3 The X-Ray Detector 171 10.3.3.1 The Semiconductor Detectors 171 10.3.3.2 The Direct Detectors 172 10.3.3.3 The Indirect Detectors 172 10.3.4 The Signal Processing System 173 10.4 Applications of EDX Spectroscopy 173 10.4.1 Surface Penetration 173 10.4.2 Elemental Resolution, Reliability, and Errors 173 10.4.3 Characteristics of EDX Energy Spectrometers 174 Questions for Thinking 175 References 176 Part III Characterization Methods Based on the Particle (electron Or Electron Beam, Neutron)–matter Interaction 177 11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 179 11.1 Interaction Between the Electron Beam and Matter 180 11.1.1 Elastic Scattering 180 11.1.2 Inelastic Scattering 181 11.2 Signal Detection 182 11.2.1 Primary and Secondary Electrons 183 11.2.2 Backscattered Electrons and Auger Electrons 183 11.2.3 The Relation Between Surface Topography and Secondary Electrons 184 11.2.4 The Relation Between Atomic Number z and Backscattered Electrons 184 11.3 History of SEM Development 185 11.4 Key Components of SEM Devices 186 11.4.1 Electron Beam Sources 186 11.4.1.1 Thermionic Electron Guns 186 11.4.1.2 Field-Emission Electron Guns 187 11.4.2 Electronic Detectors 187 11.4.3 Signal Processing and Imaging System 188 11.5 Application and Expansion of SEM 190 11.5.1 Analysis of Powder Particles 190 11.5.2 Fracture Analysis 190 11.5.3 Observation and Analysis Metallographic Structures 190 11.5.4 Dynamic Study of Fracture Processes 191 Questions for Thinking 191 References 191 12 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 193 12.1 The Interaction Between Electrons and Atoms 193 12.1.1 Transmitted Electrons and Bright-Field Image 195 12.2 Brief History of EM and TEM Development 195 12.3 Key Components of EM and TEM Instruments 198 12.3.1 The Basic Structure of a TEM 198 12.3.1.1 Illumination System 198 12.3.1.2 Electron Gun 199 12.3.1.3 Electromagnetic Lenses 199 12.3.1.4 Imaging System 201 12.3.1.5 Viewing and Recording System 202 12.4 Applications and Extensions of TEM 202 12.4.1 Analysis of Microstructure and Morphology 202 12.4.2 Element Distribution and Morphology Analysis Using EDX Combined with TEM 203 12.4.3 High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF) STEM 204 Questions for Thinking 205 References 206 13 Spherical-Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy (sac-tem) 207 13.1 The Principle of Spherical Aberration Correction 207 13.2 History of SAC-TEM and Spherical Aberration Correctors 207 13.2.1 The Development of SAC-TEM 207 13.2.2 Spherical Aberration Correctors 208 13.3 Applications of SAC-TEM or SAC-STEM 210 13.3.1 Atomic Structure Characterization 210 13.3.2 Surface and Interface Study 210 13.3.3 Differentiation of Light Elements 211 Questions for Thinking 213 References 213 14 Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) 215 14.1 Design of Environmental TEM Instruments 216 14.1.1 Windowed Cell 216 14.1.2 Differential Pumping 217 14.2 Applications of ETEM 219 14.2.1 In-Situ Observation of Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth in the Formation of Nanowires 219 14.2.2 In-Situ Reduction of Metal Oxides 220 14.2.3 Photocatalytic Splitting of Water 222 14.2.4 Particle Formation and Migration 223 14.2.5 Nucleation and Growth of Nanomaterials in Liquid Solution 224 Questions for Thinking 227 References 227 15 Holography 229 15.1 Principles and Foundations 229 15.1.1 The Holographic Principle 229 15.1.2 Electronic Holography 231 15.1.3 Characteristics of Electronic Holography 233 15.2 History 236 15.3 Applications of Electronic Holography 238 15.3.1 The Principle of Observing Electromagnetic Fields with Electronic Holography 238 15.3.2 Fine Structures of Domain Walls in Magnetic Films 239 15.3.3 Micro-Distribution of Magnetic Fields 240 15.3.4 Observing Recorded Magnetization Patterns 240 15.3.5 Quantitative Measurement of Magnetic Moments Using Electron Holography 241 Questions for Thinking 242 References 242 Part IV Characterization Methods for Hyperfine Structures Related to the Magnetic Properties of Electrons and Nuclei 245 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 247 16.1 Basic Theory and Principles 247 16.1.1 Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments 247 16.1.2 Relaxation of Nuclear Magnetic Moments 249 16.2 Pulsed Fourier-Transform (FT) NMR Spectrometry 251 16.2.1 Basic Setup of an NMR Spectrometer 251 16.2.2 Basic Operating Principle 252 16.2.3 Parameters and Performance of NMR Measurements 253 16.3 Acquisition of NMR Signals 255 16.3.1 Magnetic Field Gradients 255 16.3.2 Pulse Sequences in MRI 257 Questions for Thinking 259 References 260 17 Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 261 17.1 Introduction 261 17.2 History and Development 262 17.3 Principles and Fundamentals 263 17.3.1 Mössbauer Effect 263 17.3.2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 264 17.4 Analysis of Mössbauer Spectra 265 17.4.1 Isomer Shift 265 17.4.2 Quadrupole Splitting 266 17.4.