Public health and preventive medicine Books

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Book SynopsisHealth and healing are distinctive domains as far as the pursuit of people’s well-being is concerned. In Africa, both fields have increasingly become subject to monetization and commodification, in short, the market. Based on extensive fieldwork in nine African countries by scholars with diverse academic backgrounds, this volume offers different perspectives on the emerging markets and the way medical staff, patients, households and institutions navigate them in their quest for well-being. By presenting a detailed economic ethnography of this multifacetted process of navigating the market, the book sets a new agenda for research as a result of the current predicaments facing health and healing in African societies.Table of ContentsContents Maps vii Tables vii Figures ix Photographs ix Boxes x 1 Introduction: Economic ethnographies of the marketization of health and healing in Africa 1 Rijk van Dijk & Marleen Dekker 2 Milking the sick: Medical pluralism and the commoditization of healthcare in contemporary Nigeris 19 Akinyinka Akinyoade & Bukola Adeyemi Oyeniyi 3 Organizing monies: The reality and creativity of nursing on a hospital ward in Ghana 46 Christine Böhmig 4 Market forces threatening school feeding: The case for school farming in Nakuru town, Kenya 79 Dick Foeken, Wijnand Klaver, Samuel O. Owuor & Alice M. Mwangi 5 Dashed hopes and missed opportunities: Malaria control policies in Kenya (1896-2009) 109 Kenneth Ombongi & Marcel Rutten 6 The market for healing and the elasticity of belief: Medical pluralism in Mpumalanga, South Africa 144 Robert Thornton 7 Medicinal knowledge and healing practices among the Kapsiki/Higi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria 173 Walter E.A. van Beek 8 The commodification of misery: Markets for healing, markets for sickness 201 Nadine Beckmann 9 Individual or shared responsibility: The financing of medical treatment in rural Ethiopian households 228 Marleen Dekker 10 Can’t buy me health: Financial constraints and health-seeking behaviour in rural households in Central Togo 255 André Leliveld, Corine ‘t Hart, Jérémie Gnimadi & Marleen Dekker 11 Marriage, commodification and the romantic ethic in Botswana 282 Rijk van Dijk List of authors 307

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Book SynopsisIn Public Health Systems in the Age of Financialization, Ana Carolina Cordilha unpacks policy shifts that have transformed public health systems into vehicles for financial speculation and capital accumulation. While it is commonly thought that these systems are being cut back in the period of financialization, the author shows that current changes in public health financing go far beyond budget cuts and privatization measures. She examines how public health systems are adopting financial instruments and participating in financial accumulation strategies, with harmful impacts on transparency, democratic accountability, and health service provision. With an in-depth study of both the French and Brazilian systems, Cordilha explores the different ways in which this process unfolds in central and peripheral countries.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures and Tables Acronyms Introduction Part 1 Financialization as a New Concept to Examine Public Health Systems Change 1 Financialization and Its Inroads into Public Policy  1 Finance and Its Workings  1.1 Conventional Views of Finance  1.2 The Heterodox Critique  1.3 The Academic Scholarship on Financialization  2 Together But Different: Financialization in Central and Peripheral Countries  2.1 Financialization in France  2.2 Financialization in Brazil  3 Financialization and Social Provision  3.1 The Inroads of Finance in Areas of Social Provision  3.2 The Financialization of Social Policy  3.3 The Financialization of the State  3.4 Financialization and Central Governments: Changes in Public Debt Management  3.5 Emerging Themes on State Financialization: Local Governments, Public Investments, and Social Provision 2 Public Health Systems in Times of Financialization  1 Public Health Systems (phs)  1.1 Reasons for State Intervention in Health Care  1.2 Defining Public Systems  1.3 Common Institutional Arrangements of phs  1.4 phs in Historical Perspective  2 Conventional Approaches to Assess Health Systems Change  2.1 Deconstructing the Notion of Privatization  2.2 Agents  2.3 Narratives  2.4 Theoretical Underpinnings  2.5 Impacts  3 Financialization in the Health Sector  3.1 The State of the Art of