Real analysis, real variables Books

Book SynopsisThis book sketches a path for newcomers into the theory of harmonic analysis on the real line. It presents a collection of both basic, well-known and some less known results that may serve as a background for future research around this topic. Many of these results are also a necessary basis for multivariate extensions. An extensive bibliography, as well as hints to open problems are included. The book can be used as a skeleton for designing certain special courses, but it is also suitable for self-study.Trade Review“The book under review takes the reader on a journey along a particular path through the vast landscape of modern harmonic analysis in one real variable. From beginning to end, the text is uniquely flavored by the author’s mathematical interests which provides the reader with a good sense of direction. … The book should be accessible to beginning graduate students in analysis and advanced undergraduates with basic knowledge in real analysis … .” (Joris Roos, zbMATH 1514.42001, 2023)“This book is very accurately described by its subtitle ‘a path in the theory’. The book is at times a textbook, an introduction to harmonic analysis, an essay, or a survey, or some combination of these. … Some theorems are stated and proved, some are discussed, and others are quickly mentioned. It's not a standard path, but an engaging one, offering insights and connections that are new or not well known.” (‪Charles N. Moore, Mathematical Reviews, September, 2022)Table of Contents- Introduction. - Classes of Functions. - Fourier Series. - Fourier Transform. - Hilbert Transform. - Hardy Spaces and their Subspaces. - Hardy Inequalities. - Certain Applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a self-contained and rigorous introduction to calculus of functions of one variable, in a presentation which emphasizes the structural development of calculus. Throughout, the authors highlight the fact that calculus provides a firm foundation to concepts and results that are generally encountered in high school and accepted on faith; for example, the classical result that the ratio of circumference to diameter is the same for all circles. A number of topics are treated here in considerable detail that may be inadequately covered in calculus courses and glossed over in real analysis courses.Trade Review“This book would be a valuable asset to a university library and that many instructors would do well to have a copy of this book in their personal libraries. In addition, I believe that some students would benefit if they possessed a copy of this book to use for reference purposes.” (Jonathan Lewin, MAA Reviews, April 15, 2019)Table of ContentsNumbers and Functions.- Sequences.- Continuity and Limits.- Differentiation.- Applications of Differentiation.- Integration.- Elementary Transcendental Functions.- Applications and Approximations of Riemann Integrals.- Infinite Series and Improper Integrals.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides new contributions to the theory of inequalities for integral and sum, and includes four chapters. In the first chapter, linear inequalities via interpolation polynomials and green functions are discussed. New results related to Popoviciu type linear inequalities via extension of the Montgomery identity, the Taylor formula, Abel-Gontscharoff's interpolation polynomials, Hermite interpolation polynomials and the Fink identity with Green’s functions, are presented. The second chapter is dedicated to Ostrowski’s inequality and results with applications to numerical integration and probability theory. The third chapter deals with results involving functions with nondecreasing increments. Real life applications are discussed, as well as and connection of functions with nondecreasing increments together with many important concepts including arithmetic integral mean, wright convex functions, convex functions, nabla-convex functions, Jensen m-convex functions, m-convex functions, m-nabla-convex functions, k-monotonic functions, absolutely monotonic functions, completely monotonic functions, Laplace transform and exponentially convex functions, by using the finite difference operator of order m. The fourth chapter is mainly based on Popoviciu and Cebysev-Popoviciu type identities and inequalities. In this last chapter, the authors present results by using delta and nabla operators of higher order.Trade Review“This is an interesting book on the theory of inequalities for integrals and sums, which researchers in this theory should have in their library.” (Gradimir Milovanović, Mathematical Reviews, December, 2023)Table of Contents1 Linear Inequalities via Interpolation Polynomials and Green Functions.- 2 Ostrowski Inequality.- 3 Functions with Nondecreasing Increments.- 4 Popoviciu and Cebysev-Popoviciu Type Identities and Inequalities.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis brief explores the Krasnosel'skiĭ-Man (KM) iterative method, which has been extensively employed to find fixed points of nonlinear methods. Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Notation and Mathematical Foundations.-3. The Krasnoselskii-Mann Iteration.- 4. Relations of the Krasnosel'skii-Mann Iteration and the Operator Splitting Methods.- 5. The Inertial Krasnoselskii-Mann Iteration.- 6. The Multi-step Inertial Krasnoselskii-Mann Iteration.- 7. Relaxation Parameters of the Krasnoselskii-Mann Iteration.- 8. Two Applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume explores A.P. Morse’s (1911-1984) development of a formal language for writing mathematics, his application of that language in set theory and mathematical analysis, and his unique perspective on mathematics. The editor brings together a variety of Morse’s works in this compilation, including Morse's book A Theory of Sets, Second Edition (1986), in addition to material from another of Morse’s publications, Web Derivatives, and notes for a course on analysis from the early 1950's. Because Morse provided very little in the way of explanation in his written works, the editor’s commentary serves to outline Morse’s goals, give informal explanations of Morse’s formal language, and compare Morse’s often unique approaches to more traditional approaches. Minor corrections to Morse’s previously published works have also been incorporated into the text, including some updated axioms, theorems, and definitions. The editor’s introduction thoroughly details the corrections and changes made and provides readers with valuable insight on Morse’s methods.A.P. Morse’s Set Theory and Analysis will appeal to graduate students and researchers interested in set theory and analysis who also have an interest in logic. Readers with a particular interest in Morse’s unique perspective and in the history of mathematics will also find this book to be of interest.Table of ContentsPreface.