Pollution and threats to the environment Books

Book SynopsisHumans and human mobility, including driving and flying, are entangled with the climate emergency. Fossil-fuelled mobility worsens severe weather, and in turn, severe weather disrupts human mobility. A shift to zero-emission vehicles is critical but insufficient to repair the damage or prepare communities for the coming disruptions severe weather will bring. In Under the Weather Stephanie Sodero explores the intersection between human mobility and severe weather. Anchored in two Atlantic Canadian hurricane case studies, Hurricane Juan in Mi''kma''ki/Nova Scotia in 2003 and Hurricane Igor in Ktaqmkuk/Newfoundland in 2010, the book contributes to contemporary cultural and policy discussions by offering five practical recommendations revolutionize mobility, prioritize vital mobility of medical goods and services, embrace ecological mobilities, rebrand redundancy, and think flexibly for how mobility can be reimagined to work with, rather than against, the climate in ways Trade Review'This is a brilliantly written and articulate exploration of how communications, transportation and exchanges are affected in the era of climate change and how quickly we need to adapt our 'vital mobilities' to these challenges. This fascinating book brings the subject to life. Recommended reading for anyone interested in disasters, climate change and medical responses. " Bertrand Taithe, professor of cultural history and past director of the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester"[Sodero]'s puts a name to the vexing complexities of a global circulation of people and things embedded in local, regional, and global ecosystems disrupted by those very movements. Climatic disruptions—in Canada and elsewhere—show no signs of abating any time soon, and an ecological mobilities approach that helps us learn productive lessons from those productions will certainly be an important part of an effective response." H-Environment

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Book SynopsisAs human actions erase habitats and raise the planet’s temperature, plant diversity is dropping and a growing list of pollinators faces decline or even extinction. Paths of Pollen chronicles pollen’s vital mission to spread plant genes, from the prehistoric past to the present, while looking towards an ecologically uncertain future.Trade Review“Stephen Humphrey is a highly accomplished, and engaging storyteller. In the manner of Carl Sagan or Aldo Leopold, he calls attention to little-known or misunderstood topics, and presents these to an often science-hostile public. Paths of Pollen advances the cause of pollinator and plant conservation for their benefits to all humankind and wildlife, now and in the future. I couldn’t put it down.” Stephen Buchmann, author of *What a Bee Knows: Exploring the Thoughts, Memories, and Personalities of Bees *“With Paths of Pollen, Humphrey has extended an accessible invitation to consider these relationships at multiple scales, from the wide view of global environmental activism to the microscopic perspective of a grain of pollen.” *Montreal Review of Books *

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Book SynopsisDescribes the health hazards of radon, explains how to measure radon levels in the home, and offers advice on making one's home safe.

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Book SynopsisSmoke on the Water traces the rise and fall of ocean incineration, showing how a transnational environmental movement tested the limits of U.S. political and economic power.Trade ReviewIn this brilliant book, Fazzi reveals how the incineration of hazardous materials at sea became an engine of empire and environmental politics. Smoke on the Water offers a beacon of hope, showing how in the churn of local and global politics, new standards of environmental justice have issued forth. -- Megan Black, author of The Global Interior: Mineral Frontiers and American PowerSmoke on the Water weaves a compelling narrative from a dizzying array of strands, laying out the complexities of local and global actions taken to rein in the environmentally disastrous practice of ocean incineration. Fazzi’s wide-ranging research combines with his accessible writing to make for a story that will appeal to scholars across many areas of interest. -- Anne Foster, author of Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia, 1919–1941A welcome addition to the growing field of international environmental history and a pointed indictment of the late twentieth-century global neoliberal economic order. Drawing on extensive sources from governmental agencies as well as social and environmental movements, Fazzi offers an insightful analysis of the U.S. practice of ocean incineration. -- Petra Goedde, author of The Politics of Peace: A Global Cold War HistorySmoke on the Water combines impressive transnational research and insightful analysis of global ecopolitics in an engaging narrative account of the multiple strategies that ultimately blocked the burning of hazardous wastes at sea. A compelling read for all who seek to protect the planet. -- Ellen Griffith Spears, author of Baptized in PCBs: Race, Pollution, and Justice in an All-American TownIn a tight, concise narrative history, Smoke on the Water makes a convincing case for the power of translocal pressure groups to restrain U.S. power and influence globally and to shape environmental policy making at home and abroad. It also offers an optimistic lesson in how engaged citizens can advance the cause of environmental democracy through collective action—both historically and in our present moment. -- Julia F. Irwin, author of Catastrophic Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance in the American CenturySmoke on the Water is a fascinating book about “weird ships doing bad stuff in the oceans.” Dario Fazzi unpacks the complex history of at-sea incineration, revealing the ecological consequences of disposing waste in the oceans as well as the limits and inconsistency of human technologies and environmental governance. -- David Kinkela, author of DDT and the American Century: Global Health, Environmental Politics, and the Pesticide That Changed the WorldTable of ContentsIntroduction1. The Disposable Frontier2. The Military-Chemical-Industrial Complex3. Translocal Activism4. Relentless Commitment5. Ban the Burn6. Quitting SmokingConclusionAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisSmoke on the Water traces the rise and fall of ocean incineration, showing how a transnational environmental movement tested the limits of U.S. political and economic power.Trade ReviewIn this brilliant book, Fazzi reveals how the incineration of hazardous materials at sea became an engine of empire and environmental politics. Smoke on the Water offers a beacon of hope, showing how in the churn of local and global politics, new standards of environmental justice have issued forth. -- Megan Black, author of The Global Interior: Mineral Frontiers and American PowerSmoke on the Water weaves a compelling narrative from a dizzying array of strands, laying out the complexities of local and global actions taken to rein in the environmentally disastrous practice of ocean incineration. Fazzi’s wide-ranging research combines with his accessible writing to make for a story that will appeal to scholars across many areas of interest. -- Anne Foster, author of Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia, 1919–1941A welcome addition to the growing field of international environmental history and a pointed indictment of the late twentieth-century global neoliberal economic order. Drawing on extensive sources from governmental agencies as well as social and environmental movements, Fazzi offers an insightful analysis of the U.S. practice of ocean incineration. -- Petra Goedde, author of The Politics of Peace: A Global Cold War HistorySmoke on the Water combines impressive transnational research and insightful analysis of global ecopolitics in an engaging narrative account of the multiple strategies that ultimately blocked the burning of hazardous wastes at sea. A compelling read for all who seek to protect the planet. -- Ellen Griffith Spears, author of Baptized in PCBs: Race, Pollution, and Justice in an All-American TownIn a tight, concise narrative history, Smoke on the Water makes a convincing case for the power of translocal pressure groups to restrain U.S. power and influence globally and to shape environmental policy making at home and abroad. It also offers an optimistic lesson in how engaged citizens can advance the cause of environmental democracy through collective action—both historically and in our present moment. -- Julia F. Irwin, author of Catastrophic Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance in the American CenturySmoke on the Water is a fascinating book about “weird ships doing bad stuff in the oceans.” Dario Fazzi unpacks the complex history of at-sea incineration, revealing the ecological consequences of disposing waste in the oceans as well as the limits and inconsistency of human technologies and environmental governance. -- David Kinkela, author of DDT and the American Century: Global Health, Environmental Politics, and the Pesticide That Changed the WorldTable of ContentsIntroduction1. The Disposable Frontier2. The Military-Chemical-Industrial Complex3. Translocal Activism4. Relentless Commitment5. Ban the Burn6. Quitting SmokingConclusionAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisGlobal warming has reached terrifying heights of severity, human consumption has caused the extinction of countless species and neoliberalism has led to a destructive divide in wealth and a polarization of mainstream politics. The climate crisis demands action. Your planet needs you! Can we shop our way out of a crisis? Will technology save the day? What does it mean to be a citizen and not a consumer? Are the real solutions inside of us? Who Cares Wins provides a plethora of solutions guaranteed to inspire and create lasting global change. Lily Cole has met with some of the millions of people around the world who are working on creative, innovative solutions to our biggest challenges and are committed to creating a more sustainable and peaceful future for humanity. Embracing debate and exploring issues from fast fashion to fast food, farming to plastic waste, renewable energy to gender equality, the book features interviews with diverse voices from enTrade ReviewToo bad we can't clear up the environment as fast as Lily Cole can. She explains why we're in this mess and what we can do about it brilliantly * Ruby Wax, author of How to Be Human *A welcome and thorough overview of some of the many aspects of the crisis humanity is now facing alongside the visionary possibilities for change at our fingertips. If we don't act it isn't for lack of good ideas . . . * Dr Gail Bradbrook, co-founder of Extinction Rebellion *Lily's commitment to a better future for fashion is legendary, and her first-hand experience of an exploitative and unethical industry have made her involvement both more poignant and pertinent. How wonderful to absorb her thoughts and knowledge on everything else, from food to fuels, politics and biodynamic farming. This book is a great insight into her mind, and into our world * Orsola de Castro, Creative Director of Fashion Revolution *"Who cares wins" should be the mantra of every citizen around the world - every revolution has been made by people who cared. The sustainability or ethical movement is about "caring" - for the planet and for the people, and Lily is a shining example of a person who always deeply cares and whose mind never rests until there is a solution. There are people who have visions, and people who act on them. Lily does both and this book is a true testament to that. * Livia Firth, Creative Director of Eco Age *Lily Cole, through her personal experience, interviews with fascinating people and a critical insight to our planet's problems helps us understand the power of the individual and makes us fall in love with nature again. No more the relentless, morbid doom-mongering, Lily gives us so many reasons to be optimistic, and shows that we can all make a difference and together we can save our beautiful Earth * Professor Mark Maslin, Professor of Earth System Science at UCL and author of The Human Planet *Who Cares Wins is a literary submarine which allows you to descend into the deep depths of environmentalism to show you the truth with refreshing clarity and honesty. A deeply personal and yet universal call-to-action on one of the most profound subjects of our time * Bella Lack, environmental campaigner *Who Cares Wins is a journey into the anthropology of radical optimism. Lily Cole delicately unpicks the silver linings from some of the many dark clouds that loom over us and weaves them into an irresistible vision of our future * James Suzman, anthropologist and author of ‘Affluence Without Abundance: The Disappearing World of the Bushman *A great read, fundamentally important subjects elegantly explored through a personal perspective. I relished the optimism! * Steve Trent, founder of the Environmental Justice Foundation *Lily Cole's Who Cares Wins is a rollercoaster of a ride where, thanks to her excellent piloting, we get to see a varied landscape of ideas and schools of thought on how to tackle the climate and ecological crisis, each with their insights but also their limits. Thankfully, this isn't another prescriptive "how to save the planet" book by doing your bit. Rather, it is an open and honest invitation by a curious mind for us all to build bridges. Cole rightly concludes so much more can happen if we explore our predicament and collectively allow ourselves to imagine a better future * Farhana Yamin, Founder, Track 0 & Rebel For Life *Who Cares Wins is full of generosity from the author and a call to its readers that more can be possible if we imagine it and care about who wins in every choice we make * Chelsea Clinton, author and advocate *It's a positive, useful book - how to make choices. We need to get governments on board. I wish Lily was world controller * Vivienne Westwood, fashion designer and founder of Vivienne Westwood Ltd. *Lily's book is not only extraordinarily timely, it's inspiring, erudite, thought-provoking, spirited and perfectly balanced. Lily is a great thinker - and, better still, an exceptional doer * Mark Boyle, author of The Way Home and The Moneyless Man *This is a book for the moment, to inspire us to create a better Society after the pandemic. We must not return to the old normal. The optimism that Lily Cole articulates so well requires us to insist on a revival of the Future * Guy Standing, author of Basic Income and Battling Eight Giants *Who Cares Wins is a compelling reminder that the future is in our hands. Lily's book is a much-needed ray of light during a dark and unsettling time - a radical vision for a better future, infused with optimism at every turn. It's a rousing call to action but it's up to us to dare to care, will you? * John Sauven, Executive Director of Greenpeace UK *Who Cares Wins aims to shed light on a broad range of issues such as sustainability, technology and gender equality. Bringing together extensive research and interviews * Grazia *In this book [Cole] combines self-reflection [...] with expert insight * Cosmopolitan *Part manifesto, part personal dispatch from the frontline of environmental and social activism it's an impressively wide ranging audit on the planet most pressing challenges - most notably the threat of climate change that also offers an inventory of potential solutions * Waitrose Weekend *Who Cares Wins is an extremely well researched outline of the complex debates around environmentally impactful subjects * AnOther *

