Plasma physics Books

Book SynopsisThis book introduces readers to the physics governing electron emission under high voltages and temperatures, and highlights recent modeling and numerical developments for describing these phenomena. It begins with a brief introduction, presenting several applications that have driven electron emission research in the last few decades. The authors summarize the most relevant theories including the physics of thermo-field electron emission and the main characteristic parameters. Based on these theories, they subsequently describe numerical multi-physics models and discuss the main findings on the effect of space charges, emitter geometry, pulse duration, etc.Beyond the well-known photoelectric effect, the book reviews recent advanced theories on photon-metal interaction. Distinct phenomena occur when picosecond and femtosecond lasers are used to irradiate a surface. Their consequences on metal electron dynamics and heating are presented and discussed, leading to various emission regimes – in and out of equilibrium. In closing, the book reviews the effects of electron emission on high-voltage operation in vacuum, especially breakdown and conditioning, as the most common examples. The book offers a uniquely valuable resource for graduate and PhD students whose work involves electron emission, high-voltage holding, laser irradiation of surfaces, vacuum or discharge breakdown, but also for academic researchers and professionals in the field of accelerators and solid state physics with an interest in this highly topical area.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Fundamental Phenomena of the Thermo-Field Emission at Equilibrium.- Chapter 3. Thermal-Field Emission Emitted by a Microtip.- Chapter 4. Vacuum Breakdown.- Chapter 5. Photoemission.

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Book SynopsisFor over 60 years, scientists and engineers have been trying to crack a seemingly intractable problem: how to build practical devices that exploit nuclear fusion. Access to electricity has facilitated a standard of living that was previously unimaginable, but as the world’s population grows and developing nations increasingly reap the benefits of electrification, we face a serious global problem: burning fossil fuels currently produces about eighty percent of the world's energy, but it produces a greenhouse effect that traps outgoing infrared radiation and warms the planet, risking dire environmental consequences unless we reduce our fossil fuel consumption to near zero in the coming decades. Nuclear fusion, the energy-producing process in the sun and stars, could provide the answer: if it can be successfully harnessed here on Earth, it will produce electricity with near-zero CO2 byproduct by using the nuclei in water as its main fuel. The principles behind fusion are understood, but the technology is far from being fully realized, and governments, universities, and venture capitalists are pumping vast amounts of money into many ideas, some highly speculative, that could lead to functioning fusion reactors. This book puts all of these attempts together in one place, providing clear explanations for readers who are interested in new energy technologies, including those with no formal training in science or engineering. For each of the many approaches to fusion, the reader will learn who pioneered the approach, how the concept works in plain English, how experimental tests were engineered, the future prospects, and comparison with other approaches. From long-established fusion technologies to emerging and exotic methods, the reader will learn all about the idea that could eventually constitute the single greatest engineering advance in human history.Trade Review“Moynihan contributed his expertise as a ‘fusioneer’ – with a background in fusion-related doctoral work … and, critically, his limitless enthusiasm. … ‘Fusion’s Promise’ is a book with a clear mission. … we are now starting to see the ‘promise’ of Moynihan and Bortz’s book title, thanks to a number of convergent factors.” (Nick Smith, E&T Engineering and Technology, eandt.theiet.org, July 12, 2023)Table of Contents1. Introduction: Fusion Basics.- 2. Exciting Fusion Developments.- 3. Pinches.- 4. Mirrors.- 5. Cusps.- 6. Tokamaks & Stellarators.- 7. Field Reversed Configuration.- 8. Inertial Electrostatic Confinement.- 9. Ion Beams.- 10. Plasma Cannons.- 11. Inertial Confinement Fusion.- 12. Liquid Metal.- 13. Conclusion: Achieving a Fusion-Powered Future.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of laser-plasma interactions (LPI), based on a graduate course taught by the author. The emphasis is on high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), with a comprehensive description of the propagation, absorption, nonlinear effects and parametric instabilities of high energy lasers in plasmas.The recent demonstration of a burning plasma on the verge of nuclear fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility in Livermore, California, has marked the beginning of a new era of ICF and fusion research. These new developments make LPI more relevant than ever, and the resulting influx of new scientists necessitates new pedagogical material on the subject. In contrast to the classical textbooks on LPI, this book provides a complete description of all wave-coupling instabilities in unmagnetized plasmas in the kinetic as well as fluid pictures, and includes a comprehensive description of the optical smoothing techniques used on high-power lasers and their impact on laser-plasma instabilities. It summarizes all the key developments from the 1970s to the present day in view of