Physics: Fluid mechanics Books

Book SynopsisFluid Dynamics via Examples and Solutions provides a substantial set of example problems and detailed model solutions covering various phenomena and effects in fluids. The book is ideal as a supplement or exam review for undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics, turbulence, ocean and atmospheric sciences, and related areas. It is also suitable as a main text for fluid dynamics courses with an emphasis on learning by example and as a self-study resource for practicing scientists who need to learn the basics of fluid dynamics.The author covers several sub-areas of fluid dynamics, types of flows, and applications. He also includes supplementary theoretical material when necessary. Each chapter presents the background, an extended list of references for further reading, numerous problems, and a complete set of model solutions.Trade Review"There is no better way to fall in love with a particular subject then to learn it through problem solving. Sergey Nazarenko has created an important resource for mathematics and physics students and young researchers by introducing basics and techniques of fluid dynamics. Anyone involved in teaching fluid dynamics will treasure this book because it provides a clear path to help convey the beauty, elegance, and sophistication of this enticing area of science."—Professor Natalia Berloff, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge and Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology"This is an excellent book for fluid dynamics students. It gives a good overview of the theory through a large set of worthy example problems. After many classical textbooks on the subject, there is finally one with solved exercises. I fully appreciate the selection of topics."—Professor Miguel Onorato, Physics Department, University of TorinoTable of ContentsFluid Equations and Different Regimes of Fluid Flows. Conservation Laws in Incompressible Fluid Flows. Fluid with Free Surface. Waves and Instabilities. Boundary Layers. Two-Dimensional Flows. Point Vortices and Point Sources. Turbulence. Compressible Flow. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisYour Guide to Advanced Cold Spray TechnologyCold Gas Dynamic Spray centers on cold gas dynamic spray (or cold sprayCS) technology, one of the most versatile thermal spray coating methods in materials engineering, and effectively describes and analyzes the main trends and developments behind the spray (coating) techniques. The book combines theory with practice to enable the reader to deeper understand the CS coatings as well as their structures and properties, and describes the state of the art in CS technology with an emphasis on all major components of the cold spray process.This book begins with an introduction to CS spray and goes on to thoroughly explain the process. It describes the different powder synthesis methods and equipment currently used, and defines the CS coating microstructure, characterization methods, and properties of CS coatings. The authors present a comprehensive approach that highlights grTrade Review"I began working in cold spray shortly after it arrived in the United States and have performed research in all areas including equipment design, process development, modeling, application development and technology transfer and I have found the book to be an excellent resource for me and for the students and staff that work in my group. … The level of detail makes it ideal for both engineers and scientists that want to learn about cold spray and for those who are already working in cold spray. This book can also be used as reference and a guide for developing new or improving current applications. In addition to the text, the detailed references provide the reader with the most up to date and comprehensive information on cold spray." —Timothy J. Eden, Ph.D., Head of the Materials Processing Division The Applied Research Laboratory, Associated Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"… a useful contribution giving a lot of information about [the] rapidly changing field of cold sprayed coatings technology. … useful for the readers from academia and industry. The university lecturers may find a lot of information about fundamental aspects of cold spray coatings deposition technology and the engineers active on industrial R&D may be interested in nondestructive evaluation of coatings. Finally, the entrepreneurs… would be interested in the economic analysis [of] the cold spraying."—Lech Pawłowski, University of Limoges, FranceTable of ContentsIntroduction. Theoretical Description of Cold Spray Process. Cold Spray Powders and Equipment. Fundamentals of Cold Spray Coating Formation. Nondestructive Evaluation of Cold Spray Coatings. Application of Cold Spray. Economic Analysis of Cold Spray. References.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a good understanding of the binary fluid system, highlighting new dimensions of the existing Kalina cycle system, a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. The book illustrates that providing new flexibility leads to new research outcomes and possible new projects in this field.The information provided in the book simplifies the application of the Kalina cycle system with an easy-to-understand and thorough explanation of properties development, processes solutions, sub-system work, and total system work. There are currently no books available in the area of binary fluid system in the field of KCS with added fallibility in the operation and process design. Currently decentralized power systems are gaining more attention due to shortages in power, and cooling demands are competing with other electrical loads. This book fills a valuable information gap, providing insight into a new dimension for designers, practicing engineers, and academicians in this area.Table of ContentsHistory of Developments. Basic Thermodynamics. Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia-Water Mixture. Binary Mixture Thermodynamic Processes. Kalina Cycle System with Low Temperature Heat Recovery. Kalina Cycle System with Intermediate Temperature Heat Recovery. Kalina Cycle System with High Temperature Heat Recovery. Cooling Cogeneration.

