Philosophy: logic Books

Book SynopsisThis treatment of critical thinking theories, old and modern, addresses related concerns expressed by feminists and postmodernists. The author suggests a solution by way of a feminist redescription of critical thinking as constructive thinking, which she relates to classroom settings.

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewBrock's treatment of Aquinas's account of action exhibits a rare combination of rigor and learning. It is, no doubt, the best we have.""- Thomist;""Both Thomistic scholars and analytic phi- losophers interested in theories of human action and accountability will find this book a welcome addi- tion to their libraries. Truly a substantive addition to both Thomistic scholarship and the ongoing analytic investigation into human action and responsible agency.""- American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly;""A first-rate book...Brock's lucid and illuminating analysis offers much of value to both intellecutal historians and theologians, as well as philosophers.""- Theological Studies;""A tremendously successful exposition of Aquinas, which brings him into conversation with contemporary and analytic philosophy in a mutually illuminating way. Action and Conduct is so thorough and so lucid that no students of Aquinas or of contemporary action theory can afford to neglect it.""- Modern Theology

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Book SynopsisPresents a normative framework for identifying and evaluating ad hominem or personal attack arguments.Trade ReviewWalton's own careful categorization and formalization of the various kinds of ad hominem arguments brings clarity to the subject.... Walton's book can be recommended for its plethora of interesting examples, its historically informed discussion, and its useful typology of ad hominem arguments. - The Midwest Quarterly ""Quite accessible to the interested general reader... Walton's books are intelligent, perceptive commentaries on aspects of common argumentative practice.... We see in Walton a hugely impressive example of the necessity of disciplined observation as a necessary condition of a scientifically tenable understanding of the matters at hand.... At the level of 'models of the data,' there is nothing in the literature that surpasses Ad Hominem Arguments. Walton has done us the service of publishing a book that is necessary reading."" - Argumentation

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Book SynopsisThis book examines three areas in which abductive reasoning is especially important: medicine, science, and law. The reader is introduced to abduction and shown how it has evolved historically into the framework of conventional wisdom in logic. Discussions draw upon recent techniques used in artificial intelligence, particularly in the areas of multi-agent systems and plan recognition, to develop a dialogue model of explanation. Cases of causal explanations in law are analysed using abductive reasoning, and all the components are finally brought together to build a new account of abductive reasoning. By clarifying the notion of abduction as a common and significant type of reasoning in everyday argumentation, Abductive Reasoning will be useful to scholars and students in many fields, including argumentation, computing and artificial intelligence, psychology and cognitive science, law, philosophy, linguistics, and speech communication and rhetoric.

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Book SynopsisConfronted by forces of change, the Supreme Court appeared the bastion of conservatism in case after case, as they defended the old order. Progressive reformers of the time and historians of the 20th century have depicted the era's nine justices as aging reactionaries. Now, in 'Guardians of the Moral Order', Mark Bailey rises to their defence.Trade Review"With convincing detail [Bailey] recounts the concepts, assumptions, tenets, and teachings of antebellum moral science."—Law and History Review "An engaging and well-argued interpretation of the Court, full of intellectual surprises and new insights."—Kermit Hall, Utah State University "A significant contribution to legal history that offers a clear application of nineteenth-century moral philosophy to the work of the Supreme Court."—William LaPiana, New York Law SchoolTable of ContentsTable of Contents List of Tables Introduction 1. American Legal History: The Problem of Ideology, Epistemology, and Typology 2. The Pattern of Antebellum College and Legal Education 3. Moral Philosophy: A Theoretical Science 4. Moral Philosophy: A Practical Science 5. Law and Society in the Context of Providential Design 6. Moral Accountability, the Facultative State, and the Police Power 7. Laissez-faire Constitutionalism and the Moral Economy 8. The Moral Order Endangered Conclusion Appendix I Appendix II Notes Selected Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA COMPANION TO WITTGENSTEIN The most comprehensive survey of Wittgenstein's thought yet compiled, this volume of fifty newly commissioned essays by leading interpreters of his philosophy is a keynote addition to the Blackwell Companions to Philosophy series. Full of penetrating insights into the life and work of the most important philosopher of the twentieth century, the collection explores the full range of Wittgenstein's contribution to philosophy. It includes essays on his intellectual development, his work in logic and mathematics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and action, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of religion, and much else. As well as examining Wittgenstein's contribution to human understanding in detail, the Companion features vital contextual analysis that traces the relationship between his ideas and those of other philosophers and schools of thought, including the Aristotelian and continental philosophical traditions. Authors also address prominent theTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii Wittgenstein’s Published Works in Order of Composition xiv Introduction 1 John Hyman and Hans-Johann Glock Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Sketch of His Life 5 Ray Monk Part I Introductory 21 1. Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development 23 Wolfgang Kienzler 2. Wittgenstein’s Texts and Style 41 David G. Stern Part II Influences 57 3. Wittgenstein and Schopenhauer 59 Dale Jacquette 4. Wittgenstein and Frege 74 Michael Beaney 5. Wittgenstein and Russell 92 Graham Stevens 6. Wittgenstein, Hertz, and Boltzmann 110 John M. Preston Part III Early Philosophy 125 7. Logical Atomism 127 Leo K.C. Cheung 8. The Picture Theory 141 Colin Johnston 9. Wittgenstein on Solipsism 159 Ernst Michael Lange 10. Resolute Readings of the Tractatus 175 James Conant and Silver Bronzo 11. Ineffability and Nonsense in the Tractatus 195 Leo K.C. Cheung 12. Metaphysics: From Ineffability to Normativity 209 P.M.S. Hacker Part IV Philosophy and Grammar 229 13. Philosophy and Philosophical Method 231 Hans-Johann Glock 14. Grammar and Grammatical Statements 252 Severin Schroeder 15. The Autonomy of Grammar 269 Michael N. Forster 16. Surveyability 278 Joachim Schulte Part V Logic and Mathematics 291 17. Logic and the Tractatus 293 Roger M. White 18. Wittgenstein’s Early Philosophy of Mathematics 305 Pasquale Frascolla 19. Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy of Mathematics 319 A.W. Moore 20. Wittgenstein and Antirealism 332 Mathieu Marion 21. Necessity and Apriority 346 Eric Loomis Part VI Language 359 22. Names and Ostensive Definitions 361 Kai Büttner 23. Meaning and Understanding 375 Jason Bridges 24. Rules and Rule-Following 390 Gary Ebbs 25. Vagueness and Family Resemblance 407 Hanoch Ben-Yami 26. Languages, Language-Games, and Forms of Life 420 Daniel Whiting 27. Wittgenstein on Truth 433 David Dolby Part VII Mind and Action 443 28. Privacy and Private Language 445 Edward Kanterian 29. The Inner and the Outer 465 William Child 30. Wittgenstein on “I” and the Self 478 Maximilian de Gaynesford 31. Wittgenstein on Action and the Will 491 Maria Alvarez 32. Wittgenstein on Intentionality 502 Stefan Brandt 33. Wittgenstein on Seeing Aspects 517 Arif Ahmed 34. Wittgenstein on Color 533 Jonathan Westphal Part VIII Epistemology 545 35. Wittgenstein on Knowledge and Certainty 547 Danièle Moyal-Sharrock 36. Wittgenstein on Skepticism 563 Duncan Pritchard 37. Wittgenstein on Causation and Induction 576 Constantine Sandis and Chon Tejedor 38. Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Science 587 Vasso Kindi Part IX Ethics, Aesthetics, and Religion 603 39. Wittgenstein and Ethics 605 Robert L. Arrington 40. Wittgenstein and Aesthetics 612 Severin Schroeder 41. Wittgenstein and Anthropology 627 Brian R. Clack 42. Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Religion 639 John Cottingham 43. Wittgenstein and Psychoanalysis 651 Edward Harcourt Part X Philosophical Schools and Traditions 667 44. Wittgenstein and the Aristotelian Tradition 669 Roger Pouivet 45. Wittgenstein and Kantianism 682 Robert Hanna 46. Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle 699 Thomas Uebel 47. Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language Philosophy 718 Anita Avramides 48. Wittgenstein and Pragmatism 731 David Bakhurst and Cheryl Misak 49. Wittgenstein and Naturalism 746 Christopher Hookway 50. Wittgenstein and Continental Philosophy 757 Stephen Mulhall Index 771