the current state of LPI and ICF research; it provides a derivation of the key LPI metrics and formulas from first principles, and connects the theory to experimental observables.With exercises and plenty of illustrations, this book is ideal as a textbook for a course on laser-plasma interactions or as a supplementary text for graduate introductory plasma physics course. Students and researchers will also find it to be an invaluable reference and self-study resource.Table of Contents1.1 Introduction to plasmas (definitions, common plasma parameters) 1.2 Kinetic description of plasmas 1.3 Plasmas as fluids 1.4 Plasma expansion in vacuum 1.5 Collisions in plasmas 1.6 Waves in plasmas 1.6.1 Longitudinal (plasma) waves 1.6.2 Transverse (electromagnetic) waves 1.7 Landau damping in electron or ion plasma waves 1.8 Ion acoustic waves and damping in multi-species plasmas 1.9 Collisional absorption of EMWs and EPWs 2 Single particle dynamics in light waves and plasma waves 2.1 Particle dynamics in a uniform light wave 2.1.1 Non-relativistic quiver motion 2.1.2 Relativistic “figure of eight” 2.2 Particle dynamics in a uniform plasma wave 2.2.1 Non-relativistic wave velocity 2.2.2 Landau damping and wave-particle interaction 2.2.3 Particle approach to wave-breaking 2.2.4 Relativistic wave velocities and electron acceleration 2.3 Particle dynamics in a non-uniform wave: the ponderomotive force (PF) 2.3.1 PF from a longitudinal plasma wave 2.3.2 PF from a transverse light wave 2.3.3 PF from the beat-wave between overlapped waves 2.3.4 Connection with the electron motion in a finite laser pulse 3 Propagation of light waves in plasmas 3.1 Propagation of light in plasmas 3.1.1 WKB description 3.1.2 Airy description at the turning point 3.1.3 Ray-tracing 3.1.4 Estimating collisional absorption in non-uniform plasma profiles using ray-tracing 3.1.5 Frequency shift of a light wave in a rarefaction profile (aka Dewandre effect) 3.2 Nonlinear self-action effects 3.2.1 Plasma response to a ponderomotive perturbation (kinetic vs. fluid) 3.2.2 The nonlinear refractive index of plasmas 3.2.3 Self-focusing: ponderomotive, relativistic, thermal 3.2.4 Self-guiding of a light pulse in plasma channels 3.2.5 Filamentation of a plane wave 3.2.6 Beam bending and other flowing plasma effects 4 Introduction to three-wave coupling instabilities in plasmas 4.1 Introduction to three-wave coupling instabilities 4.1.1 Physical picture; conservation of action and momentum (Manley-Rowe) 4.1.2 Exhaustive list of 3-wave coupling instabilities: primary vs. secondary processes 4.2 Derivation of the coupled mode equations 4.3 Spatial vs. temporal growth 4.3.1 Connection between temporal growth rate and spatial (convective) gain rate 4.3.2 The Rosenbluth gain formula for inhomogeneous plasmas 4.3.3 Absolute vs. convective instabilities 4.4 Impact of finite laser bandwidth on instabilities 4.5 Fluctuations and noise sources for instabilities 4.6 Polarization effects 5 Stimulated Brillouin scattering 5.1 Introduction, region of existence 5.2 Coupling coefficients: 5.2.1 Temporal growth rate 5.2.2 Transition from backward SBS to forward SBS to filamentation 5.2.3 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 6 Crossed-beam energy transfer 6.1 Introduction, region of existence 6.2 Coupling coefficients 6.3 Polarization effects 6.4 Momentum deposition 6.5 Transient effects 7 Stimulated Raman scattering 7.1 Introduction, region of existence 7.2 Coupling coefficients: 7.2.1 Temporal growth rate 7.2.2 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 7.3 Side- and forward-scatter 7.4 Production of supra-thermal electrons 8 Two-plasmon decay 8.1 Coupling coefficients: 8.1.1 Temporal growth rate 8.1.2 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 8.2 Absolute instability threshold 8.3 Production of supra-thermal electrons 9 Saturation or inflation mechanisms of three-waves instabilities 9.1 Pump depletion 9.1.1 1D solution for homogeneous plasmas (aka the “Tang formula”) 9.1.2 2D solution for CBET 9.2 Kinetic effects 9.2.1 Particle trapping and nonlinear frequency shifts 9.2.2 Trapped particle instability 9.2.3 Super-Gaussian distributions (Langdon effect) 9.2.4 Stochastic heating; quasilinear theory 9.3 Secondary decay mechanisms 9.3.1 Langmuir decay instability 9.3.2 Two-ion decay instability 9.3.3 Re-scatter of backscatter 9.4 Plasma wave self-focusing and filamentation 9.5 Generation of harmonics 10 Anomalous absorption processes 10.1 Absorption by excitation of plasma waves 10.1.1 Resonant absorption 10.1.2 Two-plasmon decay & SRS 10.1.3 Non-Maxwellian distributions: Lagndon / Silin effects 10.2 Absorption via turbulence: return current instability 11 Optical smoothing of high-power lasers 11.1 Spatial smoothing 11.1.1 Random phase plates 11.1.2 Characteristics and statistical distribution of speckles 11.2 Temporal smoothing 11.2.1 Smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) 11.2.2 Speckle motion and LPI mitigation with SSD 11.3 Spatio-temporal smoothing: induced spatial incoherence (ISI) 11.4 Stimulated rotational Raman scattering 11.5 Polarization smoothing (PS) 11.5.1 Effect of PS on the speckle characteristics and statistical distribution 11.5.2 Mitigation of LPI from PS 11.6 LPI from optically smoothed beams 11.6.1 Impact of finite aperture and bandwidth on LPI 11.6.2 Filamentation of smoothed laser beams 11.6.3 Beam bending of smoothed beams 11.6.4 Independent speckles models for backscatter instabilities 12 Experimental techniques and diagnostics 12.1 Measurements of plasma conditions using Thomson scattering 12.2 Measurements of laser-plasma instabilities 12.2.1 Direct measurement of scattered light waves 