Quakers Books

Book SynopsisStuart K. Masters is a teacher and writer with a focus on the Quaker faith. For fifteen years, he worked for Woodbrooke, an international Quaker learning and research organization, and following his retirement, continues to serve as an Associate Tutor. He is the author of The Rule of Christ (2021) and is a Regional Representative for the Anabaptist Mennonite Network as well as a member of the Advisory Council for the American journal, Quaker Religious Thought. To learn more, visit stuartkmasters.com.

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Book SynopsisQuakers and Native Americans examines the history of interactions between Quakers and Native Americans (American Indians). Fourteen scholarly essays cover the period from the 1650s to the twentieth century. American Indians often guided the Quakers by word and example, demanding that they give content to their celebrated commitment to peace. As a consequence, the Quakers’ relations with American Indians has helped define their sense of mission and propelled their rise to influence in the U.S. Quakers have influenced Native American history as colonists, government advisors, and educators, eventually promoting boarding schools, assimilation and the suppression of indigenous cultures. The final two essays in this collection provide Quaker and American Indian perspectives on this history, bringing the story up to the present day. Contributors include: Ray Batchelor, Lori Daggar, John Echohawk, Stephanie Gamble, Lawrence M. Hauptman, Allison Hrabar, Thomas J. Lappas, Carol Nackenoff, Paula Palmer, Ellen M. Ross, Jean R. Soderlund, Mary Beth Start, Tara Strauch, Marie Balsley Taylor, Elizabeth Thompson, and Scott M. Wert.Table of ContentsGeneral Series Editor’s Preface VII  Acknowledgements  List of Figures  Notes on Contributors  1 Introduction  2 The Lenape Origins of Delaware Valley Peace and Freedom  Jean R. Soderlund  3 Apostates in the Woods: Quakers, Praying Indians, and Circuits of Communication in Humphrey Norton’s New England’s Ensigne  Marie Balsley Taylor  4 “The Calamett, a Sure Bond and Seal of Peace”: Native-Pennsylvania Treaties as Religious Discourse  Scott M. Wert  5 “Cast Under Our Care”: Elite Quaker Masculinity and Political Rhetoric about American Indians in the Age of Revolutions  Ray Batchelor  6 “Strong Expressions of Regard”: Native Diplomats and Quakers in Early National Philadelphia  Stephanie Gamble  7 “The Great Spirit Hears All We Now Say”: Philadelphia Quakers and the Seneca, 1798–1850  Ellen M. Ross  8 The Meddlesome Friend: Philip Evan Thomas among the Onöndowa‘ga’: 1838–1861  Lawrence M. Hauptman  9 Tunesassa Echoes and the Temperance Struggle: A Family Tradition at Tunesassa Quaker Indian School, Allegany Indian Reservation across Generations  Thomas J. Lappas  10 Of African and Indian Descent: Creating Mission and Memory in Western Ohio, 1805–1850  Dr. Tara Strauch  11 “A Damnd Rebelious Race”: The U.S. Civilization Plan and Native Authority  Lori Daggar  12 Remembering and Forgetting – Local History and the Kin of Paul Cuffe in an Upper Canadian Quaker Community  Mary Beth Start  13 Saving Indians by Teaching Schoolgirls to Work: Quakers, the Carlisle Institute, and American Indian Assimilation  Elizabeth Thompson  14 Quaker Roles in Making and Implementing Federal Indian Policy: From Grant’s Peace Policy through the early Dawes Act Era (1869–1900)  Carol Nackenoff and Allison Hrabar  15 The Quaker Indian Boarding Schools: Facing our History and Ourselves  Paula Palmer  16 A Shared Vision for Healing  John Echohawk

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Book SynopsisIn this introductory volume to the Brill Research Perspectives series on Quaker Studies, Quaker Studies, An Overview: The Current State of the Field, C. Wess Daniels, Robynne Rogers Healey, and Jon Kershner investigate Quaker Studies, divided into the three fields of history, theology and philosophy, and sociology. With a focus on schisms, transatlantic networks, colonialism, abolition, gender and equality, and pacifism from Quaker origins onward, Healey explores the rich diversity and complexity of research and interpretation that has emerged in Quaker history. Kershner explores comparisons and divergences in contemporary Quaker theology and philosophy. Special attention is paid to Quaker biblical hermeneutics, mysticism, ethics, epistemology and Global Quakerism. Daniels looks at the sociology of Quakerism as a new field of study that has only recently begun to be explored and developed. He surveys the field of sociological work done within Quakerism from the 1960s to the present day.