the Health Financialization Literature  3.2 Investment Platforms: a New Approach to Finance Global Health Policies  3.3 Ownership Restructuring: Reshaping the Landscape of Private Health  3.4 Financial Innovations: a Novel Strategy for Public and Non-profit Agencies  3.5 Gaps in the Existing Research for the Public Sector  3.6 Financialization as a Distinctive Type of phs Change  3.7 Agents  3.8 Narratives  3.9 Theoretical Underpinnings  3.10 Different Paths, Same Driving Force: Austerity Policies  3.11 Impacts of Financialization  3.12 Bridging Concepts Together: Privatization as a Driver of Financialization  3.13 Financialization as a Driver of Privatization Part 2 From Theory to Practice: How Financialization Reshapes Public Health Systems 3 The French System Pioneering Financialized Strategies in phs  1 Social Security and Public Health Care in France  1.1 The French System of Social Security  1.2 The French Public Health System: Assurance Maladie  1.3 The Trajectory Toward Universalization  1.4 The Path of Neoliberal Reforms in Assurance Maladie  1.5 Assurance Maladie’s Accounts in Perspective  2 Mechanisms of Financialization  2.1 Financialized Strategies for Long-Term Debt Management: the Social Debt Amortization Fund  2.2 Contextualizing cades’ Creation  2.3 Deconstructing cades’ Strategy  2.4 cades in Numbers  2.5 Instruments and Costs  2.6 Investors and Intermediaries  2.7 State Support  2.8 Financialized Strategies for Short-Term Financing by the Central Agency of Social Security  2.9 Contextualizing the Adoption of Financialized Practices by the Central Agency  2.10 acoss’ Financing Strategy in Numbers  2.11 Instruments and Costs  2.12 Investors and Intermediaries  2.13 State Support  2.14 Government Policies Toward Hospitals: Credit-Based Investment Programs  2.15 The French Hospital Sector at a Glance  2.16 Bringing Hospitals and Banks Closer Together: a New Approach to Finance Investments  2.17 Delving into the Credit-Based Financing Strategy  2.18 The Role of the State  2.19 Addendum: Public Hospitals Venturing into Financial Markets  2.20 Financing Conditions and Intermediaries  3 Taking Stock 4 The Brazilian System A Trajectory (Mis)led by Financialization  1 Social Security and Public Health Care in Brazil  1.1 The Brazilian Social Security System  1.2 The Brazilian Public Health System: Sistema Único de Saúde  1.3 The Quest to Consolidate Universal Health Care: Successes and Drawbacks  1.4 The Public Health System Today  1.5 sus Accounts in Perspective  2 Mechanisms of Financialization  2.1 Public Health Revenues Feeding Financial Accumulation: Policies at the Federal Level  2.2 The 1999 Monetary Policy Regime and Its Associated Fiscal Policy Framework  2.3 Reinforcing the Macroeconomic Regime: Health Spending Rules  2.4 Backing the Macroeconomic Regime: Rules for Social Security Revenues  2.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Health and Financial Expenditures in Perspective  2.6 The Role of Financial Institutions  2.7 Investing sus Revenues in Short-Term Financial Assets: Policies at the Subnational Level  2.8 The Role of Health Funds  2.9 The Rio de Janeiro State Health Fund  2.10 The Federal District Health Fund  2.11 When the Financial System Overrides the Health System: Revenue Retention Practices  2.12 Subsidized Credit Lines for sus Providers  2.13 sus and the Philanthropic Health Sector  2.14 Government Programs Connecting Philanthropic Hospitals and Banks  2.15 Consigned Credit for Philanthropic Health Establishments  2.16 The Bank-Based Strategy in Numbers  2.17 How Credit-Based Hospital Financing Serves the Financial Sector  2.18 Taking Stock 5 Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Financialized Public Health Insights from Case Studies  1 Systematizing Results: Common Trends  2 Shared Trends, Unique Expressions: Contrasting Central and Peripheral Experiences  3 A Broader View of Financialized Policies in phs and the Role of the State  4 Impacts of Financialized Policies on the Foundational Principles of phs Appendix Additional Information on Data Sources and Treatment References Index