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Splitting or Nuclear Zeeman Effect 267 17.5 Instrumentation and Equipment 268 17.5.1 Actuating Device 268 17.5.2 γ-Ray Sources 269 17.5.3 γ-Ray Detectors 269 17.5.4 Amplifier and Pulse-Height Measuring System 271 17.5.5 Data Collector, Processor, and Analyzer 271 17.6 Applications of the Mössbauer Effect and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.1 Features of the Mössbauer Effect and of Mössbauer Spectroscopy 272 17.6.2 Specific Applications 273 Questions for Thinking 275 References 275 Part V Surface Analysis Method 277 18 Atomic Force Microscopy 279 18.1 Detection of Surface Morphology with AFM 279 18.2 History of AFM 281 18.3 Key Components of an AFM Instrument 281 18.3.1 Cantilever and Laser System 281 18.3.1.1 Laser 281 18.3.1.2 Cantilever 281 18.3.2 Piezoelectric Scanner 282 18.3.3 Operating Modes 283 18.3.3.1 Static or Contact Mode 283 18.3.3.2 Dynamic Mode 283 18.3.3.3 Tapping Mode 284 18.3.3.4 Noncontact Mode 285 18.4 Applications and Extensions of AFM 286 18.4.1 Surface Topography 286 18.4.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy 287 18.4.3 In-situ Observation of Biomolecular Processes 287 18.5 Recent Progress of AFM 288 18.5.1 Principles and Applications of Scanning Near-Field Ultrasonic Holography Under AFM Platform 288 18.5.2 Ultrasonic AFM for the Detection of Subsurface Morphology 288 18.5.3 Photoacoustic Microscopy 290 Questions for Thinking 291 References 291 19 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 293 19.1 Brief History of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2 Applications of XPS Spectroscopy 293 19.2.1 Surface Sensitivity 293 19.2.2 Element Resolution, Reliability, and Error 294 19.2.3 Typical Analysis of XPS Spectra 295 Questions for Thinking 296 References 296 Part VI Some Progress and Perspective 297 20 New and Recent Experimental Techniques 299 20.1 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electromagnetic Waves and Matter 299 20.1.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy 299 20.1.2 Two-Photon Microscopy 301 20.1.3 Optical-Mode Photoacoustic Microscopy 302 20.1.4 Multicolor 3D Fluorescence Microscopy 303 20.1.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 305 20.1.6 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers 307 20.1.7 Femtosecond Lasers 308 20.1.7.1 Applications of Femtosecond Lasers 309 20.2 Methods Based on Interactions Between Electrons and Matter 310 20.2.1 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 310 20.2.1.1 Main Features of ESEM 311 20.2.1.2 Representative Applications of ESEM 312 20.2.2 High-Resolution STEM 313 20.2.3 Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy 314 20.2.4 Scanning-Probe Microscopy 315 Questions for Thinking 316 References 316 Answers to “Questions for Thinking” 319 Index 349

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Book SynopsisA riveting, insider's look at the creation and evolution of the like button, and what it reveals about business, technology, and innovationand us. Over seven billion times a day, someone taps a like button. How could something that came out of nowhere become so ubiquitous and so familiarand even so addictive? What problem does it solve for people, and why does a like feel so good? And by the way, who invented the like button in the first place?In Like, bestselling author and renowned strategist Martin Reeves and coauthor Bob GoodsonSilicon Valley veteran and participant in the invention of the like buttontake readers along on a fascinating quest to find out what's behind the world's friendliest icon. It's a story that starts out as simply as a thumbs-up cartoon but ends up presenting surprises and new mysteries at every turn, some of them as deep as anthropological history and others as speculative as the AI-charged future. But this isn't just the story of the like button. It's so much more. Using the origin story and evolution of the like button as a jumping-off point, the authors take readers on a fun and fascinating journey through the world of business, offering smart and surprising insights into technology, innovation, creativity, invention, and even us. For such a small and unassuming invention to take on such scale and power, it must be tapping into something very, very big.

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