- Editor's Introduction.- Language and Inference.- Logic.- Set Theory.- Elementary Analysis.- Metrics.- Measure.- Linear Measure and Total Variation.- Integration.- Product Measures.- Web Derivatives.- Classical Differentiation.- The Construction of Definition.- The Consistency of the Axiom of Size.- Suggested Reading.- Publications of A.P. Morse.- Errata to A Theory of Sets, Second Edition.- Integration with Respect to Addor Functions.- The Henstock-Kurzweil Integral.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook originates from a course taught by the late Ken Ireland in 1972. Designed to explore the theoretical underpinnings of undergraduate mathematics, the course focused on interrelationships and hands-on experience. Readers of this textbook will be taken on a modern rendering of Ireland’s path of discovery, consisting of excursions into number theory, algebra, and analysis. Replete with surprising connections, deep insights, and brilliantly curated invitations to try problems at just the right moment, this journey weaves a rich body of knowledge that is ideal for those going on to study or teach mathematics. A pool of 200 ‘Dialing In’ problems opens the book, providing fuel for active enquiry throughout a course. The following chapters develop theory to illuminate the observations and roadblocks encountered in the problems, situating them in the broader mathematical landscape. Topics cover polygons and modular arithmetic; the fundamental theorems of arithmetic and algebra; irrational, algebraic and transcendental numbers; and Fourier series and Gauss sums. A lively accompaniment of examples, exercises, historical anecdotes, and asides adds motivation and context to the theory. Return trips to the Dialing In problems are encouraged, offering opportunities to put theory into practice and make lasting connections along the way. Excursions in Number Theory, Algebra, and Analysis invites readers on a journey as important as the destination. Suitable for a senior capstone, professional development for practicing teachers, or independent reading, this textbook offers insights and skills valuable to math majors and high school teachers alike. A background in real analysis and abstract algebra is assumed, though the most important prerequisite is a willingness to put pen to paper and do some mathematics.Trade Review“Rather than being a book that one reads from cover to cover, Excursions is a curated collection problems followed by expository material aimed at providing background material useful for solving these problems. I imagine it would be a great experience to have a course taught out of this book. The second author clearly enjoyed the experience of studying this material under the guidance of the first author and wanted to make that experience available to others.” (John D. Cook, MAA Reviews, June 17, 2023)Table of ContentsPreface.- 1. Dialing In Problems.- 2. Polygons and Modular Arithmetic.- 3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.- 4. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.- 5. Irrational, Algebraic and Transcendental Numbers.- 6. Fourier Series and Gauss Sums.- Epilogue.- Notation.- Bibliography.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis concise textbook introduces calculus students to power series through an informal and captivating narrative that avoids formal proofs but emphasizes understanding the fundamental ideas. Power series—and infinite series in general—are a fundamental tool of pure and applied mathematics. The problems focus on ideas, applications, and creative thinking instead of being repetitive and procedural. Calculus is about functions, so the book turns on two fundamental ideas: using polynomials to approximate a function and representing a function in terms of simpler functions. The derivative is reinterpreted in terms of linear approximations, which then leads to Taylor polynomials and the question of convergence. Enough of the theory of convergence is developed to allow a more complete understanding of power series and their applications. A final chapter looks at the distant horizon and discusses other kinds of series representations. SageMath, a free open-source mathematics software system, is used throughout to do computations, provide examples, and create many graphs. While most problems do not require SageMath, students are encouraged to use it where appropriate. An instructor’s guide with solutions to all the problems is available. The book is intended as a supplementary textbook for calculus courses; lecturers and instructors will find innovative and engaging ways to teach this topic. The informal and conversational tone make the book useful to any student seeking to understand this essential aspect of analysis.Table of Contents- To the reader.- Getting close with lines.- Getting closer with polynomials.- Going all the way: Convergence.- Power series.- Distant mountains.- Appendix A: SageMath: A (very) short introduction.- Appendix B: Why I do it this way.- Bibliography.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAutomorphic forms on the upper half plane have been studied for a long time. Most attention has gone to the holomorphic automorphic forms, with numerous applications to number theory. Maass, [34], started a systematic study of real analytic automorphic forms. He extended Hecke’s relation between automorphic forms and Dirichlet series to real analytic automorphic forms. The names Selberg and Roelcke are connected to the spectral theory of real analytic automorphic forms, see, e. g. , [50], [51]. This culminates in the trace formula of Selberg, see, e. g. , Hejhal, [21]. Automorphicformsarefunctionsontheupperhalfplanewithaspecialtra- formation behavior under a discontinuous group of non-euclidean motions in the upper half plane. One may ask how automorphic forms change if one perturbs this group of motions. This question is discussed by, e. g. , Hejhal, [22], and Phillips and Sarnak, [46]. Hejhal also discusses the e?ect of variation of the multiplier s- tem (a function on the discontinuous group that occurs in the description of the transformation behavior of automorphic forms). In [5]–[7] I considered variation of automorphic forms for the full modular group under perturbation of the m- tiplier system. A method based on ideas of Colin de Verdi` ere, [11], [12], gave the meromorphic continuation of Eisenstein and Poincar´ e series as functions of the eigenvalue and the multiplier system jointly. The present study arose from a plan to extend these results to much more general groups (discrete co?nite subgroups of SL (R)).Trade ReviewFrom reviews: "It is made abundantly clear that this viewpoint, of families of automorphic functions depending on varying eigenvalue and multiplier systems, is both deep and fruitful." - MathSciNetTable of ContentsModular introduction.