12.2.2 Thomson-scattering off driven plasma waves 12.2.3 Measurement of Bremsstrahlung emission from suprathermal electrons 13 Applications of laser-plasma interactions 13.1 CBET in ICF experiments for symmetry tuning 13.2 Laser acceleration of electrons 13.2.1 Excitation of nonlinear plasma waves using a short-pulse laser 13.2.2 Relativistic acceleration of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator (LFWA) 13.2.3 Limitations to LWFA 13.2.4 Plasma wakefield from self-modulation of a long-pulse laser 13.2.5 Betatron x-ray generation from laser-plasma-accelerated electrons 13.2.6 Direct laser acceleration 13.2.7 Ponderomotive heating of electrons in laser-solid interactions 13.3 Laser acceleration of ions 13.3.1 Target-normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) 13.3.2 “Mora” scaling of ion energy for TNSA 13.3.3 Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) 13.4 Short pulse amplification using plasmas 13.4.1 The “pi-pulse” regime of nonlinear short-pulse amplification 13.5 Plasma photonics 14 Appendix 14.1 LPI formulary 14.2 Simulation models and techniques

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Book SynopsisThis book provides for the first time an insider’s view into ITER, the biggest fusion reactor in the world, which is currently being constructed in southern France. Now in its second edition, it updates readers on all developments at ITER and those at competing fusion initiatives worldwide, at the National Ignition Facility (US), the Joint European Torus (EU) and the tens of start-ups funded by private ventures. The author also shares his personal experience with this unique big science project.Aimed at bringing the “energy of the stars” to earth, ITER is funded by the major economic powers (China, the EU, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the USA). Often presented as a “nuclear but green” energy source, fusion could play an important role in the future electricity supply. But as delays accumulate and budgets continue to grow, ITER is currently a star partially obscured by clouds. Will ITER save humanity by providing a clean, safe and limitless source of energy, or is it merely a political showcase of cutting-edge technology? Is ITER merely an ambitious research project and partly a PR initiative driven by some politically connected scientists? In any case, ITER has already helped spur on rival projects in the USA, Canada and the UK. This book offers readers a behind-the-scenes look at this controversial project, which France snatched from Japan, and introduces them to a world of superlatives: with the largest magnets in the world, the biggest cryogenic plant and tremendous computing power, ITER is one of the most fascinating, and most international, scientific and technological endeavours of our time.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis complete introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion by one of the pioneering scientists in this expanding field offers both a simple and intuitive discussion of the basic concepts of this subject and an insight into the challenging problems of current research. In a wholly lucid manner the work covers single-particle motions, fluid equations for plasmas, wave motions, diffusion and resistivity, Landau damping, plasma instabilities and nonlinear problems. For students, this outstanding text offers a painless introduction to this important field; for teachers, a large collection of problems; and for researchers, a concise review of the fundamentals as well as original treatments of a number of topics never before explained so clearly. This revised edition contains new material on kinetic effects, including Bernstein waves and the plasma dispersion function, and on nonlinear wave equations and solitons. For the third edition, updates was made throughout each existing chapter, and two new chapters were added; Ch 9 on “Special Plasmas” and Ch 10 on Plasma Applications (including Atmospheric Plasmas). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-particle motions.- Plasmas as fluids.- Waves in plasmas.- Diffusion and resistivity.- Equilibrium and stability.- Kinetic theory .- Nonlinear effects.- Special plasmas.- Plasma applications.

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Book SynopsisThis complete introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion by one of the pioneering scientists in this expanding field offers both a simple and intuitive discussion of the basic concepts of this subject and an insight into the challenging problems of current research. In a wholly lucid manner the work covers single-particle motions, fluid equations for plasmas, wave motions, diffusion and resistivity, Landau damping, plasma instabilities and nonlinear problems. For students, this outstanding text offers a painless introduction to this important field; for teachers, a large collection of problems; and for researchers, a concise review of the fundamentals as well as original treatments of a number of topics never before explained so clearly. This revised edition contains new material on kinetic effects, including Bernstein waves and the plasma dispersion function, and on nonlinear wave equations and solitons. For the third edition, updates was made throughout each existing chapter, and two new chapters were added; Ch 9 on “Special Plasmas” and Ch 10 on Plasma Applications (including Atmospheric Plasmas). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-particle motions.- Plasmas as fluids.- Waves in plasmas.- Diffusion and resistivity.- Equilibrium and stability.- Kinetic theory .- Nonlinear effects.- Special plasmas.- Plasma applications.