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Book SynopsisThis collection of newly comissioned essays by international contributors offers a representative overview of the most important developments in contemporary philosophical logic. Presents controversies in philosophical implications and applications of formal symbolic logic. Surveys major trends and offers original insights. Trade Review"Here is a first-class collection of articles by a first-class collection of authors. It covers the full range of philosophical logic from its history through its philosophy to its applications, with a lot of good, solid logic all along the way. Of particular value is the way it presents multiple voices on common topics. This is the way philosophy should be done."—Lou Goble, Willamette UniversityTable of ContentsList of Contributors viii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Logic, Philosophy, and Philosophical Logic – Dale Jacquette 1 Part I Historical Development of Logic 9 11 Ancient Greek Philosophical Logic – Robin Smith 11 12 History of Logic: Medieval – E. P. Bos and B. G. Sundholm 24 13 The Rise of Modern Logic – Rolf George and James Van Evra 35 Part II Symbolic Logic and Ordinary Language 49 14 Language, Logic, and Form – Kent Bach 51 15 Puzzles about Intensionality – Nathan Salmon 73 16 Symbolic Logic and Natural Language – Emma Borg and Ernest Lepore 86 Part III Philosophical Dimensions of Logical Paradoxes 103 17 Logical Paradoxes – James Cargile 105 18 Semantical and Logical Paradox – Keith Simmons 115 19 Philosophical Implications of Logical Paradoxes – Roy A. Sorensen 131 Part IV Truth and Definite Description in Semantic Analysis 143 10 Truth, the Liar, and Tarski’s Semantics – Gila Sher 145 11 Truth, the Liar, and Tarskian Truth Definition – Greg Ray 164 12 Descriptions and Logical Form – Gary Ostertag 177 13 Russell’s Theory of Definite Descriptions as a Paradigm for Philosophy – Gregory Landini 194 Part V Concepts of Logical Consequence 225 14 Necessity, Meaning, and Rationality: The Notion of Logical Consequence – Stewart Shapiro 227 15 Varieties of Consequence – B. G. Sundholm 241 16 Modality of Deductively Valid Inference – Dale Jacquette 256 Part VI Logic, Existence, and Ontology 263 17 Quantifiers, Being, and Canonical Notation – Paul Gochet 265 18 From Logic to Ontology: Some Problems of Predication, Negation, and Possibility – Herbert Hochberg 281 19 Putting Language First: The ‘Liberation’ of Logic from Ontology – Ermanno Bencivenga 293 Part VII Metatheory and the Scope and Limits of Logic 305 20 Metatheory – Alasdair Urquhart 307 21 Metatheory of Logics and the Characterization Problem – Jan Wole´nski 319 22 Logic in Finite Structures: Definability, Complexity, and Randomness – Scott Weinstein 332 Part VIII Logical Foundations of Set Theory and Mathematics 349 23 Logic and Ontology: Numbers and Sets – José A. Benardete 351 24 Logical Foundations of Set Theory and Mathematics – Mary Tiles 365 25 Property-Theoretic Foundations of Mathematics – Michael Jubien 377 Part IX Modal Logics and Semantics 389 26 Modal Logic – Johan van Benthem 391 27 First-Order Alethic Modal Logic – Melvin Fitting 410 28 Proofs and Expressiveness in Alethic Modal Logic – Maarten de Rijke and Heinrich Wansing 422 29 Alethic Modal Logics and Semantics – Gerhard Schurz 442 30 Epistemic Logic – Nicholas Rescher 478 31 Deontic, Epistemic, and Temporal Modal Logics – Risto Hilpinen 491 Part X Intuitionistic, Free, and Many-Valued Logics 511 32 Intuitionism – Dirk van Dalen and Mark van Atten 513 33 Many-Valued, Free, and Intuitionistic Logics – Richard Grandy 531 34 Many-Valued Logic – Grzegorz Malinowski 545 Part XI Inductive, Fuzzy, and Quantum Probability Logics 563 35 Inductive Logic – Stephen Glaister 565 36 Heterodox Probability Theory – Peter Forrest 582 37 Why Fuzzy Logic? – Petr Hájek 595 Part XII Relevance and Paraconsistent Logics 607 38 Relevance Logic – Edwin D. Mares 609 39 On Paraconsistency – Bryson Brown 628 40 Logicians Setting Together Contradictories: A Perspective on Relevance, Paraconsistency, and Dialetheism – Graham Priest 651 Part XIII Logic, Machine Theory, and Cognitive Science 665 41 The Logical and the Physical – Andrew W. Hodges 667 42 Modern Logic and its Role in the Study of Knowledge – Peter A. Flach 680 43 Actions and Normative Positions: A Modal-Logical Approach – Robert Demolombe and Andrew J. I. Jones 694 Part XIV Mechanization of Logical Inference and Proof Discovery 707 44 The Automation of Sound Reasoning and Successful Proof Finding – Larry Wos and Branden Fitelson 709 45 A Computational Logic for Applicative Common LISP – Matt Kaufmann and J. Strother Moore 724 46 Sampling Labeled Deductive Systems – D. M. Gabbay 742 Resources for Further Study 771 Index 776

