Poverty and precarity Books

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses key issues related to teaching pupils from disadvantaged and impoverished backgrounds and provides a valuable reference and pedagogical tool for teachers and teacher educators. Research has consistently shown that the most economically disadvantaged pupils have the poorest educational outcomes. Austerity government policies and pressures of performativity on schools may have exacerbated this inequality. Yet many teachers remain ill-informed about the effects of social disadvantage on students’ learning and consequently are ill-prepared in appropriate teaching methods. The text critically examines the lessons from previous policy and practice, discusses cognitive and affective aspects of school learning for disadvantaged children and explores the pedagogic implications of research evidence. Using insights from existing research, the book examines the reasons why some trainees and teachers lack a critical perspective on the contexts of poverty and may hold deficit views of students in poverty that suggests they are unable to learn and need to be controlled. It explains some of the links between poverty, special needs, literacy and educational achievement and focuses on strategies for improvement.Table of Contents The policy and practice of disadvantage in education Tackling social disadvantage in the classroom Challenging preconceptions of disadvantage Language, literacy and disadvantage Researching poverty and teacher education

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Book SynopsisThis book examines how entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to escape poverty. With relevance for both SDG 1: ‘No Poverty,’ and SDG 8: ‘Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all,’ it pays special attention to women and minority ethnic groups. Offering a fresh perspective on entrepreneurship as a means of upward social mobility and rooted in research, the book explores the issue in three ways. Firstly, it pays special attention to the nexus between the entrepreneur, resources, institutions, opportunities, necessities, and the environment for drawing a comprehensive picture of how individuals could use entrepreneurship for successful upward social mobility in a changing world. Secondly, it emphasizes the peculiar challenges that female entrepreneurs face, how those challenges can be overcome, and how female entrepreneurship may be a route to women’s socio-economic advancement. Thirdly, it highlights the challenges faced by ethnic minority business owners and how such ethnic minority businesses could thrive amid institutional voids as well as direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Based on the latest research from developed and developing countries, the book offers compelling insights for sustaining entrepreneurial ventures in an evolving world.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Why Entrepreneurship? Entrepreneurship is the greatest tool in the hands of mankind to reduce poverty and increase global prosperity. Entrepreneurship has the ability to improve standards of living and create wealth, not only for the entrepreneurs but also for related businesses, and the society at large. The capitalist school of thought identifies entrepreneurship as the factor of production that organises other factors of production into productive activities. Entrepreneurship has justified this dominant position especially in the twenty first century by lifting millions of people out of poverty and improving living standards in many emerging countries. Entrepreneurship has also proven to be more effective at plummeting poverty rates than well thought out government policies meant to lift people out of poverty, and even better than programmes promulgated by international organisations like the International Labour Organisation, World Bank, World Trade Organisation, and International Monetary Fund. The chapter will also highlight how social entrepreneurship can drive social innovation and transformation in various fields including education, health, environment and enterprise development, while alleviating poverty. Chapter 2 The Returns to Occupations: Entrepreneurship vs Paid Work This chapter examines the pecuniary and non-pecuniary returns to occupational choice. It will draw on the latest research that have used quantile regressions to reveal the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The empirical analysis suggests that across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of income and consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is, self-employed individuals, have slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, entrepreneurship in any form entails higher returns than casual labour and unemployment, and an escape from poverty. Given these insights, it is pertinent to that individuals know of this income scale as they make their decisions. This chapter will be dedicated to helping individuals realise how to maximise their returns from entrepreneurship given their human and social capital. The chapter will also shed light on the non-monetary rewards to entrepreneurship and how to appreciate and secure them. Chapter 3 Pathways to Successful Entrepreneurship in Developed Countries When it comes to entrepreneurship, there are many pathways. The entrepreneurial spirit is an attitude and perspective inclined to seek out opportunities for economic or lifestyle reasons, and in many cases for both. Developed countries have more formal and informal institutions that support entrepreneurs compared to developing countries and this is one reason why start-ups in developed countries have higher success rates, and why enterprises from such countries tend to have more of a global impact. While individuals in many developed countries often report very high intentions to start-up businesses, many do not follow through and despite the various support for start-ups in those countries, there are significant regional disparities in start-up rates and some barriers to growth. In addition, High Value Entrepreneurship in terms of employment and growth is inconsistent. This chapter will introduce pathways through which entrepreneurship allows individuals in developed countries to escape poverty while creating higher value businesses. It will be a guide for would-be and practicing entrepreneurs and policy makers in developed countries in helping them to navigate the institutional environments in their countries. Chapter 4 Pathways to Successful Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries Entrepreneurship in developing countries is made more difficult because of the institutional voids in such countries. “Institutional voids” result in the higher transaction costs commonly found in emerging markets representing the geographical regions of Africa, East, South and Western Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. These voids relate to political and economic systems, trade policies, and product, labour, and capital markets and denote the absence of specialised intermediaries, regulatory systems, and contract enforcement mechanisms. Institutional voids make the transaction costs of doing business higher for both market exchange and for new firm entry. The first types of institutional voids are those that hinder market functioning, typically due to the lack of intermediaries and weakly developed capital, labour, and product markets. However, such voids in turn offer opportunities for (highly skilled) entrepreneurs to create businesses, bridging these voids. The second type of institutional voids hampers not just the functioning of markets but also their development in the first place. When constitutional-level provisions are not enforced, the rules of exchange are uncertain, and market development stalls. Entrepreneurs in emerging economies deal with these two types of institutional voids by relying on informal institutions, especially social networks. The third type of institutional void refers to those that impede market participation. Because institutional arrangements are either absent or weak, they prevent individuals and firms from participating in market exchange in the first place. Examples include the lack of physical infrastructure that prevents individuals from being able to travel to marketplaces, and the presence of informal institutions that exclude women from partaking in economic activity. Such voids are widespread in the least developed countries, but they also exist for rural entrepreneurs and for entire segments of society in thriving emerging market economies such as India. The fourth type of institutional void occurs where there is a demand for social entrepreneurs, and this type encourages individuals to take steps to create social enterprises, but hampers the creation of operating social enterprises in the absence of supportive informal institutions. This chapter will introduce pathways through which entrepreneurship allows individuals in developing countries to escape poverty while creating superior value businesses. It will be a guide for would-be and practicing entrepreneurs and policy makers in developing countries in helping them to navigate the institutional voids in their countries. Chapter 5 Female Entrepreneurship On average, women are less likely to start businesses than men for a complex variety of reasons. Standard explanations for the lower likelihood of female entrepreneurship include personal characteristics, human capital, and barriers related to prejudice concerning access to resources. For example, in terms of personal characteristics, women tend to exhibit lower entrepreneurial self-efficacy and higher fear of failure than men, both closely associated with business creation. Women, especially in developing countries, often have lower levels of human capital in terms of education; and there are often more constraints for them in accessing financial capital. These differences not only hamper the development of entrepreneurial skills and confidence, they are also perpetuated by the fact that there are fewer entrepreneurial role models for women. Across economies, women are burdened by an inequitable share of global poverty and one strategy to address these gaps is to aim for the economic empowerment of women through entrepreneurship. Female entrepreneurship is particularly important for creating jobs that are intrinsically suited for women, given the socio-economic conditions that they face. Such jobs could better align with the human and social capital that women have, provide novel solutions to female issues, and help women achieve a better work-life balance. Many female entrepreneurs also report higher incomes compared to their paid worker counterparts and in addition, they have the ability to use their unused talents while fully expressing themselves. This chapter will explore how more women can escape the barriers to venture creation to establish sustainable business ventures and secure the economic and noneconomic benefits of entrepreneurship. Chapter 6 Ethnic Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is an important route out of poverty for ethnic minority individuals, particularly for foreign-born migrants and recent arrivals in developed countries. Early-stage entrepreneurial activity among ethnic minority individuals is twice that of the local population in many countries. Ethnic minority entrepreneurs (EMEs) in countries have been responsible for innovative businesses; but they usually face significant challenges, including the lack of financial and social capital, an unfamiliarity with regulations and the host country’s labour market, poor management and communication skills, and the liability of outsidership. Thus, while ethnic minority individuals are already a socio-economically disadvantaged group, ethnic entrepreneurs are in an even more precarious situation. EMEs are traditionally associated with low skilled, lower growth and hence low return sectors such as retailing, restaurants, fast-food provision, and personal services. This chapter will examine the challenges faced by ethnic minority individuals who want to go into entrepreneurship and how those challenges can be overcome. Chapter 7 Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship This chapter will highlight how contemporary issues including the internet of things, COVID-19, climate change and globalisation have changed the entrepreneurial landscape. It will address the threats to entrepreneurship in developed countries highlighted by the death of many high street giants and will also show how these issues create opportunities for individuals wishing to create business enterprises focused on these social issues. Chapter 7 Conclusion This final chapter will conclude the pivot by discussing and summarising all the insights gained from the textbook. It will also point readers towards new directions. The author has contributed to the United Nations Encyclopaedia of Sustainable development goals and the contents and experience will help with this project. · Olarewaju, T. Olarewaju, T. (2020). Ethnic Poverty: Causes, Implications, and Solutions; Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: No Poverty, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69625-6_124-1 · Olarewaju, T. Fernando, J. (2020). Gender Inequality and Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries; Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_92-1 · Olarewaju, T. Olushola, F. (2020). Migrant Entrepreneurship Under Institutional Voids; Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_93-1

