Science: general issues Books

Book SynopsisWater harvesting is gaining more and more recognition asthesustainableand resilientalternative to other water supply options. It is economically viable, socially compatible and environmentally friendly. Water harvesting has proven to be arobustsolution to overcome or reduce water shortages all over the world. To apply this in a sustainable and effective way, it is important to understand exactly where it can be applied to make full use of its potential. TheHandbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation:Case Studies and Application Examplesis the mostcomprehensive,up-to-dateand appliedcasebook on water harvesting and conservation yet published.The editors bring together the many perspectives into a synthesis that is both academically-based and practical in its potential applications. TheHandbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation:Case Studies and Application Exampleswill be an important tool for education, research and technical works in thesoil,waterand watershedmanagement area, and will be highly useful for drought strategy planning, flood management and adaptation to climate changein all urban, agricultural, forest, rangelandareas.Table of ContentsPreface xix About the Editors xxi List of Contributors xxv Part I Introduction 1 1 Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 3Ramaswamy Sakthivadivel and Soorya Vennila 2 Sustainable Water Harvesting and Conservation Using Multiple-Criteria Analysis 15Jason Levy and Saeid Eslamian Part II Ancient Water Harvesting and Management 35 3 Ancient Water Management 37Jonas Berking and Brigitta Schütt 4 Fully Coupled Surface--Subsurface Hydrological Modeling to Optimize Ancient Water Harvesting Techniques 49Wim M. Cornelis, Koen Verbist, Tesfay Araya, Emmanuel Opolot, Jasmien C.J. Wildemeersch, and Bashar Al-Barri Part III World Evolution of Small-Scale Rainwater Harvesting 65 5 Recent Progress of an Advanced Eco-Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Coupling Model to Quantify Biogeochemical Cycle in Inland Water 67Tadanobu Nakayama 6 Combined Agroforestry and Rainwater Harvesting to Reduce Soil Degradation in Mediterranean Zones 81Manuel Casanova, Osvaldo Salazar, Oscar Seguel, Yasna Tapia, Marco Pfeiffer, and Saied Eslamian 7 Evolution of Small-Scale Rainwater Harvesting in the Hellenic World Through the Millennia 103Paraskevi A. Londra, Georgios P. Antoniou, Achilleas T. Theocharis, Nicolas R. Dalezios, and Andreas N. Angelakis Part IV Freshwater Conservation, Recharge, and Water Harvesting in Africa 119 8 Assessment of Freshwater and Conservation in Africa 121Olusegun Adeaga and Saeid Eslamian 9 How to Increase Water Harvesting in Africa 141Amos T. Kabo-Bah, Daniella D. Sedegah, Mary Antwi, Webster Gumindoga, and Saied Eslamian 10 Water Harvesting Technique as Source of Safe Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Sudan 153Ageel I. Bushara, Mohanad O. Mustafa, and Saeid Eslamian 11 Analysis of Impacts of Rainfall Variability on Rainwater Harvesting in Orlu Area, Imo State, Nigeria 163Okorie Fidelis Chinazor and Saeid Eslamian 12 Tunisian Experiences of Traditional Water Harvesting, Conservation, and Recharge 171Noureddine Gaaloul, Saeid Eslamian, and Rim Katlane 13 Evaluation of Traditional Rainwater Harvesting Technique of "Jessour" in Southern Tunisia, a Case Study on El-Jouabit Catchment 199Ines Gasmi, Saeid Eslamian, and Mohamed Moussa 14 Water Harvesting Impact Assessment in the Dry Areas of Tunisia: A Review 213Mohamed Ouessar Part V Rainwater Harvesting and Hydroelectric in the Americas 229 15 Water Harvesting in New Mexico 231Hamed Zamani Sabzi, James Phillip King, and Saeid Eslamian 16 Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Conservation 239Gopal Chandra Saha, Michael Quinn, and Connie Van Der Byl 17 Rainwater Harvesting Reduction Impact on Hydroelectric Energy in Argentina 251Marcela H. González, Fernando Losano, and Saeid Eslamian Part VI Asian Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation Examples and Policy Issues 261 18 Rainwater Conservation Practices in China 263Jihui Fan, Majid Galoie, Artemis Motamedi, Ying Liao, and Saeid Eslamian 19 Examples of Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization in China 283Saeid Eslamian and Nastaran Zamani 20 Geospatial Approach to Identify the Suitable Sites for Water Conservation: Indian Context 291Vaibhav Garg and Saeid Eslamian 21 Groundwater Recharge by Water Harvesting Structures in the Semiarid Zones 313A. Raizada, H. Biswas, and Saeid Eslamian 22 Indian Experiences in Water Harvesting Systems 325M.V.K. Sivakumar, K.P.R. Vittal, and Saeid Eslamian 23 Impact Assignment of Integrated Watershed Management in the Micro Watersheds of Sambalpur District, Odisha, India 341Ashutosh Rath, Sandeep Samantaray, Priya Darsan Raj, Prakash Chandra Swain, and Saeid Eslamian 24 Rainwater Harvesting: The Indian Experience -- Traditional and Contemporary 359Sekhar Raghavan and Saeid Eslamian 25 Irrigation Water Conservation in Saudi Arabia 373Abdulrasoul M. Al-Omran, Arafat Al-Khasha, and Saeid Eslamian 26 Traditional Water Harvesting in Iran 385Saeid Okhravi and Saeid Eslamian 27 Capacity Estimation of Underground Rainwater Harvesting System Installed in a Volcanic Ash Soil Area 397Tsuyoshi Miyazaki and Saeid Eslamian Part VII Rainwater Harvesting in Europe: Technical, Social, Economic, and Political Issues 407 28 Rainwater Interest in Urban Areas of Europe, the State of Art (1980--2016) 409Álvaro-Francisco Morote, María Hernández, and Saeid Eslamian 29 Social, Economic, and Political Dimensions of Water Harvesting Systems in Germany: Possibility, Prospects, and Potential 429Sandra Reinstädtler, Shafi Noor Islam, Jason Levy, and Saeid Eslamian 30 Water Harvesting Case Studies in Germany: Urban and Regional Investigations 443Sandra Reinstädtler, Shafi Noor Islam, Jason Levy, and Saeid Eslamian 31 Water Harvesting and Conservation in Romania 455Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Teodor Rusu, and Cristina Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir References 465 Index 469

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Book SynopsisDiscover a one-of-a-kind blueprint to equity analyst success from an industry leader In Survival Kit for an Equity Analyst: The Essentials You Must Know, veteran analyst Shin Horie delivers a must-read, practical guide on the analysis of companies and industries. The book offers a guide to conducting industry-level analysis from a global perspective, with a particular emphasis on adjustments necessary for covering companies in emerging markets. Readers will also get: A robust background on the basic process flow of company analysis and valuation Guidelines for examining earnings drivers in major industries Tips on the qualitative profiling of companies and how to dig deeper to find nuance that financial statements don''t express Perfect for early-career equity analysts themselves, as well as corporate managers who seek to understand how their organisations will be scrutinized and examined by finance professionals,SurvivalTable of ContentsPreface: Why I Wanted to Write This Book xi Introduction: How to Approach Company Analysis xv List of Acronyms xix Part I: Lessons From the Past: My Story as an Analyst 1 From Fish Cakes to Computer Numerical Control (1988–1995) 2 Not Just a Japanese Tourist – Becoming a China H-share Analyst (1996–1998) 5 A Truly Global Research Experience – Semiconductor Analyst (1998–2007) 7 New Lexicon: Clinical Trial, Cap Rate, Embedded Value, Metal Spread (2008–2013) 11 Importing DM Experience to EM: From Japan to Asia-Pacific (2014–2017) 13 Connecting the Dots: From Asia to Global (2018–now) 16 Part II: Laying the Groundwork 19 Chapter 1: Understand the ‘Character’ of the Industry 21 Six Basic Steps for Forecasting Industry Growth 22 TAM Growth Rate 27 Ten Additional Angles for Testing Forecasts 28 Chapter 2: Assess the Earnings Drivers in Different Industries 37 Hyper Growth – Internet, Fintech, Biotechnology 45 Secular Growth – Software, Medical Technology 48 Cyclical – Capital Goods, Transport, Energy, Commodities, Chemicals, Autos 49 Cyclical Growth – Semiconductor, Electronic Components, Technology Hardware, Clean Energy 54 Stable – Consumer Staples, Retail, Consumer Discretionary, Pharmaceutical, Media, Business Services 58 Interest Rate Sensitive – REITs, Property Developers, Banks, Insurance 63 Regulated – Utilities, Telecoms 66 Chapter 3: Identify the ‘Personality’ of the Company 71 Product and Service 71 Origin and History 72 Management Profile 73 Ownership Structure 73 Value Chain 74 Competitive Moat 75 Track Record of Strategic Decisions 76 Corporate Culture by Country 77 Earnings Guidance Track Record 77 Controversy Record 78 Management Quality – A Framework 78 Part III: Analyse and Apply the Findings 83 Chapter 4: Put Findings into the Earnings Model 85 Segmental Revenue Forecast 87 Income Statement Forecast 88 Balance Sheet Forecast 95 Cash Flow Forecast 98 How to Put Cyclicality into Long-term Earnings Forecasts 100 Quarterly Forecasts can be Helpful 100 A Birdseye View is Helpful 101 Financial and Property Sectors are Unique 101 Chapter 5: Summarize All Thoughts 105 A Suggested Method for Creating a Practical Scorecard 105 Chapter 6: Find the Appropriate Valuation Framework 109 Hyper Growth – Internet, Biotechnology 112 Secular Growth – Software, Medical Technology 114 Cyclical – Capital Goods, Transport, Energy, Commodities, Chemicals, Autos 115 Cyclical Growth – Semiconductor, Technology Hardware, Clean Energy 116 Stable – Consumer Staples, Retail, Consumer Discretionary, Pharmaceutical, Media, Business Services 117 Interest Rate Sensitive – Banks, Emerging Market Banks, Insurance, Property, REITs 118 Regulated – Utilities, Telecoms 120 Conglomerates 121 Additional Considerations on Valuation 124 Chapter 7: Differentiation versus Street 131 Is the View Actually Different? 131 Where is the Difference? 132 What is Driving the Difference? 133 Value of an Undifferentiated Conclusion 134 Part IV: What to Research and How to Power the Analysis 135 Chapter 8: How to Generate Exciting Ideas 137 1: Burning Questions 137 2: Products to Solve Problems 138 3: Forgotten New Technologies 138 4: ‘Little Stories’ 139 5: New Language 140 6: B2B and Orphan Stocks 140 7: The Second or Third Derivatives of Structural Changes 141 8: Local Trends 141 9: Inputs from the Real World 141 Chapter 9: How to Deal with Disruptors, Emerging Markets, ESG, and Downturns 145 How to Forecast and Value ‘Disruptors’ 145 How Should Emerging Markets be Looked at? 149 How to Think about ESG Issues 151 How to Cope with Economic Downturns 155 Chapter 10: Using Soft Skills to Power the Analysis 157 How to Build a Relationship with Companies 157 How to Leverage the Team 159 How to Communicate Ideas Effectively 161 What Types of Training Should New Analysts Ask for? 163 Time Management 165 Part V: Recap and Closing Thoughts 169 About the Author 173 Acknowledgements 175 Index 177

