Politics and government Books

Book SynopsisThis book compiles the works of many authors from some of the best academic institutions in the world, all related to Mexico''s contemporary general conditions. The main objective of this compilation is to examine Mexico as a whole, giving the reader an insight in its social, economic, political and environmental problems. For this purpose, the texts have been chosen in a way that after analysing a few of them, one will find them all correlated. The problems analysed in this book range from very recent (some of them occurring this past year) to others that go back decades or even centuries. In this sense, this contribution gives readers a historical perception of the problems captured. Some chapters develop scientific conclusions based on strict scientific research; however, the reader will find that the language is not overwhelming and the chapters can be thoroughly and easily read. Overall, it is a wonderful compilation made possible by all contributing authors and their interest to publish their most recent research on it. We hope that readers enjoy going through the pages of these chapters as they venture through contemporary Mexico, analysing topics from the environmental difficulties of Coahuila''s sand dunes to social changes in the Meseta Purépecha, passing through other topics, such as, the conditions of human rights protection in Mexico or the return of the PRI regime, among other great discussions. The authors'' interests are as different as their disciplines, but, in this case, diversity is important for maintaining multidisciplinary interpretations on the current needs of the Mexican society.

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Book SynopsisIn this scientific work on the basis of archival and rich historiographic literature, the dramatic history of Georgian and Russian relationships is shown; the tendentious, imperial and pseudoscientific views of the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, are criticised, as well as the opinions of the famous Soviet dissident, A Sakharov, and modern Russian historians. All of them are exposed in falsification of historical documentations and in their irrelevant knowledge and dilettantism. The second part of the collection refers to the historic aspects of Georgian-Russian relationships. In this scientific work, it is substantiated that in 1801 Georgia was conquered by Russia, the autocephaly of Georgia was violently abolished and the Georgian people were dictated by the Russian model of government. Taking into consideration today''s situation, the book will help readers to understand the mechanism of Russian aggression which has been carried out by Russian rulers toward "minor nations" explaining their action as "paternity care".

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Book SynopsisTax expenditures -- special exemptions and exclusions, credits, deductions, deferrals, and preferential tax rates claimed by corporations, individuals, or both -- support federal policy goals but result in revenue forgone by the federal government. Congress and the administration are reexamining tax expenditures used by corporations as part of corporate tax reform. This book describes trends in the number of corporate tax expenditures and estimated corporate revenue losses since 1986; describes the use of corporate tax expenditures in 2011; and compares the size of corporate tax expenditures to federal spending by budget function and, for tax expenditures used only by corporations, identifies spending programs with similar purposes. This book also uses GAO''s tax expenditures evaluation guide to determine what is known about the deferral of income for controlled foreign corporations; deferred taxes for certain financial firms on income earned overseas; and the graduated corporate income tax rate.

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Book SynopsisFor citizens of the United States, for social studies teachers, for historians in America, and literally around the world, there is no more interesting topic than leadership, and leadership as seen in the President of the United States. Worldwide, no other individual is as scrutinized, as examined as the President of the USA. The Presidency has obviously a long history dated back to 1776 and George Washington, and out leaders have provided the guidance to lead us through the War of 1812, the Spanish American War, the Civil War, World War I and II and various other undeclared conflicts and difficulties around the world. The personalities and contributions of our Presidents have been exceptional. Some of our Presidents have led us in times of peace, and others during times of war. Some have excelled nationally, others internationally. Some have provided sustenance and nurturance, and others vim, vigour and vitality during difficult times. Each President has left an indelible mark on American history and should be recognised. This book attempts to provide a stellar overview of each President and recognise their contributions, strengths, weaknesses as well as their faults. This is a book that will provide keen robust insights into the men who have led our nation.

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Book SynopsisSince the United Nations (U.N.) was established in 1945, the U.S. government, including many Members of Congress, has maintained an ongoing interest in the criteria and process for membership in the United Nations and its specialized agencies. The United Nations currently has 193 member states and two observer non-member statesthe Holy See (Vatican) and "Palestine." Each of the U.N. system''s 15 specialized agencieswhich are independent international intergovernmental organizations with their own constitutions, rules, and budgetshave different criteria and processes for membership. This book highlights key steps in the process for attaining membership in the United Nations and its specialized agencies. It discusses the capacities associated with U.N. membership and observer status, as well as criteria for and implications of membership.