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Book SynopsisThis study aims to assess the skills and training needs of rural youth in Cambodia and to develop recommendations on how to foster their access to decent employment. The needs assessment was conducted in the provinces of Kampong Chhnang, Battambang and Kampong Cham. The study highlights the limited decent employment opportunities that currently exist along various agricultural value chains in rural Cambodia. Poverty and the structural problems of the agricultural sector are the main barriers for youth in accessing decent rural employment. A substantial enhancement of the education system, combined with the provision of appropriate training services to ensure successful school-to-work transition, is seen as necessary to tackle these challenges. A well-balanced policy mix reflecting national and local circumstances can boost employment opportunities and create an environment that enables rural youth. Building on previous research on agriculture in Cambodia, this study argues that agricultural transformation requires promotion of agribusiness enterprises, support to community-managed farmer organizations and promotion of agropreneurs, as well as investment in agricultural and rural development, particularly in infrastructure, energy, water, education and health. Moreover, as most young people entering agriculture are self-employed and work as small-scale farmers, training in rural areas should focus on the skills required to be self-employed.

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Book SynopsisLes Directives sur le droit à l'alimentation fournissent des conseils pratiques sur les moyens avec lesquels mettre en œuvre le droit à une alimentation adéquate à travers une approche fondée sur les droits de l'homme. Depuis l'adoption des directives sur le droit à l'alimentation, la FAO et ses parties prenantes ont réussi à générer une multitude d'outils, à renforcer les capacités et à faciliter le dialogue multisectoriel dans le monde. Cette rétrospective des quinze années de mise en œuvre des directives sur le droit à l'alimentation nous aide à passer en revue et à comprendre ce qui a été réalisé, pourquoi, et comment le travail des gouvernements et de leurs partenaires peut être plus efficace dans la lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition.

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Book SynopsisShaking Up the City critically examines many of the concepts and categories within mainstream urban studies that serve dubious policy agendas. Through a combination of theory and empirical evidence, Tom Slater shakes up mainstream urban studies in a concise and pointed fashion by turning on its head much of the prevailing wisdom in the field. To this end, he explores the themes of data-driven innovation, urban resilience, gentrification, displacement and rent control, neighborhood effects, territorial stigmatization, and ethnoracial segregation. With important contributions to ongoing debates in sociology, geography, urban planning, and public policy, this book engages closely with struggles for land rights and housing justice to offer numerous insights for scholarship and political action to guard against the spread of an urbanism rooted in vested interest. Trade Review"Slater’s broad approach and global lens grant this book great potential to help scholars, especially younger ones, to rethink the logic behind research questions and approaches." * Ethnic and Racial Studies *"Sitting down with Shaking Up the City: Ignorance, Inequality, and the Urban Question is like pulling up a chair with Tom Slater to talk about the state of play of urban studies. . . .Yet the highlight of this work is the intellectual contribution, which I see as holding the idea of epistemology – that is, the production of knowledge – and the idea of agnotology – that is, the production of ignorance – in tension with each other." * Urban Studies *"Shaking Up the City sets a new direction of critical urban geography." * Antipode *"Slater offers important insight for urban scholars and practitioners by showing how ideology, politics, and institutional arrangements interact to narrow urban policy choice sets." * Journal of the American Planning Association *"A detailed and very well-written account of several important concepts in critical urban theory." * Housing Studies *

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Book SynopsisThis book seeks to understand the motivation behind retirement migration and how precarity in later life contributes to this trend.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Retirement migration 3. Precarity and the welfare state in home and host countries 4. Escaping economic precarity 5. Escaping ageism 6. Relying on global privileges 7. Health and assistance precarity in later life 8. Retirement migration, precarity and age