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Science: A Way of Knowing: How do you know what you know? 1 2 The Ordered Universe: Why do planets appear to wander slowly across the sky? 30 3 Energy: Why must animals eat to stay alive? 63 4 Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Why is it easier to make an omelet from an egg than to make an egg from an omelet? 92 5 Electricity and Magnetism: What is lightning? 119 6 Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation: What is color? 151 7 Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity: Can a human ever travel faster than the speed of light, at "warp speed"? 185 8 The Atom: Why are there so many different materials in the world? 209 9 Quantum Mechanics: How can the electron behave like both a particle and a wave? 234 10 Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond: How does blood clot? 254 11 Materials and Their Properties: How have computers gotten so much faster? 289 12 The Nucleus of the Atom: How do scientists determine the age of the oldest human fossils? 316 13 The Ultimate Structure of Matter: How can antimatter be used to probe the human brain? 346 14 The Stars: How much longer can the Sun sustain life on Earth? 369 15 Cosmology: Will the universe end? 396 16 Earth and Other Planets: Is Earth the only planet with life? 422 17 Plate Tectonics: Can we predict destructive earthquakes? 458 18 Earth's Many Cycles: Will we ever run out of fresh water? 487 19 Ecology, Ecosystems, and the Environment: Are human activities affecting the global environment? 520 20 Strategies of Life: What is life? 547 21 The Living Cell: What is the smallest living thing? 576 22 Molecules of Life: What constitutes a healthy diet? 600 23 Classical and Modern Genetics: Why do offspring resemble their parents? 627 24 The New Science of Life: How did scientists develop a vaccine for COVID 19? 653 25 Evolution: How did life emerge on the ancient Earth? 685 Index I-1 Additional appendices available online only

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Book SynopsisPLANTS AS BIOREACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL MOLECULES An incisive and practical discussion of how to use plants as bioreactors In Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an insightful and global perspective on the use of plants as bioreactors. In the book, you'll find coverage of the basic, applied, biosynthetic, and translational approaches to the exploitation of plant technology in the production of high-value biomolecules. The authors focus on the yield and quality of amino acids, vitamins, and carbohydrates. The authors explain how high-value biomolecules enable developers to create cost-effective biological systems for the production of biomolecules useful in a variety of sectors. They provide a holistic approach to plant-based biological devices to produce natural molecules of relevance to the health and agriculture industries. Readers will also find: A thorough overview of plants as bioreactors and discussions of molecular farming fTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv 1 Plants as Bioreactors: An Overview 1 Madhu, Alok Sharma, Amandeep Kaur, Deepika Antil, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Factors Controlling the Production of Recombinant Protein 2 1.2.1 Choice of the Host Species 2 1.2.2 Optimization of Expression of Recombinant Protein 3 1.2.2.1 Transcription 4 1.2.2.2 Post- Transcription Modifications 6 1.2.2.3 Translation 7 1.2.2.4 Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs) of Recombinant Proteins 8 1.2.3 Downstream Processing 8 1.3 Recombinant Proteins in Plants 9 1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Proteins 9 1.3.2 Vaccine Antigens 13 1.3.3 Antibodies 14 1.3.4 Nutritional Molecules 15 1.3.5 Other Valuable Products 16 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Molecular Farming for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins in Plants 29 Gaurav Augustine, Pragati Misra, Archana Shukla, Ghanshyam Pandey, and Pradeep Kumar Shukla 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Plant as an Expression Platform 30 2.3 Plant- Derived Recombinant Proteins 34 2.4 Engineering Strategies Utilized for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Production in Plants 34 2.4.1 Nuclear Transformation 35 2.4.2 Chloroplast Transformation 37 2.5 Pharmaceutical Protein Developed Using Plant Expression Platform 37 2.6 Perspectives 46 2.7 Conclusion 47 References 47 3 Plants as Edible Vaccine 57 Jia Qi Yip, Jia Choo, Kirthikah Kadiresen, Megan Min Tse Yew, Ying Pei Wong, and Anna Pick Kiong Ling 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Mechanism of Action 59 3.3 Edible Plant Vaccines 60 3.3.1 Candidate Plants and Selection of Desired Gene 60 3.4 Production of Edible Vaccine (Plant Transformation) 61 3.4.1 Chemical- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 61 3.4.1.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62 3.4.1.2 Liposome- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62 3.4.1.3 Calcium Phosphate Coprecipitation 63 3.4.1.4 Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) – Ddextran- mediated DNA Transfer Method 64 3.4.2 Direct Gene Delivery Method (Physical) 64 3.4.2.1 Biolistic Transfection 64 3.4.2.2 Electroporation 65 3.4.2.3 Sonication 65 3.4.2.4 Microinjection 66 3.4.3 Indirect Gene Delivery 66 3.4.3.1 Agrobacterium- Mediated Gene Transfer 66 3.4.3.2 Genetically Engineered Plant Virus 68 3.4.3.3 Virus- Like Particles (VLPs) 69 3.5 Plant Species Used as Vaccine Models 70 3.5.1 Potato 70 3.5.2 Rice 71 3.5.3 Banana 71 3.5.4 Tomato 72 3.5.5 Lettuce 72 3.5.6 Maize 73 3.5.7 Carrot 73 3.5.8 Alfalfa 73 3.6 Challenges 76 3.7 Conclusion 77 Ackowledgments 77 References 78 4 Plant Cell Culture for Biopharmaceuticals 89 Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth and Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Plant Cultures 90 4.2.1 Plant Cell Cultures 90 4.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture 91 4.2.3 Plant Organ Cultures 92 4.3 Conditions for Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 92 4.3.1 Culture Medium 92 4.3.2 pH 95 4.3.2.1 Plant Cell Growth Regulators (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin) 95 4.3.2.2 Auxins 95 4.3.2.3 Cytokinins 96 4.3.2.4 Gibberellins 96 4.3.2.5 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 96 4.4 Types of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 96 4.4.1 Embryo Culture 96 4.4.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 97 4.4.3 Genetic Transformation 97 4.4.4 Meristem Tip Culture 98 4.4.5 Organogenesis 98 4.4.6 Callus Culture (Callogenesis) 98 4.4.7 Adventitious Root/Hairy Root Culture (rhizogenesis) 98 4.4.8 Suspension Culture 99 4.4.9 Protoplast Fusion 99 4.4.10 Haploid Production 99 4.4.11 Germplasm Conservation 100 4.5 The Techniques Used in Plant Culture 100 4.5.1 Micropropagation in Medicinal Plants 101 4.5.1.1 Stage 0: Preparation of the Donor Plant 101 4.5.1.2 Stage I: Initiation Stage 101 4.5.1.3 Stage II: Multiplication Stage 102 4.5.1.4 Stage III: Rooting Stage 102 4.5.1.5 Stage IV: Acclimatization Stage 102 4.5.2 Elicitation 102 4.5.3 Transformed Tissue Cultures 103 4.5.4 Metabolic Engineering 104 4.6 Applications of Plant Cultures 104 4.7 Biopharmaceuticals 104 4.7.1 Biopharmaceuticals from Plants 105 4.7.1.1 Scale- up of Secondary Metabolites by Using Different Systems 107 4.7.1.2 Vaccines 110 4.7.1.3 Plantibodies 115 4.7.1.4 Proteins 115 4.7.2 The Effects of Production, Safety, and Efficacy 118 4.8 Conclusion 118 References 119 5 Microalgal Bioreactors for Pharmaceuticals Production 127 Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Microalgae Strains Selection 128 5.3 Microalgae Cultivation 129 5.3.1 Factors Affecting the Growth and Productivity of Microalgae 130 5.3.1.1 Nutrients 130 5.3.1.2 Temperature 131 5.3.1.3 pH, Salinity, and Pressure 132 5.3.1.4 Light 132 5.3.1.5 Mixing 133 5.3.2 Methods and Systems for Microalgae Cultivation 134 5.3.2.1 Methods 134 5.3.2.2 Microalgae Cultivation Systems 136 5.4 Acquiring Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae’s 137 5.4.1 Microalgae Harvesting 137 5.4.1.1 Flocculation and Ultrasound 138 5.4.1.2 Centrifugation 138 5.4.1.3 Filtration 138 5.4.1.4 Flotation 139 5.4.2 Biomass Dehydratation 139 5.4.3 Cell Disruption for Bioproducts Extraction 140 5.5 Microalgal Compounds and their Pharmaceutical Applications 141 5.5.1 Carotenoids 141 5.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 143 5.5.3 Polysaccharides, Vitamins, and Minerals 145 5.5.4 Proteins 145 5.6 Conclusions 147 References 147 6 Micropropagation for the Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites 161 Rupasree Mukhopadhyay 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Micropropagation for Production of Secondary Metabolites 163 6.3 Strategies to Improve Secondary Metabolite Production 165 6.3.1 Optimizing Culture Conditions 165 6.3.2 Selecting High- Producing Cell Lines 167 6.3.3 Organ Cultures 167 6.3.4 Precursor Feeding 168 6.3.5 Elicitation 168 6.3.6 Immobilization 170 6.3.7 Permeabilization 171 6.3.8 Genetic Transformation: Hairy Root Cultures and Shooty Teratomas 171 6.3.9 Biotransformation 172 6.3.10 Metabolic Engineering 173 6.3.11 Plant Bioreactors and Scale- up 174 6.4 Conclusions 176 References 176 7 Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoids Enrichment of Plants 185 Monica Butnariu 7.1 Background 185 7.2 Classification of Carotenoid Pigments 186 7.2.1 Carotenoid Hydrocarbons 191 7.2.2 Xanthophylls 192 7.2.3 Carotenoid Ketones 192 7.2.4 Carotenoid Acids 193 7.3 Aspects of the Mechanism of Carotenoid Biosynthesis 194 7.3.1 Premises of Metabolic Engineering 208 7.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 209 References 210 8 Plant Genome Engineering for Improved Flavonoids Production 215 Monica Butnariu 8.1 Background 215 8.2 Structure, Diversity, and Subgroups 217 8.3 Flavonoid Biosynthesis 223 8.4 The Mechanism of Action of Flavonoids 229 8.5 The Role of Flavonoids in Food and Medicine 233 8.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 236 References 236 9 Antibody Production in Plants 241 Vipin Kumar Singh , Prashant Kumar Singh , and Amit Kumar Mishra 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 How Are Antigens Expressed in Plants? 242 9.2.1 Transient Expression of Antigens 242 9.2.2 Plant Virus Fusion Proteins 243 9.3 Plant- Derived Antibodies: Are There any Alternative Approaches? 244 9.4 Antibody Production in Plants: Advantages and Concerns 246 9.5 Conclusion and Prospects 247 References 248 10 Metabolic Engineering of Essential Micronutrients in Plants to Ensure Food Security 255 Swarnavo Chakraborty and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Increased Nutritional Value 256 10.2.1 Iron 256 10.2.2 Iodine 260 10.2.3 Zinc 260 10.2.4 Vitamin A 261 10.2.5 Vitamin B 6 263 10.2.6 Vitamin B 9 264 10.2.7 Vitamin E 265 10.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 268 11 Plant Hairy Roots as Biofactory for the Production of Industrial Metabolites 273 Nidhi Sonkar, Pradeep Kumar Shukla, and Pragati Misra 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Types of Metabolites and Industrial Metabolites 274 11.3 Secondary Metabolites 276 11.4 Importance of Secondary Metabolites 277 11.5 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites 278 11.6 Hairy Roots 280 11.6.1 Hairy Roots 280 11.6.2 Hairy Roots in Plants and In vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites 281 11.7 Initiation of Hairy Root Cultures 282 11.7.1 Formation of Highly Proliferative Hairy Roots 282 11.7.2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes for Hairy Root Production and as a Biotechnology Tools 283 11.8 Large- Scale Production of Secondary Metabolites 285 11.9 Strategies Used In vitro 287 11.9.1 Why Hairy Root Culture? 289 11.10 Plants as Bioreactors 289 11.11 A Case Study 291 11.12 Conclusion 292 References 294 12 Microalgae as Cell Factories for Biofuel and Bioenergetic Precursor Molecules 299 D. Rodríguez- Zuñiga, A. Méndez- Zavala, O. Solís- Quiroz, J.C. Montañez, L. Morales- Oyervides, and J.R. Benavente- Valdés 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Microalgae that Produce Bioenergy and Biofuel Molecules 300 12.3 Biosynthesis of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels in Microalgae 302 12.4 Biohydrogen Production 303 12.5 Starch Biosynthesis 303 12.6 Lipid Biosynthesis 304 12.7 Biochemical Regulation of BBPM Associated with Nutritional Conditions 306 12.8 Physical and Chemical Factors Promote the Accumulation of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels 308 12.9 Light Intensity 308 12.10 Salts 308 12.11 Use of Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sources 309 12.12 Agitation 309 12.13 Photobioreactors to Produce Bioenergy and Biofuels 310 12.14 Open Pond Cultivation Systems 310 12.15 Closed Systems 310 12.16 Hybrid Systems 311 12.17 Conclusions 311 References 311 13 Metabolic Engineering for Value Addition in Plant- Based Lipids/Fatty Acids 317 Himani Thakkar and Vinnyfred Vincent 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Plant Lipids 318 13.3 Tag Synthesis in Plants 318 13.3.1 Fatty Acid Synthesis 318 13.3.2 Tag Biosynthesis 319 13.3.3 Lipid Droplets Biogenesis 320 13.3.4 Wax Esters Synthesis 321 13.4 Regulatory Factors Involved in Tag Synthesis 322 13.5 Metabolic Engineering for Lipid/Fatty Acid Synthesis 323 13.5.1 Increasing Oil Accumulation in Plants 325 13.5.1.1 Modification of Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway 325 13.5.1.2 Increasing Tag Synthesis/Assembly Process 325 13.5.1.3 Increasing Carbon Flux Toward Oil Biosynthesis 325 13.5.1.4 Modulating the Expression of Transcription Factors 326 13.5.1.5 Reducing the Hydrolysis of Storage Lipids 326 13.5.2 Improving the Quality of Oil by Altering the Fatty Acid Profile 326 13.6 Conclusions 327 References 331 14 Plants as Bioreactors for the Production of Biopesticides 337 Fernanda Achimón, Vanessa A. Areco, Vanessa D. Brito, María L. Peschiutta, Carolina Merlo, Romina P. Pizzolitto, Julio A. Zygadlo, María P. Zunino, and Alejandra B. Omarini 14.1 Introduction 337 14.2 Plant Metabolic Engineering for the Production of EOs and their Pure Compounds 338 14.3 Bioactivity of EOs 341 14.3.1 Insecticidal Effects of EOs 341 14.3.1.1 EO Composition of the Lamiaceae Main Genera with Insecticidal Effect 341 14.3.1.2 Characteristics of Some Species Within the Main Genera 342 14.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of EOs 345 14.3.3 Antifungal Effect of EOs 347 14.3.4 Bioconversion Process of EOs and Their Components by Microorganisms 354 14.4 In vitro Synthesis vs Extraction from Natural Sources: How to Obtain Secondary Metabolites 356 14.4.1 Factors Affecting the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources 356 14.4.2 Production of Azadirachtin by Azadirachta indica. A Case Study 357 14.5 Conclusion 358 References 359 15 Nutraceuticals Productions from Plants 367 Isabela Sandy Rosa, Laura Oliveira Pires, and Juliane Karine Ishida 15.1 Plant- Derived Nutraceuticals 367 15.2 Phytochemicals and their Impacts on Human Health 369 15.2.1 Polyphenols 369 15.2.1.1 Chromones 370 15.2.1.2 Coumarins 371 15.2.1.3 Flavonoids 371 15.2.1.4 Curcumin 373 15.2.1.5 Stilbenes 373 15.2.1.6 Xanthones 374 15.2.2 Terpenoids 375 15.2.2.1 Carotenoids 376 15.2.2.2 Ginkgolides 376 15.2.2.3 Limonene 376 15.2.2.4 Oleanolic Acid 376 15.2.2.5 Phytosterols 376 15.2.2.6 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 377 15.2.3 Alkaloids 377 15.2.4 Fatty Acids 379 15.2.5 Fiber 380 15.3 Engineering Nutraceutical- Enriched Plants 381 15.4 Potential Side Effects of Nutraceuticals on Human Health 382 15.5 Final Considerations 383 References 384 16 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Various Plant Parts and Their Antifungal Activity 393 Chikanshi Sharma, Madhu Kamle, and Pradeep Kumar 16.1 Introduction 393 16.2 Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plant Source 395 16.3 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants Source 399 16.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants 400 16.5 Other Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plant Source 401 16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 402 Acknowledgement 402 Conflicts of Interest 403 Author Contribution 403 References 403 17 Plant- Based/Herbal Nanobiocatalysts and Their Applications 411 Rajeswaree Gohel, Dhara Gandhi, and Gaurav Sanghvi 17.1 Introduction of Nanobiocatalyst 411 17.2 Nanobiocatalysts from Herbal Alkaloid Plants Are Used in Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 412 17.3 Why Use Nanobiocatalysts? 413 17.4 Immobilization of Biocatalyst (Enzymes) and Nanoparticles or Nanomatrix 413 17.5 Application of the Nanobiocatalyst 415 17.5.1 Application of Enzyme Immobilized on Graphene- Based Nanomaterial 415 17.5.2 Enzyme- Based Biosensor 415 17.5.2.1 Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized with the Graphene Oxide (GO) 416 17.5.2.2 HRP Biosensor Towards the Detection of Dopamine 416 17.5.2.3 HRP – Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower 417 17.5.3 Bitter Gourd Peroxidase Immobilized with TiO 2 Nanoparticles 417 17.5.4 Immobilization of Acetylcholinesterase on Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Sol–Gel Nanomatrix 418 17.5.5 Alcohol Dehydrogenase Immobilized with Carbon Nano Scaffold 418 17.5.6 Vanillin or Vanillin Synthase is Used as a Therapeutic Drug by Immobilizing with Nanoparticles 419 17.5.7 STR Gene Regulation with the Help of Silver Nanoparticles 419 17.5.8 Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Different Enzymes of Alkaloid Plants Conjugate on the Bioengineering Pathway 420 17.5.9 Application of Plant Extract Biocatalyst Which is Useful to Make Different Nanoparticles and Used as a Remedy. See Table 17.2. 421 17.6 Conclusion 422 References 422 18 Potential Plant Bioreactors 427 Karishma Seem and Simardeeep Kaur 18.1 Introduction 427 18.2 Whole Plants: Stable and Transient Expression Systems 429 18.2.1 Stable Expression (Whole Plant Based) 429 18.2.1.1 Leaf Based 429 18.2.1.2 Seed Based 431 18.2.2 Transient Expression 432 18.2.3 In vitro Culture Systems 433 18.2.3.1 Plant Suspension Cultures 434 18.2.3.2 Hairy Root System 435 18.2.3.3 Moss 438 18.2.4 Aquatic Plants 438 18.2.4.1 Duckweed 438 18.2.4.2 Microalgae 439 18.3 Unique Features of Using Plant- based Production Over Microbial and Mammalian Systems 441 18.3.1 Better Protein Functionality 442 18.3.2 Plant Matrix 442 18.3.3 Speed and Scalability of Production 442 18.3.4 Consumer Acceptance 442 18.3.5 Animal- free Production thus Lower Risks of Pathogen Invasion 442 18.4 Strategies to Enhance the Potential of Plant- based Production Systems 443 18.4.1 To Minimize Ecological Footprint via Inherent Carbon dioxide Fixation and Improved and Sustainable Fertilizer Use 443 18.4.2 Use of Pant Bioreactors to Harvest Multiple Products from a Single Process 443 18.4.3 Reduced Investment and Establishment of Vertical Farms 444 18.4.4 Use of Biodegradable Plant- based Expression Systems 445 18.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 445 Conflict of Interest 446 References 446 19 Production of Nutraceuticals Using Plant Cell and Tissue Culture 457 Elif Karlik and Elif Aylin Ozudogru 19.1 Introduction 457 19.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites as Nutraceuticals in In vitro Cultures 459 19.2.1 Nutraceuticals Used in Pharmaceuticals Industry 459 19.2.2 Nutraceuticals Used in Food and/or Cosmetic Industry 465 19.3 Conclusions 472 References 472 20 Algal Bioreactors for Polysaccharides Production 485 Michele Greque de Morais, Priscilla Quenia Muniz Bezerra, Kricelle Mosquera Deamici, Suelen Goettems Kuntzler, Juliana Botelho Moreira, Céline Laroche, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Algae 486 20.2.1 Algae Producers of Polysaccharides 486 20.2.2 Types of Algae Polysaccharides 487 20.3 Biological Activity of Algal Polysaccharides 488 20.4 Parameters that Iinfluence the Polysaccharides Production by Microalgae 489 20.4.1 Chemical Parameters 490 20.4.2 Physical Parameters 491 20.5 Algal Bioreactors 492 20.5.1 Open System 493 20.5.2 Closed System 494 20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 494 Acknowledgments 495 References 495 Index 503

