Pest control / plant diseases Books
Taylor & Francis Ltd Pesticides
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£73.14
Taylor & Francis Ltd The Use and Fate of Pesticides in VegetableBased AgroEcosystems in Ghana
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£61.74
Taylor & Francis Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species
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£204.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Handbook of Plant Disease Identification and
Book SynopsisHandbook of Plant Disease Identification and Management presents the fundamentals of plant diseases identification based on symptomology and management focusing mainly on integrated pest management approach. It discusses a variety of techniques for the diagnosis of crop disease, losses due to crop diseases, and theories behind disease management. It describes how society is constraining the possibilities for management of crop diseases by changing the environment; biologically controlling crop diseases; and the epidemiologic and genetic concepts of managing host genes.This book discusses managing diseases through diverse chemical, biological, and physical methods. It highlights climatic factors affecting crops by creating favorable condition for most of the diseases. This book serves as a complete guide for growers, researchers, and graduate students to understand basics of plant disease identification. It explains the disease cycle for respective crops with favorable conditiTable of ContentsStrawberry. Tomato. Citrus. Apple. Banana. Pepper. Potato. Onion. Chili. Cucurbits. Ginger. Maize. Grape. Sugarcane. Guava.
£156.75
Cambridge University Press Pest and Vector Control
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£63.64
Cambridge University Press Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control
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£37.99
Cambridge University Press Invasive Species
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£47.49
Cambridge University Press Pest Control
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£34.19
Cambridge University Press Dynamics of Weed Populations
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£133.00
Cambridge University Press Dynamics of Weed Populations
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£64.59
Cambridge University Press Biological Control Hokannen Benefits and Risks 4 Biotechnology Research Series Number 4
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£49.39
Cambridge University Press An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control
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£112.09
Cambridge University Press An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control
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£55.09
Cambridge University Press Bacterial Plant Pathology
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£40.84
Cambridge University Press Integrated Pest Management Concepts Tactics Strategies and Case Studies
Book SynopsisIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management. It uses natural predators, pest-resistant plants, and other methods to preserve a healthy environment in an effort to decrease reliance on harmful pesticides. Featuring forty chapters written by leading experts, this textbook covers a broad and comprehensive range of topics in integrated pest management, focused primarily on theory and concepts. It is complemented by two award winning websites, which are regularly updated and emphasize specific IPM tactics, their application, and IPM case studies: Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook - http://ipmworld.umn.edu VegEdge â www.vegedge.umn.edu The two products are fully cross-referenced and form a unique and highly valuable resource. Written with an international audience in mind, this text is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on Integrated Pest Management, Insect or Arthropod Pest Management. It is also a valuable rTrade Review'… the book is a good introduction to the many facets of IPM for university graduates.' Experimental Agriculture'… comprehensive … a good choice for those professors looking for a textbook for an undergraduate or first graduate-level course on IPM … The publisher and editors have produced a generally well-designed book that is comfortable to read.' American EntomologistTable of Contents1. The IPM paradigm: concepts, strategies and tactics Michael E. Gray, Susan T. Ratcliffe and Marlin E. Rice; 2. Economic impacts of IPM Scott M. Swinton and George W. Norton; 3. Economic decision rules for IPM Leon G. Higley and Robert K. D. Peterson; 4. Decision making and economic risk in IPM Paul D. Mitchell and William D. Hutchison; 5. IPM as applied ecology: the biological precepts David J. Horn; 6. Population dynamics and species interactions William E. Snyder and Anthony R. Ives; 7. Sampling for detection, estimation and IPM decision making Roger D. Moon and L. T. Wilson; 8. Application of aerobiology to IPM Scott A. Isard, David A. Mortensen, Shelby J. Fleischer and Erick D. De Wolf; 9. Introduction and augmentation of biological control agents Robert J. O'Neil and John J. Obrycki; 10. Crop diversification strategies for pest regulation in IPM systems Miguel A. Altieri, Clara I. Nicholls and Luigi Ponti; 11. Manipulation of pathogenic microorganisms for IPM of arthropod pests Stephen P. Wraight and Ann E. Hajek; 12. Integrating conservation biological control into IPM systems Mary Gardiner, Anna Fiedler, Alejandro C. Costamagna and Douglas A. Landis; 13. Barriers to adoption of biological control agents and biological pesticides Pamela G. Marrone; 14. Integrating pesticides with biotic and biological control for arthropod pest management Richard A. Weinzierl; 15. Pesticide resistance management Casey W. Hoy; 16. Assessing environmental risks of pesticides Paul C. Jepson; 17. Assessing pesticide risks to humans: putting science into practice Brian Hughes, Larry G. Olsen and Fred Whitford; 18. Advances in breeding for host plant resistance C. Michael Smith; 19. Resistance management to transgenic insecticidal plants Anthony M. Shelton and J. Z. Zhao; 20. Role of biotechnology in sustainable agriculture Jarrad R. Prasifka, Richard L. Hellmich and Michael J. Weiss; 21. Use of pheromones in IPM Thomas C. Baker; 22. Insect endocrinology and hormone-based pest control products in IPM Daniel Doucet, Michel Cusson and Arthur Retnakaran; 23. Eradication - strategies and tactics Michelle L. Walters, Ron Sequeira, Robert Staten, Osama El-Lissy and Nathan Moses-Gonzales; 24. Insect management with physical methods in pre- and post harvest situations Charles Vincent, Phyllis G. Weintraub, Guy J. Hallman and Francis Fleurat-Lessard; 25. Cotton arthropod IPM Steven E. Naranjo and Randall G. Luttrell; 26. Citrus IPM Richard F. Lee; 27. IPM in greenhouse vegetables and ornamentals Joop C. van Lenteren; 28. Seed potato IPM Jeffrey A. Davis, Edward B. Radcliffe, David W. Ragsdale and Willem Schrage; 29. IPM in structural habitats Stephen A. Kells; 30. Fire ant IPM David H. Oi and Bastiaan M. Drees; 31. Integrated vector management for malaria Chris F. Curtis; 32. Gypsy moth IPM Michael L. McManus and Andrew M. Liebhold; 33. IPM for invasive species Robert C. Venette and Robert L. Koch; 34. IPM information technology John K. VanDyk; 35. Private-sector roles in advancing IPM adoption Thomas A. Green; 36. IPM, ideals and realities in developing countries Stephen Morse; 37. The USA National IPM Roadmap Harold D. Coble and Eldon E. Ortman; 38. The role of assessment and evaluation in IPM implementation Carol L. Pilcher and Edwin G. Rajotte; 39. From integrated pesticide management to organic and sustainable agriculture John Aselage and Donn T. Johnson; 40. Future of IPM, a worldwide perspective E. A. Heinrichs, Karim M. Maredia and Subbarayalu Mohankumar; Index.