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Book SynopsisWINNER OF THE 2017 PETER KATZENSTEIN BOOK PRIZEBEST OF BOOKS IN 2017 BY FOREIGN AFFAIRSWINNER OF THE 2018 VIVIAN ZELIZER PRIZE BEST BOOK AWARD IN ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGYHow China Escaped the Poverty Trap truly offers game-changing ideas for the analysis and implementation of socio-economic development and should have a major impact across many social sciences.? Zelizer Best Book in Economic Sociology Prize CommitteeAcclaimed as game changing and field shifting, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap advances a new paradigm in the political economy of development and sheds new light on China''s rise.How can poor and weak societies escape poverty traps? Political economists have traditionally offered three answers: stimulate growth first, build good institutions first, or some fortunate nations inherited good institutions that led to growth.Yuen Yuen Ang rejects all three schools of thought and their underlying assTrade ReviewChina's transformation cannot be attributed to a single cause; rather, it arose from a contingent, interactive process—Ang calls it 'directed improvisation.' She formalizes this insight which has the potential to influence future studies of institutional and economic change beyond China. * Foreign Affairs *While adaptive approaches to development have become new buzzwords, Yuen Yuen's work brings rigor to this conversation.... This analytical lens has enormous potential for thinking through the adaptive challenge, whether at the national level, subnational level or sectoral level. * The World Bank *The book combines methodological rigour, employing a complexity perspective hitherto unknown in standard political economy analyses... with rich original empirical data drawn from more than 400 interviews.... This is an important book with a bold thesis that, at its most ambitious, demands a rethinking of the history and evolution of capitalism.... In terms of policy implications, Ang's thesis has the potential to upend much that the global development establishment holds dear. * The Straits Times *How China Escaped the Poverty Trap... is an original and insightful take on what is perhaps the biggest development puzzle of my lifetime. * Building State Capability Blog *This book is a triumph, opening a window onto the political economy of China’s astonishing rise that takes as its starting point systems and complexity. Its lessons apply far beyond China’s borders. * Oxfam Blog *Ang provides specialists and nonspecialists alike with a fresh inside-the-black-box account of how the Chinese state... has actually practiced (not merely preached) innovation, problem solving, and effective implementation.... Future studies of bureaucratic life in China and elsewhere must reckon seriously with Ang's account. * Governance *As if explaining modern Chinese economic development was not enough of a challenge, Ang has two even loftier goals. The first is methodological. She expresses a frustration with political science's causality obsession and modeling approaches that deliver isolated snapshots of complex processes.... Ang's second ambition is to apply this coevolutionary schema to how we understand economic development generally. * Perspectives on Politics *This book is an invaluable addition to the scholarship on the political economy of development. * Pacific Affairs *How China Escaped the Poverty Trap is an innovative account to explain why China has economically developed in spite – or because – of its low-quality institutions. It is both a theoretically original and empirically rich study of Chinese economic development and required reading for those who want to understand China's and our own future. * VoegelinView *The author has certainly filled the gaps in the literature on the political-economic analysis of China's historic transformation from a low-income to a middle-income country through adoption of a co-evolutionary approach to development. Overall, this interesting book goes deeper beneath the broad political-economic surface of Chinese society. It should appeal not only to researchers on Chinese society, but also to practising political economists. * Ecoomic Record *Table of ContentsIntroduction: How Did Development Actually Happen? Part 1 FRAMEWORK AND BUILDING BLOCKS 1. Mapping Coevolution 2. Directed Improvisation Part 2 DIRECTION 3. Balancing Variety and Uniformity 4. Franchising the Bureaucracy Part 3 IMPROVISATION 5. From Building to Preserving Markets 6. Connecting First Movers and Laggards Conclusion: How Development Actually Happened Beyond China Appendix A: Steps for Mapping Coevolution Appendix B: Interviews

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Book SynopsisA wide-ranging, interconnected anthology presents a diversity of feminist contributions to digital humanitiesIn recent years, the digital humanities has been shaken by important debates about inclusivity and scope—but what change will these conversations ultimately bring about? Can the digital humanities complicate the basic assumptions of tech culture, or will this body of scholarship and practices simply reinforce preexisting biases? Bodies of Information addresses this crucial question by assembling a varied group of leading voices, showcasing feminist contributions to a panoply of topics, including ubiquitous computing, game studies, new materialisms, and cultural phenomena like hashtag activism, hacktivism, and campaigns against online misogyny.Taking intersectional feminism as the starting point for doing digital humanities, Bodies of Information is diverse in discipline, identity, location, and method. Helpfully organized around keywords of materiality, values, embodiment, affect, labor, and situatedness, this comprehensive volume is ideal for classrooms. And with its multiplicity of viewpoints and arguments, it’s also an important addition to the evolving conversations around one of the fastest growing fields in the academy.Contributors: Babalola Titilola Aiyegbusi, U of Lethbridge; Moya Bailey, Northeastern U; Bridget Blodgett, U of Baltimore; Barbara Bordalejo, KU Leuven; Jason Boyd, Ryerson U; Christina Boyles, Trinity College; Susan Brown, U of Guelph; Lisa Brundage, CUNY; micha cárdenas, U of Washington Bothell; Marcia Chatelain, Georgetown U; Danielle Cole; Beth Coleman, U of Waterloo; T. L. Cowan, U of Toronto; Constance Crompton, U of Ottawa; Amy E. Earhart, Texas A&M; Nickoal Eichmann-Kalwara, U of Colorado Boulder; Julia Flanders, Northeastern U Library; Sandra Gabriele, Concordia U; Brian Getnick; Karen Gregory, U of Edinburgh; Alison Hedley, Ryerson U; Kathryn Holland, MacEwan U; James Howe, Rutgers U; Jeana Jorgensen, Indiana U; Alexandra Juhasz, Brooklyn College, CUNY; Dorothy Kim, Vassar College; Kimberly Knight, U of Texas, Dallas; Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, Ryerson U; Sharon M. Leon, Michigan State; Izetta Autumn Mobley, U of Maryland; Padmini Ray Murray, Srishti Institute of Art, Design, and Technology; Veronica Paredes, U of Illinois; Roopika Risam, Salem State; Bonnie Ruberg, U of California, Irvine; Laila Shereen Sakr (VJ Um Amel), U of California, Santa Barbara; Anastasia Salter, U of Central Florida; Michelle Schwartz, Ryerson U; Emily Sherwood, U of Rochester; Deb Verhoeven, U of Technology, Sydney; Scott B. Weingart, Carnegie Mellon U.

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Book SynopsisHong Kong's income inequality is greater than that in any developed economy. The growing unequal income distribution and poverty in Hong Kong have aroused public concern. This book is a timely and important opportunity to advance the theory and practice of poverty and social exclusion measurement, and to conduct policy relevant analyses in Hong Kong.

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Book Synopsis#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • The Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Evicted reimagines the debate on poverty, making a “provocative and compelling” (NPR) argument about why it persists in America: because the rest of us benefit from it.“Urgent and accessible . . . Its moral force is a gut punch.”—The New Yorker ONE OF THE MOST ANTICIPATED BOOKS OF 2023: The Washington Post, Time, Esquire, Newsweek, Minneapolis Star Tribune, Elle, Salon, Lit Hub, Kirkus ReviewsThe United States, the richest country on earth, has more poverty than any other advanced democracy. Why? Why does this land of plenty allow one in every eight of its children to go without basic necessities, permit scores of its citizens to live and die on the streets, and authorize its corporations to pay poverty wages?  In this landmark book, acclaimed sociologist Matthew Desmond draws

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Book SynopsisFrom both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, the author paints an intimate portrait of how students and teachers actually cope, in real time, with the chronic stress, peer group dynamics, and subtle power politics of urban educational spaces in the perpetual shadow of aggression.Trade Review"Toxic Schools is an ambitious and original treatment of violence in inner-city schools, distinguished by Bowen Paulle's sophisticated integration of theoretical constructs throughout the discussion of his empirical materials. This highly instructive cross-site comparison will appeal not just to scholars of education and school administrators. It is relayed in such visceral terms that it will likely appeal to a broad readership as well." (Peter Ibarra, University of Illinois at Chicago)"

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Book SynopsisTwenty years after publication, it remains unsurpassed in the scope and depth of reportage, providing an intimate view of the daily struggles of the poor and the efforts, often ludicrous, made to uplift them.