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Book SynopsisDer Autor gibt aus ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Sicht einen Überblick über die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Hydromechanik von Freistrahlturbinen. Die Strömungsprozesse und alle relevanten hydromechanischen Aspekte werden möglichst vollständig und systematisch beschrieben. Sämtliche Verluste, inklusive der hydraulischen Reibungseffekte, werden behandelt und quantifiziert. Das Nachschlagewerk richtet sich an Ingenieure, Turbinenhersteller, Kraftwerksbetreiber und Interessierte aus Lehre und Forschung im Fachbereich „Strömungsmaschinen". Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: "… vollständig und systematisch … Das Buch unterstützt … die gezielte Weiterentwicklung von Freistrahlturbinen … Es richtet sich an Entwicklungs- und Design-Ingenieure, an Turbinenhersteller, Kraftwerksbetreiber und Interessierte aus dem Bereich der Lehre und Forschung im Fachbereich ‘Strömungsmaschinen’. ... Ausgeführte Beispiele ergänzen einzelne Kapitel des Buches und tragen zum besseren Verständnis bei. Bislang lag in der Literatur noch kein zusammenfassendes Werk zum Themenkomplex der Freistrahlturbine vor. Das vorliegende Buch schließt diese Informations- und Wissenslücke, es enthält vielfältige Informationen und darüber hinaus viele Ansatzpunkte für weitere Forschungsarbeiten …" (in: Wasserkraft & Energie, 2009, Issue 2, S. 11)Table of ContentsArbeitsprinzip von Pelton-Turbinen.- Injektor.- Wasserstrahl.- Interaktion zwischen Wasserstrahl und Pelton-Rad.- Strömungsmechanik in der rotierenden Schaufel.- Wasserausbreitung in der Schaufel.- Austrittsbedingungen.- Austrittsverluste.- Reibungseffekte und FFT-Theorem.- Reibungsbehaftete Querströmung durch die Schaufel.- Reibungsbehaftete Längsströmung durch die Schaufel.- Ventilations- und Radreibungsverluste.- Leistungsverlust durch Lagerreibungen.- Hydraulischer und mechanischer Wirkungsgrad.- Reale hydraulische Wirkungsgradkennlinien.- Durchgangsdrehzahl und Beschleunigungsverlauf.- Hydraulische Auslegung von Pelton-Turbinen.- Mehrdüsige Pelton-Turbinen.- Geometrische und hydraulische Ähnlichkeiten.- Modellversuch und Wirkungsgradaufwertung.- Schaufelfestigkeit und Ähnlichkeitsgesetze.