£54.14
Cambridge University Press Invasive Species
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£94.04
Cambridge University Press Insect Pest Management and Ecological Research
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£82.65
Cambridge University Press Pest and Vector Control
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£110.20
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Oomycete Genetics and Genomics
Book SynopsisThis book brings together the knowledge from and tools for genetic and genomic research into oomycetes to help solve the problems this pathogen poses to crops and animals. Armed with the information presented here, researchers can use oomycete data to solve practical problems and gain insight into future areas of interest. Key Features: Offers an up-to-date coverage of research into oomycetes which has advanced with biochemical and molecular analyses in recent years Helps researchers use oomycete data to solve practical problems, like damage to crop and animal resources Includes a section on interactions with animal hosts Offers perspective on future areas of research Assembles an international author base Trade Review"The whole is extremely well-produced, and I especially liked the tipped-in signature of colour plates on coated paper comprising colour versions of eight half-tone figures from various chapters. It also seems as well up-to-date as can be expected in such multiauthored works, with many papers from 2008 being cited. And the price is reasonable by current standards for a book of this quality. The editors are to be congratulated on marshalling such a work, which clearly merits wide circulation amongst the broader mycological community." (IMA Fungus, December 2010) Table of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. Chapter 1 The Evolutionary Phylogeny of Oomycetes—Insights Gained from Studies of Holocarpic Parasites of Algae and Invertebrates (Gordon W. Beakes and Satoshi Sekimoto). Chapter 2 Ecology of Lower Oomycetes (Martina Strittmatter, Claire M.M. Gachon, and Frithjof C. Kupper). Chapter 3 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) (Marco Thines, Hermann Voglmayr, and Markus Goker). Chapter 4 An Introduction to the White Blister Rusts (Albuginales) (Marco Thines and Hermann Voglmayr). Chapter 5 The Asexual Life Cycle (Adrienne R. Hardham). Chapter 6 Sexual Reproduction in Oomycetes: Biology, Diversity, and Contributions to Fitness (Howard S. Judelson). Chapter 7 Population Genetics and Population Diversity of Phytophthora infestans (William E. Fry, Niklaus J. Gru¨nwald, David E.L. Cooke, Adele McLeod, Gregory A. Forbes, and Keqiang Cao). Chapter 8 Phytophthora capsici: Sex, Selection, and the Wealth of Variation (Kurt Lamour). Chapter 9 Evolution and Genetics of the Invasive Sudden Oak Death Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Niklaus J. Grünwald and Erica M. Goss). Chapter 10 Phytophthora sojae: Diversity Among and Within Populations (Anne Dorrance and Niklaus J. Grunwald). Chapter 11 Pythium Genetics (Frank Martin). Chapter 12 Bremia lactucae and Lettuce Downy Mildew (Richard Michelmore, Oswaldo Ochoa, and Joan Wong). Chapter 13 Downy Mildew of Arabidopsis Caused by Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Formerly Hyaloperonospora parasitica) (Nikolaus L. Schlaich and Alan Slusarenko). Chapter 14 Interactions Between Phytophthora infestans and Solanum (Mireille van Damme, Sebastian Schornack, Liliana M. Cano, Edgar Huitema, and Sophien Kamoun). Chapter 15 Phytophthora sojae and Soybean (Mark Gijzen and Dinah Qutob). Chapter 16 Phytophthora brassicae As a Pathogen of Arabidopsis (Felix Mauch, Samuel Torche, Klaus Schläppi, Lorelise Branciard, Khaoula Belhaj, Vincent Parisy, and Azeddine Si-Ammour). Chapter 17 Aphanomyces euteiches and Legumes (Elodie Gaulin, Arnaud Bottin, Christophe Jacquet, and Bernard Dumas). Chapter 18 Effectors (Brett M. Tyler). Chapter 19 Pythium insidiosum and Mammalian Hosts (Leonel Mendoza). Chapter 20 Saprolegnia—Fish Interactions (Emma J. Robertson, Victoria L. Anderson, Andrew J. Phillips, Chris J. Secombes, Javier Diéguez-Uribeondo, and Pieter van West). Chapter 21 Aphanomyces astaci and Crustaceans (Lage Cerenius, M. Gunnar Andersson, and Kenneth Söderhall). Chapter 22 Progress and Challenges in Oomycete Transformation (Howard S. Judelson and Audrey M.V. Ah-Fong). Chapter 23 In Planta Expression Systems (Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers and Hendrik Rietman). Chapter 24 Gene Expression Profiling (Paul R.J. Birch and Anna O. Avrova). Chapter 25 Mechanisms and Application of Gene Silencing in Oomycetes (Stephen C. Whisson, Anna O. Avrova, Laura J. Grenville Briggs, and Pieter van West). Chapter 26 Global Proteomics and Phytophthora (Alon Savidor). Chapter 27 Strategy and tactics for genome sequencing (Michael C. Zody and Chad Nusbaum). INDEX.