- Modular introduction.- General theory.- Automorphic forms on the universal covering group.- Discrete subgroups.- Automorphic forms.- Poincaré series.- Selfadjoint extension of the Casimir operator.- Families of automorphic forms.- Transformation and truncation.- Pseudo Casimir operator.- Meromorphic continuation of Poincaré series.- Poincaré families along vertical lines.- Singularities of Poincaré families.- Examples.- Automorphic forms for the modular group.- Automorphic forms for the theta group.- Automorphic forms for the commutator subgroup.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile most texts on real analysis are content to assume the real numbers, or to treat them only briefly, this text makes a serious study of the real number system and the issues it brings to light. Analysis needs the real numbers to model the line, and to support the concepts of continuity and measure. But these seemingly simple requirements lead to deep issues of set theory—uncountability, the axiom of choice, and large cardinals. In fact, virtually all the concepts of infinite set theory are needed for a proper understanding of the real numbers, and hence of analysis itself.By focusing on the set-theoretic aspects of analysis, this text makes the best of two worlds: it combines a down-to-earth introduction to set theory with an exposition of the essence of analysis—the study of infinite processes on the real numbers. It is intended for senior undergraduates, but it will also be attractive to graduate students and professional mathematicians who, until now, have been content to "assume" the real numbers. Its prerequisites are calculus and basic mathematics.Mathematical history is woven into the text, explaining how the concepts of real number and infinity developed to meet the needs of analysis from ancient times to the late twentieth century. This rich presentation of history, along with a background of proofs, examples, exercises, and explanatory remarks, will help motivate the reader. The material covered includes classic topics from both set theory and real analysis courses, such as countable and uncountable sets, countable ordinals, the continuum problem, the Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein theorem, continuous functions, uniform convergence, Zorn's lemma, Borel sets, Baire functions, Lebesgue measure, and Riemann integrable functions.Trade Review“This is a book of both analysis and set theory, and the analysis begins at an elementary level with the necessary treatment of completeness of the reals. … the analysis makes it valuable to the serious student, say a senior or first-year graduate student. … Stillwell’s book can work well as a text for the course in foundations, with its good treatment of the cardinals and ordinals. … This enjoyable book makes the connection clear.” (James M. Cargal, The UMAP Journal, Vol. 38 (1), 2017)“This book is an interesting introduction to set theory and real analysis embedded in properties of the real numbers. … The 300-plus problems are frequently challenging and will interest both upper-level undergraduate students and readers with a strong mathematical background. … A list of approximately 100 references at the end of the book will help students to further explore the topic. … Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates.” (D. P. Turner, Choice, Vol. 51 (11), August, 2014)“This is an informal look at the nature of the real numbers … . There are extensive historical notes about the evolution of real analysis and our understanding of real numbers. … Stillwell has deliberately set out to provide a different sort of construction where you understand what the foundation is supporting and why it is important. I think this is very successful, and his book … is much more informative and enjoyable.” (Allen Stenger, MAA Reviews, February, 2014)“This book will be fully appreciated by either professional mathematicians or those students, who already have passed a course in analysis or set theory. … The book contains a quantity of motivation examples, worked examples and exercises, what makes it suitable also for self-study.” (Vladimír Janiš, zbMATH, 2014)“The book offers a rigorous foundation of the real number system. It is intended for senior undergraduates who have already studied calculus, but a wide range of readers will find something interesting, new, or instructive in it. … This is an extremely reader-friendly book. It is full of interesting examples, very clear explanations, historical background, applications. Each new idea comes after proper motivation.” (László Imre Szabó, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum (Szeged), Vol. 80 (1-2), 2014)Table of ContentsThe Fundamental Questions.- From Discrete to Continuous.- Infinite Sets.- Functions and Limits.- Open Sets and Continuity.- Ordinals.- The Axiom of Choice.- Borel Sets.- Measure Theory.- Reflections.- Bibliography.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBased on an honors course taught by the author at UC Berkeley, this introduction to undergraduate real analysis gives a different emphasis by stressing the importance of pictures and hard problems. Topics include: a natural construction of the real numbers, four-dimensional visualization, basic point-set topology, function spaces, multivariable calculus via differential forms (leading to a simple proof of the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem), and a pictorial treatment of Lebesgue theory. Over 150 detailed illustrations elucidate abstract concepts and salient points in proofs. The exposition is informal and relaxed, with many helpful asides, examples, some jokes, and occasional comments from mathematicians, such as Littlewood, Dieudonné, and Osserman. This book thus succeeds in being more comprehensive, more comprehensible, and more enjoyable, than standard introductions to analysis.New to the second edition of Real Mathematical Analysis is a presentation of Lebesgue integration done almost entirely using the undergraph approach of Burkill. Payoffs include: concise picture proofs of the Monotone and Dominated Convergence Theorems, a one-line/one-picture proof of Fubini's theorem from Cavalieri’s Principle, and, in many cases, the ability to see an integral result from measure theory. The presentation includes Vitali’s Covering Lemma, density points — which are rarely treated in books at this level — and the almost everywhere differentiability of monotone functions. Several new exercises now join a collection of over 500 exercises that pose interesting challenges and introduce special topics to the student keen on mastering this beautiful subject.Trade Review"This book, in its second edition, provides the basic concepts of real analysis. ... I strongly recommend it to everyone who wishes to study real mathematical analysis." (Catalin Barbu, zbMATH 1329.26003, 2016)Table of ContentsReal Numbers.