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Book SynopsisLose yourself in the beauty of nature this winter...A ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY BOOK OF THE YEAR 2020For readers of George Monbiot, Isabella Tree and Robert Macfarlane - an urgent and lyrical account of endangered places around the globe and the people fighting to save them.''Powerful, timely, beautifully written and wonderfully hopeful'' Rob Cowen, author of Common GroundAll across the world, irreplaceable habitats are under threat. Unique ecosystems of plants and animals are being destroyed by human intervention. From the tiny to the vast, from marshland to meadow, and from Kent to Glasgow to India to America, they are disappearing.Irreplaceable is a love letter to the haunting beauty of these landscapes and their wild species. Exploring coral reefs and remote mountains, tropical jungle, ancient woodland and urban allotments, it traces the stories of threatened places through local communities, grassroots campaigners, ecologists and academics.Julian Hoffman''s rigorous, impassioned account is a timely reminder of the vital connections between humans and nature - and all that we stand to lose. It is a powerful call to arms in the face of unconscionable natural destruction.*****''A terrific book, prescient, serious and urgent'' Amy Liptrot, author of The Outrun''Unforgettable. At a time when the Earth often seems broken beyond repair, this courageous and hopeful book offers life-changing encounters with the more-than-human world'' Nancy Campbell, author of The Library of Ice''Wonderful, tender and subtle, beautifully written and filled with a calm authority'' Adam Nicolson, author of The Seabird''s Cry*Highly Commended Finalist for the Wainwright Prize for Writing on Global Conservation 2020*Trade ReviewThe power of Hoffman's book lies in the reporting: he doesn't deal - as many environmentalists do - in generalities and alarmist warnings about what lies ahead for the world, but in the specifics of the here and now. * Evening Standard *An impassioned account of the importance of Nature in our lives, and a timely reminder of the need to take action in the face of unprecendented destruction of the natural world. * The Countryman *If the pen really is mightier than the sword, then Julian Hoffman is a knight errant, looking for trouble, a champion of underdogs. * Caught by the River *A passionate and lyrical work of reportage and advocacy. * Guardian *Lyrical and hugely intelligent * New Statesman *A powerful, tender, inspiring clarion call to save the places that matter, right across the globe. * Nature's Home *A powerful hymn to humanity engaging with nature...[a] remarkable, illuminating book. * Irish Times *if you read one book this year, make it Julian Hoffman's Irreplaceable * Shiny New Books *

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Book SynopsisAn examination of political conflicts over pesticide drift and the differing conceptions of justice held by industry, regulators, and activists.The widespread but virtually invisible problem of pesticide drift—the airborne movement of agricultural pesticides into residential areas—has fueled grassroots activism from Maine to Hawaii. Pesticide drift accidents have terrified and sickened many living in the country's most marginalized and vulnerable communities. In this book, Jill Lindsey Harrison considers political conflicts over pesticide drift in California, using them to illuminate the broader problem and its potential solutions. The fact that pesticide pollution and illnesses associated with it disproportionately affect the poor and the powerless raises questions of environmental justice (and political injustice). Despite California's impressive record of environmental protection, massive pesticide regulatory apparatus, and booming organic farming indust

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Book SynopsisA groundbreaking study of how emotions motivate attempts to counter species loss.This groundbreaking book brings together environmental history and the history of emotions to examine the motivations behind species conservation actions. In Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age, Dolly Jørgensen uses the environmental histories of reintroduction, rewilding, and resurrection to view the modern conservation paradigm of the recovery of nature as an emotionally charged practice. Jørgensen argues that the recovery of nature—identifying that something is lost and then going out to find it and bring it back—is a nostalgic practice that looks to a historical past and relies on the concept of belonging to justify future-oriented action. The recovery impulse depends on emotional responses to what is lost, particularly a longing for recovery that manifests itself in such emotions as guilt, hope, fear, and grief. Jørgensen explains why emotional

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary analysis of human interactions with mercury through history that sheds light on efforts to promote and achieve sustainability.In Mercury Stories, Henrik Selin and Noelle Eckley Selin examine sustainability through analyzing human interactions with mercury over thousands of years. They explore how people have made beneficial use of this volatile element, how they have been harmed by its toxic properties, and how they have tried to protect themselves and the environment from its damaging effects. Taking a systems approach, they develop and apply an analytical framework that can inform other efforts to evaluate and promote sustainability. After introducing the framework, which uses the lens of a human-technical environmental system and a matrix-based approach to analyze mercury use and exposure, the authors examine five topical mercury systems that each illustrate important issues in mercury science and governance: global cycling of mercury thr

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Book SynopsisThis work argues that the dedication of the Americans to maintaining beautiful lawns is contributing to the environmental problems facing the planet. It offers strategies for creating aesthetically pleasing and ecologically sound lawns. This updated edition adds a new chapter and illustrations.Trade Review"An extremely readable summation of the origins of the addiction to lawns, and of the environmental reasons why Americans should kick the habit." Anne Raver, New York Times Book Review "A manual for improving a large part of the American environment while reducing pollution, saving Americans a large amount of money, and beautifying the landscape." Edward O. Wilson"

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Book SynopsisEntries clearly describe each disaster by defining the cause, the consequences, and the clean-up efforts.Readers will learn who the responsible parties were, the effect on the environment and people living in the immediate area, and the economic impact of each disaster.