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix PART I DATA MANIPULATION AND THE SAS® PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 1 1 Getting Started 2 Getting Data into SAS 3 Reading, Writing, and Importing Data 4 Preparing Data for Analysis 5 Preparing to Use SAS Procedures 6 SAS Advanced Programming Topics Part 1 7 SAS Advanced Programming Topics Part 2 8 Controlling Output Using ODS 9 Introduction to PROC SQL PART II STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING SAS PROCEDURES 10 Evaluating Quantitative Data 11 Analyzing Counts and Tables 12 Comparing Means Using T-Tests 13 Correlation and Regression 14 Analysis of Variance 15 Analysis of Variance, Part II 16 Nonparametric Analysis 17 Logistic Regression 18 Factor Analysis 19 Creating Custom Graphs 20 Creating Custom Reports Appendix A Options Reference Appendix B SAS Function Reference Appendix C Choosing a SAS Procedure Appendix D Quick Reference Appendix E USING SAS® OnDemand for Academics Appendix F Base Programming Practice Test References Index

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Book SynopsisPlant Centromere Biology covers plant centromere research. The book covers several topics including the structure of centromeres from several plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, maize, wheat, and beet.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Chapter 1 Arabidopsis Centromeres 3 Minoru Murata Chapter 2 Rice Centromeres 15 Jiming Jiang Chapter 3 Maize Centromeres 25 Gernot Presting Chapter 4 A Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of the Structure, Evolution, and Epigenetic Modifi cations of Major DNA Sequences in Centromeres of Beta Species 39 Falk Zakrzewski, Beatrice Weber, and Thomas Schmidt Chapter 5 Centromere Synteny among Brachypodium, Wheat, and Rice 57 Lili Qi, Bernd Friebe, and Bikram S. Gill Chapter 6 CENH3 for Establishing and Maintaining Centromeres 67 Inna Lermontova and Ingo Schubert Chapter 7 Holokinetic Centromeres 83 Stefan Heckmann and Andreas Houben Chapter 8 Is the Heterochromatin of Meiotic Neocentromeres a Remnant of the Early Evolution of the Primitive Centromere? 95 María J. Puertas and Alfredo Villasante Chapter 9 Misdivision of Centromeres 111 Adam J. Lukaszewski Chapter 10 Female Meiotic Drive in Monkeyfl owers: Insight into the Population Genetics of Selfi sh Centromeres 129 Lila Fishman Chapter 11 Plant Centromere Epigenetics 147 Ryan N. Douglas and James A. Birchler Chapter 12 Centromere Evolution 159 Jiming Jiang Chapter 13 Centromere-Mediated Generation of Haploid Plants 169 Maruthachalam Ravi and Simon W.-L. Chan Chapter 14 Engineered Plant Chromosomes 183 Robert T. Gaeta and James A. Birchler Index 193 Color plate is located between pages 182 and 183

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Book SynopsisA nuts-and-bolts explanation of cryptography from a leading expert in information security.