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Book SynopsisCritical thinking is taught at all universities, often put forward by lecturers as the key skill that can most dramatically improve a student''s understanding of a course and transform their writing. It pervades research methods teaching, critical psychology, and a range of other core curriculum elements, in exactly the same way that critical thinking pervades any discipline, and indeed, life generally. But what is it, exactly, and how can we apply it specifically to the field of psychology? In his relaxed and accessible style, Mark Forshaw takes modern real-world examples from psychology and everyday life to lighten the learning of critical thinking, explaining what it entails, why it is important, and how it can be applied to this fascinating field of study.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1. Getting Started on Critical Thinking 1 2. Logic and the Philosophy of Critical Thinking 5 3. Critical Thinking in the Wider World 19 4. Critical Thinking Inside Psychology 45 5. Putting Critical Thinking to Use: Getting Good Grades 87 6. Getting Fit for Critical Thinking 109 Concluding Remarks 119 Exercises in Critical Thinking 121 Checklist for Critical Thinking 123 Glossary 127 References 131 Further Reading 133 Index 135

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Book SynopsisYou''ve Got to Be Kidding!: How Jokes Can Help You Think is a thoughtful and accessible analysis of the ways in which jokes illustrate how we think critically, and how the thinking process goes awry in everyday human situations. Uses jokes to illustrate the various mistakes or fallacies that are typically identified and discussed in courses on critical reasoning Provides an effective way to learn critical thinking skills since jokes often describe real-life situations where it really matters whether a person thinks well or not Demonstrates how philosophy is actually very practical and clearly related to real- life human experiences Explains how developing good reasoning habits can make a real difference in all aspects of one''s life Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Why Thinking Critically Is Important 1 2 Fallacies of Relevance 13 3 Fallacies of Evidence 45 4 Fallacies of Assumption 80 5 Critical Thinking and Objective Truth 97 References 116 Index 119

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Book SynopsisYou''ve Got to Be Kidding!: How Jokes Can Help You Think is a thoughtful and accessible analysis of the ways in which jokes illustrate how we think critically, and how the thinking process goes awry in everyday human situations. Uses jokes to illustrate the various mistakes or fallacies that are typically identified and discussed in courses on critical reasoning Provides an effective way to learn critical thinking skills since jokes often describe real-life situations where it really matters whether a person thinks well or not Demonstrates how philosophy is actually very practical and clearly related to real- life human experiences Explains how developing good reasoning habits can make a real difference in all aspects of one''s life Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Why Thinking Critically Is Important 1 2 Fallacies of Relevance 13 3 Fallacies of Evidence 45 4 Fallacies of Assumption 80 5 Critical Thinking and Objective Truth 97 References 116 Index 119