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Book SynopsisOver the centuries, Quakers have read non-Quakers regarded as mystics. This study explores the reception of mystical texts among the Religious Society of Friends, focusing in particular on Robert Barclay and John Cassian, Sarah Lynes Grubb and Jeanne Guyon, Caroline Stephen and Johannes Tauler, Rufus Jones and Jacob Boehme, and Teresina Havens and Buddhist texts selected by her. Points of connection include the nature of apophatic prayer, suffering and annihilation of self, mysticisms of knowing and of loving, liberal Protestant attitudes toward theosophical systems, and interfaith encounter.

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Book SynopsisIn “To Renew the Covenant”: Religious Themes in Eighteenth-Century Quaker Abolitionism, Jon R. Kershner argues that Quakers adhered to a providential view of history, which motivated their desire to take a corporate position against slavery. Antislavery Quakers believed God’s dealings with them, for good or ill, were contingent on their faithfulness. Their history of deliverance from persecution, the liberty of conscience they experienced in the British colonies, and the ethics of the Golden Rule formed a covenantal relationship with God that challenged notions of human bondage. Kershner traces the history of abolitionist theologies from George Fox and William Edmundson in the late seventeenth century to Paul Cuffe and Benjamin Banneker in the early nineteenth century. It covers the Germantown Protest, Benjamin Lay, John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, William Dillwyn, Warner Mifflin, and others who offered religious arguments against slavery. It also surveys recent developments in Quaker antislavery studies.

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Book SynopsisIn British Quakers and Religious Language, Rhiannon Grant explores the ways in which this community discusses the Divine. She identifies characteristic patterns of language use and, through a detailed analysis of examples from published sources, uncovers the philosophical and theological claims which support these patterns. These claims are not always explicit within the Quaker community, which does not have written creeds. Instead, implicit claims are often being made with community functions in mind. These can include a desire to balance potentially conflicting needs, such as the wish to have a single unified community that simultaneously welcomes diversity of belief. Having examined these factors, Grant connects the claims made to wider developments in the disciplines of theology, philosophy of religion, and religious studies, especially to the increase in multiple religious belonging, the work of nonrealist theologians such as Don Cupitt, and pluralist philosophers of religion such as John Hick.

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Book SynopsisHow did the early Quakers understand the relationship between Quakerism and Christianity? Did they think faith in Jesus was necessary? What did they mean by the ‘Light within’? These were the central issues in the Keithian controversy: an explosive schism which broke out among Philadelphian Quakers in the 1690s when George Keith – arguably the most influential Quaker theologian of the seventeenth century – was accused of focusing too heavily on the Incarnate Jesus in his preaching. Keith left the movement under a cloud, and the Keithian controversy has often been explained away in terms of personality and politics. However, this volume presents a theological reading of the dispute. Through a study of Keith’s personal theological development, Madeleine Ward presents his departure from the movement as a significant case-study in the contested relationship between Quakerism and Christianity – and, ultimately, as a battle for the spiritual heart of the Religious Society of Friends.Trade Review"(...) In this small but important academic book, Madeleine Ward offers a theological reading of the Keithian controversy, which occurred in the American colonies and in England towards the end of the seventeenth century. It will be of interest to both historians of Restoration Quakerism and scholars of Quaker theology and doctrine (...) All this helps us to better understand the significant diversity of faith and practice that currently exists within global Quakerism. For these reasons, this work is highly recommended." - Stuart Masters, Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre, Journal of the Friends Historical Society 70. "(...) The Christian Quaker is an important and timely addition to the literature on both earlyQuakerismand earlymodern historical theology, which addsmuch to anemerging literature onQuaker theology.Ward ably fulfills her objective of showing that, in the seventeenth century, there was no contradiction between being a Christian and being a Quaker." - Michael B. Riordan, Edinburgh, Journal of the Ecclesiastical History 70.4 (2019).Table of ContentsThe Christian Quaker: George Keith and the Keithian Controversy  Madeleine Ward Abstract Keywords Introduction 1 A Brief Account of the Keithian Controversy 2 The Historiography of George Keith  i Theology and the Study of Early Quakerism  ii Early Confessionalised Histography  iii The Modern Reception History of George Keith 3 A Theological Reading of the Keithian Controversy  i Keith’s Early Life and Quaker Convincement  ii Keith and English Quakerism: an Increasing Christological Concern  iii Keith’s Constructive Theology and the Kabbalah  iv Keith as an Educator in America  v The Keithian Controvery  vi Explaining the Keithian Controversy  vii Keith’s Later Quakerism and Conversion to Anglicanism  Conclusion  Bibliography