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Book SynopsisThe African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a nonreciprocal trade preference program that provides duty-free treatment to U.S. imports of certain products from eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Congress first authorized AGOA in 2000 to encourage export-led growth and economic development in SSA and improve U.S. economic relations with the region. This book seeks to inform the discussion on the potential reauthorization of AGOA through analysis of the components of the AGOA legislation; U.S. import trends associated with AGOA; the impact of AGOA on African economies and U.S.-Africa trade; and the issues surrounding the reauthorization process.

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Book SynopsisRegime change during the Arab Spring allowed Islamist political forces that long had been marginalized to achieve political influence in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. This book discusses the rise of political Islam in North Africa, including Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco.

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Book SynopsisIssuing floating rate notes (FRN) is likely to help the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) meet its goals to borrow at the lowest cost over time, extend the average maturity of the debt portfolio, and increase demand for Treasury securities, but it also presents risks related to changes in interest rates. This book evaluates Treasury''s rationale for introducing FRNs and identifies the demand for Treasury securities from a broad range of investors to assess whether changes would help Treasury meet its goals.

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Book SynopsisThe authors are glad to present this book as a unique overview of the multidisciplinary collaborative research between Japan and North African countries, along the 10-year pathway of the Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA) existence at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. Initially, the history of ARENA is briefly described in the first part. Sequentially, four main areas of study are presented: bioresources, water resources, energy resources and human and social development, providing insights of the availability of those resources and related emerging problems, caused by the fast-paced changes in human activities in North Africa during the past decades. Furthermore, the authors included an appendix with profiles for six North African countries, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania. This book is intended to provide comprehensive information about the biodiversity and natural ecosystems, coupled with a critical point-of-view and future prospective from multidisciplinary contributors, focusing on regional problems and the effective utilization of natural resources, with encouraging suggestions toward working out answers to the question - "Could there be a better future for North African countries?". This valuable source of information may be useful to universities, research institutes, governmental and non-governmental organizations among others, ultimately targeting professionals from academia or industry as well as students at different levels. By the advent of ARENA''s 10th Anniversary, it is our utmost objective to strengthen the collaboration between Japan and North African countries, while endeavoring future challenges such as those related to climate changes, global warming, desertification, and scarcity of natural resources.

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Book SynopsisConservation biology has gradually become one of the mainstream fields in contemporary science. The importance of biodiversity conservation is apparently straightforward to understand: because of global urbanisation, industrialisation and climate change, people become more knowledgeable about the harmony between human beings, society and nature. Biodiversity science is a leading multidisciplinary science in the 21st century. In Asia, there are two BRIC countries: India and China. Both are giant and developing countries. The population sizes of both countries rank in the top two across the nations of the whole world. In comparison with developed countries, biodiversity surveying in most Asian countries seems not so comprehensive. New species are continually discovered and reported across the region, and the mega-biodiversity and original forests throughout the region provide invaluable resources for ecologists to explore biodiversity patterns and test relevant ecological theories. This book thus conveys valuable information for researchers interested in the biodiversity conservation issues of the countries across the Asia-Pacific region. In the book, the author applies contemporary statistical methods and numerical techniques to study the biodiversity and biogeography patterns of different taxonomic groups over the region. These case studies are up-to-date and reflect the latest advances in the field of biodiversity science and conservation in the region.

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Book SynopsisThe term "government data" includes diverse categories of government information products, such as information published by government agencies for statistical purposes; information in government administrative records on individuals and businesses; and physical measurements about natural phenomena recorded by government agencies. This book discusses the value of government data and provides a U.S. open data action plan as well as the open data policy.