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Book SynopsisPrize-winning essays on our changing place in the natural world by the best-selling author of Moby-Duck.

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Book SynopsisHow seeing Earth through the eyes of an astronaut brings new wonder and meaning to life on our planetTrade Review"After studying Earth from space, some astronauts end up thinking that everyone and everything on this planet is interconnected. How do the rest of us feel about that? In Light-Years There's No Hurry starts by listening to exoplanets and talking to the prisoners helping us to imagine human settlements on Mars." -- Simon Ings - New Scientist"In the midst of an anxiety spiral at the dire state of the world—the politics, the climate, the existential threats facing humanity—In Light-Years There's No Hurry felt like a balm... [a] poetic exploration of zooming out. " -- Rachel Cunliffe - New Statesman"A charming, challenging book... The gentle activism of [van Heemstra's] own life—gathering with neighbours in parks at night, feeling cosmological connection beyond the city's glare—threads humanely through the book. " -- Pat Kane - New Scientist"This starstruck enquiry into the grand universe around us will leave you both humbled and awed." -- Katherine May, The New York Times bestselling author of Wintering and Enchantment"Understanding the universe involves a certain cold scientific detachment, but van Heemstra takes us on a delightful and entertaining journey in which the inescapable human story and interpretation of what it all means is blended seamlessly with discovery. A rich and thoroughly enjoyable read." -- Charles Cockell, author of Taxi from Another Planet and The Equations of Life"A lovely, lyrical book about the search for signs of life in these perilous times. Van Heemstra gracefully illuminates the difficulties and delights of connection in our increasingly chaotic world." -- Jenny Offill, author of Weather and Dept. of Speculation"Can such wild perspectives really transform us? Marjolijn van Heemstra spent a year trying to experience, on Earth, the rapture astronauts say they feel when they look back on our planet from space." -- Simon Ings - New Scientist

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisAnti-Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed Up-to-date information on mycotoxigenic fungi and toxins, with methods to control them in food and feed Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed focuses on strategies to control the health risk of mycotoxins associated with cereals, pulses, and vegetables during post and pre harvest stages, in addition to foods, food-based products, and feeds. Each chapter is carefully designed to offer information elucidating various strategies, which include physical, chemical, and biological methods. The book provides a combined approach of advanced techniques used against mycotoxigenic fungi, which is helpful in studying the strategies for different mycotoxins. Special attention has been paid to diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi and their destructive effect on either preharvest, post-harvest, or storage, and their respective toxins which pose a long-term health risk to humans and animals, if contaminated food or feedTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii Introduction 1 References 5 1 Strategies for the Control of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species in Contaminated Food and Feed 7Premila N. Achar, Quenton Kritzinger , and Santosh Sharma Graphical Representation 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin Types in Food and Feed 8 1.3 Distribution of Aflatoxin Contamination Across the Globe 9 1.4 Aflatoxin Limits in Food and Feed 9 1.5 Aflatoxin Biosynthesis 11 1.6 Aflatoxin Mitigation 11 1.7 Physical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 14 1.8 Chemical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 17 1.9 Biologicals as a Control Strategy Against Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxins 18 1.10 Summary 21 1.11 Future Implications 22 1.12 Study Questions 22 2 Advanced Anti-Fumonisin Strategies in Food and Feed 31N. Deepa, Angel M. Vaya, and M.Y. Sreenivasa Graphical Representation 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Occurrence and Distribution 33 2.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 33 2.4 Physical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 36 2.5 Chemical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 41 2.6 Biological Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 42 2.7 Recent Advanced Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 44 2.8 Summary 46 2.9 Future Implications 46 2.10 Study Questions 46 3 Innovative Strategies to Decontaminate Ochratoxin A in Food and Feed 59Priyanthi Chandravarnan, Dominic Agyei, and Azam Ali Graphical Representation 60 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Production of OTA in Fungi 62 3.3 Occurrence and Distribution 63 3.4 OTA Toxicity and Its Effects on Humans and Animals 64 3.5 Recent Strategies Used in OTA Decontamination 65 3.6 Summary 74 3.7 Future Implications 75 3.8 Study Questions 76 4 Patulin-Effective Mitigation Strategies in Food and Feed 83S. Divyashree, G. Adithi, B. Shruthi, and M.Y. Sreenivasa Graphical Representation 84 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Patulin 85 4.3 Effect of both Pre- and Post-harvest Stages 86 4.4 Mitigation Strategies Against Patulin Mycotoxin 88 4.5 Detoxification of Patulin 94 4.6 Degradation Products of Patulin 97 4.7 Binding Methods 98 4.8 Future Implications 99 4.9 Summary 99 4.10 Study Questions 99 5 Trichothecenes: Toxigenic Effects and Detoxification Strategies 109Monica C. Paul and Regina S. Dass Graphical Representation 110 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes 112 5.3 Occurrence and Distribution 113 5.4 Toxic Effects of Trichothecenes 113 5.5 Detoxification Methods of Trichothecenes 115 5.6 Physical Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecene Toxins 116 5.7 Chemical Method for Trichothecene Detoxification 119 5.8 Biological Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 122 5.9 Advanced Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 124 5.10 Summary 124 5.11 Future Implications 125 5.12 Study Questions 125 6 Citrinin: A Potential Mycotoxin in Food and Feed with Possible Management Strategies to Combat Its Contamination 133Kadaiah Ajithkumar, Attihalli S. Savitha, Matapati Renuka, and Manjunath K. Naik Graphical Representation 134 6.1 Introduction 134 6.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Citrinin 135 6.3 Toxicity and Its Effects of Citrinin in Animals, Birds, and Humans 137 6.4 Effects of Both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages on Citrinin Production 139 6.5 Physical Control Measures Against Citrinin 139 6.6 Chemical Control Measures Against Citrinin 143 6.7 Biological Control Measures Against Citrinin 144 6.8 Detoxification/Degradation/Binding Methods of Citrinin 146 6.9 Summary 147 6.10 Future Implications 147 6.11 Study Questions 147 7 Detoxification and Control Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed 155Rouaa Daou, André El Khoury, and Ali Atoui Graphical Representation 156 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Occurrence and Distribution 157 7.3 Physical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 158 7.4 Chemical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 162 7.5 Biological Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 164 7.6 Summary 165 7.7 Future Implications 169 7.8 Study Questions 170 8 Decontamination and Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol – An Emetic Toxin of Food and Feed 177Prakash Sumalatha and Pavagada K. Maheshwar 8.1 Introduction 178 8.2 Deoxynivalenol 178 Graphical Representation 179 8.3 Occurrence and Distribution 180 8.4 Toxicological Effects of Deoxynivalenol 181 8.5 Prevention Strategies Against Deoxynivalenol 182 8.6 Biological Control Agents (BCA) 186 8.7 Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol 186 8.8 Summary 191 8.9 Future Implications 191 8.10 Study Questions 192 9 Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed 201Theresa S.R. Mahadevarao and Raghavendra M. Puttaswamy Graphical Representation 202 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Biochemistry and Occurrence 203 9.3 Distribution of NIV Contamination in Food and Feed 204 9.4 Nivalenol Biogenesis 205 9.5 Effects of Ecological Factors on Nivalenol Production 206 9.6 Nivalenol Tolerance Limits 207 9.7 Detection Methods of Nivalenol 207 9.8 Recent Management and Mitigation Strategies against Nivalenol 208 9.9 Summary 212 9.10 Future Perspective 213 9.11 Study Questions 213 10 Innovative Strategies in the Control of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Food and Feed 223Thippeswamy Basaiah, Ankita B. Nayak, and Sowmya H. Veeranna Graphical Representation 224 10.1 Introduction 224 10.2 Occurrence and Distribution 225 10.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 225 10.4 Detoxification Strategies Against Trichothecene 226 10.5 Advances in Detoxification Strategies of Trichothecene 231 10.6 Summary 233 10.7 Future Implications 234 10.8 Study Questions 234 11 Ergot Alkaloids and Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies in Food and Feed 237Agriopoulou Sofia Graphical Representation 238 11.1 Introduction 238 11.2 Occurrence and Distribution 240 11.3 Effects of both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages 241 11.4 Recent Strategies Against Ergot Alkaloid Mycotoxins 242 11.5 Physical Control 242 11.6 Chemical Control 244 11.7 Biological Control 244 11.8 Detoxification Methods of Ergot Alkaloids 245 11.9 Summary 246 11.10 Future Perspective 246 11.11 Study Questions 247 Acknowledgments 247 Conflict of Interest 247 Author Contributions 247 References 247 Further Reading 253 Websites 254 Index 255

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Book SynopsisDiatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food, and High-Value Products covers the scientific, economic, and practical aspects of using diatoms for multiple purposes. This book is an integrated approach to diatom cultivation, including discussions on techniques, harvesting methods, and innovative technologies. Diatom research has spawned more interest in biofuel production, serving as smart containers for biosensing pollutants and components of interest when integrated with different nanomaterials. A unique set of features and topics about diatom products are discussed in this 20-chapter book. It implements an integrated approach to diatom cultivation and includes discussions on cultivation techniques. It showcases the diversity of high-value products that can be derived from diatoms, such as pigments, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it discusses the prospects of diatom cultivation and looks into ongoing research about potential emerging applica