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Book SynopsisDr Kennedy’s work is a sociological study of Quakers that investigates the impact that sectarianism has had on identity construction within the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland. The research highlights individual Friends’ complex and hybrid cultural, national and theological identities – mirrored by the Society’s corporate identity. This monograph focuses specifically on examples of political and theological hybridity. These hybrid identities resulted in tensions which impact on relationships between Friends and the wider organisation. How Friends negotiate and accommodate these diverse identities is explored. It is argued that Irish Quakers prioritise ‘relational unity’ and have developed a distinctive approach to complex identity management. Kennedy asserts that in the two Irish states, ‘Quaker’ represents a meta-identity that is counter-cultural in its non-sectarianism, although this is more problematic within the organisation. Furthermore, by modelling an alternative, non-sectarian identity, Quakers in Ireland contribute to building capacity for transformation from oppositional, binary identities to more fluid and inclusive ones.Table of ContentsQuaker Hybrid Identities: A Case Study of Complex Identity in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Ireland  Maria H. Kennedy Abstract Keywords  Part 1: Introduction  Part 2: Historical Context (Ireland and Quakers)  Part 3: Identity Theory  Part 4: Irish Quaker Identity  5 Part Five: Management of Hybrid Identities by Ireland Yearly Meeting  6 Part Six: Conclusion  References

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Book SynopsisQuakerism (the Religious Society of Friends) emerged in the seventeenth century, during a time when philosophical debates about the nature of knowledge led to the emergence of modern science. The Quakers, in conversation with early modern philosophers, developed a distinctive epistemology rooted in their concept of the Light Within: a special internal sense giving access to divine insight. The Light Within provided illumination both to properly understand the Bible and to ‘read’ the Book of Nature. In Quaker Epistemology, L. Rediehs argues that Quaker epistemology can be thought of as an expanded experiential empiricism, integrating ethical and religious knowledge with scientific knowledge. This epistemology has carried through in Quaker thought to the present day and can help address today’s epistemological crisis. This work will be of great interest to both philosophers interested in the epistemological implications of Quaker thought, and scholars of Quaker Studies interested in connecting Quaker thought to philosophical historical epistemology.

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Book SynopsisThis work brings the fields of Christian theologies of atonement and reconciliation and Liberal Quaker theology into dialogue, and lays the foundation for developing an original Liberal Quaker reconciliation theology. This dialogue focuses specifically on the metaphorical language employed to describe the relationship of interdependence between humans and God, which both traditions hold as integral to their conceptions of human and divine existence. It focuses on these areas: the sin of human division and exclusion; atonement and reunification of humans and God as a response to sin; and the metaphors Liberal Quaker use to describe this interdependent relationship, specifically the metaphor of Light. This unique approach develops an original model of reconciliatory interdependence between humans and God that is rooted in both Christological and Universalist Liberal Quaker metaphorical and theological categories and utilizes the Liberal Quaker language of God as interdependent Light towards a new theology.

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Book SynopsisIn Theology from Listening: Finding the Core of Liberal Quaker Theological Thought, Rhiannon Grant explores the changes and continuities in liberal Quaker theology over the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries in multiple English-speaking Quaker communities around the world. The work involves a close analysis of material produced by Quaker meetings through formal, corporate methods; of material produced by individuals and small groups within Quaker communities; and of writing by individuals and small groups working primarily within academic or ecumenical theological settings. It concludes that although liberal Quaker theology is diverse and flexible, it also possesses a core coherence and can meaningfully be discussed as a single tradition. At the centre of liberal Quaker theology is the belief that direct, unmediated contact with the Divine is possible and results in useful guidance.Table of ContentsTheology from Listening: Finding the Core of Liberal Quaker Theological Thought  Rhiannon Grant Abstract Keywords  Introduction  1 Theology from Listening Together  2 Individuals Hearing and Sharing  3 Listening and Thinking  Conclusion  Acknowledgements References