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Book SynopsisReporting about a federal trial court or appellate court is quite unlike reporting on the other two branches of government. Among the most notable differences are that some legal terms are hard to understand; there are many rules; and federal judges work largely alone. This book provides a guide for journalists on federal courts. It also provides an analytic overview of the professional experiences and qualifications of those individuals who are currently serving as active U.S. circuit court judges; provides a statistical analysis of the time from nomination to confirmation for U.S. circuit and district court nominees from Presidents Reagan to Obama; identifies possible consequences of a protracted confirmation process for circuit and district court nominees; and identifies policy options the Senate might consider to shorten the length of time from nomination to confirmation for lower federal court nominees.

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Book SynopsisNations democratise at a different pace: Some achieve high governance standards, lasting political stability, and robust economies; others are lingering in their desires to look and act like their democratic counterparts. While no country strictly follows similar patterns of democratic institutionalisation, there is a variable that defines the rate of success of their efforts: their political culture. This book discusses the democratisation in Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus.

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Book SynopsisIndia is a multi-party, federal, parliamentary democracy with a bicameral parliament. The president, elected by an electoral college, is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of the government. Under the constitution the 28 states and seven union territories have a high degree of autonomy and have primary responsibility for problems of law and order. This book discusses India''s relations with the United States, as well as its current conditions and issues.

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Book SynopsisThe Islamic State is a transnational Sunni Islamist insurgent and terrorist group that has expanded its control over areas of north-western Iraq and north-eastern Syria since 2013, threatening the security of both countries and drawing increased attention from the international community. There is debate over the degree to which the Islamic State organisation might represent a direct terrorist threat to the U.S. homeland or to U.S. facilities and personnel in the region. This book addresses select legal questions raised by the use of military force against IS. Questions addressed in this book include potential sources (and limitations) of presidential authority to use military force against the Islamic State without congressional authorisation; the potential relevance of the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force; the applicability of the United Nations Charter to ongoing U.S. military strikes in Iraq and any prospective strikes against IS forces in Syria; and the constraints imposed by the War Powers Resolution upon U.S. military action that has not been authorised by Congress.

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Book SynopsisSince the Cold War era, when the United States began heavily investing in Turkey''s military and defence operations, the United States and Turkey have enjoyed a fruitful and mutually beneficial relationship. Because of Turkey''s geographic location, political stability, and recent economic success, the country has served as a strategic ally in U.S. foreign policy. This book discusses Turkey''s central role in the Middle East, evolving ties and its relations with the United States.

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Book SynopsisThe UN General Assembly has expressed concerns about the relatively large and growing portion of the UN budget spent on total compensation. The United States contributes 22 percent of the UN''s regular budget. UN total compensation consists of salary, benefits, and allowances. Since its inception in 1945, the UN has based salaries for its professional employees on salaries for the U.S. civil service. This book examines similarities between UN and U.S. government benefits and allowances and compares their monetary values, and examines UN efforts to address concerns about the sustainability of total compensation costs.

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Book SynopsisFor over 30 years, Egypt has been a key strategic partner of the United States and the recipient of billions of dollars of U.S. assistance. Starting with its revolution in January 2011, Egypt has undergone a series of political transitions. Shortly after the revolution, the U.S. government allocated $65 million in assistance for a range of activities to support Egypt''s progress toward democracy. However, the Egyptian government objected to the U.S. government providing this assistance directly to NGOs, including to some that it viewed not to be registered under Egyptian law. In June 2013, the Egyptian government convicted employees of four U.S. NGOs. This book examines the extent to which the U.S. government identified and managed potential risks of providing U.S. democracy and governance assistance in Egypt; what support, if any, the U.S. government provided to the NGOs prosecuted by the Egyptian government; and the extent to which U.S. democracy and governance assistance in Egypt has been affected, if at all, by the prosecution of NGO workers.

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Book SynopsisHaiti shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. Since the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship in 1986, Haiti has struggled to overcome its centuries-long legacy of authoritarianism, extreme poverty, and underdevelopment. Economic and social stability improved considerably, and many analysts believed Haiti was turning a corner toward sustainable development when it was set back by a massive earthquake in January 2010 that devastated much of the capital of Port-au-Prince. Although it is recovering, poverty remains massive and deep, and economic disparity is wide: Haiti remains the poorest country in the western hemisphere. This book discusses the conditions and issues in Haiti and the Dominican Republic as well as their relations with the United States.