£172.85
Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc Attracting Beneficial Bugs to Your Garden Revised
Book SynopsisThis revised and updated edition of Jessica Walliser’s award-winning Attracting Beneficial Bugs to Your Garden offers a valuable and science-backed plan for bringing balance back to the garden.With this indispensable gardening reference—now updated with new research, insights, and voices—learn how to create a healthy, balanced, and diverse garden capable of supporting a hard-working crew of beneficial pest-eating insects and eliminate the need for synthetic chemical pesticides.After a fascinating introduction to the predator and prey cycle and its importance to both wild ecosystems and home gardens, you’ll meet dozens of pest-munching beneficial insects (the predators) that feast on garden pests (their prey). From ladybugs and lacewings to parasitic wasps and syrphid flies, these good guys of the bug world keep the natural system of checks and balances in prime working order. They help limitTrade ReviewPraise for the first edition of Attracting Beneficial Bugs to Your Garden: “Jessica Walliser lets readers in on the secrets to a garden that buzzes with activity. Her profiles, on the insects that fight pests and the best plants for attracting them, offer clear, practical tips.” —Martha Stewart Living “An aid for teachers as well as gardeners, who want to know more about the insects in their world.” —The Indianapolis Star “With [Jessica Walliser’s] help, you can learn how to control pests through your gardening practices rather than your choice of insecticide.” —Gardening How-To “A detailed, wholistic, and wonderfully illustrated guide to the lifestyles of all the insects that inhabit the organic garden as well as creating the conditions needed to encourage those you want in the fight against those you don’t.” —Planet Natural “A delight! Easy to read and entertaining, yet packed with information not only on the beneficial insects themselves, but on the plants that can attract and support them, and on how to incorporate them into your garden. Highly recommended!” —It’s Not Work, It’s Gardening “Attracting Beneficial Bugs to Your Garden by Jessica Walliser, is a fresh look at an unavoidable part of the gardening experience.... a must-have tool for new and experienced gardeners alike.” —Free Press “Learn to identify good bugs and bad bugs…and what to plant to lure the cavalry.” —Newsday"In this new version, Walliser offers even more science-based advice to gardeners. I recommend reading (her) updated work to get off to a running start." * Horticulture *"...offers a sciencebacked plan for bringing balance back to the garden. Filled with new research, insights, and voices, the book will help you create a healthy and diverse garden capable of supporting beneficial, pest-eating insects and eliminate the need for synthetic chemical pesticides." * Michigan Gardener *Table of ContentsIntroductionHow a Horticulturist Came to BugsAll About BeneficialsWho They Are, How They Work, and What They EatBeneficial Bug ProfilesMeet the Predators and the ParasitoidsGardening for BugsWhere Plants and Insects IntersectPlant ProfilesThe Best Plants for BeneficialsYour Beneficial BorderA Guide to Designing for the BugsCompanion PlantingBattling Pests with Plant PartnershipsPutting It All TogetherWho the Beneficials Eat and What to PlantThe Commercial StuffPurchased Beneficials, Good Bug Lures, Supplemental Foods, and Seed BlendsAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorResourcesIndex
£18.99
Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc The Vegetable Garden Problem Solver Handbook
Book SynopsisIf you’re tired of battling blight on your tomatoes, losing your basil to downy mildew, and watching deer raid your vegetable garden, you’ll find all the answers you need right here.*2024 American Horticultural Society Book Award Winner* In The Vegetable Garden Problem Solver Handbook, author and veggie-growing guru Susan Mulvihill of YouTube’s Susan’s in the Garden is ready to set you up for long-term success in the vegetable garden. In these pages, Susan hands you all the info you need to stand firm against plant diseases, viruses, disorders, stressors, and even animal pests, and to do it without having to turn to harsh synthetic chemical products. All-natural solutions to your worst gardening woes are featured in an organized, problem-by-problem manner that makes this a quick and useful reference for both beginner and expert gardeners. This book is a wonderful companion to Susan’s previous booTrade Review"After reading this book, I feel more confident going into the growing season and looking forward to having a new reference book for dealing with vegetable garden issues!" * Budget Earth *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 NURTURE YOUR GARDEN & TROUBLESHOOT PROBLEMS Get Your Plants Off to the Best Start Possible 2 VEGETABLE PLANT DISEASE GUIDE Vegetable Crops and Potential Diseases Disease Profiles Organic Strategies Explained Organic Disease Control and Prevention Products 3 CRITTERS IN THE GARDEN Birds, Chipmunks, Deer Gophers, Pocket Groundhogs (a k a Woodchucks, Marmots) Mice, Moles, Opossums, Porcupines Rabbits, Raccoons, Rats Skunks, Tree Squirrels Voles, Meadow RESOURCES PRODUCT SUPPLIERS ABOUT THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PHOTO CREDITS INDEX
£18.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Environmental Pest Management