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Book SynopsisWildland fires are occurring more frequently and affecting more of Earth's surface than ever before. These fires affect the properties of soils and the processes by which they form, but the nature of these impacts has not been well understood. Given that healthy soil is necessary to sustain biodiversity, ecosystems and agriculture, the impact of fire on soil is a vital field of research.Fire Effects on Soil Properties brings together current research on the effects of fire on the physical, biological and chemical properties of soil. Written by over 60 international experts in the field, it includes examples from fire-prone areas across the world, dealing with ash, meso and macrofauna, smouldering fires, recurrent fires and management of fire-affected soils. It also describes current best practice methodologies for research and monitoring of fire effects and new methodologies for future research. This is the first time information on this topic has been presented in a single vTable of ContentsPart 1 Review of fire effects on soil properties, Part 2 Methods used to study the effects of fire on soils.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction and Overview. Data Requirements. Remedial Options. Costs of Remedial Activities. Biological Remediation. Exploration Notes and Techniques. Landfills, Brownfields, Barrier Walls, and Bottom Sealing. Modeling Notes. Phytoremediation. Index.

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Book Synopsis"A River Lost is superbly reported and written with clarity, insight, and great skill."—Washington Post Book WorldTrade Review"Harden's bold and well-supported commentary is a welcome addition to the literature of the majestic river."

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Book Synopsis"Superbly reported and written with clarity, insight, and great skill." —Washington Post Book WorldTrade Review"A hard-nosed, clear-eyed, tough-minded dispatch on the sort of contentious subject that is almost always distorted by ideology or obscured by a fog of sentiment . . . . A precise and brave book." -- Hal Espen - New York Times Book Review

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Book SynopsisThe coast cannot be left to nature to determine its fate. Wealth, property, economic interests, recreation, tourism and wildlife are all threatened. Coasts are an administrative battle ground and one of the most important and widely examined topics in environmental management.Coastal and Estuarine Management examines the issues surrounding the human use and abuse of estuarine and coastal environments. Emphasising the importance and significance of this natural resource, the uses and conflicts which occur and the results of human activity, this book explains the ways in which conservation and management policies and practices can protect this productive and diverse ecosystem.Examples and real-life case studies illustrate the effect of human intervention, both from an historic and contemporary perspective. Exposing the environmental consequences of estuarine pollution, Peter French highlights the need for management strategies to promote a sustainable development ethic fTrade Review'The text is written in a lucid but nontechnical style and should be amenable to all students of environmental management...this text has the capacity to influence the attitudes of the next generation of coastal managers.' - Progress in Physical Goegraphy, Vol 23, No.1 1999"The only 'textbook' which is both up-to-date and conprehensive in its coverage of this fast-developing subject" Dr Geoff Walker, West England UniversityTable of Contents1 Introduction to estuarine and coastal systems 2 The physical regime of coasts and estuaries 3 Land claim and coastal defence 4 The industrial use of coasts and estuaries 5 Coastal development for tourism 6 Causes of indirect impacts on the coast 7 Management frameworks for coastal and estuarine systems; The final word