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Book SynopsisWhy do so many poor American youth continue to have children before they can afford to take care of them? This title offers a look at what marriage and motherhood mean to these women and provides the study of why they put children before marriage despite the daunting challenges they know lie ahead.Table of ContentsPreface to the 2011 Edition Introduction 1. "Before We Had a Baby ..." 2. "When I Got Pregnant ..." 3. How Does the Dream Die? 4. What Marriage Means 5. Labor of Love 6. How Motherhood Changed My Life Conclusion: Making Sense of Single Motherhood Acknowledgements Appendix A: City, Neighborhood, and Family Characteristics and Research Methods Appendix B: Interview Guide Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisChildhood poverty has moved from the periphery to the centre of the policy agenda following New Labour's pledge to end it within twenty years. However, whether the needs and concerns of poor children themselves are being addressed is open to question. The findings raise critical issues for both policy and practice - in particular the finding that children are at great risk of experiencing exclusion within school. School has been a major target in the drive towards reducing child poverty. However, the policy focus has been mainly about literacy standards and exclusion from school. This book shows that poor children are suffering from insufficient access to the economic and material resources necessary for adequate social participation and academic parity. Childhood poverty and social exclusion will be an invaluable teaching aid across a range of academic courses, including social policy, sociology, social work and childhood studies. All those who are interested in developing a more inclusive social and policy framework for understanding childhood issues from a child-centred perspective, including child welfare practitioners and policy makers, will want to read this book. Studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion series Series Editor: David Gordon, Director, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research. Poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. This exciting series, published in association with the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research at the University of Bristol, aims to make cutting-edge poverty related research more widely available. For other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page.Trade Review"The sharp observations of these young citizens on their schooling, on problems in their neighbourhood and on the deficiencies of their leisure opportunities, set an agenda for any practitioner who aspires to tackle family poverty." Community Care"Ridge's work enters a previously underdeveloped field of poverty-related research, and in doing so makes substantive, theoretical and methodological contributions. This book will be of interest to those involved in the development and evaluation of public policy, researches concerned with policy and poverty, and those involved in education - as well as to anyone wanting to move toward a rich, contextual understanding of how the world is experienced and negotiated by children." Family Matters"This book is an accessible and informative read for anyone researching, studying and working on poverty and social exclusion... It is a book that deserves to be widely read, and one that demands to be acted upon." International Journal of Social Welfare "... an extremely useful contribution to the literature on poverty. The value of recording and reporting children's experiences in their own words is indisputable." Children, Youth and Environments "... important and timely." Youth & Policy"...a vivid and comprehensive picture of what it is like to grow up poor in Britain today." Journal of Social Policy"This book provides richness and context to debates about childhood poverty, and remedies for it, from the perspectives of children themselves." Sue Middleton, Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough UniversityTable of ContentsContents: The challenge of child poverty: developing a child-centred approach; What do we know about childhood poverty?; Children's access to economic and material resources; 'Fitting in' and 'joining in': social relations and social integration; Family life and self-reflection; Experiences and perceptions of school: analysis of BHPYS data; Childhood poverty and social exclusion: incorporating children's perspectives.

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Book SynopsisBeneath the surface of Manhattan’s Riverside Park run railroad tunnels, disused for decades, where over the years unhoused people took shelter. The sociologist Terry Williams ventured into the tunnel residents’ world, seeking to understand life on the margins and out of sight.Trade ReviewIn Life Underground, Terry Williams meets Fyodor Dostoyevsky in the netherworld of New York City, unearthing the everyday lives of the city’s misbegotten bottom dwellers, immortalizing them for posterity. Richly observed and well-written, this book is a must-read for anyone who cares to truly understand the lives of those at the end of the line. -- Elijah Anderson, author of Black in White SpaceLife Underground provides unique documentation of the lives of homeless people living in underground tunnels and other spaces beneath the streets of New York City. No other work studies in so much detail the lives of people who might be considered the worst off of the city's worst off. -- Thomas J. Main, author of Homelessness in New York City: Policymaking from Koch to de BlasioTerry Williams has once again written a beautiful ethnographic piece, offering us a profound sociological work on 'shelterless life' below and at the margins of one of the richest but also socially polarized cities in the world: New York. Based on interviews, field notes, maps, journals, dream records, and a photographic register, Williams makes visible the living conditions of a population that is all too often invisibilized: homeless people. Their voices and life experiences are at the center of this research work together with the neoliberal transformations of said city. A fascinating and illuminating book that everyone should read, especially those who want to understand, challenge, and put an end to the housing crisis - in New York and globally. -- Ana Cárdenas Tomažič, Institute for Social Research (IfS), Goethe University FrankfurtTable of ContentsPrologueAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Descent2. Genesis3. Underground Ecology4. Men Underground: Bernard, Kal, and Jason5. Working Life6. Food: Restaurants and Soup Kitchens7. Women Underground: Tin Can Tina8. Beatrice and Bobo9. The Tagalong10. The Rabbit Hole 11. Reflections on Life Under the StreetEndnoteEpilogue: Mediating the Underground: Bernard’s ExitAppendix A: Income and Housing in New York City, 2002–2014Appendix B: Behavior Mapping and CartographyAppendix C: Interview Questions for Bernard, Princeton University, 2012Appendix D: Bernard’s Dream and PostcardAppendix E: Legacies of Harm: Policy and PolicingAppendix F: Where Are They Now?NotesIndex