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Book SynopsisProviding new students and practitioners with an easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and practice an often complicated subject, Introduction to Polymer Rheology incorporates worked problems and problems with appended answers to provide opportunities for review and further learning of more advanced concepts.Trade Review“The book is written in a relaxed style and targeted at students which do not yet have a background in transport phenomena, linear algebra, differential equations and numerical analysis, thus bridging a gap to mathematically much more demanding text books on rheology which e.g. use short hand tensor notation.” (Applied Rheology, 1 October 2013)Table of Contents1. INTRODUCTION A. Polymers and the importance of rheology B. Rheology in its simplest form Problems Suggested references, with commentary 2. STRESS A. Stress and pressure B. Organization of the stress components C. Coping with subscripts D. Typical stress tensors Appendix 2-1: Compilation of equations of motion (ssc) Appendix 2-2: Equations of motion—curvilinear quick list (ssc) Problems References 3. VELOCITY, VELOCITY GRADIENT AND RATE OF DEFORMATION A. Why velocity is simpler than location—Speedometers vs. GPS B. Velocity gradients C. Rate of deformation Appendix 3-1: Components of the rate-of-deformation tensor Appendix 3-2: Components of the continuity equation Appendix 3-3: Nomenclature and sign conventions used in popular rheology texts Problems References 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND RATE OF DEFORMATION: THE NEWTONIAN FLUID A Material idealizations in rheology B. The Newtonian fluid Problems References 5. GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN FLUIDS — A SMALL BUT IMPORTANT STEP TOWARD A DESCRIPTION OF REAL BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS A. Reasons for inventing generalized Newtonian fluids — behavior of polymer melts B. Generalizing the GNF to three dimensions C. Inventing relationships for viscosity vs. shear rate D. Short primer on finding GNF parameters from data E. Summary of GNF characteristics Appendix 5-1: Fitting data with Excel Problems References 6. NORMAL STRESSES—ORDINARY BEHAVIOR FOR POLYMERS A. Introduction B. What are normal stresses C. Origin of normal stresses in simple shear D. The second normal-stress difference E. Normal-stress coefficients and empirical findings F. Transient rheological functions D. Temperature effects and superposition of steady-flow data Problems References 7. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A. Measurement of viscosity B. Normal stresses from shearing flows C. Extensional rheology D. Specialized geometries E. Flow visualization and other rheo-optical methods F. Micro and nano rheology Appendix 7-1: Numerical derivatives Appendix 7-2: Velocity-profile correction for non-Newtonian fluids Appendix 7-3: Incorporation of slip into the velocity-profile correction— the Mooney correction Appendix 7-4: Normal stresses using the cone-and-plate geometry Appendix 7-5: Desktop rheo-optical experiment Problems References 8. STRAIN, SMALL AND LARGE A. Displacement B. Infinitesimal strain C. Hookean solids D. Finite strain E. The Lodge elastic fluid and variants F. The Cauchy strain measure G. Fixing up integral equations based on C and C-1 Appendix 8-1: The relaxation function Appendix 8-2: Constant-rate extension of the LEF Problems References 9. MOLECULAR ORIGINS OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR A. Description of polymer molecules B. The Rouse chain—a limited description of polymer behavior C. Other chain-like models D. Dealing with entanglements E. Summary of predictions of molecular theory Problems References 10. ELEMENTARY POLYMER PROCESSING CONCEPTS A. Simple laboratory processing methods B. Elementary extrusion concepts C. A downstream process—spinning D. Summary Appendix 10-1: Densities of melts at elevated temperatures Problems References 11. QUALITY-CONTROL RHEOLOGY A. Examples of methods used by various industries B. Test precision Appendix 11-1: ASTM tests methods for rheological characterization Problems References 12. FLOW OF MODIFIED POLYMERS AND POLYMERS WITH SUPERMOLECULAR STRUCTURE A. Polymers filled with particulates B. Liquid crystallinity and rheology C. Polymers with microphase separation in melts or solutions D. Covalent crosslinking of polymers Appendix 12-1: Van 't Hoff equation applied to gelation Problems References ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