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Book SynopsisThomas D. Hamm (Earlham College) argues that a self-conscious, liberal Quakerism emerged in North America between 1790 and 1920. It had three characteristics. The first was a commitment to liberty of conscience. The second was pronounced doubts about orthodox beliefs, such as the divinity of Christ. Finally, liberal Friends saw themselves as holding beliefs fully consistent with early Quakerism. Stirrings appeared as early as the 1790s. Hicksite Friends in the 1820s, although perceiving themselves as traditionalists, manifested all of these characteristics. When other Hicksites took such stances in even more radical directions after 1830, however, bitter divisions ensued. Orthodox Friends were slower to develop liberal thought. It emerged after 1870, as higher education became central to the Gurneyite branch of Orthodox Quakerism, and as some Gurneyites responded to influences in the larger society, and to the changes introduced by the advent of revivalism, by embracing modernist Protestantism.Table of ContentsLiberal Quakerism in America in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1790–1920  Thomas D. Hamm Abstract Keywords  1 Introduction  2 Early Stirrings: Ireland, the Hudson Valley, and New England  3 The Hicksite Separation  4 Second Thoughts about Reformation: Hicksites, 1828–1835  5 Progressive Friends, 1835–1860  6 The Triumph of Liberalism among Hicksite Friends, 1860–1920  7 The Complicated Orthodox Path to Liberalism, Part I  8 The Complicated Orthodox Path to Liberalism, Part II  9 Gurneyites and Modernists  10 The Modernist Controversy to 1925  11 Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisMany Quakers who reached maturity towards the end of the nineteenth century found that their parents’ religion had lost its connection with reality. New discoveries in science and biblical research called for new approaches to Christian faith. Evangelical beliefs dominant among nineteenth-century Quakers were now found wanting, especially those emphasising the supreme authority of the Bible and doctrines of atonement, whereby the wrath of God is appeased through the blood of Christ. Liberal Quakers sought a renewed sense of reality in their faith through recovering the vision of the first Quakers with their sense of the Light of God within each person. They also borrowed from mainstream liberal theology new attitudes to God, nature and service to society. The ensuing Quaker Renaissance found its voice at the Manchester Conference of 1895, and the educational initiatives which followed gave to British Quakerism an active faith fit for the testing reality of the twentieth century.Table of ContentsThe Quaker Renaissance and Liberal Quakerism in Britain, 1895–1930 Seeking a Real Religion  Joanna Dales Abstract Keywords  1 Introduction  2 Quakers and a Wider World  3 Leaving Evangelicalism  4 Challenges to Christian Faith  5 The Manchester Conference (1895) and Beyond  6 The Light Within  7 Conclusion  Appendix: Areas for Further Research  Abbreviations  References

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Book SynopsisQuakeriana Latina: Quaker texts in Latin from the 1670s juxtaposes translations of texts written in Latin by arguably the finest early Quaker theologians, George Keith and Robert Barclay. A commentary provides philological, historical, and theological perspectives. The works by Keith are two substantial letters to German polymath and Christian Kabbalist, Baron Christian Knorr von Rosenroth. The chief concerns of these letters are Christian appropriation of concepts from Jewish mysticism and eschatology. In the year before Keith began this correspondence, Barclay wrote his Animadversiones, a response to an attack from the Dutch Calvinist, Nikolaus Arnold, on his Theses Theologicae. Thus, both writers illustrate how a Quaker might write to a non-Quaker, even non-British, audience, one in a persuasive tone, and the other in a more polemical mode. Together, these texts cast new light on Quakerism in the 1670s.Table of ContentsQuakeriana Latina: Quaker Texts in Latin from the 1670s  Michael Birkel and Charlotte Northrop Abstract Keywords  1 Introduction  2 Letters from George Keith to Christian Knorr von Rosenroth  3 Robert Barclay’s Animadversiones  References

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Book SynopsisDuring the 1650s, James Nayler was one of the most important leaders of the emerging Quaker movement in England and, arguably, its most effective preacher and writer. However, his legacy has been dominated by events that took place in the summer and autumn of 1656, leading to a conviction for blasphemy, brutal public punishment, and imprisonment. Official histories of Quaker beginnings portrayed him as a gifted, but flawed, character, who brought the Quaker movement into disrepute, and prompted a concern for corporate order. Scholarship during the past century has begun to question this received position. However, a continued preoccupation with his ‘fall’ has tended to overshadow interpretations of his writings. In this volume, Stuart Masters seeks to identify a number of important theological themes visible within Nayler’s works, and to locate them within their radical religious context. He argues that a powerful Christological vision at the heart of Nayler’s religious thought engendered a practical theology with radical political, economic, and ecological implications.