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Book SynopsisTranscriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening Understand the critical factors in fruit development with this up-to-date guide Fruit is an essential part of the human diet, and fruit production has never been more central to global human nutrition and public health. Fruit ripening is a vital stage in the emergence of nutrient-rich food, and modifications to the fruit development process can impact flavor, texture, nutritional value, and more. The process of ripening is controlled by nearly sixty transcription factors (TFs), a proper understanding of which is therefore crucial to regulating fruit quality and competing in the global food marketplace. Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening is a comprehensive introduction to recent developments in the study of fruit ripening, focusing especially on these transcription factors. It details the major families of transcription factors and their properties, as well as providing methods for screeniTable of ContentsPreface x 1 Overview of the Transcriptional Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 TFs Regulate Fruit Development and Ripening 1 1.2.1 Overview 1 1.2.2 Model Plant Species for Studying the Transcriptional Regulation of Fruit Development and Ripening 2 1.2.3 TF Families that Regulate Fruit Development and Ripening 3 1.2.3.1 MADS-box Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 3 1.2.3.2 NAC Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 5 1.2.3.3 ERF Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 6 1.2.3.4 ARF Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 8 1.2.3.5 SBP Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 8 1.2.3.6 HD-ZIP Family Regulates Fruit Ripening 9 1.2.4 Relationships among TF Families 9 1.3 Methods of Screening and Identifying Ripening-related TFs 10 References 11 2 Screening Method for the Identification and Characterization of Transcription Factors Regulating Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 17 2.1 Bioinformatics 17 2.1.1 Overview 17 2.1.1.1 Introduction 17 2.1.1.2 Stages of Development 18 2.1.1.3 Brief Introduction to the Development of Bioinformatics 19 2.1.1.4 Research Direction 20 2.1.1.5 Technical Methods 23 2.1.1.6 Others 24 2.1.2 Expression Profile Analysis 24 2.1.2.1 Gene Expression Profile 24 2.1.2.2 Acquisition of Gene Expression Profile 25 2.2 Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) 26 2.2.1 The Basic Principle of VIGS 27 2.2.2 The Methods for VIGS 28 2.2.2.1 Types of VIGS Viral Vectors 28 2.2.2.2 Infection Methods for VIGS 30 2.2.3 Application of VIGS 31 2.3 Transgenic Technology 33 2.3.1 Plant Transgenic Technology 33 2.3.1.1 Concept 33 2.3.1.2 Methods 33 2.3.2 Application of Transgenic Technology 36 2.3.2.1 Transcription Factors and Transgenic Technology 36 2.3.2.2 Application of Transgenic Technology in Climacteric Fruits 37 2.3.2.3 Application of Transgenic Technology in Nonclimacteric Fruits 39 2.3.2.4 Application of Transgenic Technology in Other Plants 39 2.3.3 Development of New Technologies 40 2.4 Gene Editing 40 2.4.1 Concept 40 2.4.2 Principles 41 2.4.2.1 ZFN Technology 41 2.4.2.2 TALEN Technology 42 2.4.2.3 CRISPR-Cas System 43 2.4.3 Methods 45 2.4.3.1 Construction of ZFN Expression Vectors 45 2.4.3.2 Construction of TALEN Expression Vectors 45 2.4.3.3 Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 Expression Vector 49 2.4.4 Application 51 References 53 3 MADS-box Transcription Factors Necessary for Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 MADS-box Gene Classification 62 3.3 Motifs of the MADS-box Genes 63 3.4 Functional Form of MADS-box Proteins 65 3.5 Functions of the MADS-box Family 65 3.5.1 The Role of MADS-box Genes in Flower Development 65 3.5.1.1 Control of Flowering Time 69 3.5.1.2 Regulation of Ovule Development 69 3.5.2 The Regulation of Fruit Ripening by MADS-box Transcription Factors 71 3.5.2.1 The Effect of Tomato RIN on Fruit Ripening 72 3.5.2.2 The Effect of FRUITFULL on Tomato Fruit Ripening 78 3.5.2.3 The Effect of Tomato TAGL1 on Fruit Ripening 81 3.5.2.4 The Effect of Tomato MADS1 on Fruit Ripening 81 3.5.2.5 The Role of Other Tomato MADS-box Transcription Factors in Formation of the Pedicel Abscission Zone (AZ) and Fruit Ripening 81 3.5.2.6 Studies of the Regulation of MADS-box Transcription Factors in Ripening in Banana 83 3.5.2.7 Studies of the Regulation of MADS-box Transcription Factors in Ripening in Other Fruit 85 References 85 4 NAC Transcription Factor Family Regulation of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 92 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Overview of the Plant NAC Family TFs 92 4.2.1 Origin of the NAC Family TFs 93 4.2.2 Classification of NAC TFs 95 4.2.3 Localization of the NAC TFs 95 4.2.4 Structure of NAC TFs and the Mechanism of Their Functions 96 4.2.5 Regulation of the Expression of NAC TFs 99 4.2.5.1 The Regulation of NAC Gene Expression by miRNA 99 4.2.5.2 Regulation of NAC TFs at the Protein Level 100 4.3 NAC Family TFs Regulate Fruit Ripening 100 4.3.1 NAC Family TFs Regulate Tomato Fruit Ripening 100 4.3.2 CpNAC1/3 Is Involved in Regulating the Ripening of Papaya 107 4.3.3 NAC Family TFs Are Involved in Fruit Deastringency in Persimmon 107 4.3.4 NAC Family Transcription Factors Regulate Peach Fruit Ripening 108 4.3.5 NAC Family Transcription Factors Regulate the Ripening of Kiwifruit 109 4.3.6 EjNAC1 Regulates Lignin Biosynthesis in Loquat Fruit 110 4.3.7 NAC Family TFs Are Involved in Climacteric Fruit Ripening in Pyrus Ussuriensis 111 4.3.8 The Function of NAC Family TFs in Banana Fruit Ripening 111 4.3.9 FcNAC1 and FaRIF Are Involved in Pectin Metabolism during Ripening of Strawberry Fruit 114 4.3.10 The Interaction between LcNAC13 and LcR1MYB1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Litchi Fruit 114 4.3.11 The Role of NAC Family Transcription Factors in Apple Fruit Ripening 114 References 115 5 Role of ERF Transcription Factors in Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 122 5.1 Summary of the ERF Family 122 5.2 Biological Functions of the ERF Family 125 5.3 The Roles of ERF Family TFs in Fruit Ripening 130 References 134 6 The ARF Side of the Fruit Tuning of Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 138 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Overview of the ARF Family 138 6.2.1 Discovery of ARF 138 6.2.2 Structure of ARF Proteins 140 6.2.3 Gene Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of ARFs 141 6.2.4 Expression Patterns of ARF Genes 144 6.3 Biological Functions of the ARF Family 145 6.3.1 Current Research Status of ARFs in Arabidopsis thaliana 146 6.3.2 Current Research Status of ARFs in Rice (Oryza Sativa) 148 6.3.3 Current Research Status of ARFs in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 149 6.4 Mechanism of ARF Function 150 6.4.1 ARF–Aux/IAA Binding Mechanism 150 6.4.2 Mechanism for the Role of ARFs in Auxin Signal Transduction 151 6.5 Research Progress on the Function of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Plants 151 6.5.1 Research Progress on the Role of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening 153 6.5.2 Research Progress of ARF Family Transcription Factors in Fruits of Other Species 159 References 162 7 HD-ZIPs Are Involved in Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Structure of HD-Zip Genes 169 7.3 HD-Zip Gene Classification 170 7.4 Mechanism of Action of HD-Zip Transcription Factors 172 7.5 Functions of the HD-Zip Family 172 7.5.1 HD-Zip Class I 172 7.5.2 HD-zip Class II 177 7.5.3 HD-zip Class III 178 7.5.4 HD-zip Class IV 180 7.6 Prospects 181 References 182 8 SBP-box Transcription Factors and Flesh Fruit Development and Ripening 188 8.1 Research Progress on Plant SBP Family Transcription Factors 188 8.1.1 Origin and Development of the SBP-box Gene Family 189 8.1.2 Structure of SBP Family Transcription Factors 189 8.1.3 Evolutionary Analysis of the SBP Gene Family 191 8.1.4 Regulation of the SBP-box Gene Family 192 8.1.5 Biological Functions of the SBP-box Gene Family 194 8.1.5.1 Role of SBP Transcription Factors in Environmental Signal Response 194 8.1.5.2 Roles of SBP Transcription Factors in Flower Formation and Development 195 8.1.5.3 Roles of SBP Transcription Factors in Leaf Morphogenesis 197 8.1.5.4 Other Roles of SBP Transcription Factors 199 8.2 Research Progress on LeSPL-CNR 200 8.2.1 Discovery and Development of LeSPL-CNR 200 8.2.2 Biological Functions of LeSPL-CNR with Cnr Mutant 201 8.2.3 LeSPL-CNR and Epigenetic Regulation 201 8.2.4 Reevaluated the CNR Function by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Mutation Technique 203 8.2.5 Regulatory Networks between Transcription Factors 204 8.3 Prospects 205 References 206 Index 211

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive yet concise book provides a thorough and complete guide to every aspect of managing the peer review process for scientific journals. Until now, little information has been readily available on how this important facet of the journal publishing process should be conducted properly. Peer Review and Manuscript Management in Scientific Journals fills this gap and provides clear guidance on all aspects of peer review, from manuscript submission to final decision. Peer Review and Manuscript Management in Scientific Journals is an essential reference for science journal editors, editorial office staff and publishers. It is an invaluable handbook for the set-up of new Editorial Offices, as well as a useful reference for well-established journals which may need guidance on a particular situation, or may want to review their current practices. Although intended primarily for journals in science, much of its content will be relevant to other scholarly areas.Trade Review"…a godsend to the rookie editor taking the driving seat for the first time and feeling understandably daunted by the responsibility. Statements like 'no editorial office should be without it', 'an essential resource' or 'indispensable' unfortunately sound like clichés. In the case of this book, however, they are all true. In fact, I think I will need a second copy for when one of my colleagues pinches this one!" (Learned Publishing). “By writing a book on peer review and manuscript management, Irene Hames has helped millions of readers, thousands of authors and hundreds of reviewers and editors to reach a higher standard for scientific publications. I benefited greatly reading the book and warmly suggest every scientist to have it available as a reference book on his or her book shelf when thinking about putting together a manuscript or when invited to serve the community as a reviewer.” (Journal of Sedimentary Research) "Hames’ aim is to provide a manual to help editors, their editorial colleagues, and staff, and to give practical guidance on all aspects of peer review, creating an awareness of the issues involved and potential problems. This she has achieved, taking the reader from manuscript submission, through the peer review process, to decision making… [Included are] some 80 pages of appendices. These extremely useful checklists, forms, guidance, and sample letters provide salient information, and act as an excellent resource for all involved in the publication of scientific journals. Hames offers essential instruction for editors at all levels. Reviewers, even authors, would profit from reading this book. But it will be of most use to those starting a new position in the publication of scientific journals; from academic Editor-in-Chief to Editorial Assistant, it should be prerequisite reading." (The Lancet) "… this comprehensive, authoritative, and useful book represents a precious resource for would-be editors wishing to learn every aspect of manuscript management and peer review. Established journals wishing to review and update administrative practices, and even authors and peer reviewers may find it helpful and informative on many aspects of the work performed in editorial offices, which often is shrouded in mystery." (Journal of the American Medical Association) "...a timely and well-informed book. Newly appointed editors will find masses of useful information and practical tips. Seasoned editors will be inspired to reassess and refine their own procedures." (Polar Research) “An excellent and must-read book for journal editors … It will also serve as a valuable resource for anyone interested or involved in the peer-review process.” (PsycCritiques) "Irene Hames....writes engagingly, and, from the viewpoint of her extensive experience, provides a practical handbook that describes ways of coping with the many day-to-day problems that must be faced by the editor and office staff of a scientific journal...I strongly recommend it..." (Editing Matters)Table of ContentsForeword by Robert Campbell and Sally Morris ix Preface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 What should peer review do? 2 What does peer review assume? 4 What is this book trying to achieve? 4 Chapter 2: The peer-review process – how to get going 9 The basic process 9 The people involved in running the peer-review process 10 Office organization 11 Choice of system and procedures 14 Record keeping 16 Systems available 20 Chapter 3: Manuscript submission and initial checks on completeness and suitability 25 Submission guidance to authors 26 Journal scope and editorial policy 26 Manuscript presentation 28 Manuscript submission 31 Checking and logging of submitted manuscripts 32 Transfer to editor 34 Initial assessment of suitability and rejection without external review 36 Manuscripts with language problems 38 Chapter 4: The full review process 41 Identifying and selecting appropriate reviewers 43 Reviewer information 44 How to go about identifying and selecting reviewers 48 Finding reviewers 53 To invite or not? 53 Inviting reviewers 54 Responses to invitations to review 56 Getting the manuscript and associated material to the reviewers 60 Information reviewers will require 61 Associated material needed by reviewers 63 Monitoring review progress 66 Reminding and chasing reviewers 67 Problems during review 70 Reviewers not returning reviews 71 Receiving and checking of returned reviews 73 Checking of reviews 74 The ethics of amending reviewer reports for authors 77 The ‘ideal’ report 78 Back-to-back manuscripts 82 Dealing with enquiries on manuscript status 84 Chapter 5: The decision-making process for reviewed manuscripts 87 The organizational structure for decision making 87 The decision-making process 89 Divided opinions from reviewers 91 The decisions that can be made 94 Checks to be made before communicating decisions to authors 99 Communicating the decision to the authors 102 Rebuttals and appeals from authors 103 Dealing with revisions 104 Dealing with resubmissions 107 Problems with resubmissions 109 Acceptance 110 Decision making to consistent standards and the problem of availability of space 112 Special considerations in decision making: dual-use research and the possible misuse of information 114 Chapter 6: Moving to online submission and review 119 How do you choose an online system? 120 How to prepare to move to online working 122 Evaluation of current workflow and responsibilities 123 Specification design for the journal 125 Questions and text options on the site 125 Preparation of editorial correspondence for the online site 126 Health and safety issues 127 Training and support 128 Data transfer 130 The launch and transition period 130 What to expect after going live online 132 Impact on submission numbers 132 Impact on the quality of submissions 132 Impact on geographical origin of submissions 132 Impact on reviewing and administration times 133 Problems that may be encountered and how to deal with them 133 Online systems are never closed 133 Users will grumble 133 Users needing extra support 133 Editors not using the online system properly 134 The need to work ‘offline’ occasionally 134 Users not using the online system to communicate or not mounting all relevant information 134 Responses from reviewers 135 Reviews submitted for the wrong manuscript or comments in the wrong place, and editors submitting the wrong documents or working on the wrong manuscript screen 135 Other editors or people not associated with a manuscript needing to see material 135 Submissions from the editor-in-chief 136 Reviewers requesting hard copy and/or refusing to work online 136 Users adding other people’s email addresses to their own accounts 137 A final note 137 Chapter 7: Reviewers – a precious resource 139 Thanks and feedback to reviewers 139 Reviewer training 140 Ways to recompense reviewers 142 How to develop and maintain reviewer loyalty 143 Recognition of peer review as an accredited professional activity 144 Chapter 8: The obligations and responsibilities of the people involved in peer review 147 Authors – their obligations and responsibilities 148 To act honestly 148 To choose the most appropriate journal 149 To make sure manuscripts are well presented, contain nothing inappropriate and are submitted correctly 149 To deal appropriately with all authorship issues 151 Editors – their obligations and responsibilities 158 General responsibilities 158 Responsibilities to authors 159 Responsibilities to reviewers 160 Responsibilities to readers 161 Reviewers – their obligations and responsibilities 162 Editorial office staff – their obligations and responsibilities 164 Conflicts of interest – what they are and how to deal with them 164 What are conflicts of interest? 164 How should conflicts of interest be handled? 167 Moral dilemmas 169 Political or human rights issues 169 Authors accused of criminal offences 170 Refusals by publishers to publish articles 170 Inability to complete review of a manuscript 170 Chapter 9: Misconduct in scientific research and publishing – what it is and how to deal with it 173 What types of misconduct can occur? 174 Author misconduct 174 Reviewer misconduct 182 Editor misconduct 183 How should cases of alleged or suspected misconduct be handled? 184 Where can you turn for help? 187 The publisher 188 Professional bodies 188 Scholarly publishing organizations 188 The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) 188 The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) 189 International Committees for Scientific Misconduct 189 Funding agencies 190 What sanctions can be imposed as a penalty for misconduct? 190 Authors found guilty of misconduct 190 Reviewers found guilty of misconduct 192 Editors found guilty of misconduct 192 Correcting the literature 192 Notification of an error 193 Expression of concern 194 Retraction of an article 194 Removal of an article 196 Replacement of an article 196 Dubious or fraudulent data remaining in the literature 197 The future 197 Appendices Appendix I The Golden Rules and the Peer-Review Good Practice Checklist 201 Appendix II Examples of checklists, forms, guidance for reviewers and editorial letters 213 Appendix III Useful websites 269 Appendix IV Alternative models of peer review 275 Index 283