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Book SynopsisConcentrating on open channel flow, this textbook enables students to grasp the fundamentals of fluid mechanics and their various applications. Physical rather than mathematical concepts are emphasized. The text has been revised to include new illustrations and the results of recent research.Table of ContentsFundamentals. Fluid Statics. Kinematics of Fluid Motion. Systems, Control Volumes, Conservation of Mass, and The ReynoldsTransport Theorem. Flow of an Incompressible Ideal Fluid. The Impulse-Momentum Principle. Flow of a Real Fluid. Similitude, Dimensional Analysis and Normalization of Equations ofMotion. Flow in Pipes. Flow in Open Channels. Lift and Drag--Incompressible Flow. Introduction to Fluid Machinery. Flow of Compressible Fluids. Fluid Measurements. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe physics and chemistry underlying what happens at the surface of two liquid substances has applications in purification of nuclear waste, emulsion technology, textile processing, cosmetics, paper production, and mineral extraction processes.Table of ContentsTHERMODYNAMICS OF INTERFACES. Introduction to Classical Thermodynamics. Measurement of Interfacial Tension. Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces. ELECTRIFIED INTERFACES. Interfacial Potentials. Electrocapillarity. Energetics of Extraction. STRUCTURE OF INTERFACES. Interfacial Structures and Electrical Double Layers. CHEMISTRY AT LIQUID INTERFACES. Interfacial Catalysis. Light Energy Conversion at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces: Artificial Photosynthetic Systems. MEMBRANES. Membrane Thermodynamics and Electrostatics. Mechanics of Interfaces. Bibliography. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume work is detailed enough to serve as a text and comprehensive enough to stand as a reference. Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, summarizes the key experiments that show how polymeric fluids differ from structurally simple fluids, then presents, in rough historical order, various methods for solving polymer fluid dynamics problems. Volume 2, Kinetic Theory, uses molecular models and the methods of statistical mechanics to obtain relations between bulk flow behavior and polymer structure. Includes end-of-chapter problems and extensive appendixes.Table of ContentsPOLYMER MODELS AND EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES. Mechanical Models for Polymer Molecules. Equilibrium Configurations of Polymer Molecules. ELEMENTARY APPROACH TO KINETIC THEORY. Elastic Dumbbell Models. The Rigid Dumbbell and Multibead-Rod Models. The Bead-Spring Chain Models. General Bead-Rod-Spring Models. A GENERAL PHASE-SPACE KINETIC THEORY. Phase-Space Theory of Polymeric Liquids. Phase-Space Theory for Dilute Solutions. Phase-Space Theory for Concentrated Solutions and Melts. ELEMENTARY KINETIC THEORY FOR NETWORK MODELS. Network Theories for Polymer Melts and ConcentratedSolutions. APPENDICES. Summary of Continuum Mechanics Notation and Results. Useful Mathematical Formulas. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume work is detailed enough to serve as a text and comprehensive enough to stand as a reference. Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, summarizes the key experiments that show how polymeric fluids differ from structurally simple fluids, then presents, in rough historical order, various methods for solving polymer fluid dynamics problems. Volume 2, Kinetic Theory, uses molecular models and the methods of statistical mechanics to obtain relations between bulk flow behavior and polymer structure. Includes end-of-chapter problems and extensive appendixes.Table of ContentsNewtonian vs Non-Newtonian Behavior. Elementary Constitutive Equations and Their Use in Solving FluidDynamics Problems. Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations and Their Use inSolving Fluid Dynamics Problems. Continuum Mechanics and Its Use in Solving Fluid DynamicsProblems. Polymer Models and Equilibrium Properties. Elementary Approach to Kinetic Theory. A General Phase-Space Kinetic Theory. Elementary Kinetic Theory for Networks Models.

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains the proceedings of the 2nd French-Russian Workshop on Experiment, Modelisation, Computation in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, held in Sophia-Antipolis, France, in 1993. Contributors from the fields of experimental and computational fluid mechanics present the latest advances.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: A Mortar Element Method for an Approximate Navier-Stokes Solver (Y.Achdou, et al.). Recent Shock Tube and Shock Tunnel Studies Using the MarseilleFacilities (R. Brun). Chemical Non-Equilibrium Flows: Precision of Calculations withEmphasis on Diffusion Approximations (G. Duffa, et al.). Dissipative Implicit Centred Methods for MultidimensionalHyperbolic Problems (A. Lerat). The Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Separated Flows (A.Antonov). Kinetically Consistent Finite Difference Schemes and TheirApplication to Transient Flow Prediction (B. Chetverushkin). Numerical Simulation of Compressible Gas Flow (Yu.Golovachov). Real-Gas Effects on Rarefied Hypersonic Flow Over a Concave Body(M. Ivanov, et al.). Numerical and Asymptotic Investigation of 3D Non-Uniform ViscousGas Flows Over Bodies with Permeable Surface (S. Peigin). Index.

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Book SynopsisCurrent CFD problems of interest are typically of a large-scalenature, characterized by a size and complexity demanding thecombined efforts of interdisciplinary teams from engineering,mathematics, computer science and physics. This book thus groups aprestigious cross-section of internationally known scientistsinvited to expound on the following themes: * Algorithms for vector, parallel and virtual-parallelarchitectures * Algorithms for massively parallel architectures * Convergence enhancement techniques, namely preconditionedinterative methods for implicit or fully-coupled approaches * Convergence enhancement techniques, such as defect correction,multigrid, formulation preconditioning and zonal methods * Application of these techniques to large-scale CFD analysis anddesign. This book should prove equally valuable for CFD developers,practitioners and graduate students.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: CFD ALGORITHMS FOR PARALLEL AND VIRTUAL-PARALLELARCHITECTURES. Solving Large Incompressible Time-Dependent Flow Problems onScalable Parallel Systems (H. Daniels & A. Peters). CFD ALGORITHMS FOR VECTOR-PARALLEL AND MPP ARCHITECTURES. Compressible Navier-Stokes Solvers on MPPs (L. Fezoui, etal.). CONVERGENCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 1: PRECONDITIONED ITERATIVESOLVERS FOR IMPLICIT AND FULLY-COUPLED METHODS. The Algebraic Multilevel Iteration Method: A Scalable and OptimalAlgorithm (O. Axelsson). Quasi-Minimal Residual Iterative Solvers for CFD (N. Nachtigal& B. Semeraro). CONVERGENCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNQIUES II: DEFECT CORRECTION,MULTIGRID, FORMULATION PRECONDITIONING AND ZONAL METHODS. Multigrid Methods for Turbomachinery Navier-Stokes Calculations (A.Arnone). APPLICATION TO LARGE-SCALE SIMULATION AND DESIGN INAEROSPACE. Unstructured Mesh Methods for Aerospace Applications (K. Morgan, etal.).