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Book SynopsisThe authors of these papers vary in age, nationality and professional background. They share a belief that all too often older people are not treated justly or fairly, and also a belief that this is particularly true with regard to a proper respect for their dignity as people and a proper allocation of medical and social resources. Their papers, in various ways, give evidence as to what is happening and arguments, based on philosophical ethics, as to why it is wrong. The authors also have a range of proposals, backed by argument and evidence, and drawing on factual material as well as philosophical argument, as to what could be done to improve the situation. This is a book for anyone, whether themselves elderly, looking after an older person, professionally involved in working with older people, or simply realising that one day they will be old, who wants to learn about what is wrong with the present situation and how it might be made better.Table of ContentsDedication Ruth Chadwick: Foreword Preface Harry Lesser: Introduction. The Present Situation: Diagnosis and Treatment Peter Crome: Older People, Care, Dignity, and Human Rights Andrew Edgar: Age, Dignity, and Social Policy Beatriz Cardona: Dangers and Dilemmas Surrounding the Consumption of Anti-Ageing Medicine Harry Lesser: Loneliness in Older Patients Caroline Dunn: The Effect of Ageing on Autonomy Ashish Goel, Wilma Wilson, and Ab Dey: Autonomy for Older Patients in Bedside Medicine: Observations from a Developing Nation Harry Lesser: Intervention Without Patient Consent Simona Giordano: Is a Gray World Desirable? John Hostler: Personal Development in Old Age Robin Attfield: The Global Distribution of Healthcare Resources in the Twenty-First Century Margaret Harris: The Rival Claims of Children and Adults to Healthcare Resources: Is There a Need for Greater Coherence in Our View? Michael Rivlin: Setting Limits Fairly: A Critique of Some of Daniel Callahan’s Views Richard Wagland: Social Injustice: Distributive Egalitarianism, the Complete-Life View, and Age Discrimination Richard Wagland: A Fair Innings or a Complete Life: Another Attempt at an Egalitarian Justification of Ageism Harry Lesser: Triage and Older Patients Julian C. Hughes: Justice, Guidelines, and Virtues About the Editor and Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisThe rapid and reliable detection of biological and chemical contaminants is extremely important in managing the safety of food and feed. "Rapid Methods" is a comprehensive reference resource for anyone interested in this subject. Developments in analytical techniques have led to the emergence of a wide range of rapid methods to complement the traditional methods. At the same time, the importance of method validation, proficiency testing, quality management, sampling and legislation have all become more widely recognised. "Rapid Methods" presents a firm base and structured framework for considering rapid analysis of biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed. The various chapters concentrate on the state of the art in rapid methods in regards to: legislation, sampling, method validation, microbial pathogens, biological materials like GMOs and allergens, toxins like bacterial food poisoning toxins, marine toxins and biogenic amines, chemicals like veterinary drugs, pesticides and dioxins. The editors firmly believe that the very nature of the theme, the excellence of the peer-reviewed papers and the holistic approach chosen in this book will draw an audience from both the food and feed industry as well as from the scientific community.Table of ContentsForeword 7; Why rapid testing? 19; F.P. Scanlan; Abstract 19; 1. Introduction 19; 2. From lab to line 20; 3. Off-line rapid methods 22; 4. Microbiological testing 22; 5. Chemical testing 24; 6. Market for rapid tests 27; 7. Conclusions 28; Acknowledgements 29; A European approach to validation and certification of rapid microbiological methods 31; R. Betts; Abstract 31; 1. Method choice 31; 2. What is validation? 32; 3. Why is validation required? 32; 4. Types of validation 33; 5. Third party validation schemes 34; 6. EN ISO 16140 - What does it require? 35; 7. Certification of alternative methods 35; 8. Importance of EN ISO 16140 36; References 38; Sampling and sample preparation: An underestimated issue? 39; M.C. Spanjer; Abstract 39; 1. Introduction 39; 2. Mycotoxins 40; 3. Pesticides 48; 4. Genetically modified food 53; 5. Future developments 55. 