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Book SynopsisThis didactic book uses a data-driven approach to connect measurements made by plasma instruments to the real world. This approach makes full use of the instruments’ capability and examines the data at the most detailed level an experiment can provide. Students using this approach will learn what instruments can measure, and working with real-world data will pave their way to models consistent with these observations. While conceived as a teaching tool, the book contains a considerable amount of new information. It emphasizes recent results, such as particle measurements made from the Cluster ion experiment, explores the consequences of new discoveries, and evaluates new trends or techniques in the field. At the same time, the author ensures that the physical concepts used to interpret the data are general and widely applicable. The topics included help readers understand basic problems fundamental to space plasma physics. Some are appearing for the first time in a space physics textbook. Others present different perspectives and interpretations of old problems and models that were previously considered incontestable. This book is essential reading for graduate students in space plasma physics, and a useful reference for the broader astrophysics community. Table of Contents1 Basic Equations and Concepts 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Fundamental Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Statistical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 Electric and Magnetic Field in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 Transformation of E and B Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.6 Macroscopic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.7 Plasma Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.8 Examples of Plasma Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.9 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Charged Particle Acceleration 392.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.2 Motion in Uniform E and B Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3 E ⇥ B Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.4 Motion in Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.5 Other Particle Acceleration Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632.6 Waves and Wave-Particle Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.7 Cyclotron Resonance Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.8 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Escaping Solar Particles 813.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813.2 Observations of Solar Wind Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833.3 Observations of Solar Wind Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.4 Solar Wind Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963.5 Kinetic Models of the SW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993.6 Heuristic Interpretation of the Solar Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043.7 Electrostatic Solitary Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083.8 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104 Collisionless Shocks 1174.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.2 Observations of Earth’s Bow Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.3 Entropy Across Earth’s Bow Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254.4 ICME Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334.5 Nonlinear Structures Upstream of Bow Shock . . . . . . . . . . . 1404.6 Growth of Nonlinear Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1584.7 Acceleration of Particles at the Bow Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614.8 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655 Current Sheets and Boundaries 1835.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835.2 Magnetic Reconnection on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845.3 SW Entry into Magnetosphere through Cusps . . . . . . . . . . . 1915.4 Particle Motions in Magnetic Neutral Regions . . . . . . . . . . . 1985.5 Kinetic Models of Current Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2045.6 Kinetic Equations for Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085.7 Tearing Mode Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2145.8 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186 Current and Electric Field 2256.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2256.2 Observations of Electron and Ion Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2266.3 Motion Parallel to E and B Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2316.4 Electric Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2366.5 A Model of Double Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2466.6 Currents in the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere . . . . . . . . . . 2516.7 Ring Current in Magnetospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2566.8 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2646.9 Auroral Kilometric Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2726.10 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2757 Topics for Further Studies 2817.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2817.2 Large-scale Current Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2817.3 Heating Space Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2847.4 Boltzmann Collisional Term (@f/@t)c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2867.5 Runaway Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2927.6 Collective Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