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Book SynopsisWhether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs inTable of ContentsFluid Dynamics in Petroliferous Areas of Mobile Belts ix1. Geology and Oil and Gas Occurrences in the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 11.1 Intermontane Troughs 11.2 Foredeeps 162. Hydrogeochemical Field of the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 312.1 Intermontane Depressions 322.2 Foredeeps 1293. Geobaric Field in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 1813.1 Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures: Their Nature, Types, Identification and Diagnostics 1823.2 Patterns in Spatial Distribution of Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures 1954. Geotemperature Field in Alpine Mobil Belt Basins 2514.1 Geotemperature Regime of the Sediment Cover 2524.2 Geothermal Regime in the South Caspian Depression 2594.3 Geothermal Field of Local Structures 2675. Present-Day Geo-Fluid-Dynamics of Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 2735.1 Abnormally-High Fluid Pore Pressure as a Factor in the Formation of Faults, Structure Plans, Regional and Local Folded Structures 2735.2 Regional Dynamics of Ground Waters 2875.3 Geobaric Parameters of Natural Fluid Migration 3215.4 Geotemperature Parameters of Fluid Migration 3586. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration and Accumulation in the South-Caspian Basin 3657. Geo-Fluid-Dynamic Mechanisms and Factors in the Formation, Location and Forecast of Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 3977.1 Role of Abnormally High Pressure in the Formation, Placement and Forecast of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 3987.2 Role of Ground Water Discharge Zones and Foci in the Formation and Placement of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 4088. Qualitative Criteria and Quantitative Attributes of Commercial Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4318.1 Hydrochemical Associations Between Ground Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulations 4318.2 Quantitative Parameters in Correlation Between Tectonic Features of Local Structures, Ground Water Dynamics and Oil and Gas Occurrences 4468.3 Quantitative Correlation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Thermobaric Regime of Local Structures 4659. Geologo-Mathematical Models of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4839.1 Techniques of Local Structures Hydrocarbon Reserves Forecast and Estimation 4839.2 Zonal and Regional Geologic Models of Oil and Gas Occurrence in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 48410. Geo-Fluid-Dynamical Parameters of Oil and Gas Occurrence on Local Structures and in Zones of Dominant Oil and Gas Accumulation 49110.1 The South Caspian Depression 49110.2 The Other Alpine Regions 51111. Attempt on Regional Situation Analysis, Conceptual Resource Estimation and Procedure of Strategic Decision-Making in Planning and Conduct of Exploration and Appraisal Operations (Example of the South Caspian Basin) 515Conclusions 579References 585Index 609

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Book SynopsisFluid power systems are manufactured by many organizations for a very wide range of applications, embodying different arrangements of components to fulfill a given task. Hydraulic components are manufactured to provide the control functions required for the operation of a wide range of systems and applications.This second edition is structured to give an understanding of • Basic types of components, their operational principles and the estimation of their performance in a variety of applications.• A resume of the flow processes that occur in hydraulic components.• A review of the modeling process for the efficiency of pumps and motors.This new edition also includes a complete analysis for estimating the mechanical loss in a typical hydraulic motor; how circuits can be arranged using available components to provide a range of functional system outputs, including the analysis and design of closed loop control systems and some applications; a description of the use of international standards in the design and management of hydraulic systems; and extensive analysis of hydraulic circuits for different types of hydrostatic power transmission systems and their application.