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Book SynopsisRufus Jones’ promotion of mysticism and his novel formulation of the Inner Light, which saw God as an inherent part of human nature, were sweepingly influential within liberal Quakerism in the early 20th century and have had long-lasting effects on Quaker faith and practice. In spite of the importance of his ideas, however, they have received little critical attention. In Mysticism and the Inner Light, Helen Holt provides a systematic analysis of Jones’ thought in historical context, showing how he attempted to synthesize his own experience with aspects of the psychology of William James, the idealism of Josiah Royce, and liberal Christianity. She finds that because Jones presented his ideas informally, he is sometimes misinterpreted, especially regarding his views on Christ and humanism. The book draws on Jones’ extensive corpus and on unpublished archived letters.Table of ContentsContents Preface Acknowledgements 1 A Quaker Life from Quaker Roots  1 Quakerism and Rufus Jones  2 A Quaker Education  3 Conclusion 2 Encounters with Modern Thought  1 The Manchester Conference  2 The Influence of Psychology  3 Lessons from Harvard: Philosophical Idealism and the Social Gospel  4 Conclusion 3 God: Integrating Quakerism and Modern Thought  1 The Character of God  2 The Transcendence and Immanence of God  3 Knowing God and Proving That God Exists  4 Conclusion 4 Human Nature: Integrating Quakerism and Psychology  1 Consciousness  2 The Subconscious  3 Sin  4 Salvation  5 Habit  6 Conscience  7 The Role of Christ  8 Conclusion 5 The Inner Light: Integrating God and Human Nature  1 A Brief History of the Concept of the Light  2 The Inner Light in Social Law  3 The Inner Light in Jones’ Wider Corpus  4 Conclusion 6 Mysticism: Integrating the Inner Light and Social Action  1 Mysticism in Historical Context  2 Jones and Contemporary Scholars of Mysticism  3 Jones’ Understanding of Mysticism  4 Conclusion 7 Assessing the Weave: Diverse Interpretations of Jones  1 The Initial Reception of Social Law  2 Personal Letters  3 Quaker Engagement with the Inner Light in Relation to Christian Doctrine  4 Later Reception of Jones’ View of Human Nature  5 Conclusion 8 Conclusion: Dissolving Dichotomies and Creative Practices  1 Dissolving Dichotomies  2 The ‘Mastery’ of Theology and the ‘Unmastery’ of Contemplation  3 Creativity Appendix A Appendix B Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisGeorge Whitehead was a key figure in Quakerism from around 1660 until his death in 1723, but he has been neglected in recent scholarship. He was an effective political lobbyist in the struggle for religious toleration and was active in the developing work of the national Quaker bodies, Yearly Meeting, Meeting for Sufferings, and the Morning Meeting. He was also a leader in the adaptation of Quaker theology to the needs of the late seventeenth century. In his old age he was involved in the campaign to permit Quakers to use a form of affirmation instead of judicial oaths. This study by Rosemary Moore begins with an account of his life, using his memoirs and other contemporary sources, continues with a consideration of his published works, including his understanding of the ‘light within’, and concludes with a look at his place in Quaker history in comparison with George Fox and William Penn.Table of ContentsContents Abbreviations Abstract Keywords Introduction  Part 1: The Making of a Quaker Leader, 1636–1662  Part 2: The Years of Persecution, 1663–1685  Part 3: The Coming of Toleration, 1685–1723  Part 4: George Whitehead’s Writings and the Development of Quakerism  Part 5: The Place of George Whitehead in the History of Quakerism – Conclusions and Matters for Further Consideration Appendix: The Publications of George Whitehead Acknowledgements Reference Index