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Book SynopsisUsing rich and detailed data, this groundbreaking book explains whyhomelessness has become a crisis in America and reveals the structural conditions that underlie it. In Homelessness Is a Housing Problem, Gregg Colburn and Clayton Page Aldern seek to explain the substantial regional variation in rates of homelessness in cities across the United States. In a departure from many analytical approaches, Colburn and Aldern shift their focus from the individual experiencing homelessness to the metropolitan area. Using accessible statistical analysis, they test a range of conventional beliefs about what drives the prevalence of homelessness in a given cityincluding mental illness, drug use, poverty, weather, generosity of public assistance, and low-income mobilityand find that none explain the regional variation observed across the country. Instead, housing market conditions, such as the cost and availability of rental housing, offer a far more convincing account. With rigor and clarity, Homelessness Is a Housing Problem explores U.S. cities' diverse experiences with housing precarity and offers policy solutions for unique regional contexts.Trade Review"Colburn and Aldern’s analysis is essential and convincing, providing a framework for understanding the root causes of homelessness." * San Francisco Examiner *"The book’s central question is this: What might explain the substantial regional variation in per capita homeless rates in the United States? The answers may not surprise everyone, but the authors’ route to their conclusions will both inform and inspire. . . . There is plenty of material in the book for individuals wondering how to advocate for affordable housing, churches discerning giving or leasing land for housing, and communities that want to be proactive and avoid a housing crisis." * Christian Century *"Ultimately, Homelessness Is a Housing Problem should erase any doubt about the powerful role of housing markets in creating homelessness. Written with straightforward prose and digestible empirical analyses suitable for academic and lay audiences alike, the book will serve as a useful resource for planners seeking to dispel myths about homelessness and zero in on its causes." * Journal of the American Planning Association *"Timely and readable." * Journal of Urban Affairs *Table of ContentsCONTENTS List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments PART I. CRISIS 1. Baseline 2. Evidence PART II . CAUSES 3. Individual 4. Landscape 5. Market PART III . CONCLUSION 6. Typology 7. Response Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisUncovering injustices built into our everyday surroundingsCallous Objects unearths cases in which cities push homeless people out of public spaces through a combination of policy and strategic design. Robert Rosenberger examines such commonplace devices as garbage cans, fences, signage, and benches—all of which reveal political agendas beneath the surface. Such objects have evolved, through a confluence of design and law, to be open to some uses and closed to others, but always capable of participating in collective ends on a large scale. Rosenberger brings together ideas from the philosophy of technology, social theory, and feminist epistemology to spotlight the widespread anti-homeless ideology built into our communities and enacted in law.Forerunners: Ideas First is a thought-in-process series of breakthrough digital publications. Written between fresh ideas and finished books, Forerunners draws on scholarly work initiated in notable blogs, social media, conference plenaries, journal articles, and the synergy of academic exchange. This is gray literature publishing: where intense thinking, change, and speculation take place in scholarship.Trade Review"Callous Objects provides an incredibly clear and concise introduction to the key ideas in Science and Technology Studies that animate much of the current literature on homelessness and the built form. It is an essential reading for academics, both undergraduate and advanced scholars, and practitioners of policy, planning, and law."—Contemporary Political Theory "This short, vivid and novel book serves as a timely reminder that our public spaces are not experienced equally." —LSE Review of Books "In this small-but-powerful book, Robert Rosenberger delves into the objects and laws that target the homeless. The book balances its philosophical bent with a hard look at how cities and governments counter a homeless presence." —Metropolis

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Book SynopsisIn "The Caged Phoenix: Can India Fly?", Dipankar Gupta questions India's development despite economic growth, highlighting the coexistence of deprivation and prosperity. He challenges assumptions and explores why India remains trapped in backwardness despite promises of progress and liberalization.

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Book SynopsisThe way in which the country helps the poor is up for grabs as politicians debate radical proposals to undermine the basic structure of the social safety net. This book explores the consequences of relying on block grants or deferring to states when it comes to anti-poverty policy.Trade Review'American federalism has many faces, both bountiful and miserly, beneficent and malicious. Sadly, as Holes in the Safety Net shows, America's poor too often see its darkest face. Fortunately, the experts whose work animates this powerful book also light the path to a better federalism for the nation's most vulnerable citizens.' Jacob S. Hacker, Yale University, Connecticut, co-author of Winner-Take-All Politics and American Amnesia and author of The Great Risk Shift'This volume brings together the most important and influential scholars investigating poverty and the government programs designed to assist those living in it. The book is a must-read for anyone trying to understand why poverty persists in the one of richest countries in the world.' Khiara M. Bridges, Boston University and author of The Poverty of Privacy Rights'This fine collection illuminates the important role that the legal profession has come to play in defining and defending a rights-basis for our social policies that deal with poverty and inequality.' Francis Fox Piven, City University of New York and co-author of Regulating the Poor and Poor People's Movements'This exploration of the intersection of federalism and poverty policy includes informative, timely essays that speak to critical questions of how best to formulate policy … Overall the collection is critical of how US poverty programs have evolved, but it does offer hope and guidance to those working on poverty policy. This collection offers a lot to like.' N. K. Mitchell, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction Ezra Rosser; Part I. Welfare and Federalism: 1. The tools in the battle: federalism, entitlement, and punishment across the US social welfare state Wendy Bach; 2. Laboratories of suffering: toward democratic welfare governance Monica Bell, Andrea Taverna, Dhruv Aggarwal and Isra Syed; 3. The difference in being poor in red states versus blue states Michelle Gilman; Part II. States, Federalism, and Anti-Poverty Efforts: 4. States' rights and state wrongs: SNAP and Medicaid work requirements in rural America Rebecca H. Williams and Lisa Pruitt; 5. State and local tax takeaways Francine Lipman; 6. Early childhood development and the replication of poverty Clare Huntington; 7. States diverting funds from the poor Daniel Hatcher; 8. States' evolving role in SNAP David Super; Part III. Advocacy: 9. Federalism in health care reform Nicole Huberfeld; 10. Poverty lawyering in the states Andrew Hammond; 11. Conclusion. A way forward Peter Edelman.