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Book Synopsis* A collection of original papers by philosophers whose work is at the forefront of debate about the relevance of substantial metaphysical theories to science. * Responds in particular to recent publications by Brian Ellis on scientific essentialism, especially on the topics of laws, natural kinds and realism.Table of Contents1. Physical Realism: Brian Ellis. 2. Scientific Realism and Metaphysics: Stathis Psillos. 3. Kinds and Essences: John Heil. 4. Kinds, Essences and Powers: Stephen Mumford. 5. Laws and Essences: Alexander Bird. 6. Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties: Brian Ellis

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1961. A constant influence on human action is that of proprieties, personal and social. These attitudes and traditions defining what is proper are largely logical in origin, but chance has a way of upsetting them. Even theory, which is part of human action, is subject to this influence. Dr. Hammond takes a novel approach to this philosophical theme. His topics of discussion include perception, the role of symbols in poetry and science, the definition of good and good use in language, space and the motion of the earth, the psychology of love, attitudes toward gambling, and a defense of horse racing. This unorthodox approach results in an exceptionally imaginative and thought-provoking book as well as a strong defense of deontology.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1. Proprieties and Vagaries Chapter 2. Thinking Ways Chapter 3. Symbols Chapter 4 Good Use and the Use of "Good" Chapter 5. Proprieties and the Motion of the Earth Chapter 6. Sua Si Bona Norint Chapter 7. Bridge Chapter 8. A Defense of Horse Racing Chapter 9 Idols of the Twilight Index

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented visual and scientific journey into the secret world of bears. In Bears of the North, renowned wildlife photographer, naturalist, and bestselling author Wayne Lynch offers us a work of scintillating science and stunning beauty. Following polar bears, brown bears, and American and Asiatic black bears through the seasons, this journey is an insider's view of hibernation's mysteries and the birth of cubs in winter; the mating rituals and voracious appetites of spring; hunting, fishing, and encounters with neighbors during summer; and the feeding frenzy and exuberant play of autumn. Dispelling the stereotypes and untruthsbut none of the magicsurrounding these magnificent animals, Lynch comments on the latest scientific discoveries related to the biology, behavior, and ecology of bears. He describes how satellite telemetry has revealed the purpose behind the meanderings of bears and the great distances they sometimes cover on land and in water. He also shows how DNA analysTrade ReviewExtremely well researched....No matter how many years you have researched or managed bears, there will be something in this book that you did not know.—International Bear NewsTable of ContentsPreface1. IntroductionThe CarnivoresThe Bear Family: Family UrsidaeThe Polar BearThe Brown BearThe Asiatic Black BearThe American Black Bear2. January–February–MarchA Bear in Hibernation, Down but Not OutDen MothersJourney to the IceOn the Sea Ice3. April–MayDen EmergenceGetting Under WayOrigin of the Sea BearHunters on the IceMore like Cows than CarnivoresDroppings and DigestiblesCaching and Carrion4. JuneThe Mating GameThe Biology of MurderComing of Age in BearlandThe Family Breaks UpOrphans and CastawaysSunbathing SealsThe Hunter and the HuntedAnts and Other Edibles5. July–AugustBears on the BeachSalmon and BearsHierarchy Highs and LowsThe Language of BearsBear Rub TreesA Day in the LifeThe Challenge of Living with a Cousin6. SeptemberThe Fall Feeding FrenzyPacking on the PoundsThe Games That Bears PlayA Bear's DomainThe Brainy Bruin7. October–November–December Bedding Down for WinterDanger in the DenSnow DensThe Challenge of Life on the Ice8. The Unbearable FutureHabitat LossChemicals That PoisonPoaching for Placebos and ProfitThe Big MeltAppendix A. The Tropical BearsThe Andean Bear of the Cloud ForestsThe Sun BearGiant Panda, the Bamboo Bear of ChinaThe Sloth Bear: The Termite TerminatorAppendix B. Scientific Names of Plants and AnimalsReferencesAcknowledgmentsPhoto CreditsIndex

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Book SynopsisThe focus of bioethical debates on exceptional cases neglects the underlying valueslike justice and communitythat would lend to a broader, more well-rounded understanding of today's world. Discussions of ethical problems in health care too often concentrate on exceptional cases. Bioethical controversies triggered by experimental drugs, gene-edited babies, or life extension are understandably fascinating: they showcase the power of medical science and technology while addressing anxieties concerning health, disease, suffering, and death. However, the focus on rare individual cases in the media spotlight turns attention away from more pressing ethical issues that impact global populations, such as access to health care, safe food and water, and the prevention of emerging infectious diseases. In Bizarre Bioethics, Henk A.M.J. ten Have argues that this focus on bizarre cases leads to bizarre bioethics with a narrow agenda for ethical debate. In other words, although these extreme cases aTable of ContentsChapter 1. Questioning the Paradigm of BioethicsChapter 2. The Establishment of BioethicsChapter 3. GhostsChapter 4. MonstersChapter 5. PilgrimsChapter 6. ProphetsChapter 7. RelicsChapter 8. Critical BioethicsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe focus of bioethical debates on exceptional cases neglects the underlying valueslike justice and communitythat would lend to a broader, more well-rounded understanding of today's world. Discussions of ethical problems in health care too often concentrate on exceptional cases. Bioethical controversies triggered by experimental drugs, gene-edited babies, or life extension are understandably fascinating: they showcase the power of medical science and technology while addressing anxieties concerning health, disease, suffering, and death. However, the focus on rare individual cases in the media spotlight turns attention away from more pressing ethical issues that impact global populations, such as access to health care, safe food and water, and the prevention of emerging infectious diseases. In Bizarre Bioethics, Henk A.M.J. ten Have argues that this focus on bizarre cases leads to bizarre bioethics with a narrow agenda for ethical debate. In other words, although these extreme cases aTable of ContentsChapter 1. Questioning the Paradigm of BioethicsChapter 2. The Establishment of BioethicsChapter 3. GhostsChapter 4. MonstersChapter 5. PilgrimsChapter 6. ProphetsChapter 7. RelicsChapter 8. Critical BioethicsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe most thorough, updated guide to frogs and toads in the United States and Canada available. A stunning diversity of frog species can be found from coastal swamps to lofty mountain peaks, and from the Florida Keys to the Arctic Ocean. They live in subtropical lowlands, grassland prairies, deserts, and alpine-tundra habitats. Some species have restricted habitat requirements, whereas others occur contiguously from the arid plains or humid southeastern forests to the high tundra. In this new edition of Frogs of the United States and Canada, C. Kenneth Dodd Jr. tours the reader through the marvelous world of North American frogs. Covering 114 native and introduced species from all US states and Canadian provinces, this comprehensive reference on the biology, behavior, and conservation of the Order Anura includes detailed and updated information on past and present distribution life history and demography reproduction and diet landscape ecology and evolution diseases, parasites, and

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Book SynopsisExplores the rise of a fresh kind of social movement - one that attempts to empower citizens through the use of expert scientific research. This title advances theories of social movements, development, and science and technology studies by examining how these fields intersect in cases around the globe.Trade Review “Mobilizing Science offers a sharp and focused analysis of the complicated relationship between scientists and lay-people in grassroots movements aimed at influencing policies on issues that have a strong technical component. McCormick grounds her arguments in two detailed cases that are extremely different in their overall contexts. Yet she is able to identify similar mechanisms at work, which have useful distinctions that are helpful in thinking about these types of movements more generally.”—William Gamson, Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Media Research and Action Project at Boston College Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Democratizing Science Movements: Conditions for Success and Failure 2. The Environmental Breast Cancer Movement and the Scientific Basis for Contestation 3. Dam Impacts and Anti-dam Protest 4. Government Institutions and Corporate Interests: Instigating Movement Challenge 5. Democratizing Science 6. Democratizing Science as a Mechanismof Co-optation 7. Long- Term Struggles and Uncertain Futures 8. A Case for Making Science Accountable Contributors Appendix References Index

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Book SynopsisCanada includes within her boundaries at least 500,000 square miles of muskeg (peat-land). Only in recent years, to keep pace with the rapid development of the north has this remarkable organic terrain been subject to scientific study. This handbook is a compendium of the recommendations and conclusions of annual muskeg conferences (sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada) which have been held since 1955. It has been written by experts in various aspects of muskeg research and practice and is an ideal guide for engineers involved with the problems of constructing buildings, railways, highways and airstrips on muskeg. (Canadian Building Series No. 3)