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Book SynopsisThere is currently considerable concern with limiting the growth of transport demand, the use of resources and related pollution. This book makes a major contribution to the debate on transport and the environment.Trade Review'A fundamental first-stop for planners, environmentalists, academics and policymakers alike.' - Economic and Social Research CouncilTable of ContentsIntroduction. Transport and Global Warming: Modelling the Impacts of Alternative Policies. Forecasting Road Traffic Growth: Demograhpic Change and Alternative Policy Scenarios. Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Transort Sector. Public Attitudes to Transport Issues: Findings from the British Social Attitudes Surveys. Logistical Restructuring, Freight Traffic Growth and the Environment. Part 2: Regional Aspects. Introduction. Unintended Effects of Transport Policies. Transport Provision and Regional Development in Europe:Towards a Framework for Appraisal The Environment, Efficient Pricing and Investment in Transport: Environment, Efficient Pricing and Investment in Transport: A Model and Some Results for the UK. Creating Sustainable Supply Chain: Modelling and Key Relationships. Improving Air Quality: Lessons from California. Part 3: Local Aspects. Introduction. The Location of New Residential Developments: Its Influence on Car-Based Travel. ^ Movement and Mobility in the Post-Fordist City. Greener Transport Towns: Publicly Acceptable, Privately Resisted. Anomolies and Biases in the Contingent Valuation Method. Non-User Benefits from Investment in Urban Light Rail: Evidence from Sheffield. Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the chemistry, geology, toxicology and environmental impacts of arsenic, presenting information on relatively common arsenic minerals and their key properties. In addition, it includes discussions on the environmental impacts of the release of arsenic from mining and coal combustion. Although the environmental regulations of different nations vary and change over time, prominent International, North American, and European guidelines and regulations on arsenic will be reviewed. Includes information on recent environmental catastrophes (e.g. Bangladesh and China) A thorough discussion of the arsenic cycle, including the cosmological origin of arsenic Includes Appendices providing extensive glossary and measurement conversion tables Table of ContentsList of contributors xv Preface xvii 1. Introduction 1 Kevin R. Henke 1.1 Arsenic origin, chemistry, and use 1 1.2 Arsenic environmental impacts 2 1.3 Arsenic toxicity 3 1.4 Arsenic treatment and remediation 3 1.4.1 Introduction 3 1.4.2 Treatment and remediation of water 4 1.4.3 Treatment and remediation of solid wastes, soils, and sediments 4 1.4.4 Treatment of flue gases 5 References 5 2. Arsenic Chemistry 9 Kevin R. Henke and Aaron Hutchison 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Atomic structure and isotopes of arsenic 9 2.3 Arsenic valence state and bonding 10 2.4 Chemistry of arsenic solids 13 2.4.1 Elemental arsenic 13 2.4.2 Common arsenic minerals and other solid arsenic compounds 15 2.4.3 Arsine and other volatile arsenic compounds 24 2.4.4 Organoarsenicals 24 2.5 Introduction to arsenic oxidation and reduction 26 2.5.1 Arsenic oxidation 26 2.5.2 Arsenic reduction 27 2.6 Introduction to arsenic methylation and demethylation 28 2.7 Arsenic in water 30 2.7.1 Introduction 30 2.7.2 Aqueous solubility of arsenic compounds and thermodynamics 31 2.7.3 Dissolved arsenic species 40 2.7.4 Dissociation of arsenious and arsenic acids 42 2.7.5 Eh-pH diagrams, and their limitations 45 2.7.6 Sorption, ion exchange, precipitation, and coprecipitation of arsenic in water 46 2.8 Chemistry of gaseous arsenic emissions 57 References 59 3 Arsenic in Natural Environments 69 Kevin R. Henke 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Nucleosynthesis: the origin of arsenic 70 3.2.1 The Big Bang 70 3.2.2 Arsenic formation in stars 70 3.3 Arsenic in the universe as a whole 73 3.4 Arsenic chemistry of the solar system 73 3.4.1 Arsenic in the Sun, Moon, and planets 73 3.4.2 Arsenic in meteorites and tektites 74 3.5 Arsenic in the bulk Earth, crusts, and interior 77 3.5.1 Estimating arsenic concentrations of the bulk Earth and the Earth’s core and mantle 77 3.5.2 The core 78 3.5.3 The mantle 78 3.5.4 The Earth’s crusts 79 3.6 Arsenic in hydrothermal and geothermal fluids and their deposits 82 3.6.1 Introduction 82 3.6.2 Origins of hydrothermal fluids and their arsenic 83 3.6.3 Arsenic chemistry of hydrothermal fluids 85 3.6.4 Arsenic mineralogy of hydrothermal deposits 91 3.6.5 Surface and near-surface oxidation of hydrothermal arsenic 93 3.6.6 Arsenic chemistry in hot springs 94 3.6.7 Arsenic in geothermal power plant scales 95 3.6.8 Arsenic in volcanic gas emissions 96 3.6.9 Environmental impacts of arsenic in hydrothermal and geothermal fluids 96 3.7 Oxidation of arsenic-bearing sulfides in geologic materials and mining wastes 97 3.7.1 Oxidation of sulfide minerals 97 3.7.2 Factors influencing the oxidation of arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals 97 3.7.3 Environmental consequences of sulfide and arsenic oxidation 99 3.7.4 Oxidation chemistry of major arsenic-bearing sulfides 102 3.8 Interactions between arsenic and natural organic matter (NOM) 106 3.9 Sorption and coprecipitation of arsenic with iron and other (oxy)(hydr)oxides 106 3.9.1 Introduction 106 3.9.2 Iron, aluminum, and manganese (oxy)(hydr)oxides 107 3.9.3 Sulfate (oxy)(hydr)oxides and related compounds 108 3.10 Arsenate (inorganic As(V)) precipitation 110 3.11 Reductive dissolution of iron and manganese (oxy)(hydr)oxides 110 3.12 Arsenic and sulfide at < 50 ◦c 114 3.13 Arsenic and its chemistry in mined materials 115 3.13.1 Environmental issues with arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals in coal and ore deposits 115 3.13.2 Behavior of arsenic within mining wastes 115 3.13.3 Movement of arsenic from mining wastes and into the environment 116 3.14 Marine waters and sediments 117 3.14.1 Inorganic arsenic in seawater 117 3.14.2 Marine arsenic cycle 120 3.14.3 Arsenic methylation in marine environments 121 3.14.4 Arsenic in marine sediments 121 3.15 Estuaries 122 3.15.1 Arsenic in estuaries 122 3.15.2 Seasonal effects on arsenic in estuaries 125 3.15.3 Arsenic in pristine estuaries 125 3.15.4 Arsenic in contaminated estuaries 126 3.16 Rivers and other streams 127 3.17 Lakes 136 3.18 Wetlands 145 3.19 Groundwater 146 3.19.1 Subsurface water and groundwater 146 3.19.2 Impacts of arsenic contamination in shallow (< 1 km deep) groundwaters 148 3.19.3 ‘Dissolved’ and particulate arsenic in groundwater 148 3.19.4 Arsenic mobility in groundwater 148 3.19.5 Sources of arsenic contamination in groundwater 149 3.19.6 Arsenic chemistry in groundwater 161 3.20 Glacial ice and related sediments 162 3.21 Arsenic in air and wind-blown sediments 163 3.21.1 Arsenic emission sources 163 3.21.2 Arsenic atmospheric chemistry 165 3.21.3 Arsenic in precipitation 166 3.21.4 Arsenic in atmospheric dust 166 3.21.5 Arsenic in wind-blown sediment deposits (loess) 168 3.21.6 Arsenic in soil and sediment gases 168 3.22 Petroleum 168 3.23 Soils 169 3.23.1 Distinguishing between soils and sediments 169 3.23.2 Arsenic chemistry in soils 171 3.23.3 Soil porewater chemistry 178 3.24 Sedimentary rocks 178 3.24.1 Diagenesis and sedimentary rocks 178 3.24.2 Coal 180 3.24.3 Shales and oil shales 190 3.24.4 Other sedimentary rocks 195 3.25 Metamorphic rocks 196 References 198 Further reading 235 4 Toxicology and Epidemiology of Arsenic and its Compounds 237 Michael F. Hughes, David J. Thomas, and Elaina M. Kenyon 4.1 Introduction 237 4.2 Physical and chemical properties of arsenic 238 4.3 Exposure to arsenic 238 4.4 Arsenic disposition and biotransformation in mammals 240 4.4.1 Introduction 240 4.4.2 Respiratory deposition and absorption 240 4.4.3 Gastrointestinal absorption 241 4.4.4 Dermal absorption 242 4.5 Systemic clearance of arsenic and binding to blood components 243 4.6 Tissue distribution 244 4.7 Placental transfer and distribution in the fetus 246 4.8 Arsenic biotransformation 247 4.8.1 Introduction 247 4.8.2 Arsenic methylation in humans and other mammals 248 4.8.3 Significance of arsenic methylation 248 4.8.4 Molecular basis of the metabolism of inorganic arsenic 248 4.8.5 Reconciling experimental data and the Challenger scheme 251 4.9 Arsenic excretion 252 4.10 Effects of arsenic exposure 253 4.10.1 Acute exposure 253 4.10.2 Chronic exposure 254 4.11 Cardiovascular 254 4.11.1 Introduction 254 4.11.2 Peripheral vascular disease 255 4.11.3 Ischemic heart disease 255 4.11.4 Cerebrovascular disease 255 4.11.5 Atherosclerosis 255 4.11.6 Hypertension 256 4.12 Endocrine 256 4.13 Hepatic 257 4.14 Neurological 257 4.15 Skin 257 4.16 Developmental 258 4.17 Other organ systems 258 4.18 Cancer 259 4.18.1 Introduction 259 4.18.2 Skin 259 4.18.3 Lung 260 4.18.4 Bladder 260 4.19 Animal models for arsenic-induced cancer 260 4.20 Mechanism of action 261 4.20.1 Introduction 261 4.20.2 Replacement of phosphate 262 4.20.3 Enzyme inhibition 262 4.20.4 Oxidative stress 262 4.20.5 Genotoxicity 263 4.20.6 Alteration of DNA repair 263 4.20.7 Signal transduction 263 4.20.8 Gene transcription 263 4.20.9 DNA methylation 264 4.20.10 Growth factors 264 4.21 Regulation of arsenic 264 References 265 5 Arsenic in Human History and Modern Societies 277 Kevin R. Henke and David A. Atwood 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Early recognition and uses of arsenic by humans 278 5.3 Alchemy, development of methods to recover elemental arsenic, and the synthesis of arsenic compounds 279 5.4 Applications with arsenic 279 5.4.1 Medicinal applications: dangerous quackery and some important drugs 279 5.4.2 Pesticides and agricultural applications 280 5.4.3 Chemical weapons 282 5.4.4 Embalming fluids 282 5.4.5 Paints and dyes 283 5.4.6 Wood treatment 284 5.4.7 Semiconductors 286 5.5 Increasing health, safety, and environmental concerns 286 5.6 Arsenic in crime 287 5.7 Poisoning controversies: Napoleon Bonaparte 288 5.8 Arsenic in prospecting, mining, and markets 289 5.8.1 Arsenic as a pathfinder element in prospecting 289 5.8.2 Arsenic mining, production, and market trends 290 5.9 Arsenic in coal and oil shale utilization and their by-products 291 5.9.1 Coal cleaning and combustion 291 5.9.2 Arsenic behavior during combustion 291 5.9.3 Postcombustion flue gas treatment 295 5.9.4 Arsenic chemistry in coal combustion byproducts 295 5.9.5 Coal gasification 296 5.9.6 Oil shale utilization 296 References 297 6 Major Occurrences of Elevated Arsenic in Groundwater and Other Natural Waters 303 Abhijit Mukherjee, Alan E. Fryar, and Bethany M. O’Shea 6.1 Introduction 303 6.2 Arsenic speciation and mobility in natural waters 304 6.3 Immobilization of arsenic in hydrologic systems 304 6.3.1 Precipitation, coprecipitation, and association with sulfides 304 6.3.2 Arsenic sorption on metal (oxy)(hydr)oxides 305 6.3.3 Arsenic sorption on clay minerals 306 6.3.4 Carbonate interactions 306 6.4 Mobilization of arsenic in water 309 6.4.1 Competitive anion exchange 309 6.4.2 Effect of natural organic matter (NOM) 310 6.4.3 Effect of pH 310 6.4.4 Redox-dependent mobilization 311 6.4.5 Complex and colloid formation 311 6.5 Natural occurrences of elevated arsenic around the world 313 6.5.1 Introduction 313 6.5.2 Bengal basin, India and Bangladesh 317 6.5.3 Middle Ganges Plain, India 324 6.5.4 Donargarh rift belt, Chattisgarh, central India 326 6.5.5 Terai alluvial plain, Nepal 326 6.5.6 Indus alluvial system, Pakistan 327 6.5.7 Irrawaddy delta, Myanmar 328 6.5.8 Mekong plain and delta, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos 328 6.5.9 Red River delta, Vietnam 331 6.5.10 Yellow River plains, Inner Mongolia, China 332 6.5.11 Taiwan 333 6.5.12 Coastal aquifers of Australia 334 6.5.13 Sedimentary basins and basement complexes of West Africa 334 6.5.14 Western USA 335 6.5.15 New England, USA 336 6.5.16 Northern Chile 337 6.5.17 Chaco and Pampa plains of Argentina 338 References 339 7 Waste Treatment and Remediation Technologies for Arsenic 351 Kevin R. Henke 7.1 Introduction 351 7.2 Treatment technologies for arsenic in water 352 7.2.1 Introduction 352 7.2.2 Preoxidation of As(III) in water 353 7.2.3 Sorption and ion-exchange technologies 357 7.2.4 Precipitation/coprecipitation 390 7.2.5 Permeable reactive barriers 394 7.2.6 Filtration, membranes, and other separation technologies 395 7.2.7 Biological treatment and bioremediation 398 7.2.8 Natural remediation 401 7.3 Treatment technologies for arsenic in solids 401 7.3.1 Introduction 401 7.3.2 Review of various treatment technologies for arsenic in inorganic solids 402 7.3.3 Review of various treatment technologies for chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood 410 7.4 Treatment technologies for arsenic in gases 414 References 415 Appendices A Common Physical and Chemical Constants and Conversions for Units of Measure 431 B Glossary of Terms 437 B. 1 Introduction 437 B. 2 Glossary 437 References 472 C Arsenic Thermodynamic Data 475 C. 1 Introduction 475 C. 2 Modeling applications with thermodynamic data 493 C. 3 Thermodynamic data 493 References 493 D Locations of Significant Arsenic Contamination 495 References 524 E Regulation of Arsenic: A Brief Survey and Bibliography 545 E. 1 Introduction 545 E. 2 Regulation of arsenic in water 545 E.2. 1 Drinking water 546 E. 2 Arsenic standards of natural surface waters and groundwaters 549 E. 3 Regulation of arsenic in solid and liquid wastes 549 E.3. 1 Bangladesh 549 E.3. 2 European Union (EU) 550 E. 3 Japan 550 E.3. 4 Norway 550 E.3. 5 Taiwan 550 E.3. 6 United States of America 550 E. 4 Sediment and soil guidelines and standards for arsenic 553 E.4. 1 Introduction 553 E.4. 2 Australia 553 E.4. 3 Canada 553 E. 4 European Union 554 E.4. 5 Italy 554 E.4. 6 Japan 554 E.4. 7 Korea (South) 554 E.4. 8 Thailand 554 E.4. 9 United States of America 554 E. 5 Regulation of arsenic in food and drugs 555 E.5. 1 Australia and New Zealand 555 E.5. 2 Canada 555 E.5. 3 United States of America 555 E. 6 Regulation of arsenic in air 556 E.6. 1 European Union 556 E.6. 2 United States of America 556 References 556 Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis important resource provides an overview of the major environmental policy issues, both historic and topical, and explains how science plays a role in various forms of policy response.Table of ContentsFigures and Table ix Foreword xv Preface xix The Author xxi The Contributors xxiii Chapter 1: The Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act 1 The Clean Air Act 2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 7 State Implementation Plans 9 Hazardous Air Pollutants 11 New Source Performance Standards 12 Prevention of Significant Deterioration 12 Clean Air Interstate Quality Rule 13 The National Environmental Policy Act 13 Chapter 2: Particulate Matter 17 Characteristics and Deposition 18 Health Effects 21 Cardiovascular Disease and Particulate Matter 32 Particulate Matter and Public Policy 37 Chapter 3: Ozone 41 Health Effects 42 Nitrogen Oxides 54 Chapter 4: Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain 63 SO2 Health Effects 65 Health Policy: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 69 Acid Rain 69 Environmental Effects of Acid Rain and Deposition 73 Acid Rain and Environmental Policy 75 Chapter 5: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 81 The History of Smoking and Disease 82 Tobacco Smoke and Disease 84 Health Effects of Passive Smoking 89 Lung Cancer Epidemiology 91 Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke 92 Smoking Cessation 94 Policy Controls on Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking 95 Global Smoking Today 97 Chapter 6: Children’s Environmental Health: Mercury and Lead 101 Leonardo Trasande The Unique Vulnerability of Children 102 Mercury as a Case Study 104 Lead as a Case Study 106 Outdoor Air Pollution as a Case Study 107 The National Children’s Study 108 Regulatory Policy and Children 109 Chapter 7: The Role of Community Advocacy Groups in Environmental Protection: Example of September 11, 2001 113 Catherine McVay Hughes, Kimberly Flynn, Craig Hall, Joan Reibman The Disaster 116 Chapter 8: The Medical Response to an Environmental Disaster: Lessons from the World Trade Center Attacks 137 Caralee Caplan-Shaw, Angeliki Kazeros, Sam Parsia, Joan Reibman Immediate Response to Environmental Exposure 139 Analysis of World Trade Center Dust 140 Role of the Medical Community in Identifying Adverse Health Effects in Diverse Populations 143 Local Residents, Workers, and Children 148 WTC Environmental Health Center 151 The WTC Health Registry 153 Lessons Learned 155 Chapter 9: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Development of the Ozone Hole 159 Chlorofluorocarbons 160 Ozone Layer 160 Field Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Species 167 Ozone Depletion and UV-B Radiation 170 Policy and the Montreal Protocol 172 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 174 Medihaler Impediments to Controlling Ozone Depletion 175 Chapter 10: Global Warming Science and Consequences 179 Global Warming Basic Science: Greenhouse Gases 181 Environmental Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 186 Human Health Effects 197 Global Warming and the International Community 203 Chapter 11: National Green Energy Plan 205 Energy Efficiency 206 Oil 208 Natural Gas 216 Coal 218 Biofuels 223 Nuclear 227 Wind 230 Geothermal Energy and Hydropower 232 Biomass and Hut Lung 234 Solar 236 Chapter 12: Climate Change Policy Options 241 International Efforts to Prevent Climate Change 244 State, City, and Private Actions on Global Warming 247 U.S. Judiciary Branch and Climate Change 250 U.S. Executive Branch and Climate Change 252 Congress: The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 Through the Climate Security Acts of 2008 and 2009 254 Economic Factors Surrounding Global Warming and Potential Solutions 260 Prospects for Climate Change Legislation Going Forward 262 Chapter 13: Environmental Policy and the Land: Wilderness Preservation 267 William N. Rom, Kim Elliman The History of Wilderness Protection 269 The History of Wilderness Protection Evolving from New York State’s Leadership 275 Debates over Wilderness 283 Problems with Implementation of the Wilderness Act 287 Executive Orders for Wilderness Protection 289 Current Wilderness Legislation 292 The Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Forest Legacy Program 294 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 294 The Endangered Species Act 295 Chapter 14: Environmental Policy and Advocacy Groups: The Wilderness Society: A Case Study 299 William H. Meadows Federal Public Lands and Wilderness 300 Why Wilderness? 301 Political Framework 302 The Wilderness Society and Public Policy 304 Wilderness Future 313 Chapter 15: Alaska: America’s Wilderness Frontier: A Case Study 319 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 320 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act: National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and Wilderness 321 Oil Versus Wilderness on the ANWR 329 Chapter 16: The Clean Water Act and Water Ecosystems 337 The Clean Water Act 338 Safe Drinking Water Act 344 Water Ecosystems and Environmental and Public Health 348 Chapter 17: Toxic Chemicals in the Environment: Government Regulations and Public Health 355 Toxic Substances Control Act 356 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) 360 Notes 369 Index 407ii