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Book Synopsis From the reviews:"Its scope and complexity are suitable for easy reading by beginning students of nuclear theory. With a crisp and concise style, the authors quickly develop the shell-model approach to the nuclear many-body problem and subsequently devote more than a third of the text to Hartree-Fock and related models…" Physics TodayTrade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The monography by Peter Ring and Peter Schuck covers the techniques used to solve the nuclear many-body problem … . is recognized as a reference by the nuclear physics community. Theoretical developments are explained pedagogically, with a constant rigour, are well documented and are illustrated with suitably chosen examples. The book contains a lot of references … . It is served by a concise style. By its scope and rigour, it has no real rival and will expectedly remain a familiar introductory text in nuclear structure theory for many years." (Joseph Cugnon, Physicalia, Vol. 57 (3), 2005) "In many ways, the 1950s through to the 1970s may be seen as a golden period for the development of nuclear physics, both experimental and theoretical. … The book contains an excellent description of many basic theoretical methods, which continue to be relevant today, it is still of value to specialist students of nuclear theory." (J. P. Elliott, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 46 (6), 2005)Table of Contents1 The Liquid Drop Model.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Semi-empirical Mass Formula.- 1.3 Deformation Parameters.- 1.4 Surface Oscillations About a Spherical Shape.- 1.5 Rotations and Vibrations for Deformed Shapes.- 1.5.1 The Bohr Hamiltonian.- 1.5.2 The Axially Symmetric Case.- 1.5.3 The Asymmetric Rotor.- 1.6 Nuclear Fission.- 1.7 Stability of Rotating Liquid Drops.- 2 The Shell Model.- 2.1 Introduction and General Considerations.- 2.2 Experimental Evidence for Shell Effects.- 2.3 The Average Potential of the Nucleus.- 2.4 Spin Orbit Coupling.- 2.5 The Shell Model Approach to the Many-Body Problem.- 2.6 Symmetry Properties.- 2.6.1 Translational Symmetry.- 2.6.2 Rotational Symmetry.- 2.6.3 The Isotopic Spin.- 2.7 Comparison with Experiment.- 2.7.1 Experimental Evidence for Single-Particle (Hole) States.- 2.7.2 Electromagnetic Moments and Transitions.- 2.8 Deformed Shell Model.- 2.8.1 Experimental Evidence.- 2.8.2 General Deformed Potential.- 2.8.3 The Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator.- 2.8.4 Nilsson Hamiltonian.- 2.8.5 Quantum Numbers of the Ground State in Odd Nuclei.- 2.8.6 Calculation of Deformation Energies.- 2.9 Shell Corrections to the Liquid Drop Model and the Strutinski Method.- 2.9.1 Introduction.- 2.9.2 Basic Ideas of the Strutinski Averaging Method.- 2.9.3 Determination of the Average Level Density.- 2.9.4 Strutinski’s Shell Correction Energy.- 2.9.5 Shell Corrections and the Hartree-Fock Method.- 2.9.6 Some Applications.- 3 Rotation and Single-Particle Motion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 General Survey.- 3.2.1 Experimental Observation of High Spin States.- 3.2.2 The Structure of the Yrast Line.- 3.2.3 Phenomenological Classification of the Yrast Band.- 3.2.3 The Backbending Phenomenon.- 3.3 The Particle-plus-Rotor Model.- 3.3.1 The Case of Axial Symmetry.- 3.3.2 Some Applications of the Particle-plus-Rotor Model.- 3.3.3 The triaxial Particle-plus-Rotor Model.- 3.3.4 Electromagnetic Properties.- 3.4 The Cranking Model.- 3.4.1 Semiclassical Derivation of the Cranking Model.- 3.4.2 The Cranking Formula.- 3.4.3 The Rotating Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator.- 3.4.4 The Rotating Nilsson Scheme.- 3.4.5 The Deformation Energy Surface at High Angular Momenta.- 3.4.6 Rotation about a Symmetry Axis.- 3.4.7 Yrast Traps.- 4 Nuclear Forces.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Bare Nucleon-Nucleon Force.- 4.2.1 General Properties of a Two-Body Force.- 4.2.2 The Structure of the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction.- 4.3 Microscopic Effective Interactions.- 4.3.1 Bruckner’s G-Matrix and Bethe Goldstone Equation.- 4.3.2 Effective Interactions between Valence Nucleons.- 4.3.3 Effective Interactions between Particles and Holes.- 4.4 Phenomenological Effective Interactions.- 4.4.1 General Remarks.- 4.4.2 Simple Central Forces.- 4.4.3 The Skyrme Interaction.- 4.4.4 The Gogny Interaction.- 4.4.5 The Migdal Force.- 4.4.6 The Surface-Delta Interaction (SDI).- 4.4.7 Separable Forces and Multipole Expansions.- 4.4.8 Experimentally Determined Effective Interactions.- 4.5 Concluding Remarks.- 5 The Hartree-Fock Method.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The General Variational Principle.- 5.3 The Derivation of the Hartree-Fock Equation.- 5.3.1 The Choice of the Set of Trial Wave Functions.- 5.3.2 The Hartree-Fock Energy.- 5.3.3 Variation of the Energy.- 5.3.4 The Hartree-Fock Equations in Coordinate Space.- 5.4 The Hartree-Fock Method in a Simple Solvable Model.- 5.5 The Hartree-Fock Method and Symmetries.- 5.6 Hartree-Fock with Density Dependent Forces.- 5.6.1 Approach with Microscopic Effective Interactions.- 5.6.2 Hartree-Fock Calculations with the Skyrme Force.- 5.7 Concluding Remarks.- 6 Pairing Correlations and Superfluid Nuclei.- 6.1 Introduction and Experimental Survey.- 6.2 The Seniority Scheme.- 6.3 The BCS Model.- 6.3.1 The Wave Function.- 6.3.2 The BCS Equations.- 6.3.3 The Special Case of a Pure Pairing Force.- 6.3.4 Bogoliubov Quasi-particles—Excited States and Blocking.- 6.3.5 Discussion of the Gap Equation.- 6.3.6 Schematic Solution of the Gap Equation.- 7 The Generalized Single-Particle Model (HFB Theory).- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The General Bogoliubov Transformation.- 7.2.1 Quasi-particle Operators.- 7.2.2 The Quasi-particle Vacuum.- 7.2.3 The Density Matrix and the Pairing Tensor.- 7.3 The Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Equations.- 7.3.1 Derivation of the HFB Equation.- 7.3.2 Properties of the HFB Equations.- 7.3.3 The Gradient Method.- 7.4 The Pairing-plus-Quadrupole Model.- 7.5 Applications of the HFB Theory for Ground State Properties.- 7.6 Constrained Hartree-Fock Theory (CHF).- 7.7 HFB Theory in the Rotating Frame (SCC).- 8 Harmonic Vibrations.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Tamm-Dancoff Method.- 8.2.1 Tamm-Dancoff Secular Equation.- 8.2.3 The Schematic Model.- 8.2.3 Particle-Particle (Hole-Hole) Tamm-Dancoff Method.- 8.3 General Considerations for Collective Modes.- 8.3.1 Vibrations in Quantum Mechanics.- 8.3.2 Classification of Collective Modes.- 8.3.3 Discussion of Some Collective ph-Vibrations.- 8.3.4 Analog Resonances.- 8.3.5 Pairing Vibrations.- 8.4 Particle-Hole Theory with Ground State Correlations (RPA).- 8.4.1 Derivation of the RPA Equations.- 8.4.2 Stability of the RPA.- 8.4.3 Normalization and Closure Relations.- 8.4.4 Numerical Solution of the RPA Equations.- 8.4.5 Representation by Boson Operators.