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Book SynopsisThis book contains interviews with physicists, biologists, and chemists who have been involved in some of the most exciting discoveries in modern scientific thought. The conversations—with Bohm, Pattee, Penrose, Rosen, Rosenfeld, Somorjai, Weizsäcker, Wheeler, and Nobel prizewinners Heisenberg, Dirac, and Prigogine—explore issues which have shaped modern physics and those which hint at what may form the next scientific revolution.The discussions range over a set of basic problems in physical theory and their possible solutions—the understanding of space and time, quantum and relativity theories and recent attempts to unite them—and deal with related questions in theoretical biology. The approach is non-technical, with an emphasis on the assumptions of modern science and their implications for understanding the world we live in.The book, which originated in a highly successful radio series, provides a vivid first-hand account of some of the

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Book SynopsisEva Haifa Giraud contends that recent theory that foregrounds the ways that human existence is entangled with other nonhuman life and the natural world often undermine successful action and calls for new modes of activist organizing and theoretical critique.Trade Review“What Comes after Entanglement? is an exciting and novel book. It is unique in its combination of innovative theoretical explorations of activism and social change with suggestions for practical political interventions. Crucially, Eva Haifa Giraud explores the messy practicalities of activism. The findings and significance of her book go far beyond the case study focus on a broad variety of animal activism since the 1980s, which weaves together different times and places in really interesting ways.” -- Jenny Pickerill, author of * Cyberprotest: Environmental Activism Online *“Eva Haifa Giraud does not accept relationality theory without question. The force of her work is her seeing theory as in need of a thinking-through that does not simply apply it to situations, but instead sees the situated work of activism as rendering our notion of theory and relationality in a more nuanced fashion. I don't know of any other text that follows through on the activist potentials in the theories Giraud draws from as much as this one does. An impressive work.” -- Claire Colebrook, author of * Death of the PostHuman: Essays on Extinction *“When reading this stimulating text, I wished that I could have joined Giraud in kitchen table discussions as she wrestled with this wealth of material. Overall, this is a really well-structured text which builds its argument iteratively and holds in tension the productive ambivalence that Giraud illuminates.” -- Joan Haran * BioSocieties *“Eva Haifa Giraud’s book, What Comes after Entanglement?, offers what she calls a ‘sympathetic critique’ of ‘more than human, relational ethics.’ This critique is aimed at the new materialisms and the broader turn to relational ontology…. Giraud’s emphasis on the ethics of exclusion is something to which scholars of many kinds might well attend.” -- Samuel Diener * Year’s Work in Critical and Cultural Theory *“Eva Haifa Giraud’s book is an important contribution to recent moves within environmental political theory to expand environmental politics to the more-than-human. In particular, it addresses relevant questions of politics in non-anthropocentric environmental theory…. The book will be valuable to scholars of science and technology studies, ecofeminism, new materialism, media and communication studies, and related fields. Scholars focusing on environmental activism and campaigning will find Giraud’s attention to the conceptual significance of everyday practical problems inspiring, specifically the way she teases out some of the barriers to translating theory into practice and the context-specific tactics for negotiating these barriers.” -- Magdalena S. Rodekirchen * Environmental Politics *“What Comes After Entanglement? offers media scholars an insightful analysis of what materialist theory is doing on the ground and helps to clarify the stakes of posthumanism, for human and nonhuman animals alike.... Giraud is a well-balanced critic who pays attention to representation and infrastructure, theory and practice.” -- Cynthia Rosenfeld * Critical Studies in Media Communication *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Articulations 21 2. Uneven Burdens of Risk 46 3. Performing Responsibility 69 4. Hierarchies of Care 98 5. Charismatic Suffering 118 6. Ambivalent Popularity 142 Conclusion: An Ethics of Exclusion 171 Notes 183 Bibliography 225 Index 241

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Book SynopsisNicole Starosielski examines the cultural dimensions of temperature and the history of thermal media such as thermostats and infrared cameras to theorize the ways heat and cold can be used as a means of communication, subjugation, and control.Trade Review“Nicole Starosielski awakens our senses from their thermal slumber. Hot and cool, warm and cold are not only metaphors; they shape worlds. I finished this book with the caloric throb of the universe humming in my ears. Starosielski's media analysis is wonderfully both elemental and critical: temperature reveals both ontology and injustice. Media Hot and Cold invites us to a noncoercive rearrangement of affect.” -- John Durham Peters, Yale University“In this dynamic and intellectually dazzling book, Nicole Starosielski grapples with complex technical principles of communication while framing them as historically and culturally conditioned and as politically and economically motivated. Starosielski's reconsideration of foundational communication models—looking beyond sender-receiver toward a more ambient and atmospheric sensibility—is necessary in an age when ubiquitous, continuous computing is fundamentally altering the atmosphere that hosts its signals. Media Hot and Cold is a model of innovative and masterful interdisciplinarity.” -- Shannon Mattern, author of * A City is not a Computer: Other Urban Intelligences *"The intense media focus on climate change makes this meditation on the cultural significance of temperature coolly topical." -- Andrew Robinson * Nature *“Apart from media studies students and scholars, anyone interested in temperature and how it is managed, controlled, manipulated, and distributed will find Media Hot and Cold an incredible story of how temperatures determine lived experience. In this final call to arms, Starosielski polemicizes a future for media studies attendant to its world-building and world-sustaining capacities.” -- Samir Bhowmik * Film Quarterly *"To walk into the world of Nicole Starosielski’s Media Hot and Cold is to see familiar shapes with new intensities." -- Kyle Stine * ISLE *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Preface: Of Temperature xiii Introduction: Media Hot and Cold 1 Part I 1. Thermostat: The Thermal Subjects of Broadcast Temperature 31 2. Coldsploitation: The Thermal Attractions of Cool Air 72 3. Sweatbox: The Thermal Violence of Weaponized Heat 109 Part II 4. Heat Ray: The Thermal Circuits of Radiant Media 135 5. Infrared Camera: The Thermal Vision of Heat Images 166 6. Computer: The Coldward Course of Media 191 Conclusion: Media after the Melt 219 Notes 225 Bibliography 255 Index 273

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Book SynopsisCollected in this volume are nineteen selected contributions written by twenty-six scholars in the field, in honour of their teacher and colleague, Professor Joseph Marin.Latest developments in the following specific fields are presented: Mathematical Inference from Mechanics, Elasticity, Cosserat Continua, Elastic Waves, Hypervelocity Impact, Composite Materials, Viscoelasticity, Plasticity, Creep, Relaxation, Low Cycle Fatigue, Crack Formation, Fracture, Pressure Vessel and Extrusion Die Design. The volume is a valuable and original contribution to engineering literature and will be of interest not only to engineers, but also to mathematicians and physicists.Dr. Joseph Marin led a life-long campaign for the introduction of the term Mechanics of the Solid State as a worthy companion of Physics of the Solid State. In fulfillment of his wish and in honour of his memory the present volume has been named Mechanics of the Solid State. It provides a list of the 162 papers a

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Book SynopsisFrom the central concept of the fieldwhich depicts the world as a mutually interactive whole, with each part connected to every other part by an underlying field have come models as diverse as quantum mathematics and Saussure's theory of language. In The Cosmic Web, N. Katherine Hayles seeks to establish the scope of the field concept and to assess its importance for contemporary thought. She then explores the literary strategies that are attributable directly or indirectly to the new paradigm; among the texts at which she looks closely are Robert Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Nabokov's Ada, D. H. Lawrence's early novels and essays, Borges's fiction, and Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.Trade ReviewScientists have been invoking the ‘field model’ concept for decades. But literary critics, who are usually resistant to the application of scientific concepts in literary criticism, have rarely related imaginative literature to the field model. N. Katherine Hayles, a trained chemist and literary critic, has now done so in a fine book that will pave the way for many others interested in this nexus. Hayles’s procedure is exemplary. -- G. S. Rousseau * Isis *

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Book SynopsisScientists tend to look for the 'right way' to do things. We are used to chasing after formulas and theories that describe the behavior of the universe, and this expectation that there is a 'right answer' tends to permeate much of what we do.But the world outside the controlled environment of the science lab doesn't work that way. The most successful scientists who enter the private sector approach their work as if it were a game, with rules that need to be followed but with no clear 'right way' to do things. They take risks, make decisions quickly, and don't overthink things. This book presents valuable insights from experienced and successful industry PhD scientists who have shared their valuable stories to help you succeed in the private sector and build that rewarding career you are seeking.Table of Contents Introduction Rules of the Game The PhD Stereotypes The Private-Sector Playbook The R&D Mindsets Startups – The Ultimate Game! Your Career Is a Game

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Book SynopsisA career in science relies on developing the skill to convince strangers to give you enormous sums of money. So why do so many scientists write terrible research proposals? Grant Writing from the Ground Up presents a step-by-step process to construct compelling grant proposals that rise to the top of a reviewer's stack.Table of Contents Why Should You Read This Book? Finding What Fuels You Identifying Stakeholders What Are Your Resources? Finding Funding Dissecting a Grant Solicitation Call the Research Sponsor Before Your Start Writing Building a Scaffold Choosing Your Approach Intermission Defining Objectives What Do You Need? Creating a Project Plan Costs and Justifications Letters of Support Refining the Scope Answers and Questions Illustrations The Rough Draft The Revision Process Submission Keep Going Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe Newtonian concept of time has been changed by Einsteinian insight. Yet the Einsteinian world view might make it difficult to appreciate traditional concepts of eschatology, like heaven and hell, death and immortality, life after death and resurrection, last day and final judgments, because these expressions presuppose a pre-Einsteinian view of the universe. Since theology cannot remain unaffected by the new research in concepts of time, Eternity and Eternal Life tries to express the eschatological faith of the Church by using the time language of our age. To achieve this it provides an overview on the research in the nature of time done in geology, cosmology, physics, biology, psychology, sociology, history and philosophy and proposes a notion of time for ""timely"" Christology and for ""timely"" eschatology. By using the singularity event as literary form, Horvath scrutinizes how Christ's time can lead to the times of all existing realities, through death to ""eternity."" This is a pioneering work, one that needs to be tested in the community of interested readers. It is a communal search for an understanding of life, death and eternal life, not only in the light of abstract ideas and cultural linguistic doctrines in the world of religions, but also in the light of science and especially of a person as the horizon of understanding for both time and eternity. Christ as the eschatological union of time and eternity becomes the work's unifying focus and its paradigm, which solves recognized problems and opens our minds to new ones.