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Book SynopsisThe federal crop insurance program began in 1938 when Congress authorized the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. The current program, which is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture''s Risk Management Agency (RMA), provides producers with risk management tools to address crop yield and/or revenue losses for about 130 crops. The federal farm safety net also includes the farm commodity support programs, which provide price and income support for a much narrower list of "covered and loan commodities" such as corn, wheat, rice, and peanuts. In purchasing a crop insurance policy, a producer growing an insurable crop selects a level of coverage and pays a portion of the premium -- or none of it in the case of catastrophic coverage -- which increases as the level of coverage rises. The federal government pays the rest of the premium. This book provides a primer on the federal crop insurance program and briefly summarises changes to the program by the 2014 farm bill.

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Book SynopsisHouse and Senate procedures are not based solely on the standing rules of each chamber. Instead, their foundation rests on a combination of the standing rules, precedents (which are primarily created by decisions on points of order and guided by responses to parliamentary inquiries), informal parliamentary practices which have become accepted traditions and are sometimes cited as precedent, rule-making statutes, party caucus rules, and constitutional mandates. This book defines these concepts, discusses their relationship, and describes the official parliamentary reference sources from which the authority for the procedures used in each chamber is derived.

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Book SynopsisDuring the legislative process, many documents are prepared by Congress and its committees. Governmental and non-governmental entities track and record congressional activities, and many more entities chronicle and analyse the development of public policy. The wide availability of such information can be overwhelming to those involved in legislative research. The purpose of this book is to assist Members and congressional staff in identifying and accessing key resources used during legislative research.

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Book SynopsisThe United States Congress conducts several types of activities for which it employs staff. These activities include assisting Members in official responsibilities in personal, committee, leadership, or administrative office settings. Congressional career tracks generally mirror common stages of other professional careers, but with adaptations to the congressional workplace. These adaptations include relatively short career ladders on which staff may acquire substantial responsibilities in a relatively short period of time, and close support of a Member''s legislative and representational responsibilities. This book focuses on positions in House and Senate personal offices, and provides sample position descriptions for 14 positions with similar job titles in each chamber. This book also provides basic information on congressional salaries and allowances.

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Book SynopsisWhile historically the United States has had close relations with Venezuela, a major oil supplier, friction in bilateral relations rose under the leftist populist government of President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013), who died in March 2013 after battling cancer for almost two years. U.S. policymakers and Members of Congress have had concerns for a number of years about the deterioration of human rights and democratic conditions in Venezuela as well as the Venezuelan government''s lack of cooperation on anti-drug and counterterrorism efforts. The United States has imposed financial sanctions on eight current or former Venezuelan officials for allegedly helping the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia with drug and weapons trafficking. The United States has also imposed sanctions on three Venezuelan companies for support to Iran and on several Venezuelan individuals for supporting Hezbollah. Despite tensions in relations, the Obama Administration has maintained that the United States remains committed to seeking constructive engagement with Venezuela. This book discusses the conditions, issues and United States relations of Venezuela.

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Book SynopsisThe United States Constitution established only one federal court -- the United States Supreme Court. Beyond this, Article III of the Constitution left it to the discretion of Congress to "ordain and establish" lower federal courts to conduct the judicial business of the federal government. From the very first, Congress established a host of different federal tribunals to adjudicate a variety of legal disputes. The two central types of federal "courts" -- courts established under Article III and those tribunals that are not -- differ in many respects, including with regard to their personnel, purposes, and powers. This book discusses the use of congressional power to create federal courts. It also examines ongoing congressional interest in select characteristics of lower federal court judges.

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Book SynopsisIn 2010, as focal point for information technology management across the government, OMB''s Federal Chief Information Officer launched the Federal Data Center Consolidation Initiative to consolidate the growing number of centres. The objectives of this book are to evaluate the extent to which agencies have achieved cost savings to date and identified future savings through their consolidation efforts; identify agencies'' notable consolidation successes and challenges in achieving cost savings; and evaluate the extent to which data center optimisation metrics have been established.