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Table of ContentsContributing Authors. Preface. Part I: Introduction to Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence. 1. Introduction to Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence; J. Minker. Part II: Commonsense Reasoning. 2. Concepts of Logical AI; J. McCarthy. Part III: Knowledge Representation. 3. Two Approaches to Efficient Open-World Reasoning; G. De Giacomo, H. Levesque. 4. Declarative Problem-Solving in DLV; T. Eder, et al. Part IV: Nonmonotonic Reasoning. 5. The Role of Default Logic in Knowledge Representation; J.P. Delgrande, Torsten Schaub. 6. Approximations, stable operators, well-founded fixpoints, applications in nonmonotonic reasoning; M. Denecker, et al. Part V: Logic for Causation, Actions. 7. Getting to the Airport: The Oldest Planning Problem in AI; V. Lifschitz, et al. Part VI: Planning, Problem Solving. 8. Encoding Domain Knowledge for Propositional Planning; H. Kautz, B. Selman. 9. Functional Strips; H. Geffner. Part VII: Logic, Planning, High Level Robotics. 10. Planning with Natural Actions in the Situation Calculus; F. Pirri, R. Reiter. 11. Reinventing Shakey; M. Shanahan. Part VIII: Logic for Agents, Actions. 12. Reasoning Agents in Dynamic Domains; C. Baral, M. Gelfond. 13. Dynamic Logic for Reasoning about Actions, Agents; J.-J.Ch. Meyer. Part IX: Inductive Reasoning. 14. Logic-Based Machine Learning; S. Muggleton, F. Marginean. Part X: Possibilistic Logic. 15. Decision, Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Possibilistic Logic; S. Benferhat, etal. Part Xl: Logic, Beliefs. 16. The Role(s) of Belief in AI; D. Perlis. 17. Modeling the Beliefs of Other Agents; R.H. Thomason. Part XII: Logic, Language. 18. The Situations We Talk about; L.K. Schuberi. Part XIII: Computational Logic. 19. Linear Time Datalog, Branching.Time Logic; G. Goitlob, et al. 20. On the Expressive Power of Planning Formalisms; B. Nebel. Part XIV: Knowledge Base System Implementations. 21. Extending the Smodels System with Cardinality, Weight Constraints; I. Niemelä, P. Simons. 22. Nonmonotonic Reasoning in LDL++; H. Wang, C. Zaniolo. Part XV: Applications of Theorem Proving, Logic Programming. 23. Towards a Mechanically Checked Theory of Computation; J. Strother Moore. 24. Logic-Based Techniques in Data Integration; A.Y. Levy. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough John Stuart Mill is generally and properly known as a philosopher and political economist, his writings actually cover a wide variety of subjects. In this book Professor Robson brings together the most important strands of Mill’s thought in an attempt to show that it contains a basic unity of approach, at the heart of which is his ethical system. Mill’s ethical position depends on his understanding of the relation between practice and theory, and reflects his own experience, especially his “metal crisis,” his appreciation of poetry, and his friendship with Harriet Taylor (who later became his wife). The study brings out the importance of the three phases in Mill’s life: his early period of adherence to the ideas of James Mill and Bentham; his period of assimilation of the influences of Coleridge, Carlyle, Comte, and de Toequeville; and finally his period of mature fame, when he published his System of Logic, Principles of Political Governm

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Book SynopsisThe author has taken an important subject, one which has pervaded the thinking of scientists, philosophers, and historians, and with impeccable scholarship and great clarity has concerned himself with a specific aspect of it: the way in which the determination of how the unity of the sciences is to be conceived presented itself to philosophers as a specifically philosophical or logical problem. The study is not, therefore, an essay in the history of ideas showing the idea of unity at work in many cultural contexts, or in the history of the classification fo the sciences; nor does it discuss philosophers who suppose a unity but do not discuss it. Rather it is an exposition of what is directly said on the subject of unity by a number of philosphers who view it in their different ways as a problem for solving. Those chosen for discussion belong to the classical period of modern philosophy, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and chapters take up the contributions of Bacon, Descartes

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Book SynopsisHegel is one of the most importantmodern philosophers, whose thought influenced the development ofexistentialism, Marxism, pragmatism, hermeneutics, and deconstruction. YetHegel's central text, the monumental Science of Logic, still remains formost philosophers (both figuratively and literally) a firmly closed book. Thepurpose of The Opening of Hegel's Logic is to dispel the myths thatsurround the Logic and to show that Hegel's unjustly neglected text is awork of extraordinary subtlety and insight. Part One of The Opening of Hegel's Logic argues that the Logicprovides a rigorous derivation of the fundamental categories of thought andcontrasts Hegel's approach to the categories with that of Kant. It goes on toexamine the historical and linguistic presuppositions of Hegel's self-critical,"presuppositionless" logic and, in the process, considers severalsignifi­cant criticisms of such logic advanced by Schelling, Feuerbach,Gadamer, and Kierkegaard. Separate chapters are devoted to the relation betweenlogic and ontology in Hegel's Logicand to the relation between the Logicitself and the Phenomenology. PartTwo contains the text – in German and English – of the firsttwo chapters of Hegel's Logic, whichcover such categories as being, becoming, something, limit, finitude, andinfinity. Part Three then provides a clear and accessible commentary on thesetwo chapters that both examines Hegel's arguments in detail and relates hisinsights to those of other philosophers, such as Descartes, Spinoza, Kant,Nietzsche, and Levinas. TheOpening of Hegel's Logic aims tohelp students and scholars read Hegel's often formidably difficult text forthemselves and discover the wealth of philosophical riches that it contains. Italso argues that Hegel's project of a presuppositionless science of logic isone that deserves serious consideration today.

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Book SynopsisRapid innovations in digital technology deeply influence views on language and information processing. Any new developments raise many questions for researchers, and can help shed new light on old approaches. Logic is a tool that researchers can use to gain insight into investigations of the relation between form and content, the ways that linguistic utterances change information content and the dynamics of information change. This text presents a broad range of logical investigations into language and information processing. Topics covered include: the notion of "reasonable belief" in commonsense reasoning, perpetual reports in natural languages, the logic of creation and modification of objects, the verification of temporal aspects of reactive systems, analysis of scope by combining model theory and situation semantics, and semantic analysis of the information articulation of linguistic statements.

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Book SynopsisThe use of diagrams in logic and geometry has encountered resistence throughout the years. For a proof to be valid in geometry it must not rely on the graphical properties of a diagram. In logic the teaching of proofs depends on the sentenial representations, ideas formed as natural language sentences such as "if A is true and B is true...". No serious formal proof system is based on diagrams. This text explores the reasons why structured graphics have been ignored in modern formal theories of axiomatic systems. The effects of historical forces on the evolution of diagrammatically-based systems of inference in logic and geometry are explored, from antiquity to the early 20th-century work of David Hilbert. From this exploration emerges an understanding that the present negative attitudes towards the use of diagrams in logic and geometry owe more to implicit appeals to their history and philosophical background than to any technical incompatibility with modern theories of logical systems.