6. Conclusions 59; Acknowledgements 60; References 61; Rapid methods and EU legislation 65; F. Verstraete; Abstract 65; 1. Current legislation as regards methods of analysis and feed legislation 65; 2. Current legislation as regards methods of analysis and food contaminant legislation 68; 3. Reporting and interpretation of analytical results 71; 4. Specific reference in current EU legislation to the use of rapid screening methods in the frame of official control 73; 5. The new Official Feed and Food Control Regulation 79; 6 The new Hygiene Regulations on Food and Feed 82; 7. Concluding remarks as regards the use of rapid screening methods 83; References 84; Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water 85; R. O'Kennedy, P. Leonard, S. Hearty, S. Daly, P. Dillon, J. Brennan, L. Dunne, A. Darmaninsheehan, S. Stapleton, E. Tully, J. Quinn and T. Chakraborty; Abstract 85; 1. Introduction 85; 2. Surface plasmon resonance 89; 3. Resonant mirror-based devices 91; 4. Miniature Texas Instruments-SPR device 91; 5. Detection of bacteria using SPR 92; 6. Affinity maturation of recombinant antibodies 96; 7. Antibody utilisation in sensors 97; 8. Recent approaches to the detection of Listeria using antibody-based SPR sensor assays 97; 9. Biochips and arrays 99; Conclusions 100; Acknowledgements 100; References 101. Simple and rapid bacterial protein and DNA diagnostic methods based on signal generation with colloidal carbon particles 105; A. van Amerongen and M. Koets; Abstract 105; 1. Introduction 105; 2. Materials and methods 108; 3. Results 111; 4. Discussion 118; 5. Conclusions 123; Acknowledgements 124; References 124; A rapid nucleic acid detection method for specific bacteria: The case of Listeria monocytogenes 127; T. Wikman, K. Antonen, T. Korpimaki, T. Lovgren and J. Nurmi; Abstract 127; 1. Introduction 127; 2. Materials and methods 130; 3. Results 131; 4. Discussion 132; 5. Conclusions 134; Acknowledgements 134; References 134; Norovirus in food and water: Isolation and quantification 135; H. Schnerr, A. Knight, P. Patel, M. Carter, M. Adams and A.P. Wyn-Jones; Abstract 135; 1. Introduction 135; 2. Materials and methods 137; 3. Results 140; 4. Discussion 145; 5. Conclusions 147; Acknowledgements 148; References 148. Novel molecular and biochemical techniques for quality control and monitoring in the agrofood production chain 151; C.D. Schoen, M. Szemes, P.J.M. Bonants, A. Speksnijder, M.M. Klerks, P.H.J.F. van den Boogert, C. Waalwijk, J.M. van der Wolf and C. Zijlstra; Abstract 151; 1. Introduction 152; 2. Plant-related organisms in agrosystems 152; 3. Method requirements for detection and identification 155; 4. Methods for detection and identification 155; 5. Conclusions 167; Acknowledgements 169; References 169; Rapid detection methods for GMOs: Developments and harmonisation in the European Union 177; C. Paoletti, M. Ermolli, S.R.H. Langrell and G. Van den Eede; 1. Introduction 177; 2. Definition and requirements 177; 3. Protein-based GMO detection methods 178; 4. Sampling 180; References 181; Detection of allergens in food: ELISA, PCR and the multi-allergen screening assay 183; B. Popping, K. Schneede, S. Koelln, A. Pardigol, A. Dan and D. Pinero; Abstract 183; 1. Introduction 183; 2. The labelling history 184; 3. Hidden allergens 185; 4. The analysis 186; 5. ELISA 186; 6. PCR/real-time PCR 188; 7. New developments 190; References 190. Rapid analysis of meat- and bonemeal in feed 193; R. Margry, S. van den Hoven, C. Gerris and B. Taraba; Abstract 193; 1. Introduction 193; 2. Materials and methods 195; 3. Results 196; 4. Discussion 204; 5. Conclusions 204; Acknowledgements 205; References 205; Policy on characterisation of antibodies used in immunochemical methods of analysis for mycotoxins and phycotoxins 207; J.M. Fremy and E. Usleber; Abstract 207; 1. Introduction 208; 2. General 208; 3. Types of antibodies 210; 4. Avidity-Affinity 211; 5. Specificity 212; Acknowledgements 215; References 217; Rapid detection methods for marine toxins: Needs and limits 219; S. Krys; Abstract 219; 1. Introduction 220; 2. The Mouse Bioassay (MBA): a consumer-protective method 222; 3. Another toxicological approach: the functional assays 223; 4. A structural approach: the immunochemical assays 224; 5. Conclusion 225; References 226; Rapid detection of bacterial food-poisoning toxins: A personal view 229; G.M. Wyatt; Abstract 229; 1. General considerations 229. 2. Some interesting examples of rapid methods for foodborne toxins 236; 3. Conclusions 243; Acknowledgements 243; References 243; Enzyme sensor array for the determination of biogenic amines 245; C. Wittmann; Abstract 245; 1. Introduction 245; 2. Materials and methods 247; 3. Results 250; 4. Discussion 254; 5. Conclusions 256; Acknowledgements 257; References 257; Rapid assays for detection of residues of veterinary drugs 259; A.A. Bergwerff; Abstract 259; 1. Introduction 260; 2. Analytical challenges 261; 3. Need for rapid diagnostic assays 262; 4. Analytical performance criteria 263; 5. Sample preparation 268; 6. Assay formats 272; 7. Detection 278; 8. Bioassays 279; 9. Conclusion 284; References 285; Rapid