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Book SynopsisA long-term analysis of development projects in rural Tanzania, tracing the improvised, reactive nature of small-scale interventions, aimed at staving off the threat posed by acute poverty to local governments' legitimacy and effectiveness.Trade Review'The Politics of Poverty thus complements the existing literature on development and poverty in Tanzania, offering another historical account that is anthropologically informed, environmentally minded, and attuned to political-economic dynamics … Practitioners and scholars of development, particularly those with an interest in Tanzania and rural areas more generally, will find this book a useful addition to their libraries.' Jessica Pouchet, International Journal of African Historical Studies'The Politics of Poverty successfully provides a detailed historical account of a relatively understudied region - Southeast Tanzania - and at the same time a balanced reflection on development relevant to broader histories of colonial and post-colonial Africa … [It] undoubtedly constitutes an excellent endeavour and will contribute greatly to Africanist and development historiography.' Michele Sollai, Connections'It will be of interest to any scholar wanting a more intimate and complicated portrayal of the developmentalist machine that endures in the twenty-first century in regions across the global South.' Muey Ching Saeteurn, Agricultural HistoryTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The end of slavery, famine and food aid in Tunduru; 2. Changing configurations of poverty in the colonial Southeast and the myth of communalism; 3. The struggle to trade; 4. Independence and the rhetoric of feasibility; 5. Villagisation and the pursuit of market access; 6. The politics of development in the era of liberalisation; 7. Performing and pursuing development in Kineng'ene; Conclusion; Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a rigorous empirical study of various aspects of poverty alleviation in rural Bangladesh. The themes include the trend and structure of rural poverty and the role of microfinance in alleviating rural poverty through participation of the rural poor in NGOs and microfinance institutions (MFIs). It also includes different challenges of participation of rural poor women in NGO-MFIs. In probing those issues, this book employs a different approach of investigation. In comparison with other poverty studies, this book can claim a number of distinct features. First, this book probes the participation behavior of rural poor women who face different socioeconomic, cultural and psycho-attitudinal challenges to participate in NGO-MFIs which ultimately prevented the attainment of the prime objective of poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. In analyzing those issues, this book uses a social psychological theory named the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a theoretical model upon which the research framework was grounded upon. Second, unlike other studies which are based on relatively small and unrepresentative samples, this book is based on a nationally representative large-scale survey. Third, even though it employs a cross-sectional survey, the study explored in this book attempts to infuse an element of dynamics by employing information on both current and initial condition of resources of households being defined as the resource-base a household had inherited at the time it was formed. This type of data-set helped analyze the dynamics of resource adequacy of the participants in NGO-MFIs which yielded key insights into the challenges of poverty alleviation. Fourth, a concern with the possible influence of microfinance in the economy runs as an intrinsic theme throughout the book. In addition to devoting a long chapter of emergence of NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh, the author analyzes the role of microfinance in its specific contexts in each subsequent chapter, for example, in shaping the trends in poverty, inequality, resource accumulation and in influencing participation of the rural poor in NGO-MFIs and in affecting the ability of the rural poor to be free from poverty and to cope with environmental shocks. Some remarks on possible prospects or recommendations are provided at the end of the book.

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Book SynopsisPoverty estimatesthe number and percentage of persons living in povertyhave been of interest to Congress not only to gauge the nations economic health, but also because they are used to determine funding allocations for a variety of programs. Chapter 1 provides a synopsis of poverty measurement in the United States, focusing on the following: the official measure of poverty, which is used to obtain official counts and percentages of the poor; the Supplemental Poverty Measure, which is used for research purposes only and was developed to improve upon some limitations of the official measure; and the Health and Human Services (HHS) poverty guidelines, which are used in administering programs for low-income persons but not to measure the poor population. In chapter 2, the numbers and percentages of those in poverty are given based on the Census Bureaus estimates. It also presents a historical perspective as well as information on poverty for demographic groups (by family structure, age, race and Hispanic origin, and work status) and by state. The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) is a measure of economic deprivationhaving insufficient financial resources to achieve a specified standard of living. Chapter 3 describes the SPM, how it was developed, how it differs from the official poverty measure, and the insights it can offer. Chapter 4 explains why targeting funds to persistent poverty counties might be of interest, how persistent poverty is defined and measured and how different interpretations of the definition and different data source selections could yield different lists of counties identified as persistently poor. Our current welfare system is failing to deliver results for those that need it most. The current system is a disjointed maze of more than 80 different programs. We need a system that provides more Americans with personalized solutions, real paths out of poverty, and better opportunities to realize their potential, as detailed in chapter 5.

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Book SynopsisThis book opens with a review of urban poverty in Bangladesh, analysing socioeconomic aspects of the marginal poor under three headings: migration and the urban poor, household characteristics, and neighbourhood characteristics. Next, the authors investigate the extent of poverty in rural and urban Nigeria between 2004 and 2010. They examines the contributions of growth and redistribution factors to changes in poverty within the two sectors. The analysis was based on the National Living Standard Survey data of 2004 and 2009/2010 sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics and analysed using Shapley decomposition approach. This collection also examines how the socio-economic characteristics of households influence rural poverty. The data for the study was extracted from the revised Nigerian General Household Survey data from 2010-2011, and a logistic regression technique was used to analyse said data. The authors argue that the improvement of rural access in developing countries is essential for the success of sustainable development goals, since poor access is one of the major causes of rural poverty and hampers rural development. The concluding chapter describes the experiences from a research project on modern logistic chains in the Mount Kenya region, demonstrating how small scale farmers organised, how important infrastructures such as rural roads, grading sheds and cooling devices were, as well as intermediate means of transport in combination with modern cooling logistics and communication technologies.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/urban-and-rural-poverty-prevalence-reduction-strategies-and-challenges/

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Book SynopsisOver half a million people go homeless every night in the United States. Homelessness almost always involves people facing desperate situations and extreme hardship. Chapter 1 (i) describes how homelessness varies across States and communities in the United States; (ii) analyzes the major factors that drive this variation; (iii) discusses the shortcomings of previous Federal policies to reduce homeless populations; and (iv) describes how the Trump Administration is improving Federal efforts to reduce homelessness. The primary objectives of chapter 2 are to (1) identify market factors that have established effects on homelessness, (2) construct and evaluate empirical models of community-level homelessness, (3) use these models to identify and analyze relationships within subgroup populations of local markets, and (4) assess the feasibility of conducting future research to support local communities' efforts to prevent and end homelessness People experiencing unsheltered homelessness may perceive staying in an encampment as a safer option than staying on their own in an unsheltered location or in an emergency shelter; however, encampments can create both real and perceived challenges for the people who stay in them as well as for neighbors and the broader community. Chapter 3 documents what is known about homeless encampments as of late 2018. Chapter 4 is a copy of the Ending Homelessness Act of 2019.Table of ContentsPreface; The State of Homelessness in America (The Council of Economic Advisers); Market Predictors of Homelessness: How Housing and Community Factors Shape Homelessness Rates Within Continuums of Care; Understanding Encampments of People Experiencing Homelessness and Community Responses: Emerging Evidence as of Late 2018; Ending Homelessness Act of 2019; Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are over a half million people experiencing homelessness in the United States, nearly 160,000 of them are children, and nearly 38,000 are veterans. This book reports on the national homelessness crisis.Table of ContentsPreface; Homeless in America: Examining the Crisis and Solutions to End Homelessness (Committee on Financial Services); Addressing Veteran Homelessness: Current Position; Future Course (Committee on Veterans Affairs); Index.