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xvMoshe Coll and Eric Wajnberg 1 Environmental Pest Management: A Call to Shift from a Pest]Centric to a System]Centric Approach 1Moshe Coll and Eric Wajnberg 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Modern Developments in Pest Control 1 1.3 The Disillusionment with Integrated Pest Management 3 1.4 A Call for Environmental Pest Management 11 Acknowledgements 13 References 13 Part I General Background 19 2 Approaches in Plant Protection: Science, Technology, Environment and Society 21Deborah K. Letourneau, Margaret I. FitzSimmons and Diego J. Nieto 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 History of Plant Protection Approaches 22 2.3 Integrated Pest Management: What Does it Take? 31 2.4 Transforming Agriculture Systems for IPM 41 Acknowledgments 43 References 43 3 The Economics of Alternative Pest Management Strategies: Basic Assessment 55Clement A. Tisdell, David Adamson and Bruce Auld 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Economic Decisions at Farm Level Based on Threshold Models Assuming Use of a Given Pest Control Technique and Certainty 56 3.3 Uncertainties and Economic Decisions at Farm Level About Pest Control: Assumes a Given Pest Control Technique and Applies the Threshold Approach 60 3.4 Choice of Alternative Pest Control Techniques at Farm Level Assuming Certainty 64 3.5 The Economics of the Timing of Pest Control and the Optimal Choice of Techniques Given Uncertainty 66 3.6 A Note on Biological Pest Control 70 3.7 Discussion of the Modelling of the Economics of Pest Management at the Farm Level 71 3.8 Concluding Comments 73 References 73 Part II Impact of Pest Management Practices on the Environment 77 4 Effects of Chemical Control on the Environment 79Francisco Sanchez]Bayo 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Pesticides in Agriculture 79 4.3 Impacts of Pesticides on the Environment 83 4.4 Concluding Remarks 94 References 95 5 Environmental Impacts of Arthropod Biological Control: An Ecological Perspective 105David E. Jennings, Jian J. Duan and Peter A. Follett 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 The‘Invasion’ Process of Establishing Non]native Biocontrol Agents 106 5.3 Ecological Processes Underlying the EnvironmentalImpact of Biocontrol 107 5.4 Ecological Impact Assessment and Cost–benefit Analysis 111 5.5 Case Study I: Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) 112 5.6 Case Study II: Biocontrol of Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) 115 5.7 Concluding Remarks 119 Acknowledgements 120 References 120 6 Effects of Transgenic Crops on the Environment 131Peter B. Woodbury, Antonio DiTommaso, Janice Thies, Matthew Ryan and John Losey 6.1 Range and Scope of Transgenic Crops 131 6.2 Conceptual Framework 132 6.3 Primary Effects 132 6.4 Secondary Effects 134 6.5 Tertiary Effects: Broader Spatial and Temporal Scales 137 6.6 Quantifying Risks and Benefits of Transgenic Traits 140 6.7 Variation Among Countries in Risk Assessment and Management 143 6.8 Conclusions 143 References 144 Part III Influence of Unmanaged Habitats on Pest Management 151 7 Ecosystem Services Provided by Unmanaged Habitats in Agricultural Landscapes 153Stefano Colazza, Morgan W. Shields, Ezio Peri and Antonino Cusumano 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Global Importance of Arthropod Natural Enemies in Pest Management 155 7.3 Importance of Multitrophic Interactions to Biological Pest Control 156 7.4 Importance of Unmanaged Vegetation for Biological Control 158 7.5 Landscape Use to Maximize Biological Control 163 7.6 Conclusions 164 References 165 8 The Role of Ecosystem Disservices in Pest Management 175Mark A.K. Gillespie and Steve D. Wratten 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 EDS and Unmanaged Habitats 178 8.3 Landscape Context and the EDS from Unmanaged Habitats 186 8.4 Managing for EDS from Unmanaged Habitats 188 8.5 Conclusions and Future Research 189 References 190 Part IV Effects of Global Changes on Pest Management 195 9 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Pest Management 197Nigel R. Andrew and Sarah J. Hill 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Observed Climate Changes Influencing Agro]Ecosystems 198 9.3 Insect Responses to Climate Change 198 9.4 Overview of Insect Pests in Agro]Ecosystems and Climate Change 202 9.5 How Climate Change and Insect Responses May Affect Various Ecological Processes Important for Plant Protection 207 9.6 Climate Change and IPM Approaches 210 9.7 Directions for Future Research 214 Acknowledgements 214 References 215 10 Effects of Biological Invasions on Pest Management 225George K. Roderick and Maria Navajas 10.1 Invasion Science 225 10.2 Invasions – A Natural Process? 233 10.3 Perception and Value of Introduced and Invasive Alien Species 234 10.4 When to Act, and Why? 235 10.5 How Best to Control Invasive Species? 235 10.6 Case Studies 236 10.7 Conclusions 238 Acknowledgements 240 References 240 Part V Pest Control and Public Health 249 11 Pesticides and Human Health 251Jane A. Hoppin and Catherine E. LePrevost 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Human Exposure to Pesticides 251 11.3 Acute Toxicity 254 11.4 Chronic Human Health Effects 257 11.5 Conclusions 265 References 266 12 Human Health Concerns Related to the Consumption of Foods from Genetically Modified Crops 275Javier Magana]Gómez and Ana Maria Calderón de la Barca 12.1 History of GM Foods and Associated Food Safety Concerns 275 12.2 Status and Commercial Traits Regarding Genetically Modified Organisms 277 12.3 The Bases for Unintended Health Risks 281 12.4 Guidelines and Approaches Used for Risk Assessment of GM Foods 282 12.5 Recent Research on in vivo Evaluation of GM Foods Consumption 283 12.6 Shortcomings and Research Needs in the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods 286 12.7 Conclusion 290 References 290 Part VI Policies Related to Environmental Pest Management 297 13 Effectiveness of Pesticide Policies: Experiences from Danish Pesticide Regulation 1986–2015 299Anders Branth Pedersen and Helle Ørsted Nielsen 13.1 Introduction 299 13.2 Denmark – a Pioneer in Pesticide Policies 300 13.3 Effects 306 13.4 Comparing Denmark to the EU and Internationally 315 13.5 Conclusion 319 References 319 14 Impacts of Exotic Biological Control Agents on Non]target Species and Biodiversity: Evidence, Policy and Implications 325Barbara I.P. Barratt and Clark A.C. Ehlers 14.1 Environmental Safety of Biological Control 325 14.2 Legislation and Regulation of Biological Control 327 14.3 Risk Assessment 329 14.4 Post release Validation of Predicted Outcomes 337 14.5 Implications of Biological Control Regulation Policy: What has it Meant for Biological Control Practice? 