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Book SynopsisThis historical survey of Quakers in the United States examines their responses to war during World War I, World War II, and the early Cold War, including the Korean and Vietnam conflicts, with particular focus on the social, political, legal, and theological aspects of the Quaker peace testimony. Quakers responded to these conflicts in a variety of ways, ranging from pacifism to support for military action. The boundaries and constraints of Quaker beliefs about violent conflict and the meaning of the peace testimony were determined by debates within the Religious Society of Friends. Isaac Barnes May asserts that Quakers’ reactions to war in the twentieth-century should also be understood as closely related to Quakerism’s relationship to state power. The choice to accommodate or resist government pressure worked alongside internal forces to shape Quakerism in the United States. Ultimately, May argues that there is no single pattern of Quaker response to modern war.

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Book SynopsisScholars continue to dispute the foundations of Quakerism. James Nayler, his prophetic Bristol 'sign' of 1656, and George Fox's relation to him have been of especial interest in defining the movement's identity. Conventionally, historians and theologians have taken either a 'traditional' approach, which assesses Nayler by the standards of orthodoxy, or a 'revisionist' one, which absolves him by the standards of early Quaker relativism and Christology. This study by Euan David McArthur mediates between these positions, finding that Nayler and Fox developed an ambiguous theology, but adopted a consistent approach to Quaker performances. The latter dissuaded against performances such as Nayler's 'sign'; Nayler is argued, instead, to have diverged from other Quaker leaders following disputations between 1655 and 1656. The lessons his person and actions hold for us are concluded to be complex, but worthy of study for a wide range of historians and thinkers.Table of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Abbreviations Abstract Keywords  Introduction  1 Theology  2 Performances  3 Shifts in Approach  Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisIn American Christian Programmed Quaker Ecclesiology, Derek Brown argues that American Christian Programmed Quakerism has inherited a practical and pragmatic ecclesiology at the expense of an ontological understanding of the church. Inspired by the work of Gerben Heitink, Brown proposes a normative, deductive, ontological ecclesiology based on the biblical concept of koinonia, which would act as a 'foundational' model for future confessional, empirical, and practical efforts. To help form the proposed ecclesiology, Brown explores the ecclesiological views of George Fox and Robert Barclay, the adoption of the pastoral system, and the emergence of the Evangelical Friends Church. The ecclesiological writings of Miroslav Volf, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Hans Küng, Jennifer Buck, and C. Wess Daniels are also surveyed.

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Table of ContentsContents Abstract Keywords  1 Introduction  2 Ecotheology and the Science of Light  3 Light in the Christian Tradition  4 Quakers and the Inward Light  5 Building an Ecotheology of Interdependence  6 Constructing a Quaker Ecotheology of Light Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces readers to the life, thought, social activism and political conflicts of the Quaker intellectual and peace activist Henry Cadbury (1883-1974). Born into an established Orthodox Philadelphia Quaker family, Cadbury was among the most prominent Quaker intellectuals of his day. During his lifetime, he was well known as a contributor to one of the most important English translations of the Bible (the Revised Standard Version) and wrote scores of articles and books on the early history of Christianity and the history of the Society of Friends. He also had enormous influence over what may be the single best institutional instantiation of the Quaker commitment to nonviolence—the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), an organization Cadbury helped to found in 1917 and served throughout his long lifetime. When the AFSC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1947, Cadbury was asked to accept the prize on its behalf.Table of ContentsContents  Acknowledgments  Abstract  Keywords  1 Introduction  2 Henry Cadbury and His World until World War I  3 Faith, Politics, and Controversy in the Shadow of World War I  4 Cadbury and the Nazis  5 Conclusion  6 Chronology  References

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Book Synopsis"As the Oracles of God" examines how Quakers in colonial America sought to control both the written and spoken word in their religious communities. It looks at the ways in which American Friends set up committees to censor texts deemed heterodox, as well as the ways Quakers sought to moderate the words of believers through encouraging self-censorship as a way to access personal revelation, while also paying particular attention to the experiences of those who ran afoul of Friends' rules in these regards, either by publishing works without the consent of their meetings or speaking in un-Quakerly fashion. Debates over freedom of speech, the work asserts, defined early modern religious communities just as much as it did more formal legal institutions.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Abstract Keywords  Introduction  1 Policing Quaker Speech  2 Policing Quaker Print Ways  3 Disputing the Word  Conclusion  References

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