- A Taste of Topology.- Functions of a Real Variable.- Function Spaces.- Multivariable Calculus.- Lebesgue Theory.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview of elementary mathematics as explored in Mathematical Olympiads around the world. It expands on topics usually encountered in high school and could even be used as preparation for a first-semester undergraduate course. This first volume covers Real Numbers, Functions, Real Analysis, Systems of Equations, Limits and Derivatives, and much more. As part of a collection, the book differs from other publications in this field by not being a mere selection of questions or a set of tips and tricks that applies to specific problems. It starts from the most basic theoretical principles, without being either too general or too axiomatic. Examples and problems are discussed only if they are helpful as applications of the theory. Propositions are proved in detail and subsequently applied to Olympic problems or to other problems at the Olympic level. The book also explores some of the hardest problems presented at National and International Mathematics Olympiads, as well as many essential theorems related to the content. An extensive Appendix offering hints on or full solutions for all difficult problems rounds out the book.Trade Review“This book develops several basic concepts in elementary mathematics and which are needed in the preparation of mathematical Olympiads around the world. … Throughout the book, the author puts great emphasis on explaining the issues discussed. … The presentation is pedagogical and coherent throughout with emphasis on concepts and underlying ideas … . The author has succeeded in crafting a comprehensive book to give a well-rounded picture of the role of real numbers and functions in elementary mathematics.” (Teodora Liliana Rădulescu, zbMATH 1371.97002, 2017)Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Set of Real Numbers.- Chapter 2 Algebraic Identities, Equations and Systems.- Chapter 3 Elementary Sequences.- Chapter 4 Induction and the Binomial Formula.- Chapter 5 Elementary Inequalities.- Chapter 6 The Concept of Function.- Chapter 7 More on Real Numbers.- Chapter 8 Continuous Functions.- Chapter 9 Limits and Derivatives.- Chapter 10 Riemann’s Integral.- Chapter 11 Series of Functions.- Bibliography.- Appendix A Glossary.- Appendix B Hints and Solutions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFunctions in R and C, including the theory of Fourier series, Fourier integrals and part of that of holomorphic functions, form the focal topic of these two volumes. Based on a course given by the author to large audiences at Paris VII University for many years, the exposition proceeds somewhat nonlinearly, blending rigorous mathematics skilfully with didactical and historical considerations. It sets out to illustrate the variety of possible approaches to the main results, in order to initiate the reader to methods, the underlying reasoning, and fundamental ideas. It is suitable for both teaching and self-study. In his familiar, personal style, the author emphasizes ideas over calculations and, avoiding the condensed style frequently found in textbooks, explains these ideas without parsimony of words. The French edition in four volumes, published from 1998, has met with resounding success: the first two volumes are now available in English.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the original French edition: "... The content is quite classical ... [...] The treatment is less classical: precise although unpedantic (rather far from the definition-theorem-corollary-style), it contains many interesting commentaries of epistemological, pedagogical, historical and even political nature. [...] The author gives frequent interesting hints on recent developments of mathematics connected to the concepts which are introduced. The Introduction also contains comments that are very unusual in a book on mathematical analysis, going from pedagogy to critique of the French scientific-military-industrial complex, but the sequence of ideas is introduced in such a way that readers are less surprised than they might be.J. Mawhin in Zentralblatt Mathematik (1999) From the reviews: "Analysis I is the translation of the first volume of Godement’s four-volume work Analyse Mathématique, which offers a development of analysis more or less from the beginning up to some rather advanced topics. … the organization of the material is radically different … . It would … make excellent supplementary reading for honors calculus courses." (Gerald B. Folland, SIAM Review, Vol. 47 (3), 2005) "A book on analysis that is quite different from all other books on this subject. … for those who essentially know the material (the level of an average graduate student, say), and who are interested in mathematics will certainly love reading it. Those who lecture this material may find a lot of inspiration to make their lessons entertaining." (Adhemar Bultheel, Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, Vol. 12 (2), 2005) "Analysis I is an English translation of the first volume of a four-volume work. Analysis I consists of a spirally organized, organic, non-linear treatment of the introductory areas of ‘mathematical analysis as it was and as it has become’. It is infused with some excellent, sensitive appreciations of the work of pioneers … and reads as a heady blend of both classical concerns and modern refinements, often illuminated by a variety of approaches." (Nick Lord, The Mathematical Gazette, March, 2005)Table of ContentsI Sets and Functions.- §1. Set Theory.- 1 - Membership, equality, empty set.- 2 - The set defined by a relation. Intersections and unions.- 3 - Whole numbers. Infinite sets.