- 8.4.6 Construction of the RPA Ground State.- 8.4.7 Invariances and Spurious Solutions.- 8.5 Linear Response Theory.- 8.5.1 Derivation of the Linear Response Equations.- 8.5.2 Calculation of Excitation Probabilities and Schematic Model.- 8.5.3 The Static Polarizability and the Moment of Inertia.- 8.5.4 RPA Equations in the Continuum.- 8.6 Applications and Comparison with Experiment.- 8.6.1 Particle-Hole Calculations in a Phenomenological Basis.- 8.6.2 Particle-Hole Calculations in a Self-Consistent Basis.- 8.7 Sum Rules.- 8.7.1 Sum Rules as Energy Weighted Moments of the Strength Functions.- 8.7.2 The S1-Sum Rule and the RPA Approach.- 8.7.3 Evaluation of the Sum Rules S1, S?1, and S3.- 8.7.4 Sum Rules and Polarizabilities.- 8.7.5 Calculation of Transition Currents and Densities.- 8.8 Particle-Particle RPA.- 8.8.1 The Formalism.- 8.8.2 Ground State Correlations Induced by Pairing Vibrations.- 8.9 Quasi-particle RPA.- 9 Boson Expansion Methods.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Boson Representations in Even-Even Nuclei.- 9.2.1 Boson Representations of the Angular Momentum Operators.- 9.2.2 Concepts for Boson Expansions.- 9.2.3 The Boson Expansion of Belyaev and Zelevinski.- 9.2.4 The Boson Expansion of Marumori.- 9.2.5 The Boson Expansion of Dyson.- 9.2.6 The Mathematical Background.- 9.2.7 Methods Based on pp-Bosons.- 9.2.8 Applications.- 9.3 Odd Mass Nuclei and Particle Vibration Coupling.- 9.3.1 Boson Expansion for Odd Mass Systems.- 9.3.2 Derivation of the Particle Vibration Coupling (Bohr) Hamiltonian.- 9.3.3 Particle Vibration Coupling (Perturbation Theory).- 9.3.4 The Nature of the Particle Vibration Coupling Vertex.- 9.3.5 Effective Charges.- 9.3.6 Intermediate Coupling and Dyson’s Boson Expansion.- 9.3.7 Other Particle Vibration Coupling Calculations.- 9.3.8 Weak Coupling in Even Systems.- 10 The Generator Coordinate Method.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The General Concept.- 10.2.1 The GCM Ansatz for the Wave Function.- 10.2.2 The Determination of the Weight Function f(a).- 10.2.3 Methods of Numerical Solution of the HW Equation.- 10.3 The Lipkin Model as an Example.- 10.4 The Generator Coordinate Method and Boson Expansions.- 10.5 The One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator.- 10.6 Complex Generator Coordinates.- 10.6.1 The Bargman Space.- 10.6.2 The Schrödinger Equation.- 10.6.3 Gaussian Wave Packets in the Harmonic Oscillator.- 10.6.4 Double Projection.- 10.7 Derivation of a Collective Hamiltonian.- 10.7.1 General Considerations.- 10.7.2 The Symmetric Moment Expansion (SME).- 10.7.3 The Local Approximation (LA).- 10.7.4 The Gaussian Overlap Approximation (GOAL).- 10.7.5 The Lipkin Model.- 10.7.6 The Multidimensional Case.- 10.8 The Choice of the Collective Coordinate.- 10.9 Application of the Generator Coordinate Method for Bound States.- 10.9.1 Giant Resonances.- 10.9.2 Pairing Vibrations.- 11 Restoration of Broken Symmetries.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Symmetry Violation in the Mean Field Theory.- 11.3 Transformation to an Intrinsic System.- 11.3.1 General Concepts.- 11.3.2 Translational Motion.- 11.3.3 Rotational Motion.- 11.4 Projection Methods.- 11.4.1 Projection Operators.- 11.4.2 Projection Before and After the Variation.- 11.4.3 Particle Number Projection.- 11.4.4 Approximate Projection for Large Deformations.- 11.4.5 The Inertial Parameters.- 11.4.6 Angular Momentum Projection.- 11.4.7 The Structure of the Intrinsic Wave Functions.- 12 The Time Dependent Hartree-Fock Method (TDHF).- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Full Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock Theory.- 12.2.1 Derivation of the TDHF Equation.- 12.2.2 Properties of the TDHF Equation.- 12.2.3 Quasi-static Solutions.- 12.2.4 General Discussion of the TDHF Method.- 12.2.5 An Exactly Soluble Model.- 12.2.6 Applications of the TDHF Theory.- 12.3 Adiabatic Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock Theory (ATDHF).- 12.3.1 The ATDHF Equations.- 12.3.2 The Collective Hamiltonian.- 12.3.3 Reduction to a Few Collective Coordinates.- 12.3.4 The Choice of the Collective Coordinates.- 12.3.5 General Discussion of the Atdhf Methods.- 12.3.6 Applications of the ATDHF Method.- 12.3.7 Adiabatic Perturbation Theory and the Cranking Formula.- 13 Semiclassical Methods in Nuclear Physics.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 The Static Case.- 13.2.1 The Thomas-Fermi Theory.- 13.2.2 Wigner-Kirkwood ?-Expansion.- 13.2.3 Partial Resummation of the ?-Expansion.- 13.2.4 The Saddle Point Method.- 13.2.5 Application to a Sperical Woods-Saxon Potential.- 13.2.6 Semiclassical Treatment of Pairing Properties.- 13.3 The Dynamic Case.- 13.3.1 The Boltzmann Equation.- 13.3.2 Fluid Dynamic Equations from the Boltzmann Equation.- 13.3.3 Application of Ordinary Fluid Dynamics to Nuclei.- 13.3.4 Variational Derivation of Fluid Dynamics.- 13.3.5 Momentum Distribution of the Density ?O.- 13.3.6 Imposed Fluid Dynamic Motion.- 13.3.7 An Illustrative Example.- Appendices.- A Angular Momentum Algebra in the Laboratory and the Body-Fixed System.- B Electromagnetic Moments and Transitions.- B.l The General Form of the Hamiltonian.- B.2 Static Multipole Moments.- B.3 The Multipole Expansion of the Radiation Field.- B.4 Multipole Transitions.- B.5 Single-Particle Matrix Elements in a Spherical Basis.- B.6 Translational Invariance and Electromagnetic Transitions.- B.7 The Cross Section for the Absorption of Dipole Radiation.- C Second Quantization.- C.1 Creation and Annihilation Operators.- C.2 Field Operators in the Coordinate Space.- C.3 Representation of Operators.- C.4 Wick’s Theorem.- D Density Matrices.- D.l Normal Densities.- D.2 Densities of Slater Determinants.- D.3 Densities of BCS and HFB States.- D.4 The Wigner Transformation of the Density Matrix.- E Theorems Concerning Product Wave Functions.- E.l The Bloch-Messiah Theorem [BM 62].- E.2 Operators in the Quasi-particle Space.- E.3 Thouless’ Theorem.- E.4 The Onishi Formula.- E.5 Bogoliubov Transformations for Bosons.- F Many-Body Green’s Functions.- F.l Single-Particle Green’s Function and Dyson’s Equation.- F.2 Perturbation Theory.- F.3 Skeleton Expansion.- F.4 Factorization and Brückner-Hartree-Fock.- F.5 Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Equations.- F.6 The Bethe-Salpeter Equation and Effective Forces.- Author Index.