339 14.6 The Future for Biological Control Regulation 340 Acknowledgements 341 References 341 15 Pesticides in Food Safety versus Food Security 347Pieter Spanoghe 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Use of Plant Protection Products in Farming Systems 348 15.3 Food Security in a Changing World 353 15.4 Food Safety and Pesticides in a Global Market 356 15.5 Towards Sustainability 362 15.6 Conclusion 364 References 364 16 External Costs of Food Production: Environmental and Human Health Costs of Pest Management 369Nir Becker 16.1 Introduction: Pesticide Externalities 369 16.2 Background: The Impact of Pesticide Use 370 16.3 The Challenge in Estimating Externalities from Pesticide Use 373 16.4 Externality Estimation Methods 375 16.5 Overview of Existing Studies on Externalities of Pesticides 376 16.6 Integrated Pest Management 378 16.7 The Role of Information 379 16.8 Conclusion 380 References 381 17 The Role of Pest Management in Driving Agri]environment Schemes in Switzerland 385Felix Herzog, Katja Jacot, Matthias Tschumi and Thomas Walter 17.1 Introduction 385 17.2 Policy Context of the Swiss Agricultural Sector 386 17.3 Ecological Focus Areas for Biodiversity Protection 388 17.4 Ecosystem Service Provision as a New Paradigm 394 17.5 Conclusion 398 References 399 Part VII Concluding Remarks, Take-Home Messages and a Call for Action 405 18 Environmental Pest Management: The Need for Long]term Governmental Commitment 407Moshe Coll and Eric Wajnberg 18.1 The Prevalence of a Pest]centric, Bottom]up Approach to Pest Control 407 18.2 The Main Messages Presented in this Volume 408 18.3 The Role of Governments in Pest Management 412 18.4 Characteristics of Top]down, Environmental Pest Management 414 Acknowledgements 416 References 416 Index 419
£128.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases
Book SynopsisA rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, disease ecology merges key ideas from ecology, medicine, genetics, immunology, and epidemiology to study how hosts and pathogens interact in populations, communities, and entire ecosystems. Bringing together contributions from leading international experts on the ecology of diseases among invertebrate species, this book provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the field. Beginning with an introductory overview of general principles and methodologies, the book continues with in-depth discussions of a range of critical issues concerning invertebrate disease epidemiology, molecular biology, vectors, and pathogens. Topics covered in detail include: Methods for studying the ecology of invertebrate diseases and pathogensInvertebrate pathogen ecology and the ecology of pathogen groupsApplied ecology of invertebrate pathogensLeveraging the ecology of invertebrate pathogens in microbial controlPrevention and management of infectious Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Section I Introduction 1 1 General Concepts in the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases 3Ann E. Hajek and David I. Shapiro-Ilan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 What Is Disease? 4 1.1.2 Terminology and Measurements 5 1.1.2.1 Prevalence/Incidence 5 1.1.2.2 Pathogenicity/Virulence 5 1.1.2.3 Infection/Infectivity 6 1.1.2.4 Immunity 6 1.1.2.5 Transmission 7 1.1.2.6 Epizootic and Enzootic Diseases 7 1.1.2.7 Cycles of Infection 8 1.1.2.8 R0 and the Host Density Threshold 10 1.1.3 Factors Influencing the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases 11 1.1.3.1 Host Range 12 1.2 Types of Studies 13 1.3 Why Study the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases? 13 1.4 What this Book Covers 14 Acknowledgments 16 References 16 2 Methods for Studying the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases and Pathogens 19Raquel Campos-Herrera and Lawrence A. Lacey 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Traditional Methods for Studying Diseases 19 2.2.1 Sampling Goals 19 2.2.2 Sampling Regimes 20 2.2.3 Methodologies 20 2.2.3.1 Searching for Infected Insects Using General Entomological Sampling Methods 23 2.2.3.2 Selective Media 23 2.2.3.3 Extraction Methods 24 2.2.3.4 Airborne Spore Sampling 24 2.2.3.5 Insect Baiting 24 2.2.3.6 Dispersal of Entomopathogens: Mark–Release–Recapture Method 25 2.3 Molecular Tools to Assist in the Detection and Quantification of Pathogens and their Impact on the Host 25 2.3.1 Employment of Proteins: The Beginning of the Molecular Era in Invertebrate Pathology 26 2.3.2 Techniques Based on the Nucleic Acids: the “Pre]Omics” Era 27 2.3.3 Advanced Techniques: qPCR, NGS, and the Arrival of the ]Omics Era 31 2.4 Traditional Versus Molecular Methods: Advantages and Limitations 33 2.5 Advancing the Frontiers of Ecology using Pathogens and Diseases 36 2.6 Conclusion38 Acknowledgments 38 References 38 Section II The Basics of Invertebrate Pathogen Ecology 49 3 The Pathogen Population 51Leellen F. Solter