- 4 - Ordered pairs, Cartesian products, sets of subsets.- 5 - Functions, maps, correspondences.- 6 - Injections, surjections, bijections.- 7 - Equipotent sets. Countable sets.- 8 - The different types of infinity.- 9 - Ordinals and cardinals.- §2. The logic of logicians.- II - Convergence: Discrete variables.- §1. Convergent sequences and series.- 0 - Introduction: what is a real number?.- 1 - Algebraic operations and the order relation: axioms of ?.- 2 - Inequalities and intervals.- 3 - Local or asymptotic properties.- 4 - The concept of limit. Continuity and differentiability.- 5 - Convergent sequences: definition and examples.- 6 - The language of series.- 7 - The marvels of the harmonic series.- 8 - Algebraic operations on limits.- §2. Absolutely convergent series.- 9 - Increasing sequences. Upper bound of a set of real numbers.- 10 - The function log x. Roots of a positive number.- 11 - What is an integral?.- 12 - Series with positive terms.- 13 - Alternating series.- 14 - Classical absolutely convergent series.- 15 - Unconditional convergence: general case.- 16 - Comparison relations. Criteria of Cauchy and d’Alembert.- 17 - Infinite limits.- 18 - Unconditional convergence: associativity.- §3. First concepts of analytic functions.- 19 - The Taylor series.- 20 - The principle of analytic continuation.- 21 - The function cot x and the series ?1/n2k.- 22 - Multiplication of series. Composition of analytic functions Formal series.- 23 - The elliptic functions of Weierstrass.- III - Convergence: Continuous variables.- §1. The intermediate value theorem.- 1 - Limit values of a function. Open and closed sets.- 2 - Continuous functions.- 3 - Right and left limits of a monotone function.- 4 - The intermediate value theorem.- §2. Uniform convergence.- 5 - Limits of continuous functions.- 6 - A slip up of Cauchy’s.- 7 - The uniform metric.- 8 - Series of continuous functions. Normal convergence.- §3. Bolzano-Weierstrass and Cauchy’s criterion.- 9 - Nested intervals, Bolzano-Weierstrass, compact sets.- 10 - Cauchy’s general convergence criterion.- 11 - Cauchy’s criterion for series: examples.- 12 - Limits of limits.- 13 - Passing to the limit in a series of functions.- §4. Differentiable functions.- 14 - Derivatives of a function.- 15 - Rules for calculating derivatives.- 16 - The mean value theorem.- 17 - Sequences and series of differentiable functions.- 18 - Extensions to unconditional convergence.- §5. Differentiable functions of several variables.- 19 - Partial derivatives and differentials.- 20 - Differentiability of functions of class C1.- 21 - Differentiation of composite functions.- 22 - Limits of differentiable functions.- 23 - Interchanging the order of differentiation.- 24 - Implicit functions.- Appendix to Chapter III.- 1 - Cartesian spaces and general metric spaces.- 2 - Open and closed sets.- 3 - Limits and Cauchy’s criterion in a metric space; complete spaces.- 4 - Continuous functions.- 5 - Absolutely convergent series in a Banach space.- 6 - Continuous linear maps.- 7 - Compact spaces.- 8 - Topological spaces.- IV Powers, Exponentials, Logarithms, Trigonometric Functions.- §1. Direct construction.- 1 - Rational exponents.- 2 - Definition of real powers.- 3 - The calculus of real exponents.- 4 - Logarithms to base a. Power functions.- 5 - Asymptotic behaviour.- 6 - Characterisations of the exponential, power and logarithmic functions.- 7 - Derivatives of the exponential functions: direct method.- 8 - Derivatives of exponential functions, powers and logarithms.- §2. Series expansions.- 9 - The number e. Napierian logarithms.- 10 - Exponential and logarithmic series: direct method.- 11 - Newton’s binomial series.- 12 - The power series for the logarithm.- 13 - The exponential function as a limit.- 14 - Imaginary exponentials and trigonometric functions.- 15 - Euler’s relation chez Euler.- 16 - Hyperbolic functions.- §3. Infinite products.- 17 - Absolutely convergent infinite products.- 18 - The infinite product for the sine function.- 19 - Expansion of an infinite product in series.- 20 - Strange identities.- §4. The topology of the functions Arg(z) and Log z.

Read more less

Table of ContentsLocal systems.- Cluster sets.- Continuity.- Variation of a function.- Monotonicity.- Relations among derivates.- The denjoy-young relations.

Read more less

Book Synopsis Diese Einführung besticht durch zwei ungewöhnliche Aspekte: Sie gibt einen Einblick in die Mathematik als Bestandteil unserer Kultur, und sie vermittelt die Hintergründe der Mathematik vom Schulstoff ausgehend bis zum Niveau von Mathematikvorlesungen im ersten Studienjahr. Die Stoffdarstellung geht vom Aufbau der natürlichen Zahlen aus; der Schwerpunkt liegt aber in den exakten Begründungen der Zahlenbegriffe, der Geometrie der Ebene und der Funktionen einer Veränderlichen. Dabei werden alle Sätze bis hin zum Hauptsatz der Algebra vollständig bewiesen. Der klare Aufbau des Buches mit Stichwortregister wichtiger Begriffe erleichtert das systematische Lernen und Nachschlagen. Die zweite Auflage enthält teilweise ausführliche Darstellungen für die Lösungen der zahlreichen Übungsaufgaben.Da viele Aspekte zur Sprache kommen, die so weder im Unterricht noch im Studium behandelt werden, ergänzt die Einführung ideal den Vorlesungsstoff für Lehramtskandidaten und Diplomstudenten.Trade Review"...dies ist eine Art "Brückenkurs"', der Aspekte der Schulmathematik von höherer Warte aus diskutiert... Der Autor steckt sich im Vorwort selbst das ehrgeizige Ziel, einen ‚Einblick in die Mathematik als einen Bestandteil unserer Kultur‘ zu geben, indem er sich ‚am Schulstoff (zwar) orientiert, aber über diesen hinausgeht und ihn hinterfragt.‘ Die Erreichbarkeit dieses Zieles stellt er mit diesem schönen Buch sehr überzeugend unter Beweis. Dabei wird beileibe nicht der Schulstoff ‚formalisiert‘, und noch weniger der Universitätsstoff ‚trivialisiert‘, sondern es kommen Aspekte zur Sprache, die im Mathematikunterricht wegen ihrer Schwierigkeit und im Mathematikstudium aus Zeitgründen kaum zur Sprache kommen. Dies ist ebenso verdienstvoll wie ungewöhnlich; als Ergebnis ist ein Buch herausgekommen, welches im ausufernden Markt tatsächlich eine Lücke füllt. Man kann grob drei Stoffgebiete unterscheiden, die behandelt werden, nämlich Zahlen (Kapitel 1-4 und 9), Geometrie (Kapitel 5 und 10) und Reelle Analysis (Kapitel 6-8). Wie ernst der Autor seine Aufgabe genommen hat, zeigt die sehr lesenswerte Einleitung, die auch den formalen Aufbau und inhaltliche Einzelheiten erklärt. Man kann allen Erstsemesterstudenten der Mathematik und Physik wärmstens empfehlen, dieses Buch als Ergänzung zu der von ihrem Dozenten empfohlenen Literatur zu kaufen und regelmäßig zu konsultieren." Jürgen Appell, Würzburg, in Zentralblatt MATH Table of ContentsNatürliche Zahlen.