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Book SynopsisPollutants, Human Health and the Environment is a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of environmental pollutants that are of current concern to human health. Clearly structured throughout, the main body of the book is divided by pollutant type with a chapter devoted to each group of pollutants.Trade Review“Overall, the book offers a well-rounded overview of the complex and rapidly changing field of environmental toxicology. It will be of interest to anyone studying or working in the broad fields of health, safety and environmental science and of immense value to scientists or professionals involved in influencing environmental and public health policy.” (Occupational Medicine, 8 December 2013) “Overall, this book is valuable to the field of cancer disparity research and will be a good addition to any library, particularly those that cater to the disadvantaged members of the US population.” (Perspectives in Public Health, 6 July 2013) “This book provides a balanced view of the risks and benefits of several groups of substances such as essential, toxic, trace and radioactive elements; synthetic organic agricultural and industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals; and particulates and nano-materials . . . The chapters may be useful as guidelines for the management of risk. The book will be quite useful for a wide spectrum of readership across the world.” (Environment & Ecology, 1 October 2012) “The book is clearly written, includes extensive references, and is well-illustrated.” (Book News, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsForewords xi Tribute xiii The Editors xv Contributors xvii Acknowledgements xix Introduction 1 Jane A. Plant, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and K. Vala Ragnarsdottir 1 The scientific appraisal of hazardous substances in the environment 5 Olwenn V. Martin and Jane A. Plant 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamental concepts of toxicology 5 1.3 Some notions of environmental epidemiology 13 1.4 Scientific evidence and the precautionary principle 19 1.5 Uncertainty and controversy: the endocrine disruption example 20 1.6 Concluding remarks 23 References 23 2 Regulatory systems and guidelines for the management of risk 27 Dieudonne-Guy Ohandja, Sally Donovan, Pamela Castle, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and Jane A. Plant 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Current regulation on chemicals 28 2.3 Guideline values 34 2.4 Conclusions and recommendations 47 References 47 3 Essential and beneficial trace elements 53 Xiyu Phoon, E. Louise Ander and Jane A. Plant 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Hazardous properties 56 3.3 Sources 59 3.4 Environmental pathways 63 3.5 Effects on human receptors 68 3.6 Risk reduction 77 References 79 4 Toxic trace elements 87 Jilang Pan, Ho-Sik Chon, Mark R. Cave, Christopher J. Oates and Jane A. Plant 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Hazardous properties 89 4.3 Sources 90 4.4 Environmental pathways 94 4.5 Effects on human receptors 101 4.6 Risk reduction 107 References 108 5 Radioactivity and radioelements 115 Jane A. Plant, Barry Smith, Xiyu Phoon and K. Vala Ragnarsdottir 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Hazardous properties 122 5.3 Sources 125 5.4 Environmental pathways 132 5.5 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability 136 5.6 Risk reduction 139 References 141 6 Industrial chemicals 147 Danelle Dhaniram, Alexandra Collins, Khareen Singh and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Hazardous properties 148 6.3 Sources 156 6.4 Environmental pathways 161 6.5 Human health 164 6.6 Risk reduction and future trends 170 References 172 7 Agricultural pesticides and chemical fertilisers 181 Rebecca McKinlay, Jason Dassyne, Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz, Jane A. Plant and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Pesticides 183 7.3 Fertilisers 195 7.4 Risk reduction for pesticides and chemical fertilisers 197 References 199 8 Pharmaceuticals and personal-care products 207 James Treadgold, Qin-Tao Liu, Jane A. Plant and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Hazardous properties 208 8.3 Anthropogenic sources 210 8.4 Pathways and environmental fate 215 8.5 Physiological effects 218 8.6 Risk assessment, communication and reduction 219 8.7 Future trends 220 References 221 9 Naturally occurring oestrogens 229 Olwenn V. Martin and Richard M. Evans 9.1 Introduction 229 9.2 Hazardous properties 231 9.3 Sources 240 9.4 Environmental pathways 241 9.5 Effects on humans 243 9.6 Risk reduction 248 References 249 10 Airborne particles 255 Edward Derbyshire, Claire J. Horwell, Timothy P. Jones and Teresa D. Tetley 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Hazardous properties 257 10.3 Sources 261 10.4 Global pathways 266 10.5 Health effects of inhaled particulate material 270 10.6 Risk reduction and future trends 277 References 281 11 Engineered nanomaterials 287 Superb K. Misra, Teresa D. Tetley, Andrew Thorley, Aldo R. Boccaccini and Eugenia Valsami-Jones 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Useful and hazardous properties 289 11.3 Sources of NPs 299 11.4 Environmental pathways 300 11.5 Regulation and effects on human receptors 301 11.6 Future trends and risk reduction 312 References 313 Conclusions: pollutants, risk and society 319 Richard Owen, Jane A. Plant, K. Vala Ragnarsdottir and Nikolaos Voulvoulis Index 327