and James J. Becnel 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Characteristics of Pathogens 51 3.2.1 Invasiveness and Infectivity 52 3.2.1.1 Routes of Entry 53 3.2.1.2 Establishment of Infection and Tissue Tropism 54 3.2.2 Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Pathogen Replication 55 3.2.2.1 Virulence Factors 57 3.2.2.2 Attenuation or Enhancement of Virulence 58 3.2.3 Latency 59 3.2.4 Obligate, Opportunistic, and Facultative Pathogens 60 3.2.5 Transmission 61 3.2.5.1 Horizontal Transmission 61 3.2.5.2 Vertical Transmission 62 3.2.5.3 Indirect Transmission 63 3.2.6 Genetic Variability and Potential for Coevolution with Hosts 64 3.2.6.1 Species and Strains 64 3.2.6.2 Host Specificity 65 3.3 Pathogen Effects on Host Development and Behavior 66 3.4 Pathogen Populations 67 3.4.1 Density]Dependent Pathogens 67 3.4.2 Density]Independent Pathogens 68 3.4.3 Pathogen Persistence in the Host Population 68 3.4.3.1 Chronic Infections and Vertical Transmission 69 3.4.3.2 Alternative and Alternate/Intermediate Hosts 69 3.4.3.3 Pathogen Survival in Cadavers and in Plant Tissues 70 3.4.3.4 Latency in Host Populations 70 3.4.4 Persistence of Pathogen Stages in the Environment 71 3.5 Dispersal and Spatial Distribution of Pathogens 72 3.5.1 Physical Factors: Wind and Water Dispersal 73 3.5.2 Biological Factors 73 3.5.3 Spatial Distribution 74 3.6 Pathogen Interactions 75 3.6.1 Interactions with other Biological Agents 75 3.6.2 Interactions with Pesticides and other Chemicals 77 3.6.3 Enhancing Factors 77 3.7 Conclusion 78 References 79 4 The Host Population 101Louela A. Castrillo 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 General Host Factors 103 4.2.1 Routes of Pathogen Acquisition 103 4.2.2 Insect Species, Life Stage, Age, and Gender 103 4.2.3 Population Density 104 4.3 Barriers to Microbial Infection 105 4.3.1 Insect Integument 105 4.3.2 Tracheae 107 4.3.3 Insect Gut 108 4.3.3.1 Peritrophic Membrane and Basal Lamina 108 4.3.3.2 Conditions in the Gut Lumen 108 4.3.3.3 Sloughing of Infected Epidermal Cells 109 4.4 Defenses against Microbial Infection 110 4.4.1 Innate Immune System 110 4.4.1.1 Constitutive Innate Immunity: Cellular Immunity 110 4.4.1.2 Constitutive Innate Immunity: Phenoloxidase 113 4.4.1.3 Induced Innate Immunity: Reactive Oxygen Species 113 4.4.1.4 Induced Innate Immunity: Antimicrobial Peptides 114 4.4.2 Microbiome]Based Defenses 117 4.4.2.1 Gut Microbiota 117 4.4.2.2 Intracellular Symbionts 118 4.4.3 Behavioral Defenses 119 4.4.3.1 Avoidance/Evasion 120 4.4.3.2 Grooming and Hygienic Behaviors 121 4.4.3.3 Diet]Based Prophylactic and Therapeutic Defenses 122 4.4.3.4 Thermoregulation 123 4.4.3.5 Deposition of Antimicrobial Compounds 123 4.5 Resistance via Priming 124 4.6 Conclusion 125 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 5 Abiotic Factors 143Dana Ment, Ikkei Shikano and Itamar Glazer 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 The Surviving Unit 143 5.2.1 Nematodes 143 5.2.2 Fungi 144 5.2.3 Viruses 145 5.2.4 Bacteria 146 5.3 Abiotic Factors Affecting Invertebrate Pathogens 146 5.3.1 Temperature 146 5.3.1.1 Nematodes 147 5.3.1.2 Fungi 148 5.3.1.3 Viruses 150 5.3.1.4 Bacteria 152 5.3.2 Moisture and Humidity 152 5.3.2.1 Nematodes 153 5.3.2.2 Fungi 154 5.3.2.3 Viruses 155 5.3.2.4 Bacteria 156 5.3.3 Ultraviolet Radiation 156 5.3.3.1 Nematodes 157 5.3.3.2 Fungi 157 5.3.3.3 Viruses 158 5.3.3.4 Bacteria 158 5.3.4 Chemical Inputs 159 5.3.4.1 Nematodes 159 5.3.4.2 Fungi 160 5.3.4.3 Viruses 160 5.3.4.4 Bacteria 161 5.3.5 Other Habitat Characteristics 162 5.3.5.1 Nematodes 162 5.3.5.2 Fungi 163 5.3.5.3 Viruses 164 5.3.5.4 Bacteria 165 5.4 Mechanisms of Survival 165 5.4.1 Nematodes 165 5.4.2 Fungi 166 5.4.3 Viruses 166 5.4.4 Bacteria 167 5.5 Conclusion 167 References 169 6 The Biotic Environment 187Jenny S. Cory and Pauline S. Deschodt 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Tritrophic Interactions 188 6.2.1 Further Complexity 190 6.3 Pathogen– Natural Enemy Interactions 191 6.3.1 Entomopathogen–Entomopathogen Interactions 191 6.3.2 Entomopathogen–Parasitoid Interactions 195 6.3.2.1 Effects of Pathogens on Parasitoids 195 6.3.2.2 Effects of Parasitoids on Pathogens 197 6.3.2.3 Population Level Effects 198 6.3.3 Pathogen–Predator Interactions 199 6.3.4 Conclusion 200 6.4 Microbe- Mediated Defense 200 6.4.1 Heritable Symbionts 201 6.4.2 Do Gut Microflora Influence Pathogen Susceptibility? 202 6.4.3 Future Directions 204 6.5 Conclusion 204 Acknowledgments 204 References 205 Section III Ecology of Pathogen Groups 213 7 Viruses 215Trevor Williams 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Diversity of Invertebrate Pathogenic Viruses 216 7.3 Distribution of Invertebrate Pathogenic Viruses 219 7.4 Key Aspects of Pathogen Ecology 220 7.5 Transmission 221 7.5.1 Horizontal Transmission 221 7.5.1.1 Estimating Horizontal Transmission 223 7.5.2 Vertical Transmission 223 7.6 Persistence 225 7.6.1 Persistence within the Host 225 7.6.2 Persistence Outside of the Host 226 7.6.2.1 Persistence on Plants 227 7.6.2.2 Persistence in Soil 229 7.6.2.3 Persistence in Water 230 7.7 Dispersal 231 7.7.1 Host]Mediated Dispersal 231 7.7.2 Environmental Factors Involved in Dispersal 232 7.7.3 Biotic Factors that Assist the Dispersal of Viruses 233 7.7.3.1 Predators 233 7.7.3.2 Parasitoids 234 7.7.3.3 Other Organisms 234 7.7.4 Agricultural Practices that Affect Dispersal 234 7.7.5 Spatial Patterns of Dispersal 235 7.8 Genetic Diversity in Viruses 235 7.8.1 Genetic Diversity is Pervasive in Virus Populations 235 7.8.2 Genetic Diversity Favors Virus Survival 237 7.8.3 What Generates So Much Genetic Diversity? 238 7.8.4 How Is Genetic Diversity Transmitted? 