- Die 0 und die ganzen Zahlen.- Rationale Zahlen.- Reelle Zahlen.- Euklidische Geometrie der Ebene.- Reelle Funktionen einer Veränderlichen.- Maß und Integral.- Trigonometrie.- Die komplexen Zahlen.- Nicht-euklidische Geometrie.- Lösungen der Aufgaben.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFunctions in R and C, including the theory of Fourier series, Fourier integrals and part of that of holomorphic functions, form the focal topic of these two volumes. Based on a course given by the author to large audiences at Paris VII University for many years, the exposition proceeds somewhat nonlinearly, blending rigorous mathematics skilfully with didactical and historical considerations. It sets out to illustrate the variety of possible approaches to the main results, in order to initiate the reader to methods, the underlying reasoning, and fundamental ideas. It is suitable for both teaching and self-study. In his familiar, personal style, the author emphasizes ideas over calculations and, avoiding the condensed style frequently found in textbooks, explains these ideas without parsimony of words. The French edition in four volumes, published from 1998, has met with resounding success: the first two volumes are now available in English.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the original French edition: "... The content is quite classical ... [...] The treatment is less classical: precise although unpedantic (rather far from the definition-theorem-corollary-style), it contains many interesting commentaries of epistemological, pedagogical, historical and even political nature. [...] The author gives frequent interesting hints on recent developments of mathematics connected to the concepts which are introduced. The Introduction also contains comments that are very unusual in a book on mathematical analysis, going from pedagogy to critique of the French scientific-military-industrial complex, but the sequence of ideas is introduced in such a way that readers are less surprised than they might be.J. Mawhin in Zentralblatt Mathematik (1999) Table of ContentsDifferential and Integral Calculus.- The Riemann Integral.- Integrability Conditions.- The “Fundamental Theorem” (FT).- Integration by parts.- Taylor’s Formula.- The change of variable formula.- Generalised Riemann integrals.- Approximation Theorems.- Radon measures in ? or ?.- Schwartz distributions.- Asymptotic Analysis.- Truncated expansions.- Summation formulae.- Harmonic Analysis and Holomorphic Functions.- Analysis on the unit circle.- Elementary theorems on Fourier series.- Dirichlet’s method.- Analytic and holomorphic functions.- Harmonic functions and Fourier series.- From Fourier series to integrals.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIsoperimetric, measure concentration and random process techniques appear at the basis of the modern understanding of Probability in Banach spaces. Based on these tools, the book presents a complete treatment of the main aspects of Probability in Banach spaces (integrability and limit theorems for vector valued random variables, boundedness and continuity of random processes) and of some of their links to Geometry of Banach spaces (via the type and cotype properties). Its purpose is to present some of the main aspects of this theory, from the foundations to the most important achievements. The main features of the investigation are the systematic use of isoperimetry and concentration of measure and abstract random process techniques (entropy and majorizing measures). Examples of these probabilistic tools and ideas to classical Banach space theory are further developed.Trade ReviewThis book gives an excellent, almost complete account of the whole subject of probability in Banach spaces, a branch of probability theory that has undergone vigorous development... There is no doubt in the reviewer's mind that this book [has] become a classic. MathSciNetAs the authors state, "this book tries to present some of the main aspects of the theory of probability in Banach spaces, from the foundation of the topic to the latest developments and current research questions''. The authors have succeeded admirably… This very comprehensive book develops a wide variety of the methods existing … in probability in Banach spaces. … It [has] become an event for mathematicians… Zentralblatt MATHTable of ContentsNotation.- 0. Isoperimetric Background and Generalities.- 1. Isoperimetric Inequalities and the Concentration of Measure Phenomenon.- 2. Generalities on Banach Space Valued Random Variables and Random Processes.- I. Banach Space Valued Random Variables and Their Strong Limiting Properties.- 3. Gaussian Random Variables.- 4. Rademacher Averages.- 5. Stable Random Variables.- 6 Sums of Independent Random Variables.- 7. The Strong Law of Large Numbers.- 8. The Law of the Iterated Logarithm.- II. Tightness of Vector Valued Random Variables and Regularity of Random Processes.- 9. Type and Cotype of Banach Spaces.- 10. The Central Limit Theorem.- 11. Regularity of Random Processes.- 12. Regularity of Gaussian and Stable Processes.- 13. Stationary Processes and Random Fourier Series.- 14. Empirical Process Methods in Probability in Banach Spaces.- 15. Applications to Banach Space Theory.- References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOne-dimensional dynamics has developed in the last decades into a subject in its own right. Yet, many recent results are inaccessible and have never been brought together. For this reason, we have tried to give a unified ac count of the subject and complete proofs of many results. To show what results one might expect, the first chapter deals with the theory of circle diffeomorphisms. The remainder of the book is an attempt to develop the analogous theory in the non-invertible case, despite the intrinsic additional difficulties. In this way, we have tried to show that there is a unified theory in one-dimensional dynamics. By reading one or more of the chapters, the reader can quickly reach the frontier of research. Let us quickly summarize the book. The first chapter deals with circle diffeomorphisms and contains a complete proof of the theorem on the smooth linearizability of circle diffeomorphisms due to M. Herman, J.-C. Yoccoz and others. Chapter II treats the kneading theory of Milnor and Thurstonj also included are an exposition on Hofbauer's tower construction and a result on fuB multimodal families (this last result solves a question posed by J. Milnor).Table of Contents0. Introduction.