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Book SynopsisRadioaktivität, natürliche und künstliche, ist ein Teil unseres täglichen Lebens, Fragen der Radioaktivität sind ein wichtiger Gegenstand öffentlicher Diskussion. Dieses Buch bringt gut verständlich und nüchtern die Fakten: zur Entstehung der unterschiedlichen radioaktiven Strahlen, zu ihren Eigenschaften und zu ihren Wirkungen auf Mensch und Materie. Strahlungsmessung und -meßgeräte sowie wesentliche Radioaktivitätsmethoden aus Forschung, Medizin und Technik werden ebenso ausführlich erläutert wie die Strahlenbelastung des Menschen, Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte und die Plutoniumproblematik.Table of Contents1. Einleitung.- 2. Grundlagen.- 2.1 Physikalische Größen und Maßeinheiten.- 2.2 Struktur der Materie.- 2.3 Elementarteilchen.- 2.4 Strahlung.- 3. Erhaltungssätze.- 3.1 Erhaltung von Impuls, Drehimpuls und Energie.- 3.2 Zentralkräfte, Bindungsenergie.- 3.3 Quantenmechanische Aspekte.- 3.4 Relativistische Aspekte.- 3.5 Kernbindungsenergie.- 3.6 Weitere Erhaltungssätze.- 4. Strahlung aus Elektronenhülle und Atomkern.- 4.1 Herkunft der Strahlung.- 4.2 Atomübergänge.- 4.2.1 Energiebetrachtungen.- 4.2.2 Atomzerfälle.- 4.3 Kernzerfälle.- 4.3.1 Gammazerfall.- 4.3.2 Betazerfall.- 4.3.3 Alphazerfall.- 4.3.4 Weitere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten.- 4.3.5 Zusammenfassung.- 5. Zeitliches Verhalten.- 5.1 Zerfallsgesetz und Aktivität.- 5.2 Mehrere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten, Beispiel 40K.- 5.3 Zerfallsketten.- 5.4 Altersbestimmung von Mineralien.- 5.5 Zerfallsstatistik.- 5.6 Radioaktiver Zerfall und Determinismus.- 6. Durchgang von Strahlung durch Materie.- 6.1 Überblick.- 6.2 Protonen und ?-Teilchen.- 6.2.1 Energieverlust pro Wegstreckenintervall.- 6.2.2 Streuung des Energieverlustes.- 6.2.3 Reichweite.- 6.3 Elektronen.- 6.3.1 Anregung und Ionisation.- 6.3.2 Brems Strahlung.- 6.3.3 Cerenkov-Strahlung.- 6.4 Neutronen.- 6.4.1 Streuung.- 6.4.2 Einfang in einen Atomkern.- 6.5 Röntgen- und ?-Strahlung.- 6.5.1 Photoeffekt.- 6.5.2 Compton-Effekt.- 6.5.3 Paarbildung.- 6.5.4 Schwächungskoeffizienten.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- 7. Strahlungsmessung.- 7.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 7.2 Strahlungsmeßgeräte.- 7.2.1 Gasionisationsdetektoren.- 7.2.2 Szintillatoren.- 7.2.3 Halbleiter-Detektoren.- 7.2.4 Weitere Nachweisverfahren.- 7.3 Durchführung von Messungen.- 7.3.1 Aktivitätsmessung.- 7.3.2 Gammaspektroskopie.- 7.3.3 Dosismessungen.- 7.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 7.4.1 Aufklärung der Photosynthese.- 7.4.2 Radioimmunoassay.- 7.4.3 Organszintigraphie.- 7.4.4 Aktivierungsanalyse.- 7.4.5 Anwendungen in der Technik.- 8. Strahlung und Mensch.- 8.1 Biologische Wirkung von ionisierender Strahlung.- 8.2 Strahlendosis und Strahlenschutz.- 8.2.1 Dosisgrößen.- 8.2.2 Dosisberechnung.- 8.2.3 Strahlenschutzvorschriften.- 8.3 Strahlenbelastung des Menschen.- 8.3.1 Herkunft der Strahlenbelastung.- 8.3.2 Gesundheitsrisiko.- 9. Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte.- 9.1 Vorbetrachtung.- 9.2 Kernspaltung.- 9.3 Kettenreaktion.- 9.4 Energieerzeugung.- 9.5 Spaltprodukte.- 9.6 Sicherheitsfragen.- 10. Plutonium.- Nachwort.- AI Relativistische Beziehung zwischen Masse und Energie..- A2 Nichtrelativistische Stoßkinematik.- A3 Wirkungsquerschnitt.- A4 Zum Energieverlust geladener Teilchen.- A5 Zur Poisson-Statistik beim radioaktiven Zerfall.- Weiterführende Literatur.- Personenverzeichnis.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the principles, research advances, and applications of plasmonic photocatalysis. As a new class of catalysts, plasmonic nanostructures with the unique ability to harvest solar energy across the entire visible spectrum and produce effective photocatalysis are viewed as a promising pathway for the energy crisis. Although plasmonic catalysis has been widely reported, the excitation mechanism and energy transfer pathway are still controversial. Meanwhile, the latest discovery of catalysis on nanomaterials is less reported. This book outlines the basics of plasmonic photocatalysis, including the electromagnetic properties of metal materials and surface plasmon, and discusses the catalytic mechanisms including the nearfield enhancements, hot electron, and thermal effects. In addition, the measurement methods and current advances on molecules and nanocrystals are presented in detail. Suitable for graduate students and researchers in physics, optics and optical engineering, and materials science, the book will deepen readers' understanding of the interaction between light and nanomaterials and expand their knowledge of the principles and applications of nanophotonics.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Electromagnetic properties of materials.- Chapter 3. Fundamental of surface plasmons.- Chapter 4. Surface plasmon relaxation effects.- Chapter 5. Principles of plasmon-driven photocatalysis.- Chapter 6. Measurements of plasmon-driven photocatalysis.- Chapter 7. Plasmon-driven catalysis of molecular reactions.- Chapter 8. Water decomposition and phase transition of plasmon-driven photocatalysis.- Chapter 9. Plasmon-driven catalysis of material growth.