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Book SynopsisWith petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction to Bioremediation 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Principles of Bioremediation 7 3. Bioremediation and Biodegradation 10 4. Mechanism of Biodegradation 15 5. Bioremediation Methods 22 6. Test Methods for Biodegradation 30 7. References 31 2. Petroleum Composition and Properties 39 1. Introduction 39 2. Composition 46 3. Properties 62 4. References 76 3. Refinery Products and By-Products 79 1. Introduction 79 2. Refinery Products 81 3. Refinery Chemicals 106 4. References 113 4. Composition and Properties of Gaseous Products 115 1. Introduction 115 2. Gaseous Products 118 3. Environmental Effects 129 4. Analysis 134 5. References 143 5. Composition and Properties of Liquid Products 147 1. Introduction 147 2. Naphtha 148 3. Fuel Oil 162 4. Wastewaters 177 5. References 180 6. Composition and Properties of Solid Products 183 1. Introduction 183 2. Residua and Asphalt 184 3. Coke 199 4. Sludge 208 5. References 210 7. Sample Collection and Preparation 213 1. Introduction 213 2. Petroleum Chemicals 215 3. Sample Collection and Preparation 218 4. Measurement 240 5. Accuracy 242 6. Precision 243 7. Method Validation 245 8. Quality Control and Quality Assurance 252 9. Method Detection Limit 256 10. References 256 8. Analytical Methods 259 1. Introduction 259 2. Chemical And Physical Properties 262 3. Petroleum Group Analyses 279 4. Other Analytical Methods 289 5. References 298 9. Biodegradation of Petroleum 305 1. Introduction 305 2. Biodegradation of Specific Constituents 307 3. Petroleum Biodegradation 319 4. Application to Spills 333 5. References 339 10. Biodegradation of Naphtha and Gasoline 361 1. Introduction 361 2. Identity and Origin 361 3. Remediation 363 4. BTEX and MTBE 377 5. References 382 11. Biodegradation of Kerosene and Diesel 385 1. Introduction 385 2. Identity and Origin of Kerosene and Diesel 385 3. Bioremediation 389 4. Jet Fuel 402 5. References 404 12. Biodegradation of Fuel Oil 413 1. Introduction 413 2. Identity and Origin of Fuel Oil 416 3. Biodegradation 421 4. References 427 13. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oil 431 1. Introduction 431 2. Identity and Origin of Lubricating Oil 434 3. Composition and Properties of Lubricating Oil 436 4. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oils 440 5. Bioremediation – The Challenge 452 6. Conclusion 453 7. References 453 14. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 463 1. Introduction 463 2. Identity and Origin of Residua and Asphalt 467 3. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 469 4. References 477 15. Bioremediation Methods 483 1. Land Ecosystems 486 2. Water Ecosystems 498 3. References 507 16. The Future of Bioremediation 515 1. Introduction 515 2. Status 517 3. Advantages and Disadvantages 524 4. Conclusion 526 5. References 528 Glossary 535 Conversion Factors 555 Index 559

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area.Trade Review"A text and reference for student and practicing environmental engineers...[the authors] discuss the fundamentals of incineration with practical application to wastes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "Reviewing this book was an enjoyable experience...it is well-written and thoroughly covers the topic...a sterling book for both students and practitioners." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 89, No. 1, January 2002)Table of ContentsTHE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROBLEM. Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview. Other Options Standards and Regulations. INCINERATION PRINCIPLES. Basic Concepts. Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations. Thermochemical Applications. EQUIPMENT. Hazardous Waste Combustors. Waste Heat Boilers. Quenchers. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment. FACILITY DESIGN. Design Principles. Economic Considerations. Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of one of the deadliest toxins and its impact on ecological and human health. Part one contains a thorough treatment of the chemical nature of arsenic, its environmental behavior and its measurement through contemporary analytical methods. Part two deals with the latest findings from a wide range of international research groups into the repercussions of arsenic exposures on human health and the ecosystem.Table of ContentsArsenic: Historical Perspectives (J. Azcue & J. Nriagu). Arsenic Distribution in Soils (H. Yan-Chu).Arsenic Mobilization and Bioavailability in Soils (D. Bhumbla & R. Keefer). Mobilization of Arsenic in Contaminated River Waters (W. Mok & C. Wai). Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water Treatment (M. Jekel). Biotransformation of Arsenic in the Freshwater Environment (S. Maeda). The Chemical Forms of Arsenic in Aquatic Organisms and Their Interrelationships (D. Phillips). Arsenic in Several Chinese Estuaries and Coastal Seas (L. Xiankun, et al.). Arsenic in Vegetation of Wetlands (M. Otte & W. Ernst). Arsenic Minerals Formed at Low Temperatures (F. Schaufelberger). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis professional reference tool combines basic concepts ofhydrology with the latest applications for landscape architectureand site engineering--including effective, eco-friendly, andpeople-friendly design methods for: * Wetlands construction * Groundwater recharge * Infiltration * Porous pavements * Stream restoration * Water harvesting Stormwater management is an essential component of all landscapearchitecture and site engineering projects. Introduction toStormwater helps solve environmental problems that arise in theprocess of planning, implementing, and evaluating the builtenvironment. This useful guide is of singular importance to landscapearchitects, civil engineers, architects, wetlands scientists, andother environmental professionals who must comply withever-changing government regulations. Concepts such as drainage,runoff quality, and drought control are presented in aneasy-to-learn, nontechnical format, using case studies drawn fromTable of ContentsStormwater and Environment. Stormwater and Human Experience. Introduction to Hydrologic Concepts. Storm Runoff. Water Balance. Conveyance. Detention. Extended Detention. Infiltration. Water Harvesting. Epilogue. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisA fresh and comprehensive overview of ecotoxicology today This book provides comprehensive single-source coverage of the entire field of ecotoxicology, from the ecological basics to the effects of chemicals on the environment and the latest test strategies. Contributions by leading figures in ecotoxicology from around the world reflect the broad scope of current thinking and research, making this volume essential reading for informed professionals and students. Areas covered include: * Ecosystem sensitivity, principles for analysis, and other fundamentals * Fate, distribution, and speciation of chemicals in the environment * Bioaccumulation and effects of chemicals * Ecotoxicological test systems * Concepts of ecological risk assessment Incorporating numerous examples and case studies, this cutting-edge reference is an invaluable resource for those working in environmental toxicology, chemistry, ecology, medicine, engineering, and other reTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS. Ecotoxicological Research-Historical Development and Perspectives (S. Jørgensen). Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Ecotones (O. Fränzle). Community Ecology and Population Interactions in Freshwater Systems (B. Streit). CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Speciation of Chemical Elements in the Environment (R. Wilken). Abiotic Transformation Reactions (E. Weber). Ecochemistry of Toxaphene (M Coelhan & H. Parlar). BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS. Bioaccumulation of Chemicals by Aquatic Organisms (D. Connell). Process-Oriented Descriptions of Toxic Effects (S. Kooijman). Effects of Pollutants on Soil Invertebrates: Links between Levels (J. Weeks). CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT. Current and Future Test Strategies in Terrestrial Ecotoxicology (R. Debus). Legislative Perspective in Ecological Risk Assessment (J. Ahlers & R. Diderich). Index.