- I. Circle Diffeomorphisms.- 1. The Combinatorial Theory of Poincaré.- 2. The Topological Theory of Denjoy.- 2.a The Denjoy Inequality.- 2.b Ergodicity.- 3. Smooth Conjugacy Results.- 4. Families of Circle Diffeomorphisms; Arnol’d tongues.- 5. Counter-Examples to Smooth Linearizability.- 6. Frequency of Smooth Linearizability in Families.- 7. Some Historical Comments and Further Remarks.- II. The Combinatorics of One-Dimensional Endomorphisms.- 1. The Theorem of Sarkovskii.- 2. Covering Maps of the Circle as Dynamical Systems.- 3. The Kneading Theory and Combinatorial Equivalence.- 3.a Examples.- 3.b Hofbauer’s Tower Construction.- 4. Full Families and Realization of Maps.- 5. Families of Maps and Renormalization.- 6. Piecewise Monotone Maps can be Modelled by Polynomial Maps.- 7. The Topological Entropy.- 8. The Piecewise Linear Model.- 9. Continuity of the Topological Entropy.- 10. Monotonicity of the Kneading Invariant for the Quadratic Family.- 11. Some Historical Comments and Further Remarks.- III. Structural Stability and Hyperbolicity.- 1. The Dynamics of Rational Mappings.- 2. Structural Stability and Hyperbolicity.- 3. Hyperbolicity in Maps with Negative Schwarzian Derivative.- 4. The Structure of the Non-Wandering Set.- 5. Hyperbolicity in Smooth Maps.- 6. Misiurewicz Maps are Almost Hyperbolic.- 7. Some Further Remarks and Open Questions.- IV. The Structure of Smooth Maps.- 1. The Cross-Ratio: the Minimum and Koebe Principle.- l.a Some Facts about the Schwarzian Derivative.- 2. Distortion of Cross-Ratios.- 2.a The Zygmund Conditions.- 3. Koebe Principles on Iterates.- 4. Some Simplifications and the Induction Assumption.- 5. The Pullback of Space: the Koebe/Contraction Principle.- 6. Disjointness of Orbits of Intervals.- 7. Wandering Intervals Accumulate on Turning Points.- 8. Topological Properties of a Unimodal Pullback.- 9. The Non-Existence of Wandering Intervals.- 10. Finiteness of Attractors.- 11. Some Further Remarks and Open Questions.- V. Ergodic Properties and Invariant Measures.- 1. Ergodicity, Attractors and Bowen-Ruelle-Sinai Measures.- 2. Invariant Measures for Markov Maps.- 3. Constructing Invariant Measures by Inducing.- 4. Constructing Invariant Measures by Pulling Back.- 5. Transitive Maps Without Finite Continuous Measures.- 6. Frequency of Maps with Positive Liapounov Exponents in Families and Jakobson’s Theorem.- 7. Some Further Remarks and Open Questions.- VI. Renormalization.- 1. The Renormalization Operator.- 2. The Real Bounds.- 3. Bounded Geometry.- 4. The PullBack Argument.- 5. The Complex Bounds.- 6. Riemann Surface Laminations.- 7. The Almost Geodesic Principle.- 8. Renormalization is Contracting.- 9. Universality of the Attracting Cantor Set.- 10. Some Further Remarks and Open Questions.- VII. Appendix.- 1. Some Terminology in Dynamical Systems.- 2. Some Background in Topology.- 3. Some Results from Analysis and Measure Theory.- 4. Some Results from Ergodic Theory.- 5. Some Background in Complex Analysis.- 6. Some Results from Functional Analysis.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a self-contained book that covers the standard topics in introductory analysis and that in addition constructs the natural, rational, real and complex numbers, and also handles complex-valued functions, sequences, and series. The book teaches how to write proofs. Fundamental proof-writing logic is covered in Chapter 1 and is repeated and enhanced in two appendices. Many examples of proofs appear with words in a different font for what should be going on in the proof writer's head. The book contains many examples and exercises to solidify the understanding. The material is presented rigorously with proofs and with many worked-out examples. Exercises are varied, many involve proofs, and some provide additional learning materials.Table of ContentsHow We will Do Mathematics; Concepts with Which We will Do Mathematics; Construction of the Basic Number Systems; Limits of Functions; Continuity; Differentiation; Integration; Sequences; Infinite Series and Power Series; Exponential and Trigonometric Functions; Appendix A: Advice on Writing Mathematics; Appendix B: What One Should Never Forget;

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explains the notion of Brakke’s mean curvature flow and its existence and regularity theories without assuming familiarity with geometric measure theory. The focus of study is a time-parameterized family of k-dimensional surfaces in the n-dimensional Euclidean space (1 ≤ k < n). The family is the mean curvature flow if the velocity of motion of surfaces is given by the mean curvature at each point and time. It is one of the simplest and most important geometric evolution problems with a strong connection to minimal surface theory. In fact, equilibrium of mean curvature flow corresponds precisely to minimal surface. Brakke’s mean curvature flow was first introduced in 1978 as a mathematical model describing the motion of grain boundaries in an annealing pure metal. The grain boundaries move by the mean curvature flow while retaining singularities such as triple junction points. By using a notion of generalized surface called a varifold from geometric measure theory which allows the presence of singularities, Brakke successfully gave it a definition and presented its existence and regularity theories. Recently, the author provided a complete proof of Brakke’s existence and regularity theorems, which form the content of the latter half of the book. The regularity theorem is also a natural generalization of Allard’s regularity theorem, which is a fundamental regularity result for minimal surfaces and for surfaces with bounded mean curvature. By carefully presenting a minimal amount of mathematical tools, often only with intuitive explanation, this book serves as a good starting point for the study of this fascinating object as well as a comprehensive introduction to other important notions from geometric measure theory.