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Book Synopsis"Tarski's World" is an innovative and exciting method of introducing students to the language of first-order logic. Using the courseware package, students quickly master the meanings of connectives and qualifiers and soon become fluent in the symbolic language at the core of modern logic. The accompanying CD-ROM, compatible with both Macintosh and PC formats, includes a unique and effective corrective tool in the form of a game that methodically leads students back through any errors in sentences they have constructed, as well as a program for submitting homework to an automated grader. Intended as a supplement to a standard logic text, "Tarski's World" is an essential resource for helping students learn the language of logic.

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Book SynopsisThis volume broadens our concept of reasoning and rationality to allow for a more pluralistic and situational view of human thinking as a practical activity. Drawing on contributors across disciplines including philosophy, economics, psychology, statistics, computer science, engineering, and physics, "Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability" argues that the search for strong theories should leave room for the construction of context-sensitive conceptual tools. Both science and everyday life, the authors argue, are too complex and multifaceted to be forced into ready-made schemata.

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Book SynopsisIn this work Ockham proposes a theory of simple predication, which he then uses in explicating the truth conditions of progressively more complicated kinds of propositions. His discussion includes what he takes to be the correct semantic treatment of quantified propositions, past tense and future tense propositions, and modal propositions, all of which are receiving much attention from contemporary philosophers. He also illustrates the use of exponential analysis to deal with propositions that prove troublesome in both semantic theory and other disciplines, such as metaphysics, physics, and theology. This type of analysis plays an essential role in his substantive philosophical and theological works, and in many cases then can hardly be understood without a prior acquaintance with this section of the Summa. An introduction by Alfred J. Freddoso clarifies and summarizes Ockham’s theory, discusses certain philosophical problems what it engenders, and proposes new interpretations for parts of it. The essay will be helpful both to those interested in Ockham as a historical figure and to those interested in his substantive systematic contributions to logical history.

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Book SynopsisSelf to Self brings together essays on personal identity, autonomy, and moral emotions by the philosopher J.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to logic’s central concepts. This book provides a concise but detailed account of modern logic's three cornerstones: the completeness of first-order logic, Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, and Turing's analysis of computability. In addition to the central text, an appendix explains the required technical terminology and facts. The main ideas behind the three cornerstones are explained in a simple, easy-to-grasp manner, and it is possible to select among the chapters and sections so that the reader becomes familiar with these ideas, even if some technicalities are skipped or postponed. A wealth of exercises accompany a wide selection of materials, including the histories and philosophical implications of the three main premises, making it useful as a textbook for undergraduate or graduate courses focusing on any of the three main themes. The material is rigorous and detailed but keeps the main ideas in sight, and there are numerous excursions into more advanced material for curious readers to explore.

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Book SynopsisThe fundamental burden of a theory of inductive inference is to determine which are the good inductive inferences or relations of inductive support and why it is that they are so. The traditional approach is modeled on that taken in accounts of deductive inference. It seeks universally applicable schemas or rules or a single formal device, such as the probability calculus. After millennia of halting efforts, none of these approaches has been unequivocally successful and debates between approaches persist.The Material Theory of Induction identifies the source of these enduring problems in the assumption taken at the outset: that inductive inference can be accommodated by a single formal account with universal applicability. Instead, it argues that that there is no single, universally applicable formal account. Rather, each domain has an inductive logic native to it. Which that is, and its extent, is determined by the facts prevailing in that domain.Paying close attention to how inductive inference is conducted in science and copiously illustrated with real-world examples, The Material Theory of Induction will initiate a new tradition in the analysis of inductive inference.

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Book SynopsisCritical Thinking and Composition introduces students to the basic components of philosophical writing, as well as techniques and principles for writing clear and precise arguments.The nine chapters of this book cover everything from building strong, logical arguments at the outset to the nuts and bolts of writing successfully in the philosophy sphere. The books focuses on avoiding vagueness and ambiguity when communicating arguments. Additionally, there is emphasis on learning how to recognize common fallacies of ambiguity and how to define terms in clear and precise ways. Excerpts from the writings of key philosophers including Aristotle, the Buddha, Hume, and Sartre (as well as introductions to contextualize each excerpt) deepen the reader's understanding of the elements of impactful philosophical writing. Full of relatable examples designed to engage students, each chapter also contains helpful resources such as learning objectives, keywords, and exercises.Critical Thinking and Composition is a must-have resource for undergraduate courses in composition, philosophy, and related social sciences, especially those with emphasis in critical reasoning and writing.

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Book SynopsisBasics of Logic provides students with a strong grounding in logic with an emphasis on the importance of sophisticated, well-supported opinions with sound structure. The book is centred around the principle that critical thinking and logic teach individuals how to draw conclusions based on evidence and good reasoning. It also offers readers tools to help understand and evaluate reasoning whether it be their own or the reasoning of others.The opening chapter defines logic and explains the components of arguments. Subsequent chapters explore deduction, validity, and soundness; categorical reasoning; the square of opposition; propositional logic; truth tables; natural deduction; and more. Each chapter contains helpful resources for students including learning objectives, keywords, examples, and exercises to enhance their comprehension and engagement.Basics of Logic is an invaluable, foundational resource for courses exploring critical thinking and logic.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of this book is to consider the importance of intuition and natural logic in decision-making. In everyday life people frequently make judgements and take decisions without explicitly using all the relevant information available from the environment and from their memory. Moreover, even if people are aware of detail and circumstance, they do not necessarily analyse the information at their disposal on a deeper level, nor consider it in an explicit and logical way before making a decision. On the contrary, people often follow the very first response that comes to mind, which is usually an immediate feeling, a spontaneous idea, or a sudden emergence of a sense of "I know what to do" or "this is the best choice". This intuitive, immediate response process typically takes place without any apparent effort; if questioned, people often cannot say why they responded in this fashion. People tend to trust their intuition so frequently simply because they are successful with it; intuition seems to satisfy decision-making needs in many situations. In addition, there is scientific evidence that people's intuition can outperform deliberate thinking processes under specific conditions. Mauro Maldonato and Silvia Dell'Orco address the integration of decision-making across diverse fields -- including economics, medicine and management. They consider the concepts of heuristics and biases through which the psychology of decision making has clarified how strategies, models and "cognitive shortcuts" to which people resort in assessing situations are exposed to frequent and substantive errors. Such analysis leads to a hypothesis of a "regularity of error".