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Book SynopsisProduced between 1850 and 1862, London Labour and the London Poor is one of the most significant examples of nineteenth century oral history. The collection teems with the minute particulars of the everyday—bits and pieces of London lives assembled into a precarious whole by the author, editor, and principal investigator, Henry Mayhew. Mayhew was interested in the social fabric of people’s lives, their labour and earnings, but also their families, education, leisure time, and religious beliefs. What gives his “case studies” such immediacy is that they seem to flow unprompted and uninterrupted from the mouths of his subjects: street sellers, dock labourers, musicians, rat catchers, vagrants, chimney sweeps, thieves, and prostitutes.All are captured in this newly annotated and abridged edition of Mayhew’s four-volume work. Historical appendices include a contemporary map of London, reviews of London Labour, and other slum journalism from the period.Key featuresThe only edition with appendicesTrade Review“Janice Schroeder and Barbara Leckie’s Introduction sets the agenda for new directions in Mayhew studies by highlighting London Labour’s and Mayhew’s attention to ecology, sustainability, and print culture, questions that were fertile in mid-century Britain and are essential intellectual and political frameworks today. And their selections from London Labour, Mayhew’s Morning Chronicle articles, his responses to respondents, and work by contemporary ‘slum journalists’ have inspired me to teach a course with London Labour at its center. This volume offers treasures, equally to those just discovering Mayhew and to those who have encountered his work before. This is the edition of Mayhew selections to get—a Mayhew for our times.” — Priti Joshi, University of Puget Sound“Henry Mayhew investigated the Victorian London poor as a social scientist and wrote up his results as a journalist. The results, London Labour and the London Poor and his earlier contributions to theMorning Chronicle, are works in progress which he never revised, and ultimately abandoned. The combination of somewhat incompatible methods and unfinished projects has made his work difficult to understand in its totality. But now, thanks to the careful editors Janice Schroeder and Barbara Leckie and to Broadview Press, we finally have a scholarly edition, with carefully chosen and thoroughly annotated interviews and other material, appendices providing context and commentary, and new ways to read Mayhew’s work, which will enable students, scholars, and general readers alike to grasp the whole with confidence and pleasure.” — Anne Humpherys, City University of New York“This new edition of a heavily studied and well-documented text invites a new generation of ecocritical scholars to envision Mayhew as more than a socio-political campaigner and successful author. Schroeder and Leckie’s selections from London Labour and the London Poor reveal Mayhew to be an environmentalist, a visionary, and an arch manipulator of both factual and fictional material.” — Tamara Kaminsky, Victorian Periodicals ReviewTable of Contents Volume 1 Preface THE STREET-FOLK Of Wandering Tribes in General Costermongers The London Street Markets on a Saturday Night The Politics of Costermongers.—Policemen Religion of Costermongers Language of Costermongers The Literature of Costermongers Of the “Penny Gaff” Of the Coster-Girls Of the Homes of the Costermongers Of the Street-Irish Of the Street-Irish Of the Education, Literature, Amusements, and Politics of the Street-Irish The Homes of the Street-Irish Street-Sellers of Green Stuff Watercress Girl Of the Street-Sellers of Stationary, Literature, and the Fine Arts Of the Street-Sellers of Stationary, Literature, and the Fine Arts Of the Death and Fire Hunters Of Political Litanies, Dialogues, etc. Of “Cocks,” etc. Of “Strawing” Of the Sham Indecent Street-Trade Of the Low Lodging-houses of London Of the Filth, Dishonesty, and Immorality of Low Lodging-houses Of Street “Ballads on a Subject” Of the Experience of a Street Author, or Poet Of the Street Booksellers Of the Experience of a Street Bookseller Of the Street-sellers of Engravings, etc., in Umbrellas, etc. Of the “Screevers,” or Writers of Begging-Letters and Petitions Of the Street-Sellers of Manufactured Articles The Crippled Street-seller of Nutmeg-Graters Of the Street-Sellers of Poison for Rats Volume 2 THE STREET-FOLK BOOK THE SECOND Introduction Of the Street-Sellers of Second-Hand Articles Of the Street-Sellers of Petticoat and Rosemary-Lanes Of the Street-Sellers of Live Animals Of the Street-Sellers of Live Birds Of the Street-Buyers Of the “Rag-and-Bottle,” and the “Marine-Store,” Shops Of the Street-Buyers of Waste (Paper) Of the Street-Finders or Collectors Of the Sewer-Hunters Of the Mud-Larks Of the London Dustmen, Nightmen, Sweeps, and Scavengers Of the Dustmen of London Chimney-Sweepers Of the London Chimney-Sweepers Of the General Characteristics of the Working Chimney-Sweepers Of the Subterranean Character of the Sewers Crossing-Sweepers Crossing-Sweepers Gander—The “Captain” of the Boy Crossing-Sweepers Volume 3 The Destroyers of Vermin A Night at Rat-Killing Her Majesty’s Bug Destroyer OUR STREET FOLK I. Street Exhibitors Exhibitor of the Microscope The Snake, Sword, and Knife-Swallower Street Clown Street Reciter II. Street Musicians “Old Sarah” Tom-tom Players IV. Street Artists Street Photography V. Exhibitors of Trained Animals The Happy Family Exhibitor SKILLED AND UNSKILLED LABOURERS The Coal-Heavers The Coal-Heavers The Dock-Labourers The London Dock LONDON VAGRANTS London Vagrants’ Asylums for the Houseless Appendix A: Table of Contents Full table of contents of London Labour and the London Poor, including subheadings Appendix B: Reviews of London Labour and the London Poor 1. Eclectic Review, October 1851 2. Athenaeum, November 15, 1851 3. Reynold’s Newspaper, May 18, 1851 4. Reynold’s Newspaper, June 15, 1851 5. Reynold’s Newspaper, July 20, 1851 Appendix C: Selection of entries from the Morning Chronicle and Volume 4 of London Labour and the London Poor From The Morning Chronicle 1. A Visit to the Cholera Districts of Bermondsey, September 24, 1849 2. Letter I, October 19, 1849 From Volume 4 3. Classification of the Workers and Non-Workers of Great Britain 4. Female Operatives 5. Pickpockets and Shoplifters 6. Hindoo Beggars 7. Negro Beggars Appendix D: Answers to Correspondents 1. No. 19, April 19, 1851 2. No. 24, May 24, 1851 3. No. 33, July 26, 1851 4. Nos. 9 & 10, February 8 & 15, 1851 5. No. 16, March 29, 1851 6. No. 21, May 3, 1851 7. No. 23, May 17, 1851 Appendix E: Mayhew’s Contemporaries and “Slum Journalism” 1. From The Rookeries of London, by Thomas Beames 2. From London Shadows: A Glance at the ‘Homes’ of the Thousands, by George Godwin 3. From Ragged London in 1861, by John Hollingshead Appendix F: Map of London

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Book SynopsisPoverty alleviation is a common issue facing the majority of the Third World countries. Since the 1970s, the fact that the number of the poor in some developing countries has increased together with the fact that economic growth has aroused widespread concern of the international community. Therefore, development economics stressed the trade-off between "efficiency" and "equity" under special circumstances and clearly differentiated the concept of "growth" from "development." From then on, how to alleviate and eliminate poverty while pursuing economic growth became a development issue. At present, poverty in China is manifested as regional poverty in the rural society. Unlike the countries which allow free migration of population, the poor of China are concentrated in rural areas. This study focuses on the examination of the role of "Yigong-daizhen" projects in poverty alleviation.

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Book SynopsisIt has been said that the poor will always be with us. But that does not mean we are obliged to ignore squalor. Concern about poverty stretches across national borders, from the third world to the street corners of Manhattan; whether one believes the poor are victims of their own shortcomings or of poor public policy, the impoverished cannot be ignored. This book collects a set of essays exploring the unavoidable issue of poverty. A broad array of scholars present studies and opinions about where the poor come from and what we can do to help them.