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims to establish a foundation for fractional derivatives and fractional differential equations. The theory of fractional derivatives enables considering any positive order of differentiation. The history of research in this field is very long, with its origins dating back to Leibniz. Since then, many great mathematicians, such as Abel, have made contributions that cover not only theoretical aspects but also physical applications of fractional calculus. The fractional partial differential equations govern phenomena depending both on spatial and time variables and require more subtle treatments. Moreover, fractional partial differential equations are highly demanded model equations for solving real-world problems such as the anomalous diffusion in heterogeneous media. The studies of fractional partial differential equations have continued to expand explosively. However we observe that available mathematical theory for fractional partial differential equations is not still complete. In particular, operator-theoretical approaches are indispensable for some generalized categories of solutions such as weak solutions, but feasible operator-theoretic foundations for wide applications are not available in monographs.To make this monograph more readable, we are restricting it to a few fundamental types of time-fractional partial differential equations, forgoing many other important and exciting topics such as stability for nonlinear problems. However, we believe that this book works well as an introduction to mathematical research in such vast fields.Trade Review“The book is written nicely and useful as an introductory book on time fractional derivatives in abstract spaces.” (Syed Abbas, zbMATH 1485.34002, 2022)Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book serves as a textbook in real analysis. It focuses on the fundamentals of the structural properties of metric spaces and analytical properties of functions defined between such spaces. Topics include sets, functions and cardinality, real numbers, analysis on R, topology of the real line, metric spaces, continuity and differentiability, sequences and series, Lebesgue integration, and Fourier series. It is primarily focused on the applications of analytical methods to solving partial differential equations rooted in many important problems in mathematics, physics, engineering, and related fields. Both the presentation and treatment of topics are fashioned to meet the expectations of interested readers working in any branch of science and technology. Senior undergraduates in mathematics and engineering are the targeted student readership, and the topical focus with applications to real-world examples will promote higher-level mathematical understanding for undergraduates in sciences and engineering.Table of Contents1. Sets, Functions and Cardinality.- 2. The Real Numbers.- 3. Sequence and Series of Numbers.- 4. Analysis on R.- 5. Topology of the Real Line.- 6. Metric Spaces.- 7. Continuity and Differentiability.- 8. Sequences and Series of Functions.- 9. Lebesgue Integration.- 10. Fourier Series.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book serves as a textbook in real analysis. It focuses on the fundamentals of the structural properties of metric spaces and analytical properties of functions defined between such spaces. Topics include sets, functions and cardinality, real numbers, analysis on R, topology of the real line, metric spaces, continuity and differentiability, sequences and series, Lebesgue integration, and Fourier series. It is primarily focused on the applications of analytical methods to solving partial differential equations rooted in many important problems in mathematics, physics, engineering, and related fields. Both the presentation and treatment of topics are fashioned to meet the expectations of interested readers working in any branch of science and technology. Senior undergraduates in mathematics and engineering are the targeted student readership, and the topical focus with applications to real-world examples will promote higher-level mathematical understanding for undergraduates in sciences and engineering.Table of Contents1. Sets, Functions and Cardinality.- 2. The Real Numbers.- 3. Sequence and Series of Numbers.- 4. Analysis on R.- 5. Topology of the Real Line.- 6. Metric Spaces.- 7. Continuity and Differentiability.- 8. Sequences and Series of Functions.- 9. Lebesgue Integration.- 10. Fourier Series.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPart 1 begins with an overview of properties of the real numbers and starts to introduce the notions of set theory. The absolute value and in particular inequalities are considered in great detail before functions and their basic properties are handled. From this the authors move to differential and integral calculus. Many examples are discussed. Proofs not depending on a deeper understanding of the completeness of the real numbers are provided. As a typical calculus module, this part is thought as an interface from school to university analysis.Part 2 returns to the structure of the real numbers, most of all to the problem of their completeness which is discussed in great depth. Once the completeness of the real line is settled the authors revisit the main results of Part 1 and provide complete proofs. Moreover they develop differential and integral calculus on a rigorous basis much further by discussing uniform convergence and the interchanging of limits, infinite series (including Taylor series) and infinite products, improper integrals and the gamma function. In addition they discussed in more detail as usual monotone and convex functions.Finally, the authors supply a number of Appendices, among them Appendices on basic mathematical logic, more on set theory, the Peano axioms and mathematical induction, and on further discussions of the completeness of the real numbers. Remarkably, Volume I contains ca. 360 problems with complete, detailed solutions.Table of ContentsIntroductory Calculus: Numbers - Revision; The Absolute Value, Inequalities and Intervals; Mathematical Induction; Functions and Mappings; Functions and Mappings Continued; Derivatives; Derivatives Continued; The Derivative as a Tool to Investigate Functions; The Exponential and Logarithmic Functions; Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses; Investigating Functions; Integrating Functions; Rules for Integration; Analysis in One Dimension: Problems with the Real Line; Sequences and their Limits; A First Encounter with Series; The Completeness of the Real Numbers; Convergence Criteria for Series, b-adic Fractions; Point Sets in Continuous Functions; Differentiation; Applications of the Derivative; Convex Functions and some Norms on n; Uniform Convergence and Interchanging Limits; The Riemann Integral; The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus; A First Encounter with Differential Equations; Improper Integrals and the GAMMA-Function; Power Series and Taylor Series; Infinite Products and the Gauss Integral; More on the GAMMA-Function; Selected Topics on Functions of a Real Variable;

Read more less