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Book SynopsisThis is a carefully edited selection of the seminal articles and papers on positivism which has been an important cornerstone of sociology.Positivism has had an enormous influence on both the theoretical ambitions and empirical research strategies of sociology ever since Comte coined both the terms 'positivism' and 'sociology' over a century ago. This influence was strengthened during the heyday of logical positivism in the early decades of this century, with its rigorous attempt to rid all the sciences, natural and social, of metaphysical speculations. The whole of the history of sociology could be described as a struggle with positivism, its proponents attempting to secure the foundations of a scientific study of society and its critics seeking to identify what it is about the social that frees it from positivist canons. These books gathers together the most influential voices in the struggle over the very nature of the discipline of sociology.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is dedicated to Hiroakira Ono life’s work on substructural logics. Chapters, written by well-established academics, cover topics related to universal algebra, algebraic logic and the Full Lambek calculus; the book includes a short biography about Hiroakira Ono. The book starts with detailed surveys on universal algebra, abstract algebraic logic, topological dualities, and connections to computer science.It further contains specialised contributions on connections to formal languages (recognizability in residuated lattices and connections to the finite embedding property), covering systems for modal substructural logics, results on the existence and disjunction properties and finally a study of conservativity of expansions. This book will be primarily of interest to researchers working in algebraic and non-classical logic.Table of ContentsChapter 1. A scientific autobiography (Hiroakira Ono).- Part I: Expository and survey chapters.- Chapter 2. Universal algebraic methods for non-classical logics (James G. Raftery).- Chapter 3. Abstract algebraic logic - An introductory chapter (Josep Maria Font).- Chapter 4. Topological duality and algebraic completions (Mai Gehrke).- Chapter 5. An algebraic glimpse at bunched implications and separation logic (Peter Jipsen and Tadeusz Litak).- Part II: Special topics.- Chapter 6. Recognizability in Residuated Lattices (José Gil-Férez and Constantine Tsinakis).- Chapter 7. Finite embeddability property for residuated lattices via regular languages (Rostislav Horčík). Chapter 8. Cover systems for the modalities of linear logic (Robert Goldblatt).- Chapter 9. A negative solution to Ono’s Problem P52: Existence and disjunction properties in intermediate predicate logic (Nobu-Yuki Suzuki).- Chapter 10. Conservative expansions of substructural logics (Jacopo Amidei, Rodolfo C. Ertola-Biraben and Franco Montagna).

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Book Synopsis“More than any other living scholar of medieval philosophy, Gyula Klima has influenced the way we read and understand philosophical texts by showing how the questions they ask can be placed in a modern context without loss or distortion. The key to his approach is a respect for medieval authors coupled with a commitment to regarding their texts as a genuine source of insight on questions in metaphysics, theology, psychology, logic, and the philosophy of language—as opposed to assimilating what they say to modern doctrines, or using medieval discussions as a foil for ‘new and improved’ conceptual schemes.” Jack Zupko, University of Alberta“Gyula Klima is widely recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on thirteenth and fourteenth-century Latin philosophy, with his own, distinctive analytic approach, which brings out both the similarities and differences between medieval and contemporary logic and semantics.” John Marenbon, Trinity College, University of Cambridge “Gyula Klima has been a towering figure in the field of medieval philosophy for decades. His influence comprises not only the scholarly results of his work, but also intense and generous mentorship of students and junior colleagues. This volume is a perfect reflection of the esteem that he enjoys around the world, collecting excellent pieces by established as well as up-and-coming scholars of medieval philosophy.” Catarina Dutilh Novaes, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam“For four decades now, Gyula Klima has been setting the standard among medievalists for philosophical sophistication and historical rigor. This collection of wide-ranging studies from leading scholars in the field offers a worthy tribute to that legacy.” Robert Pasnau, University of Colorado BoulderGyula Klima is Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, and Senior Research Fellow, Consultant, and the Director of Institute for the History of Ideas of the Hungarian Research Institute in Budapest. In 2022, the President of Hungary awarded him the Knight’s Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit, “in recognition of his outstanding academic career, significant research work and exemplary leadership.” In this volume, colleagues, collaborators, and students celebrate Klima’s project with new essays on Plotinus, Anselm, Aquinas, Buridan, Ockham and others, exploring specific questions in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and logic.No contemporary surpasses Kripke and Klima in semantics and metaphysics, but only Gyula Klima’s thought ranges flawlessly over classical philosophy as well. The volume is a fitting tribute to the master. David Twetten, Marquette UniversityTable of Contents

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Book SynopsisEdited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 28th Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation, WoLLIC 2022, Iasi, Romania, in September 2022. The 25 full papers presented included with 8 extra abstracts, 5 invited talks and 3 tutorials were fully reviewed and selected from 46 submissions. The conference aims fostering interdisciplinary research in pure and applied logic.Table of ContentsProof theory,.- Model theory.- Modal and temporal logics.- Automated reasoning.-Constraint and logic programming.- Constructive mathematics.- Equational logic and rewriting.- Finite Model Theory.- Descriptive complexity,.- Higher order logic.- Programming logic.- Model checking.- Type theory.- Lambda calculus.- Semantics of programming languages.- Computational linguistics.-Language and computation.- Logic and language.