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date coverage of vanadium research--in two accessible, self-contained volumes Vanadium in the Environment brings together the contributions of leading experts on the chemical and toxicological aspects of vanadium exposure and its effects on aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, and wildlife. This second volume focuses on health effects and toxicology in living organisms, while Part One concentrates on chemistry and biochemistry. Topics in this second volume include: Health effects of environmental exposure to vanadium toxicology of vanadium in mammals Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of vanadium Baseline vanadium levels and exposure tests in humans Vanadium and metabolic problems Vanadium and its significance in animal cell metabolism Hematological effects of vanadium in living organisms Genetic toxicology of vanadium compounds Vanadium and the cardiovascular system: reTable of ContentsHealth Effects of Environmental Exposure to Vanadium (J. Lener, etal.). Toxicology of Vanadium in Mammals (K. Thompson, et al.). Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity of Vanadium (A.Leonard & G. Gerber). Vanadium Exposure Tests in Humans: Hair, Nails, Blood, and Urine(J. Kucera, et al.). Baseline Vanadium Levels in Human Blood, Serum, and Urine (J.Kucera & E. Sabbioni). Vanadium and Metabolic Problems (V. Sitprija & S.Eiam-Ong). Vanadium and Its Significance in Animal Cell Metabolism (H.Zaporowska & A. Scibior). Hematological Effects of Vanadium on Living Organisms (H.Zaporowska & A. Scibior). Genetic Toxicology of Vanadium Compounds (M. Altamirano-Lozano, etal.). Vanadium and the Cardivascular System: Regulatory Effects andToxicity (M. Carmignani, et al.). Effects of Vanadate in Adrenal Gland of Mammals (M. Fauth, etal.). Oxidative Strees and Pro-Oxidant Biological Effects of Vanadium (J.Byczkowski & A. Kulkarni). Endocrine Control of Vanadium Accumulation (F. Hamel). Mechanisms of Actions of Vanadium in Mediating the BiologicalEffects of Insulin (G. Elberg, et al.). Antidiabetic Action of Vanadium Complexes in Animals: Blood GlucoseNormalizing Effect, Organ Distribution of Vanadium, and Mechanismfor Insulin-Mimetic Action (H. Sakurai & A. Tsuji). Vanadium Detoxification (E. Baran). Vanadium--A New Tool for Cancer Prevention (M. Chatterjee & A.Bishayee). Index.

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Book SynopsisA flexible and comprehensive framework for cost-effective pollution prevention Environmental compliance and hazardous waste disposal have become a fact of life --and a huge financial liability --for companies in many different industries.Table of ContentsEnvironmental Management Systems and Pollution Prevention. Conducting a Pollution Prevention Assessment. A Regulatory Foundation for Pollution PreventionOpportunities. Measuring P? Performance and Change. Implementing P? Purchasing Decisions. A Pollution Prevention Catalog. Achieving P? Implementation Excellence and Cost Savings. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisGas Chromatograpic Environmental Analysis is the first, truly complete, up-to-date, homogeneous coverage in book form, of the analytical techniques applied to the chemical study of environment. The book describes the use of gas chromatograpy in environmental analysis. After an introduction in the fundamentals of gas chromatograpy and a critical review of the different column types, the author describes the necessary instrumentation, with particular attention on the sample injection, detection and calibration systems. Special attention is paid to trace analysis which is important, e.g., in the recognation of specific fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. In addition, the author looks briefly at other techniques such as HPLC and mass spectrometry to give a complete picture of environmental analysis of today and tomorrow. Because it is written for chemists, analytical chemists in both industrial and academic contexts, chemical engineers, industrial hygienists, environmental biologists and Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: General Concepts of Gas Chromatographic Analysis/ Instrumentation for Gas Chromatographic Environmental Analysis/ The Mass Spectrometer and Its Use in Environmental Analysis/ The Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Air and Water Pollutants/ Sample Preparation and Analysis of Organic Micro-Pollutants from Complex Matrices

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth look at the most promising technology for metal remediation. With current cleanup methodologies offering no real solution to the serious environmental implications of toxic metal contamination, there is a growing need among remediation professionals for effective, affordable, nonpolluting alternatives to energy-intensive engineering processes. This book presents one such promising alternative-the extraordinary new technology of phytoremediation. Through first-rate contributions from the top scientists in the field, Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals surveys worldwide pioneering efforts in the use of plants to treat contamination of such metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, and even radionuclides. The authors explore all major aspects of the technology-how it utilizes the metal-accumulating properties of selected or engineered plants to remove toxic metals from soils and water, how to transfer knowledge from the laboratory to the field, and what methods are mosTrade Review"For those who have an interest in the domain of plant adaptation to environmental constraints...this book has undoubtedly to be on the shelf, and for those who simply have some scientific and technologic curiosity, the book will give them a clear overview..." (Plant Science, Vol. 160, No. 5, 2001) "This collection of technical papers explores various aspects of phytoremediation: the use of plants to remove contaminants from the soil." (Industry and Environment, Vol. 23, no. 1-2, January-June 2000) "Fifteen contributions survey efforts in the use of plants to treat soil and water contaminated with such metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, and radionuclides." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "..a good contribution to the raising literature on phytoremediation"(Ecotoxicology, Vol 9, 2000) "...a useful introduction to this technology...I strongly recommend this volume to scientists interested in alternatives to energy-intensive engineering processes for the remediation of water and soil." (Microchemical Journal, Vol. 69, 2001)Table of ContentsWhy Use Phytoremediation? (B. Ensley). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND GREEN PLANTS. Phytoremediation's Economic Potential (D. Glass). Phytoremediation and Public Acceptance (R. Tucker & J. Shaw). Regulatory Considerations for Phytoremediation (S. Rock & P. Sayre). TECHNOLOGIES FOR METAL PHYTOREMEDIATION. Phytoextraction of Metals (M. Baylock & J. Huang). Phytostabilization of Metals (S. Cunningham & W. Berti). Phytofiltration of Metals (Y. Kapulnik & S. Dushenkov). The Use of Plants for the Treatment of Radionuclide (M. Negri & R. Hinchman). Photostabilization of Metals Using Hybrid Poplar Trees (J. Schnoor). Phytoreduction of Environmental Mercury Pollution (C. Rugh, et al.). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Selenium Volatilization By Plants (M. de Souza, et al.). BIOLOGY OF METAL PHYTOREMEDIATION. Metal Accumulating Plants (R. Reeves & A. Baker). Mechanisms of Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants (D. Salt & U. Kramer). Mechanisms of Metal Resistance: Phytochelatins and Metalothioneins (C. Cobbett & P. Goldsborough). Molecular Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Plant Cells (M. Guerinot).