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Book SynopsisWhen we know who we truly are, rather than who we take ourselves to be, we will realize that we are indeed the hero of our story and that we need not look to others or the world to find our heart's desire. The Hero of Our Story is intended to be a simple and accessible entry point for those interested in Ramana and the teachings of Vedanta -- one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy. A commentary on Ramana's Sat Darshanam, each of the 42 verses from the text is presented and followed by commentary and discussion by the author.

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Book SynopsisFluid mechanics is an important scientific field with various industrial applications for flows or energy consumption and efficiency issues. This book has as main aim to be a textbook of applied knowledge in real fluids as well as to the Hydraulic systems components and operation, with emphasis to the industrial or real life problems for piping and aerodynamic design geometries. Various problems will be presented and analyzed through this book. Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Fundamental Principles in Fluids 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Incompressible and compressible fluids 2 1.3 Fluid properties 2 1.3.1 Density (ρ) 3 1.3.2 Specific weight (γ) 6 1.3.3 Relative density 7 1.3.4 Pressure 11 1.3.5 Compressibility 12 1.3.6 Viscosity 13 1.3.7 Specific volume 20 1.4 Surface tension 20 1.5 Surface tension applications 21 1.6 Capillarity effect 23 1.7 Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids 24 1.8 Vapor pressure 27 1.9 Cavitation 28 1.10 Formulae 30 1.11 Questions 37 1.12 Problems with solutions 38 1.13 Problems to be solved 47 Chapter 2 Hydrostatics 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Basic law of hydrostatic pressure 52 2.3 Law of communicating vessels 56 2.4 Forces applied by fluids on flat surfaces 58 2.4.1 Forces applied on the horizontal bottom of a vessel 58 2.4.2 Forces applied on the flat side walls of a vessel 60 2.5 Forces applied by fluids on curved surfaces 62 2.6 Archimedes’ principle 64 2.7 Consequences of Archimedes’ principle 66 2.7.1 Fully immersed body 66 2.7.2 Partially immersed (floating) body 69 2.8 Formulae 70 2.9 Questions 72 2.10 Problems with solutions 72 2.11 Problems to be solved 82 Chapter 3 Aerostatics 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 General characteristics of gases 86 3.3 Pressure applied by air 86 3.3.1 Pressure caused by the motion of gas molecules 87 3.3.2 Pressure caused by the weight of gases 87 3.4 Buoyancy: Archimedes’ principle 88 3.4.1 Apparent weight of a body 90 3.5 Hot air balloons 90 3.6 Lifting force of a hot air balloon 92 3.7 Basic aerostatic law 93 3.8 Gas pressure variations: the Boyle–Mariotte law 94 3.8.1 The Boyle–Mariotte law 95 3.9 Changes in gas density 96 3.10 The atmosphere 97 3.10.1 International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) 98 3.11 Formulae 103 3.12 Questions 105 3.13 Problems with solutions 105 3.14 Problems to be solved 114 Chapter 4 Fluid Flow 117 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Flow field 117 4.3 Fluid velocity 118 4.4 Fluid’s acceleration 119 4.4.1 Steady and unsteady flows 121 4.4.2 Compressible and incompressible flows 121 4.4.3 Subsonic and supersonic flows 121 4.5 Streamlines 122 4.6 Mass conservation (continuity equation) 123 4.7 Continuity equation for flow in pipes 126 4.8 Energy conservation for incompressible flows(Bernoulli equation) 127 4.9 Applications of the Bernoulli law 131 4.9.1 Venturi tube 131 4.9.2 Ρitot tube 132 4.10 Euler equations 134 4.11 Navier–Stokes equations 136 4.12 Formulae 138 4.13 Questions 141 4.14 Problems with solutions 142 4.15 Problems to be solved 164 Chapter 5 Flow in Pipes 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Physical quantities 170 5.3 Laminar and turbulent flows in pipes 170 5.3.1 Reynolds number in pipes 170 5.3.2 Average velocity and velocity distribution 171 5.3.3 Shear stress in a horizontal cylindrical pipe 172 5.3.4 Pressure drop in a horizontal cylindrical pipe 174 5.3.5 Pressure drop in a horizontal non-cylindrical pipe 174 5.3.6 Shear stress τ0 and friction coefficient f 175 5.3.7 Pressure drop and friction coefficient relationship for a horizontal pipe 175 5.4 Basic equations 176 5.4.1 Continuity equation 176 5.4.2 Energy equation (Bernoulli equation) 177 5.5 Friction coefficient of a laminar flow of real fluid in a horizontal cylindrical pipe 179 5.5.1 Inlet conditions 183 5.6 Turbulent flow in pipes 185 5.6.1 Turbulent flow in smooth pipes 186 5.6.2 Turbulent flow in pipes with roughness 187 5.6.3 The Moody diagram 189 5.6.4 Calculation of relative roughness 190 5.6.5 Empirical expressions for the friction coefficient 191 5.6.6 Minor local losses 193 5.6.7 K values 195 5.6.8 Valves and other devices 195 5.6.9 Total losses 198 5.6.10 Solution of flow problems in pipes 199 5.7 Categories of pipes’ flow problems 201 5.7.1 A’ category flow problems 201 5.7.2 B’ category flow problems 202 5.7.3 C’ category flow problems 203 5.8 Pipes’ flow problems: numerical work examples 205 5.8.1 Α’ category 205 5.8.2 Β’ category 206 5.8.3 C’ category 210 5.9 Energy and hydraulic grade lines 214 5.10 Incompressible, viscid flow in connected pipes 219 5.10.1 Simple pipelines 221 5.10.2 Pipes connected in a row 222 5.10.3 Parallel connection of pipes 224 5.10.4 Mixed pipe connection 226 5.10.5 Pipe branches 228 5.11 Simple applications of pipeline networks 233 5.11.1 Simple pipeline 233 5.11.2 Pipes in a row 236 5.11.3 Pipes in parallel 245 5.11.4 Mixed pipe network 252 5.11.5 Problem of the three tanks 256 5.12 Formulae 267 5.13 Questions 283 5.14 Problems with solutions 286 5.15 Problems to be solved 350 Appendices 359 Appendix 1 Symbols and Units 361 Appendix 2 Tables and Diagrams of Natural Values 367 Appendix 3 Symbols and Basic Conversion Factors 385 Bibliography 387 Index 389