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Book SynopsisPlasma harmonics is a new field of laser spectroscopy. The use of the solid elements of the periodic table, together with thousands of complex solid-state samples, largely extends the range of materials employed in plasma harmonics in contrast to the few light rare gases that are typically used. Thus the exploration of practically any available solid-state material through nonlinear spectroscopy comprising laser ablation and harmonic generation can be considered a new tool for materials science. Plasma harmonic spectroscopy exploits the spectral and structural properties of various ablated solid-state materials by propagating short laser pulses through laser-produced plasma and generating high-order harmonics of ultrashort laser pulses.The book describes the special features of plasma harmonics in laser-produced ablation plumes and discusses a wide range of nonlinear medium characteristics that can be produced by varying the conditions of laser plume production on the surface of a solid. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in science and medicine from the interdisciplinary team of the Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, who are currently revolutionizing drug delivery techniques through the development of engineered nanodevices. Edited by Istvan J Majoros and James Baker, Jr., two prominent nanotechnology researchers, this book is designed for workers involved in nanotechnology, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, or drug delivery research. Trade Review"This book is on the nascent, upcoming field of ‘plasma harmonics,’ a term coined by the author for the high order harmonics produced in ‘plasma plumes’ instead of in gases. The author is an authority in this field, and the book would be very useful for researchers working in the field of high order harmonic generation using short-pulse lasers."Dr. Prasad A. Naik, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, India"Rashid Ganeev has contributed to the birth and development of HHG from plasma and has used all his experience and physical vision to write this modern and up-to-date presentation of the topic both from the experimental and the theoretical point of view."Prof. Emilio Fiordilino, University of Palermo, Italy"The author has done an excellent job in presenting detailed accounts of various experiments, while at the same time covering a broad range of phenomena in this field."Prof. Tsuneyuki Ozaki, Université INRS, Canada"The author is the driving person of this field that emerged in the last decade and currently shows its great potential. The text is well written and a very useful introduction to this fast-growing field."Dr. Helmut Zacharias, University of Münster, Germany"For both young scientists and experts, the book constitutes an excellent compilation of the newest advances in this highly multidisciplinary field, crisscrossing the domains of material science, nonlinear optics, and laser spectroscopy."Dr. Marta Castillejo, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain"I recommend this book for any researcher who will challenge a nonlinear coherent laser physics toward soft x-ray lasers and their application in any further fields."Prof. Hiroto Kuroda, Advanced Laser Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, JapanTable of ContentsPreface; Why plasma harmonics? A very brief introduction Early stage of plasma harmonic studies - hopes and frustrations New developments in plasma harmonics studies: first successes Improvements of plasma harmonics; Theoretical basics of plasma harmonics; Basics of HHG Harmonic generation in fullerenes using few-cycle pulsesVarious approaches for description of observed peculiarities of resonant enhancement of a single harmonic in laser plasmaTwo-colour pump resonance-induced enhancement of odd and even harmonics from a tin plasmaCalculations of single harmonic generation from Mn plasma;Low-order harmonic generation in plasma plumes using nanosecond and picoseconds driving pulses Low-order harmonic generation in metal ablation plasmas in nanosecond and picosecond regimes Low-order harmonic generation in nanosecond laser ablation plasmas of carbon containing materials Comparative studies of third harmonic generation in plasma plumes using picosecond and femtosecond laser pulsesLow-order harmonic generation of 1064 nm radiation in long plasma plumes; High-order harmonic generation in plasma plumes using picosecond pulses Harmonic generation of picosecond Nd:YAG laser radiation in metal ablation-produced plasmas High-order harmonic generation of picosecond laser radiation in carbon-containing plasmas Resonance enhancement of harmonic generation of 1064 nm picosecond radiation in lead plasma;Plasma HHG using femtosecond pulses Current status of plasma HHG studies Stable generation of high-order harmonics of femtosecond laser radiation from laser produced plasma plumes at 1 kHz pulse repetition rate High-order harmonic generation in graphite plasma plumes using ultrashort laser pulses: a systematic analysis of harmonic radiation and plasma conditionsIsolated sub-femtosecond XUV pulse generation in Mn plasma ablation; Characterization of plasma harmonicsHigh-order harmonic cutoff frequency in atomic silver irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses: theory and experiment Calculations of plasma formation for harmonics generationComparison of high-order harmonic generation in uracil and thymine ablation plumes Recent achievements in plasma harmonicsHigh-order harmonic generation in fullerenes using few- and multi-cycle pulses of different wavelengths Single active electron simulation of harmonic generation in C60Ablation of nanoparticles and efficient harmonic generation using 1 kHz laserResonant and nonresonant frequency conversion of laser radiation in the plasmas produced using 1 kHz picosecond and femtosecond pulses Harmonics from the plasmas of different consistence at variable delays between the heating and driving 1 kHz pulses Summary. Perspectives of plasma harmonics

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