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Book SynopsisThis text examines the many transformations in Husserl’s phenomenology that his discoveries of the nature of appearing lead to. It offers a comprehensive look at the Logical Investigations’ delimitation of the phenomenological field, and continues with Husserl’s account of our consciousness of time. This volume examines Husserl’s turn to transcendental idealism and the problems this raises for our recognition of other subjects. It details Husserl’s account of embodiment and takes largely from his manuscripts, both published and unpublished, dealing with his theory of instincts, his considerations of mortality and the teleological character of our existence. This book appeals to students and researchers and presents a genetic account of our selfhood, one that unifies Husserl’s different claims about who and what we are.Table of Contents- Introduction - Chapter 1. The Refutation of Pychologism - Chapter 2. Ontological Dualism : The Real and the Ideal - Chapter 3. Our Consciousness of Time - Chapter 4. The Phenomenological Reduction and the Transformation of Phenomenology - Chapter 5. Others - Chapter 6. Embodiment - Chapter 7. Morality and Beyond - Bibliography - Notes

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes revised selected papers from the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Dynamic Logic, DaLí 2022, held in Haifa, Israel, in July/August 2022.The 8 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions. They deal with new trends and applications in the area of Dynamic Logic. Table of ContentsFirst steps in updating knowing how.- Parametrized modal logic II: the unidimensional case.- Relating Kleene algebras.- Dynamic epistemic logic for budget-constrained agents.- Action models for coalition logic.- Quantum logic for observation of physical quantities.- Cautious distributed belief.- A STIT logic of intentionality.

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Book Synopsis1. Introduction: deduction at the crossroads (Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona).- 2. The interdependence between the concepts of valid inference and proof revisited (Dag Prawitz).- 3. The completeness theorem? So what! (Goran Sundholm).- 4. Godel's absolute proofs and Girard's Ludics. Mutual insights (Gabriella Crocco and Myriam Quatrini).- 5. Dummett, analytic and synthetic deductions (Cesare Cozzo).- 6. From proof-objects to grounds (Enrico Moriconi).- 7. On an ecumenical natural deduction with stoup - Part I: the propositional case (Luiz Carlos Pereira and Elaine Pimentel).- 8. Martin-Lof on the validity of inference (Ansten Klev).- 9. Molecularity in the theory of meaning and the topic neutrality of logic (Nils Kurbis and Bernhard Weiss).- 10. Assertion, assumption and deduction (Peter Pagin).- 11. Deduction and ampliativity: a critical appraisal (Emiliano Ippoliti).- 12. A new conjecture about identity of proofs (Paolo Pistone).- 13. Godel's introduction to deduction (Milos Adzic).- 14. Karl Popper on deduction (Thomas Piecha).- 15. An epistemological view on the Peano School Axiomatics (Paola Cantu).- 16. Inferential quantification and the w-rule (Constantin Brincus).- 17. Chains of inferences in proof by induction: a cognitive analysis (Samuele Antonini and Bernardo Nannini).- 18. From strategies to derivations and back. An easy completeness proof for first-order intuitionistic dialogical logic (Davide Catta).- Index.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Introduction, Heinrich Wansing and Hitoshi Omori.- Chapter 2: Flavours of connexivity, Andreas Kapsner.- Chapter 3: Relevant Semantics for connexive logics, Edwin Mares.- Chapter 4: An introduction to Boethian logics, Claudio E.A. Pizzi.- Chapter 5 A Variety of connexive logics in the light of relating semantics, Jacek Malinowski and Aleksander Parol.- Chapter 6 Inferentialism and connexivity, Vincenzo Crupi and Andrea Iacona.- Chapter 7 Conditionals, support and connexivity, Hans Rott.- Chapter 8 Experimental philosophy of connexivity, Niki Pfeifer and Leon Schöppl.- Chapter 9 Open problems in connexive logic, Hitoshi Omori and Heinrich Wansing.

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Book SynopsisDas Wortfeld, das mit Ausdrücken wie ‘schön’, ‘das Schöne’ und ‘die Schönheit’ aufgerufen ist – kurz: die Schönrede –, ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Anlass hierfür sind die Unbestimmtheiten und verwickelten Mehrdeutigkeiten, die immer wieder kommunikative Störungen verursachen. Ziel ist die Bereitstellung einer umfassenden Vokabelmannschaft, die eine differenzierte und störungsfreie Verständigung erlaubt. Damit einher geht, dass die Bestimmung von Ästhetik und ihr Verhältnis zur Schönrede thematisiert wird. Zudem werden auch Fragen bezüglich >SubjektivitätObjektivität< der untersuchten Vokabeln sowie nach formalen Zusammenhängen unter den Ausdrücken beantwortet; jedoch nicht, ohne zuvor einen Überblick über das Wortfeld der Schönrede zu geben.

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Book SynopsisIn diesem Band sind die nachgelassenen Schriften Moritz Schlicks zur Logik und Philosophie der Mathematik gesammelt, ediert und kommentiert. Keine der zu Lebzeiten veröffentlichten Schriften Schlicks war ausschließlich diesen Themen gewidmet. Man sollte daraus jedoch nicht den Schluss zu ziehen, diese Themen hatten an der Peripherie von Schlicks Interesse gelegen. Überlegungen zur Logik und Mathematik ziehen sich durch Schlicks gesamtes Werk, von der Habilitation, über sein Opus Magnum, die Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, bis zu seinen letzten stark von Ludwig Wittgenstein geprägten Aufsätzen in den 1930er Jahren. Es ist vielmehr so, dass Schlick Fragen der Logik und Mathematikphilosophie stets im Zusammenhang mit anderen Problemen sah und sie deshalb nie einzeln für sich behandelte. Ausnahmen machte er vor allem für Lehrveranstaltungen und so wundert es nicht, dass fast alle Texte dieses Bandes im Umkreis von solchen entstanden sind.Table of ContentsVorwort des Herausgebers.- Einleitung.- Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Mathematik.- Logik.- Logik.- Wahrscheinlichkeit.- Logik und Erkenntnistheorie.- Anhang.