239 7.9 Role of Host Behavior in Virus Ecology 240 7.9.1 Foraging Decisions: What and Where to Eat 240 7.9.2 The Risks of Cannibalism 241 7.9.3 Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases 241 7.9.4 Ecological Consequences of Host Manipulation by Viruses 242 7.9.4.1 Molecular Basis for Host Manipulation 243 7.10 Dynamics of Viruses in Host Populations 244 7.10.1 Pathogenic Viruses Can Regulate Populations 244 7.10.2 Ecosystem Characteristics that Favor Virus Transmission 246 7.10.3 Climate Change and Insect–Virus Population Dynamics 247 7.11 Influence of Abiotic Factors on Viruses 248 7.11.1 Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Viruses 248 7.11.2 Seasonal Effects on Viruses 250 7.11.3 Effect of Temperature on Viruses 250 7.11.4 Humidity, Moisture and Precipitation 251 7.11.5 Effect of pH on Viruses 251 7.12 Biotic Factors that Interact with Virus Populations 253 7.12.1 Plant Phenology, Structure, and Nutritional Value 253 7.12.2 Phytochemical–Virus Interactions 253 7.12.3 Virus Interactions with Alternative Hosts 254 7.12.4 Competition and Facilitation in Virus Interactions with Other Organisms 255 7.12.4.1 Virus Interactions with Parasitoids 255 7.12.4.2 Virus Interactions with Other Pathogens 257 7.12.4.3 Virus Interactions with Microbiota 258 7.13 Conclusion 258 Acknowledgments 259 References 259 8 Bacteria 287Trevor A. Jackson, Colin Berry and Maureen O’Callaghan 8.1 Introduction 287 8.2 Bacterial Pathogens and Associations with Insects 288 8.3 Pathogenicity and Virulence 294 8.3.1 Pathogenicity 295 8.3.2 Virulence 299 8.4 Disease Transmission 300 8.5 Survival in the Environment 301 8.5.1 Soil 302 8.5.2 Aqueous Environments 304 8.5.3 On the Phylloplane and In Planta 304 8.6 Population Dynamics: Epizootics and Enzootics 305 8.7 Evolution 308 8.8 Ecology Guiding Use of Bacterial Entomopathogens in Microbial Control 309 8.9 Conclusion 311 References 312 9 Fungi 327Ann E. Hajek and Nicolai V. Meyling 9.1 Introduction 327 9.1.1 Fungal Systematics and Taxonomy 328 9.1.2 Relevance of Fungal Systematics and Taxonomy in Ecology 330 9.2 Fungal Biology and Pathology 331 9.2.1 Biology and Pathology of Major Groups of Fungal Pathogens 331 9.2.1.1 Entomophthoromycotina, Entomophthorales 331 9.2.1.2 Ascomycota, Hypocreales 333 9.2.2 Distribution Patterns and Habitat Associations of Invertebrate Pathogenic Fungi 334 9.2.2.1 Patterns of Fungal Abundance and Distribution: Insights from the Use of Molecular Markers 335 9.2.3 Factors Governing Diversity Patterns of Fungal Pathogens 337 9.3 Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens 338 9.3.1 Disease Transmission 338 9.3.2 Fungal Dispersal 341 9.3.3 Fungal Environmental Survival and Persistence 341 9.3.4 Impacts on Host Population Densities over Space and Time 342 9.4 Interactions between Fungal Pathogens and Host Individuals 344 9.4.1 Host Responses to Fungal Pathogens to Prevent or Cure Infections 344 9.5 Impact of Abiotic Factors on Infected Hosts and Pathogen Inocula 347 9.6 Impact of Biotic Factors on Pathogenic Fungi 349 9.6.1 Endophytic and Rhizosphere Associations of Invertebrate Fungal Pathogens 349 9.6.1.1 Natural Occurrence and Distribution of Invertebrate Pathogenic Fungi as Plant Associates 350 9.6.1.2 Experimental Inoculations of Plants with Entomopathogenic Fungi 351 9.6.1.3 Direct and Indirect Fungal Interactions with Insects and Plants 352 9.6.2 Interactions between Host Symbionts and Fungal Pathogens 353 9.6.3 Interactions between Fungal Pathogens and Other Natural Enemies 354 9.6.3.1 Interactions among Co]infecting Pathogens 355 9.6.3.2 Interactions of Fungal Pathogens with Parasitoids and Predators 356 9.6.4 Mycoparasitism of Fungal Pathogens 357 9.7 Use of Pathogenic Fungi for Biological Control of Invertebrates 358 9.8 Conclusion 361 Acknowledgments 361 References 362 10 Microsporidia 379Gernot Hoch and Leellen F. Solter 10.1 Introduction 379 10.1.1 Mechanisms of Infection 380 10.1.2 Microsporidian Life Cycles 381 10.1.3 Pathology 381 10.2 Host Population 383 10.2.1 Susceptibility to Microsporidiosis 383 10.2.2 Immune Response 383 10.2.3 Behavioral Response 384 10.3 Pathogen Population 385 10.3.1 Virulence of Microsporidian Pathogens 385 10.3.2 Host Specificity 386 10.3.2.1 Physiological vs. Ecological Host Specificity 386 10.3.2.2 Host Range 386 10.3.2.3 Alternate Hosts 387 10.3.2.4 Microsporidia Crossing the Invertebrate–Vertebrate Barrier 387 10.3.3 Persistence in the Environment 388 10.4 Transmission 390 10.4.1 Horizontal Transmission 390 10.4.1.1 Transmission from Living Hosts 390 10.4.1.2 Transmission after Host Death 392 10.4.1.3 Transmission by Parasitoid Vectors 393 10.4.1.4 Effects of Host Development and Host–Microsporidia Interactions on Transmission 393 10.4.2 Vertical Transmission 394 10.5 Epizootiology 397 10.5.1 Microsporidian Prevalence in Invertebrate Populations and Impact on Host Populations 397 10.5.2 Microsporidia in Cultured Insects 398 10.5.3 Microsporidia as Potential Biological Control Agents 399 References 400 11 Nematodes 415David I. Shapiro-Ilan, Ivan Hiltpold and Edwin E. Lewis 11.1 Introduction 415 11.1.1 Diversity and Life Histories 415 11.1.2 EPN Distribution 420 11.2 Transmission 421 11.3 Host Population 421 11.4 Pathogen Population 422 11.4.1 Pathogenicity and Virulence 422 11.4.2 Persistence and Recycling 423 11.4.3 Dispersal and Foraging Behavior 423 11.5 Abiotic Environmental Factors 424 11.5.1 Soil Moisture 424 11.5.2 Soil Temperature 425 11.5.3 Soil Characteristics and Chemistry 425 11.5.4 Ultraviolet Light 426 11.6 Biotic Interactions 426 11.6.1 Interactions with Predators and Pathogens, Including Intraguild Competition 426 11.6.2 Cues Used in Host]Finding and Navigation 427 11.6.3 Tri]trophic Interactions (Plant, Insect, Nematode) 427 11.7 