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Book SynopsisCorrectional services -- which includes salaries and benefits for correctional officersis the Department of Justice''s (DOJ) Bureau of Prisons'' (BOP) largest operational cost, and BOP has undertaken a number of initiatives to reduce costs. This book describes BOP''s major costs and actions to achieve savings; assesses the extent to which BOP has mechanisms to identify additional efficiencies; and describes potential changes within and outside of BOP''s authority that might reduce costs. This book also provides an overview of the federal prison population buildup, policy changes, issues and options of the BOP.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents important research on Russia. Topics discussed herein include the New START Treaty; Russia''s accession to the WTO; permanent normal trade relations; human rights practices; food and agricultural import regulations and standards; nuclear arms control; WTO enforcement actions; military equipment and technology sales; politics and economics under Putin; and Russia''s home-grown insurgency.

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Book SynopsisPresident Obama''s budget request for FY2015 includes $135.352 billion for research and development (R&D), a $1.670 billion (1.2%) increase from the FY2014 level of $133.682 billion. The request represents the President''s R&D priorities; Congress may opt to agree with part or all of the request, or it may express different priorities through the appropriations process. In particular, Congress will play a central role in determining the growth rate and allocation of the federal R&D investment in a period of intense pressure on discretionary spending. Low or negative growth in the overall R&D investment may require movement of resources across disciplines, programs, or agencies to address priorities. This book analyses the funding and R&D center performance.

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Book SynopsisHistory generally has not been kind to Ulysses Grant. For the longest time, even his military reputation had been sullied by the stinging indictments of Lost Cause advocates who enjoyed unquestioned sway over the popular interpretation of Civil War history. The apotheosis of Robert E Lee''s role in the war required the diminishment of Grant''s reputation. Fortunately, this impression has been convincingly reversed and Grant is now hailed as the proper savior of the Union. The same reversal cannot be said of interpretations of Ulysses S Grant, the President. Until recently, Grant has been pilloried as a hopelessly naïve, bumbling incompetent who was way over his head in the political arena. The combined forces of self-styled reformers of his own day and the criticism of Lost Cause devotees consigned Grant to the ranks of America''s worst presidents. In the popular imagination, as reflected in ongoing surveys, polls, and rankings, Grant still suffers from a poor evaluation. Only in the last generation of historians have we begun to revisit the Grant presidency and suggest that he may well have been a very capable and strong president; one who was inspired by noble sentiments and aspirations that simply were not attainable in his own time. This study continues in the revisionist tradition to suggest that Grant was an excellent chief executive even though much of what he strove to accomplish was not realised in his time.

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Book SynopsisQatar, a small peninsular country in the Persian Gulf, emerged as a partner of the United States in the mid-1990s and currently serves as host to major U.S. military facilities. Qatar holds the third largest proven natural gas reserves in the world, and is the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. Its small citizenry enjoys the world''s highest per capita income. Since the mid-1990s, Qatari leaders have overseen a course of major economic growth, increased diplomatic engagement, and limited political liberalisation. This book discusses the conditions of Qatar, as well as the issues and its relations with the United States.

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Book SynopsisBroadly understood, domestic content restrictions are provisions which require that items purchased using specific funds appropriated by Congress be produced or manufactured in the United States. Federal law contains a number of such restrictions, each of which applies to different entities and supplies, and imposes somewhat different requirements. Some of these restrictions have, however, been waived pursuant to the Trade Agreements Act (TAA). This book discusses the provisions and issues of domestic content restrictions on federal procurements.

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Book SynopsisWith the world riveted by Chinese aggressiveness against Japan and Southeast Asian states in recent years, one country has not been particularly surprised: India. After all, New Delhi has been grappling with the challenge of China''s rapid rise for some time now. An uneasiness exists between the two Asian giants, as they continue their ascent in the global interstate hierarchy. Even as they sign loftily worded documents year after year, the distrust between the two is actually growing at an alarming rate. True, economic cooperation and bilateral political as well as sociocultural exchanges are at an all-time high; China is India''s largest trading partner. Yet this cooperation has done little to assuage each country''s concerns about the other''s intentions. The two sides are locked in a classic security dilemma, where any action taken by one is immediately interpreted by the other as a threat to its interests. This book discusses the complex relationship that China and India have.