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Book SynopsisThis new and timely book deals with the magnitude and the intensity of the poverty in Latin America, Mexico and the state of Nuevo Leon. The enormous and chronic social problems of poverty in 1970 struck approximately 40% of the families of Latin America or 119 million people. In 1990, of 423,913,043 habitants of Latin America, 46% were living in poverty, that is to say, 195 million people were suffering this calamity (CEPAL). According to the same CEPAL, in 2002 44% of the population of Latin America was poor, whereas 19.40% were living in extreme poverty, indigence or misery. Seen in another way, the poverty in Latin America increased in that period of 20 years, from 1970 to 1990, 38.97%. At the moment, in Latin America there are 225 million poor people. This book is an essential reference to a problem which the world must, if for no other reason than necessity, deal with in a vigorous and just manner.

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Book SynopsisIt has been said that the poor will always be with us. But that does not mean we are obliged to ignore squalor. Concern about poverty stretches across national borders, from the third world to the street corners of Manhattan; whether one believes the poor are victims of their own shortcomings or of poor public policy, the impoverished cannot be ignored. This book collects a set of essays exploring the unavoidable issue of poverty. A broad array of scholars present studies and opinions about where the poor come from and what we can do to help them including such questions as gender inequality and poverty, minimum wages and development and its impact on poverty.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides important information regarding the Millennium Development Goals, adopted unanimously by the United Nations in 2000, setting explicit targets in terms of achieving progress in the developing world. This volume provides both a theoretical overview of the role of education in development and also illustrates this with various case studies (based on work of non-government organisations and other donors) in the Asia-Pacific region. The authors include a mix of development practitioners as well as academics engaged in research in this field. Thus, the theory is illustrated and extrapolated by case studies focussing on community development interventions.

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Book SynopsisPoverty is a social fact of life for billions of people around the world. The developed countries abhor poverty, or seem to, for several reasons. Perhaps it is a blotch on their consciences. Perhaps there is a genuine desire to help those who are not prospering while others around them are. Perhaps they wish to pay lip service to the good cause of eliminating either poverty or the poor, whichever comes first. This new volume concentrates on world poverty issues including their alleviation.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the state of poverty and its effects on education and development. It is organised into two sections: Poverty, socio-economics, poverty and gender. Section one focuses on the state of the lives of the peoples in Africa as a result of poverty. These chapters raise arguments to challenge the status quo as unacceptable. The second section of the book focuses on poverty in relation to gender. It explores how lack of education and inequality of females in the society can impact poverty of the nation in general. These chapters discuss the influential factors of poverty in Asia and Africa, and how it enriches the section by looking into Appalachian single mothers'' lived experiences from the South-eastern portion of the US.

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Book SynopsisThe Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides federal grants to states for a wide range of benefits, services, and activities. It is best known for helping states pay for cash welfare for needy families with children, but it funds a wide array of additional activities. TANF was created in the 1996 welfare reform law (P.L. 104-193). TANF funding and program authority were extended through FY2010 by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. 109-171). TANF provides a basic block grant of $16.5 billion to the 50 states and District of Columbia, and $0.1 billion to U.S. territories. Additionally, 17 states qualify for supplemental grants that total $319 million. TANF also requires states to contribute from their own funds at least $10.4 billion for benefits and services to needy families with children -- this is known as the maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirement. States may use TANF and MOE funds in any manner "reasonably calculated" to achieve TANF''s statutory purpose. This purpose is to increase state flexibility to achieve four goals: (1) provide assistance to needy families with children so that they can live in their own homes or the homes of relatives; (2) end dependence of needy parents on government benefits through work, job preparation, and marriage; (3) reduce out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and (4) promote the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. Though TANF is a block grant, there are some strings attached to states'' use of funds, particularly for families receiving "assistance" (essentially cash welfare). States must meet TANF work participation standards or be penalised by a reduction in their block grant. The law sets standards stipulating that at least 50% of all families and 90% of two-parent families must be participating, but these statutory standards are reduced for declines in the cash welfare caseload. (Some families are excluded from the participation rate calculation.) Activities creditable toward meeting these standards are focused on work or are intended to rapidly attach welfare recipients to the workforce; education and training is limited. Federal TANF funds may not be used for a family with an adult that has received assistance for 60 months. This is the five-year time limit on welfare receipt. However, up to 20% of the caseload may be extended beyond the five years for reason of "hardship", with hardship defined by the states. Additionally, states may use funds that they must spend to meet the TANF MOE to aid families beyond five years. TANF work participation rules and time limits do not apply to families receiving benefits and services not considered "assistance". Child care, transportation aid, state earned income tax credits for working families, activities to reduce out-of-wedlock pregnancies, activities to promote marriage and two-parent families, and activities to help families that have experienced or are "at risk" of child abuse and neglect are examples of such "nonassistance".

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to provide the reader with the broad spectrum of poverty and social policy issues in Central and Eastern Europe, and address the most urgent topics of welfare state research, namely poverty, children and social policy; gender, social policy and poverty; urban policy, renewal and poverty, and overall challenges to social policy reform. The book demonstrates that despite an increase in poverty and inequalities in many Central and Eastern European countries during the last 18 years, the social policy systems have not experienced a radical dismantlement throughout the entire region. The post-Communist welfare state still shows more comprehensive solutions to social problems than residual ones. Nevertheless, the deteriorated fiscal capacities of the state in some cases hinder the successful poverty solutions as well as the expansion of the welfare programmes. Yet, the Central and Eastern European region is very diverse regarding the scope and depth of social problems encountered and some countries have implemented more successful policy solutions than other ones. Furthermore, the findings of this volume demonstrate that Central and Eastern European countries are not so dramatically distinct from Western Europe, neither in their social problems encountered, nor in their solutions. Nevertheless, the experience of the socialist regime, the relatively lower wages and lower social benefits as well as the higher share of GDP produced in a shadow economy allow the CEE countries to group into the distinct post-Communist regime.

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Book SynopsisOver the past few decades poverty has emerged as a global problem and a global agenda item in need of action. For that reason, the United Nations made its eradication the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG). The MDG''s plan is for extreme poverty to be eliminated by 2015. Poverty is more of a concern on the African continent than elsewhere. Three fourths of poor people in Western and Middle Africa -- an estimated 90 million people -- live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. One in five lives in a country affected by warfare. In conflict-torn countries such as Angola, Burundi, Mozambique and Uganda, the capacity of rural people to make a livelihood has been dramatically curtailed by warfare, and per capita food production has plummeted. A child dies every three seconds from AIDS and extreme poverty, often before their fifth birthday and more than one billion people do not have access to clean water. Every year six million children die from malnutrition before their fifth birthday. This book brings together new research on programs and policies from around the globe related to poverty in Africa and its elimination or alleviation.

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