Applied Ecology and Aspects in Microbial Control 427 11.7.1 Production, Formulation, and Application 427 11.7.2 Approaches to Microbial Control 428 11.8 Conclusion 430 References 431 Section IV Applied Ecology of Invertebrate Pathogens 441 12 Modeling Insect Epizootics and their Population-Level Consequences 443Bret D. Elderd 12.1 Introduction 443 12.2 The Pathogen and its Hosts 445 12.3 Modeling Disease Transmission: A Single Epizootic 447 12.3.1 Phenomenological and Mechanistic Models 448 12.4 Fitting Models to Data 450 12.4.1 Akaike Information Criterion 451 12.4.2 An Example of the AIC in Action 452 12.5 A Bayesian Approach 453 12.5.1 Fitting a Bayesian Model 454 12.5.2 An Example of the WAIC in Action 456 12.6 Long-Term Dynamics 457 12.6.1 Long]Term Dynamics: Confronting Models with Data 458 12.6.2 Time]Series Diagnostics 459 12.7 Modifying and Applying the Model 462 12.8 Conclusion 463 Acknowledgments 463 References 463 13 Leveraging the Ecology of Invertebrate Pathogens in Microbial Control 469Surendra K. Dara, Tarryn A. Goble and David I. Shapiro-Ilan 13.1 Basics of Microbial Control and Approaches 469 13.1.1 Classical Microbial Control 469 13.1.2 Inoculative Release 471 13.1.3 Inundative Release 472 13.1.4 Conservation/Environmental Manipulation 472 13.2 Ecological Considerations 472 13.2.1 Host Specificity 472 13.2.2 Dispersal Ability 473 13.2.3 Virulence 473 13.2.4 Pathogen Density 473 13.2.5 Host]Related Factors 474 13.2.6 Transmission 474 13.2.7 Environmental Persistence 475 13.3 Methods to Improve Microbial Control 476 13.3.1 Improving the Organism as a Microbial Control Agent 476 13.3.2 Improving Production Methods 477 13.3.3 Improving Formulation and Application Technologies 478 13.3.4 Improving the Environment 479 13.4 Incorporating Microbial Control into Integrated Pest-Management Systems 480 13.4.1 Regulatory Issues 480 13.4.2 Standalone vs. Integrated Approaches 481 13.4.3 Case Studies 481 13.4.3.1 Orchard Crops 482 13.4.3.2 Row Crops 482 13.4.3.3 Forests 483 13.4.3.4 Greenhouses 483 13.5 Conclusion 484 References 484 14 Prevention and Management of Diseases in Terrestrial Invertebrates 495Jørgen Eilenberg and Annette Bruun Jensen 14.1 Introduction 495 14.1.1 Types of Production Facilities 496 14.1.2 Transmission of Insect Diseases in Production Facilities 499 14.2 Major uses of Insects and Mites in the Production and Transmission of Insect Pathogens within Production Systems 500 14.2.1 Pollination and Honey Production 500 14.2.2 Silk Production 507 14.2.3 Biological Control 509 14.2.4 Production of Insects for Food and Feed 512 14.3 Status of Diagnostic Services 516 14.4 Ensuring Production of Healthy Insects 516 14.5 Conclusion 519 Acknowledgments 519 References 519 15 Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases in Aquatic Invertebrates 527Jeffrey D. Shields 15.1 Scope 527 15.1.1 Myriad Pathogens Infect Aquatic Invertebrates 527 15.1.2 Overview of Disease Issues in Assessing Epidemics in Aquatic Invertebrates 531 15.2 Oyster Diseases 539 15.3 Crustacean Diseases 543 15.3.1 Outbreaks in Shrimp Aquaculture 544 15.3.2 Disease Management in Shrimp Aquaculture 548 15.3.2.1 Switching Species and Specific Pathogen]Free (SPF) Stocks 549 15.3.2.2 Surveillance 550 15.3.2.3 Development of “Vaccines” 551 15.3.2.4 Ecological and Biological Control 551 15.3.3 Crayfish and Krebspest 552 15.3.4 Disease Emergence in Culture of the Chinese Mitten Crab 553 15.4 Crustacean Fisheries 554 15.4.1 Snow Crabs and Bitter Crab Disease 555 15.4.2 American Lobster and Epizootic Shell Disease 556 15.4.3 Spiny Lobsters and PaV1 559 15.5 Agencies for Disease Management 560 15.6 Conclusion 563 Acknowledgments 563 References 563 16 Ecology of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Invertebrates 587Colleen A. Burge, Amanda Shore-Maggio and Natalie D. Rivlin 16.1 Introduction 587 16.2 Host–Pathogen Relationships and Anthropogenic Change 593 16.2.1 Ecological Context of Invertebrate Host–Pathogen Relationships 593 16.2.2 Anthropogenic Change and Disease Emergence 594 16.2.2.1 Host Factors 595 16.2.2.2 Pathogen Factors 595 16.2.2.3 Environment Factors 595 16.3 Case Studies of Invertebrate Disease Emergence 596 16.3.1 Molluscan Herpesvirus Infections of Bivalves 597 16.3.1.1 OsHV]1 Infections of Pacific Oysters and Other Bivalves 598 16.3.2 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease of Shrimp 601 16.3.3 Emerging Densoviruses of Arthropods and Echinoderms 603 16.3.3.1 Acheta domesticus Densovirus 603 16.3.3.2 Sea Star]Associated Densovirus 604 16.3.4 Emerging Pathogens of Pollinators 605 16.3.4.1 Varroa destructor and Deformed Wing Virus 606 16.3.4.2 Spillover and spread of Nosema ceranae 607 16.3.4.3 Multi]stressors, Bee Mortalities and Control Measures 608 16.3.5 Emergent Coral Diseases 608 16.3.5.1 Black Band Disease 609 16.3.5.2 Acroporid Serratosis 610 16.3.5.3 Problems Facing Coral Disease Investigations 610 16.4 Conclusion 611 Acknowledgments 612 References 612 17 Conclusions and Future Directions 627David Shapiro-Ilan and Ann E. Hajek 17.1 The Increasing Urgency of the Study of Invertebrate Pathogen Ecology 627 17.1.1 Food Security and the Role of Microbial Control 627 17.1.2 Conservation of Beneficial Organisms 628 17.2 The Future for Invasive and Native Invertebrate Pathogens 629 17.3 New Directions and Novel Tools for Studying Invertebrate Ecology 630 17.3.1 Molecular Tools 630 17.3.2 Chemical Ecology and Signaling 631 17.3.3 Exploring Other Novel Biotic Associations 632 17.3.4 Interdisciplinary Studies 633 References 634 Index 637
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WHO Regional Office for Europe Public Health Significance of Urban Pests
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