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Book SynopsisThe Sacrifice provides a uniquely detailed account of the sociological context of animal experimentation. The authors provide a rich analysis of complex and changing role of the laboratory animal in the political and scientific culture of the United States and the United Kingdom. By understanding the interplay of the groups, the authors view the experimental controversy as an ongoing and constantly recreated set of social processes, not just a problem of morality.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents reports from three recent scientific meetings on special topics. The first report discusses scientific perspectives on individuals’ drive to consume, presented at the conference "The Interdisciplinary Science of Consumption: Mechanisms of Allocating Resources Across Disciplines" at the University of Michigan in May 2010. Sponsored by Rackham Graduate School and the Department of Psychology at the University of Michigan, the conference included presentations on human, primate, and rodent models and spanned multiple domains of consumption, including reward seeking, delay discounting, food-sharing reciprocity, and the consumption and display of material possessions across the life span. The next report comes from the one-day symposium by the Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution (CIIE) entitled "Wild Immunology," held at the University of Edinburgh, UK in June 2011. Funded by the Wellcome Trust, the CIIE aims to connect evolutionary biology and ecology with research in immunology and infectious diseases in order to gain an interdisciplinary perspective on challenges to global health. The central question of the symposium was "Why should we try to understand infection and immunity in wild systems?" Specifically, presenters explored how the immune response operates in the wild and how multiple coinfections and commensalism affect immune responses and host health in these wild systems. The symposium brought together a broad program of speakers, ranging from laboratory immunologists to infectious disease ecologists, working on wild birds, feral animals, wild and laboratory rodents, and on questions ranging from the dynamics of coinfection to how commensal bacteria affect the development of the immune system. The final report discusses the work presented at "Advancing Drug Discovery for Schizophrenia," a conference sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and with support from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Life Technologies Foundation, and the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. The meeting, at the New York Academy of Sciences in March of 2011, included individual talks and panel discussions and highlighted basic, clinical, and translational research approaches, all of which contribute to the overarching goal of enhancing the pharmaceutical armamentarium for treating schizophrenia. The meeting report surveys work by the vanguard of schizophrenia research in such topics as genetic and epigenetic approaches, small molecule therapeutics, and the relationships between target genes, neuronal function, and symptoms of schizophrenia. NOTE: Annals volumes books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisA completely new reference from Salem Press, Applied Science covers major fields and technologies in all areas, from agriculture to computers to engineering to medical to space sciences. Applied Science contains over 300 alphabetically arranged articles on a broad range of applied-science fields ranging from long-established engineering fields to cutting-edge fields such as micro- and nanotechnologies, addressing applied sciences in areas as diverse as aerospace, communications, energy, information, medical, military, transportation, forensic, and even food technologies. SCOPE AND COVERAGE Articles examine the relationship between science and technology, providing insight into the many ways in which science affects daily life. Understanding the interconnectedness of the different and varied branches of science and technology is important for anyone preparing for a career or endeavour in science or technology. To that end, essays look beyond basic principles to examine a wide range of topics, including industrial and business applications, historical and social contexts, and the impact a particular field of science or technology will have on future jobs and careers. Especially targeted toward high-school students, this excellent reference work is edited to tie into the high-school curriculum, making the content readily accessible as well to patrons of public, academic, and university libraries.

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Book SynopsisThe past five decades have witnessed a rapid growth of computer models for simulating ecosystem functions and dynamics. This has been fuelled by the availability of remote sensing data, computation capability, and cross-disciplinary knowledge. These models contain many submodules for simulating different processes and forcing mechanisms, albeit it has become challenging to truly understand the details due to their complexity. Most ecosystem models, fortunately, are rooted in a few core biophysical foundations, such as the widely recognized Farquhar model, Ball-Berry-Leuning and Medlyn family models, Penman-Monteith equation, Priestley-Taylor model, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics.an introduction of biophysical essentials, four chapters present the core algorithms and their behaviors in modeling ecosystem production, respiration, evapotranspiration, and global warming potentials. Each chapter is composed of a brief introduction of the literature, in which model algorithms, their assumptions, and performances are described in detail. Spreadsheet (or Python codes) templates are included in each chapter for modeling exercises with different input parameters as online materials, which include datasets, parameter estimation, and real-world applications (e.g., calculations of global warming potentials). Users can also apply their own datasets. The materials included in this volume serve as effective tools for users to understand model behaviours and uses with specified conditions and in situ applications.

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Book SynopsisResearch in Science Education (RISE) Volume 6, Research Based Undergraduate Science Teaching examines research, theory, and practice concerning issues of teaching science with undergraduates. This RISE volume addresses higher education faculty and all who teach entry level science. The focus is on helping undergraduates develop a basic science literacy leading to scientific expertise. RISE Volume 6 focuses on research-based reforms leading to best practices in teaching undergraduates in science and engineering.The goal of this volume is to provide a research foundation for the professional development of faculty teaching undergraduate science. Such science instruction should have short- and longterm impacts on student outcomes. The goal was carried out through a series of events over several years. The website at http://nseus.org documents materials from these events. The international call for manuscripts for this volume requested the inclusion of major priorities and critical research areas, methodological concerns, and results of implementation of faculty professional development programs and reform in teaching in undergraduate science classrooms.In developing research manuscripts to be reviewed for RISE, Volume 6, researchers were asked to consider the status and effectiveness of current and experimental practices for reforming undergraduate science courses involving all undergraduates, including groups of students who are not always well represented in STEM education. To influence practice, it is important to understand how researchbased practice is made and how it is implemented. The volume should be considered as a first step in thinking through what reform in undergraduate science teaching might look like and how we help faculty to implement such reform.

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Book SynopsisResearch in Science Education (RISE) Volume 6, Research Based Undergraduate Science Teaching examines research, theory, and practice concerning issues of teaching science with undergraduates. This RISE volume addresses higher education faculty and all who teach entry level science. The focus is on helping undergraduates develop a basic science literacy leading to scientific expertise. RISE Volume 6 focuses on research-based reforms leading to best practices in teaching undergraduates in science and engineering.The goal of this volume is to provide a research foundation for the professional development of faculty teaching undergraduate science. Such science instruction should have short- and longterm impacts on student outcomes. The goal was carried out through a series of events over several years. The website at http://nseus.org documents materials from these events. The international call for manuscripts for this volume requested the inclusion of major priorities and critical research areas, methodological concerns, and results of implementation of faculty professional development programs and reform in teaching in undergraduate science classrooms.In developing research manuscripts to be reviewed for RISE, Volume 6, researchers were asked to consider the status and effectiveness of current and experimental practices for reforming undergraduate science courses involving all undergraduates, including groups of students who are not always well represented in STEM education. To influence practice, it is important to understand how researchbased practice is made and how it is implemented. The volume should be considered as a first step in thinking through what reform in undergraduate science teaching might look like and how we help faculty to implement such reform.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a theoretical inquiry into alternative pedagogies that challenge current standardized practices in the field of science education. Through Mandy Hoffen, a fictional persona, Dana McCullough, the author, explores how stories of Henrietta Lacks become part of a conspiracy to change science education. Mandy Hoffen, however, never expected to find herself in the middle of a conspiracy. As a science teacher of 20 plus years, she worked diligently to meet the needs of her charges, who are currently ninth and tenth grade biology students in an age of standardized testing. The author also creates imaginary dialogues which serve as the theoretical framework for each chapter. Each chapter unfolds in a form of a play with imaginary settings and events that bring Henrietta Lacks back from the grave to participate in conversations about science, society, and social justice. The imaginary conversations are based on the author's experiences in graduate courses, direct quotations from philosophers of science, historians of science, science educators, curriculum theorists, and stories of students in their study of Henrietta Lacks in a high school biology classroom. The play describes the journey of a graduate student/high school teacher as she researches the importance of the philosophy of science, history of science, science curriculum and social justice in science education. Through reflections on fictional conversations, stories of Henrietta Lacks are examined and described in multiple settings, beginning in an imaginary academic meeting, and ending with student conversations in a classroom. Each setting provides a space for conversations wherein participants explore their personal connections with science, science curriculum, issues of social justice related to science, and Henrietta Lacks. This book will be of interest to graduate students, scholars, and undergraduates in curriculum studies, educational foundations, and teacher education, and those interested in alternative research methodologies. This is the first book to intentionally address the stories of Henrietta Lacks and their importance in the field of curriculum studies, science studies, and current standardized high school science curriculum.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a theoretical inquiry into alternative pedagogies that challenge current standardized practices in the field of science education. Through Mandy Hoffen, a fictional persona, Dana McCullough, the author, explores how stories of Henrietta Lacks become part of a conspiracy to change science education. Mandy Hoffen, however, never expected to find herself in the middle of a conspiracy. As a science teacher of 20 plus years, she worked diligently to meet the needs of her charges, who are currently ninth and tenth grade biology students in an age of standardized testing. The author also creates imaginary dialogues which serve as the theoretical framework for each chapter. Each chapter unfolds in a form of a play with imaginary settings and events that bring Henrietta Lacks back from the grave to participate in conversations about science, society, and social justice. The imaginary conversations are based on the author's experiences in graduate courses, direct quotations from philosophers of science, historians of science, science educators, curriculum theorists, and stories of students in their study of Henrietta Lacks in a high school biology classroom. The play describes the journey of a graduate student/high school teacher as she researches the importance of the philosophy of science, history of science, science curriculum and social justice in science education. Through reflections on fictional conversations, stories of Henrietta Lacks are examined and described in multiple settings, beginning in an imaginary academic meeting, and ending with student conversations in a classroom. Each setting provides a space for conversations wherein participants explore their personal connections with science, science curriculum, issues of social justice related to science, and Henrietta Lacks. This book will be of interest to graduate students, scholars, and undergraduates in curriculum studies, educational foundations, and teacher education, and those interested in alternative research methodologies. This is the first book to intentionally address the stories of Henrietta Lacks and their importance in the field of curriculum studies, science studies, and current standardized high school science curriculum.

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Book SynopsisThe research into how students’ attitudes affect learning of science related subjects have been one of the core areas of interest by science educators. The development in science education records various attempts in measuring attitudes and determining the correlations between behaviour, achievements, career aspirations, gender identity and cultural inclination. Some researchers noted that attitudes can be learned and teachers can encourage students to like science subjects through persuasion. But some view that attitude is situated in context and it is much to do with upbringing and environment. The critical role of attitude is well recognized in advancing science education, in particular designing curriculum and choosing powerful pedagogies and nurturing students.Since Noll’ (1935) seminal work on measuring the scientific attitudes, a steady stream of research papers that describe development and validation of scales appear in scholarly publications. Despite these efforts the progress in this area has been stagnated by limited understanding of the conception about attitude, dimensionality and inability to determine the multitude of variables that made up such concept. This book makes an attempt to take stock and critically examine the classical views on science attitudes and explore the contemporary attempts in measuring science related attitudes. The chapters in this book are reflection of researchers who work tirelessly in promoting science education and will illuminate the current trends and future scenarios in attitude measurement.

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Book SynopsisThe research into how students’ attitudes affect learning of science related subjects have been one of the core areas of interest by science educators. The development in science education records various attempts in measuring attitudes and determining the correlations between behaviour, achievements, career aspirations, gender identity and cultural inclination. Some researchers noted that attitudes can be learned and teachers can encourage students to like science subjects through persuasion. But some view that attitude is situated in context and it is much to do with upbringing and environment. The critical role of attitude is well recognized in advancing science education, in particular designing curriculum and choosing powerful pedagogies and nurturing students.Since Noll’ (1935) seminal work on measuring the scientific attitudes, a steady stream of research papers that describe development and validation of scales appear in scholarly publications. Despite these efforts the progress in this area has been stagnated by limited understanding of the conception about attitude, dimensionality and inability to determine the multitude of variables that made up such concept. This book makes an attempt to take stock and critically examine the classical views on science attitudes and explore the contemporary attempts in measuring science related attitudes. The chapters in this book are reflection of researchers who work tirelessly in promoting science education and will illuminate the current trends and future scenarios in attitude measurement.

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Book SynopsisWho were the pioneers in science education, and what motivated them to do what they did?" This book is the second volume of an attempt to capture and record some of the answers to these questions—either from the pioneers themselves or from those persons who worked most closely with them. As with the first volume, we have attempted to include as many pioneers as possible, but we know that there are still many that are not included in this or the previous volume. As we have posed questions, rummaged through files and oft?neglected books, and probed the memories of many individuals, we have come to realize our list of true pioneers is ever growing.As we consider our list of pioneers, we know that there are names on the list that most of us readily recognize. We also fully realize that there are names of whom few of us have heard—yet who were significant in their roles as mentors or idea development and teaching. We continue to be impressed with our science education “family tree” ever branching out to more individuals and connections. The stories in this volume continue to demonstrate how vital this network was in supporting the individual pioneers during their journey in difficult times and continues to be for those of us today in our own enterprise.

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