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Book SynopsisInferences with Ignorance focuses on two formal logic systems that employ the type of inferences in which questions are used in addition to statements. Not merely capturing questions as part of a logical apparatus, Michal Pelis also emphasizes the role of question-asking in communication. The book presents options for formalizing questions using sets of "direct answers," demonstrates where questions are used in inferences, and explores asking questions and seeking answers as important components of everyday communication, proposing ways of using questions within a formal system that can capture a change in knowledge during this simple communication.

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Book SynopsisThis book stands at the intersection of two topics: the decidability and computational complexity of hybrid logics, and the deductive systems designed for them. Hybrid logics are here divided into two groups: standard hybrid logics involving nominals as expressions of a separate sort, and non-standard hybrid logics, which do not involve nominals but whose expressive power matches the expressive power of binder-free standard hybrid logics.The original results of this book are split into two parts. This division reflects the division of the book itself. The first type of results concern model-theoretic and complexity properties of hybrid logics. Since hybrid logics which we call standard are quite well investigated, the efforts focused on hybrid logics referred to as non-standard in this book. Non-standard hybrid logics are understood as modal logics with global counting operators (M(En)) whose expressive power matches the expressive power of binder-free standard hybrid logics. The relevant results comprise: 1. Establishing a sound and complete axiomatization for the modal logic K with global counting operators (MK(En)), which can be easily extended onto other frame classes, 2. Establishing tight complexity bounds, namely NExpTime-completeness for the modal logic with global counting operators defined over the classes of arbitrary, reflexive, symmetric, serial and transitive frames (MK(En)), MT(En)), MD(En)), MB(En)), MK4(En)) with numerical subscripts coded in binary. Establishing the exponential-size model property for this logic defined over the classes of Euclidean and equivalential frames (MK5(En)), MS5(En)).Results of the second type consist of designing concrete deductive (tableau and sequent) systems for standard and non-standard hybrid logics. More precisely, they include: 1. Devising a prefixed and an internalized tableau calculi which are sound, complete and terminating for a rich class of binder-free standard hybrid logics. An interesting feature of indicated calculi is the nonbranching character of the rule (¬D), 2. Devising a prefixed and an internalized tableau calculi which are sound, complete and terminating for non-standard hybrid logics. The internalization technique applied to a tableau calculus for the modal logic with global counting operators is novel in the literature, 3. Devising the first hybrid algorithm involving an inequality solver for modal logics with global counting operators. Transferring the arithmetical part of reasoning to an inequality solver turned out to be sufficient in ensuring termination.The book is directed to philosophers and logicians working with modal and hybrid logics, as well as to computer scientists interested in deductive systems and decision procedures for logics. Extensive fragments of the first part of the book can also serve as an introduction to hybrid logics for wider audience interested in logic.The content of the book is situated in the areas of formal logic and theoretical computer science with some elements of the theory of computational complexity.Trade ReviewI consider the book Deductive Systems and the Decidability Problem for Hybrid Logic as (…) a very reliable survey on the issue of computational complexity of hybrid logics, which, additionaly, makes a significant contribution to this area of research."„Worth stressing is the fact that the author shows great expertise in the topic referring to extensive literature."„(The book) presents the syntax, the semantics, the expressive power and the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem for hybrid logics. The author proves the results on the axiomatizability and the computational complexity of selected non-standard hybrid logics. Apart from the indicated important metalogical problems, the book contains a whole range of theorems on the existence of the finite model property for selected hybrid logics."„The results of the second part of the book concern deductive systems (tableau and sequent) for standard and non-standard hybrid logics. The results reported in this part comprise devising two tableau calculi – internalized (…) and prefixed (…) – and investigating their soundness and completeness for a wide class of both standard and non-standard hybrid logics."„The book is devoted to several very interesting issues. The author provides a general introduction to hybrid logics. Since he is interested in the problem of decidability for these logics, he selects some of them, presents all necessary tools used in the proofs and, finally, he establishes the complexity class for a given logic. On this occasion, considering various tableau and sequent calculi for these logics, he investigates many proof-theoretical issues, in particular several blocking mechanisms and restrictions that can be put on the application of rules. -- Marek Nasieniewski, Nicolaus Copernicus University

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Book SynopsisGli autori, basandosi sulla loro esperienza di ricerca, propongono in due volumi un testo di riferimento per acquisire una solida formazione specialistica nella logica.Nei due volumi vengono presentati in maniera innovativa e rigorosa temi di logica tradizionalmente affrontati nei corsi universitari di secondo livello.Questo primo volume è dedicato ai teoremi fondamentali sulla logica del primo ordine e alle loro principali conseguenze.Il testo è rivolto in particolare agli studenti dei corsi di laurea magistrale.Table of Contents​1 Introduzione.- 2 Alcune nozioni preliminari.- 3 Dimostrabilità e soddisfacibilità.- 4 Verso la teoria della dimostrazione: il teorema del taglio per LK.- 5 Verso la teoria dei modelli: alcune conseguenze del teorema di compattezza.

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Book Synopsis.- Intentionally Anonymous Public Announcements..- Next-time Coalition Logic..- How to Avoid Unexpected Exams..- Probabilistic Causal Kripke Models..- Generalized Causal Models with Ontological Dependencies..- Interval Temporal Logic HS with Path Quantifiers..- The Modal Logic of n-State Frames..- Evidence Diffusion in Social Networks: a Topological Perspective..- Functional Dependence in Uniform Dependence Model..- Measurement-Theoretic Foundations of Logic of Qualitative Conditional Probability..- Craig Interpolation Property in ∃?-Bundled Fragment of First-Order Modal Logic..- Finite Model Property in Normal Extensions of Euclidean Quasi-Boolean Modal Logics..- Hypothesis-Driven Disjunctive Reasoning in Logical Argumentation..- A Finitary Axiomatization of Arbitrary Social Announcement Logic.

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