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Book SynopsisAmstat News asked three review editors to rate their top five favorite books in the September 2003 issue. Statistical Methods for Detection and Quantification of Environmental Contamination was among those chosen.Trade Review"an indispensable book" (Int Jnl of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, No.82 2001)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION IN THE LABORATORY. Conceptual Foundations. Statistical Foundations and Review. Calibration-Based Regression Models. Single-Concentration-Based Detection Limit Methods. Single-Concentration-Based Quantification Limit Methods. Calibration-Based Detection Limit Methods. Calibration-Based Quantification Limit Methods. Significant Digits. Experimental Design of Detection and Quantification Limit Studies and Related Studies. Between-Laboratory Detection and Quantification Limit Estimators. DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION IN THE FIELD. Comparison of a Single Measurement to a Regulatory Standard. Censored Data. Testing Distributional Assumptions. Testing for Outliers. Detecting Trend. Detection Monitoring. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Overview. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Comparison to a Standard. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Comparison to Background. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Case Studies. Review of Available Computer Software. Summary. Appendix: Land's Tables. Glossary of Measurement Terminology. Mathematical Symbols. Web References. Annotated Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a practical manual designed to help plant managers and emergency services personnel to deal with numerous spill situations. It covers ground spills, water spills, rail and truck spills and in-plant spills.Table of ContentsPre-Incident Activities. Crisis News Management for Hazardous Materials Incident Responders and Incident Managers. Personal Protection Equipment. Incident Risks and Safety. Spill Control. Air Monitoring. Tank Trucks. Rail Cars. Intermodal Tank Containers. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAir Pollution and Community Health A Critical Review and Data Sourcebook Frederick W. Lipfert Air pollution has affected community health since the advent of the industrial age and arguably since the discovery of fire. While organized societies have taken important steps to reduce and control emissions, the quality of the air we breathe today remains a critical concern. Air Pollution and Community Health transforms the major epidemiological works of the past 40 years into a coherent picture of the effects of air pollution on respiration, hospitalization, and mortality. The book re-evaluates these studies to clarify their findings within a consistent analytical framework and to define statistical relationships between various measures of community health and air quality. Lipfert emphasizes observational studies and the quality of the data used. The book is organized by health endpoint rather than by pollutant, beginning with the major air pollution disasters that helped galvanize the enTable of ContentsPurpose and Scope. A Primer on Air Pollution, Past and Present. Methodological and Statistical Considerations. A Primer on Physiological Effects of Air Pollution and Measurementof Respiratory Function. MORTALITY STUDIES. The Air Pollution Disasters. Time-Series Studies of Mortality. Cross-Sectional Studies of Long-Term Effects on Mortality. Long-Term Temporal Studies of Mortality. STUDIES OF SELECTED MORBIDITY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. Temporal Studies of Air Pollution and Hospital Use. Cross-Sectional Studies of Hospital Use/Summary of HospitalizationStudies. Air Pollution Effects on Lung Function. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS. Respiratory Function as a Predictor of Mortality. Summary, Conclusions, and Implications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive guide to all surface and dermal sampling methods. Written by one of the nation's foremost sampling experts, this authoritative guide offers an integrated approach that combines surface and dermal sampling methods with air and biological monitoring techniques.Table of ContentsCHEMICAL HAZARDS. Identifying Chemicals as Hazards. Factors Affecting Chemical Permeation. Chemical Protective Clothing. DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR SAMPLING. Assessment of Workplace Exposures. Assessment of Community Exposures. SURFACE MONITORING. Introduction to Surface Monitoring. Surface Sampling for Chemicals. Surface Sampling for Microorganisms. Surface Sampling for Low Level Radiation. Decontamination. DERMAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. Introduction to Dermal Monitoring. Skin Sampling, Part I: Wiping, Swabbing, and Washing. Skin Sampling Methods, Part II: Direct Reading. Pad Dosimetry Methods. Clothing for Dosimetry and Protection. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEach year, thousands of people experiencing flu-like symptoms due to poor air quality and ventilation in the workplace. Other indoor environment dangers that can affect the health of workers range from exposed asbestos insulation to subtle psychological dangers such as limited sunlight.Table of ContentsDoes This Building Have an Indoor Environmental Quality Problem? (P. Hagan). What Factors Can Affect an Indoor Environmental Quality Complaint? (P. Hagan). Investigating Health Complaints (R. Gots). Indoor Air and Health: Clear-Cut, Equivocal, and Unlikely (R. Gots). What Can We Learn About Indoor Environmental Quality Concerns from Studies? (A. Hedge). Investigating Health Complaints: Behavioral Aspects (A. Hedge). Communicating Results of the Investigation (A. Hedge). Government Inspections of the Building (J. O'Reilly). Indoor Health Litigation and the Building Management (J. O'Reilly). Litigation by the Tenant's Employees (J. O'Reilly). Legal Options of the Complaining Occupant-Employees (J. O'Reilly). Complaints by the Tenant Company (J. O'Reilly). Building Owner's Options to Sue Persons Other Than Tenants (J. O'Reilly). Insurance Law Implications of Indoor Health Claims (J. O'Reilly). Case Study: The Brigham and Women's Hospital Experience (T. Ricciardone). Case Study: Anchorage, Alaska (A. Hedge). The Chicago High-Rise IEQ Case (R. Graham & C. Drew). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisToxicology--the scientific study of environmental factors that are harmful to living organisms--was established more than 400 years ago by the Swiss physician Paracelsus.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Toxicology. Epidemiological and Toxicological Studies. Routes of Exposure. The Dose-Response Relationship. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of Toxics. Target Organ Effects. Survey of Toxic Substances. Radiation, Pathogens, and Naturally Occurring Toxins. Mutagens, Teratogens, and Carcinogens. Risk Assessment and Acute Exposure Treatment. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA volume for studying water related issues of the region. It includes information on the impact of pollution and development on the health of rivers, and how conservation and reclamation efforts can repair past damage.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Sabine River 1 Chapter 2 Guadalupe River 61 Chapter 3 Rio Grande 102 Chapter 4 Pecos Riverine System 172 Index 237

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Book SynopsisAn element in the earth's crust, an additive in livestock feed. a medicine in early civilization--and the toxin of toxins A pervasive part of our natural environment and everyday lives. arsenic has nonetheless earned a niche in history as a substance of diabolical suppleness.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Arsenic in Human Medicine (M. Gorby). Health Effects of Environmental Arsenic (W. Morton & D.Dunnette). Toxicity and Metabolism of Arsenic in Vertebrates (S. Naqvi, etal.). Effects of Arsenic on DNA Synthesis in Human Lymphocytes (Z.Meng). Chronic Arsenism from Drinking Water in Some Areas of Xinjiang,China (W. Lianfang & H. Jianzhong). Estimation of Human Exposure to and Uptake of Arsenic Found inDrinking Water (H. Xu, et al.). A Review of Arsenic Hazards to Plants and Animals with Emphasis onFishery and Wildlife Resources (R. Eisler). Arsenic in Marine Organisms: Chemical Forms and ToxicologicalAspects (K. Shiomi). Index.

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Book SynopsisAuthoritative, comprehensive, accessible-the definitive guide to a new approach in environmental policy Emissions Trading: Environmental Policy''s New Approach presents the work of an outstanding group of contributors on the successes and limitations of this new and exciting incentive-based tool for reducing environmental pollutants. By including the comments of emitters, regulators, public interest group representatives, and academics, the book reveals the criticisms, disagreements, and growing resolution of numerous environmental questions, including: * Can markets be used to correct market environmental failure? * Will decentralized decisions by emitters produce an improvement in air quality? * Can this approach realize significant control cost savings? * Can emissions trading be monitored and enforced effectively at a reduced cost? * Will affected groups support this dramatic innovation? Supported with sound analytical thinking and careful consideration of tTable of ContentsINCENTIVE-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL. Emissions Trading Emerges from the Shadows (R. Kosobud). APPRAISING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY'S NEW APPROACH. What Do We Really Know about Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy?: Lessons from Twenty-Five Years of Experience (R. Stavins). From Porcopolis to Carbopolis: The Evolution from Pork Bellies to Emissions Trading (W. Nordhaus). Some Observations on the Evolution of the International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Market (R. Sandor & M. Walsh). VIEWS FROM THE MARKET DESIGNERS AND ADMINISTRATORS. Emissions Trading Designs in the OTAG Process (M. Gade & R. Kanerva). A Tale of Two Revolutions: Administration of the SO_2 Trading Program (J. Kruger, et al.). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: THE PIONEERING NATIONAL CAP-AND-TRADE MARKET TO REDUCE ACID RAIN. Appraisal of the SO_2 Cap-and-Trade Market (D. Burtraw). From Autarkic to Market-Based Compliance: Learning from Our Mistakes (A. Ellerman). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: THE PIONEERING REGIONAL CAP-AND-TRADE MARKET TO REDUCE URBAN SMOG. The RECLAIM Program (Los Angeles' Market-Based) Emissions Reduction Program) at Three Years (J. Lents). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: VOLUNTARY DISCRETE EMISSION REDUCTIONS. Discrete Emission Reductions Trading: Practical Application in the Connecticut Regulatory Environment (J. Belanger). A PERSPECTIVE ON EMISSIONS TRADING. The Significance of Incentive-Based Regulation (M. Moskow). Acronyms. Contributors. Index.

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