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the types of seals and bearings that are commonly found in most rotating and moving machinery, including how they are designed, how they work and what can be done to ensure that they continue maintain proper lubrication and successful operation. Tribology is the scientific and engineering study of friction, and in common practice; it most often involves the control and reduction of friction. This is particularly critical to the successful and continued operation of moving parts. The author discusses the critical lubrication issues dealt with in gears and gear boxes, focusing on specific types of mechanical seals, including compression seals, hydrodynamic seals, hydrostatic seals, and mechanical face seals. Dr. Watterson also introduces the reader to the major types of bearings, including roller bearings, ball bearings and various types of sealed bearing systems, and their maintenance and lubrication requirements.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the mathematics and physics behind the simulation of turbulent flows and discusses in detail (i) the phenomenology of turbulence in fluid dynamics, (ii) the role of direct and large-eddy simulation in predicting these dynamics, (iii) the multiple considerations underpinning subgrid modelling, and, (iv) the issue of validation and reliability resulting from interacting modelling and numerical errors.

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Book Synopsis1 Einleitung.- 2 Die Thermodynamik und ihre Grenzen.- 3 Zur irreversiblen Thermodynamik.- 4 Der Laser als Paradigma der Selbstorganisation.- 5 Die grundlegenden Konzepte der Synergetik.- 6 Strukturbildung in Flüssigkeiten und Gasen.- 7 Strukturbildung in der Chemie.- 8 Mustererkennung durch synergetische Computer.- 9 Aspekte chaotischen Verhaltens.- 10 Grenzen und Fehlinterpretationen von Thermodynamik und statistischer Physik.- Programmiervorschläge.- Bildquellenverzeichnis.- Namen- und Sachwortverzeichnis.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Die Thermodynamik und ihre Grenzen.- 3 Zur irreversiblen Thermodynamik.- 4 Der Laser als Paradigma der Selbstorganisation.- 5 Die grundlegenden Konzepte der Synergetik.- 6 Strukturbildung in Flüssigkeiten und Gasen.- 7 Strukturbildung in der Chemie.- 8 Mustererkennung durch synergetische Computer.- 9 Aspekte chaotischen Verhaltens.- 10 Grenzen und Fehlinterpretationen von Thermodynamik und statistischer Physik.- Programmiervorschläge.- Bildquellenverzeichnis.- Namen- und Sachwortverzeichnis.

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