immunoassays for the detection of pesticides 293; M.F. Wilson and R.J. Fussell; Abstract 293; 1. Introduction 293; 2. Case study 1: lateral flow device (LFD) for tebuconazole 295; 3. Case study 2: generic antibody for organophosphate insecticides 298; 4. Future development 300; References 301. Rapid methods for dioxins in food and feed 303; P.A. Behnisch; Abstract 303; 1. Introduction 303; 2. Strong needs for rapid methods for dioxin analysis 308; 3. International intercalibration studies 315; 4. Crisis management using rapid methods 316; 5. Take-home messages and future outlook 316; References 318; Biosensor detection of sulfonamides: From specific to multi-sulfonamide assays 321; W. Haasnoot, M. Bienenmann-Ploum, T. Korpimaki, G. Cazemier, J. du Pre and F. Kohen; Abstract 321; 1. Introduction 321; 2. Biosensor systems 322; 3. Biosensor chips 325; 4. Antibodies 326; 5. Results 327; 6. Discussion 334; 7. Conclusions 335; Acknowledgements 336; References 336; Detecting trace levels of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles in wineries by immunodiagnostic techniques 339; B. Alfaro Redondo, B. Perez-Villarreal, S. Setford, C. Nicholls, L. Bourdin, J. Wijdenes and C. Vermot-Desroches; Abstract 339; 1. Introduction 339; 2. Materials and methods 341; 3. Results 350; 4. Discussion 356; 5. Conclusion 358; Acknowledgements 359; References 359. New and future at- and on-line sensors in food production: EU research results 361; F. Holm; Abstract 361; 1. Introduction 361; 2. Food sensor types and the sensor market 363; 3. EU food research - new findings 365; 4. Conclusions 375; Acknowledgements 376; Projects 376; References 378; Data management: A bottleneck or the ultimate success factor? 379; F.P.J.M. Leijse; Abstract 379; 1. Introduction 379; 2. Data management 380; 3. Compliance to standards and legislation 381; 4. Method validation and (automated) system validation 381; 5. Demonstrating compliance 382; 6. Why and when to validate a process or a system? 382; 7. A bottleneck or the ultimate success factor? 383; 8. Conclusion 384; References 385; Recommended literature 385; Key for tomorrow: Nanotechnology in food analysis 387; I.J. Bruce, T. Sen and A. del Campo; Abstract 387; 1. Introduction 387; 2. Some considerations concerning NST 388; 3. Current areas and interests involving nanotechnology 389; 4. Why bother with nanotechnology and testing (molecular diagnostics)? 391; 5. Economics (from the nanotechnology industry and service provider prospective) 391; 6. Health 394. 7. How can nanotechnology help in food analysis for purposes of identity testing (characterisation), contamination monitoring and to ensure salubrity? 395; 8. Some basic considerations in analysis (matching materials to applications) 396; 9. Public acceptance of new science and technology 406; 10. Conclusion 407; Useful and interesting reading 407; Websites 407; Index 409.

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Book Synopsis"This is a multi-authored book concerning the perceived threat and recorded increase of emerging pests and vector-borne diseases affecting man and animals in Europe. Historically, Europe suffered from numerous pests and vector-borne diseases, including yellow fever, malaria, plague and typhus. Introduction of hygienic measures, drugs and vector control caused the disappearance of many of these diseases from Europe. In the (sub)tropics, however, many of these diseases still thrive, causing serious health problems for humans and animals. Increased trade, leading to animal and human movement and climate change cause reason to assume that several of these diseases might become re-established or allow 'new' diseases and pests to be introduced in Europe. The recent outbreaks of bluetongue virus in North-western Europe highlights this concern, requiring an effective surveillance systems for the early detection of pests and vector-borne diseases. In 24 chapters this book provides examples of the most likely pests and diseases affecting man and animals in Europe, with emphasis on ecological factors favouring these diseases and methods for prevention and intervention. The authors are recognized experts in specific fields. All chapters are peer reviewed."

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Book SynopsisAlzheimer's is a deadly disease without a cure, but can be prevented and managed with proper care and advice. Dr. Shuvendu Sen's book offers guidance for caregivers and patients, redefining the understanding of dementia and providing hope in facing Alzheimer's.

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