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Book SynopsisThe Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 (TPA) is a core legislative measure guiding U.S. policy toward Tibet. Its stated purpose is "to support the aspirations of the Tibetan people to safeguard their distinct identity". Congress has shown a strong interest in Tibet since the 1980s, passing dozens of laws and resolutions related to Tibet, speaking out about conditions in Tibet, and welcoming visits by the Dalai Lama and, more recently, the political head of the India-based Central Tibetan Administration. Such actions have long been a source of friction in the U.S.-China relationship. China charges that they amount to support for challenges to Chinese rule in Tibet. This book discusses the U.S. policies and relations with Tibet, human rights and Tibet''s religious freedom reports.

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Book SynopsisThe Age of President Garfield was an exciting age as it featured the music of John Philip Sousa''s marching bands, the new dime novels, captains of industry such as John D Rockefeller, legendary cowboys of the Old West, the Indian Wars, and the expansion of America''s interest in empire building abroad. James A Garfield rose from birth in a log cabin in Ohio, to work as a canal boy, earned an education at Ceauga Academy, Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, and graduated from Williams College in 1856. He became president of Western Reserve in 1857, studied law, married Lucretia Randolph, and was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859. During the Civil War, he became a hero, earned the rank of Major General and assisted General William S Rosecrans as his Chief of Staff. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1862, he was a Radical Republican seeking to redeem the South and protect the freedmen. Selected for the U.S. Senate in 1880, then nominated for the U.S. Presidency in Chicago also in 1880, he won the election and became the 20th U.S. President with Chester A Arthur as his Vice President. This book is a rich tapestry filled with characters, events, institutions, and causes dominating the era. Roscoe Conkling, James G Blaine, Andrew Carnegie, King Kalakaua of Hawaii, Queen Victoria, and Gilbert and Sullivan are a few of the parallel characters, and the creation of the United States Geological Survey, expansion of the Smithsonian and the Library of Congress, and the American chapter of the Red Cross are some of the enduring legacies. Garfield''s era saw the invention of the Bessemer steel process and the Otis elevator, the coming of the street trolley and gas lighting, immigrants pouring into Industrialising America and the formation of workers'' unions. Garfield''s presidency was at the height of the Gilded Age, one of the most fascinating moments in all of American history. This book must be read to understand how America moved from frontier to empire. A sophisticated and nuanced treatment of President James A Garfield.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents important research on the Caucasus regions. Topics discussed herein include a country profile on Georgia; the Russia-Georgia conflict; Russian airborne forces; democratisation and instability in Ukraine, Georgia and Belarus; political developments and the implications for U.S. interests in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia; country profiles of Armenia and Azerbaijan; and Russia''s counterinsurgency in North Caucasus.

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Book SynopsisArgentina, a South American country with a population of around 41 million, has had a vibrant democratic tradition since its military relinquished power in 1983. Current President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, from a centre-left faction of the Peronist party, was first elected in 2007 and is now approaching the final year of her second term. Argentina has Latin America''s third-largest economy and is endowed with vast natural resources. Agriculture has traditionally been a main economic driver, but the country also has a diversified industrial base and a highly educated population. This book discusses the conditions in Argentina as well as the issues and relations between Argentina and the United States.

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Book SynopsisAs the world''s third largest economy, India is an important trade and economic partner for the United States. The visit by recently elected Prime Minister Narendra Modi, his first to Washington, DC, has heightened congressional interest in the current status of the relationship. Modi''s visit provides the Obama Administration with an opportunity to advance the U.S.-India strategic partnership, including by discussing ways to foster greater trade and investment between the two nations. This book discusses India''s trade, investment, and industrial policies and their effects on the United States.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) reduces the average delivery time frame for emergency food aid by prepositioning food domestically -- that is, in warehouses in the United States -- and overseas. This book examines the effects of prepositioning on emergency food aid delivery time frames; the effects of prepositioning on the costs of the food aid; and the extent to which the agency monitors prepositioning to maximise time savings and cost effectiveness.

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