Palaeontology Books

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on British fossils and the story of life on our islands, including details of the great fossil collections of Britain.

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Book SynopsisThis is a personal account of the human side of Everett C Olson''s distinguished career as a palaeobiologist. Origins and the combination of events that led to a formal education at the University of Chicago, the selection of a career, and an interest in the Permian are reviewed. Then Olson vividly describes two decades of field work in Texas, emphasising the people, places and events that he and his co-workers encountered there at mid-century. The second half of the book is devoted to Olson''s pioneering efforts in establishing and strengthening ties between palaeontologists of the US and USSR during the Cold War years and especially his deepening friendship with Professor Ivan A Efremov. Olson and Efremov, two scientists from different cultures, wrestled with opposing philosophies but shared common interests and emotions. This book will certainly be of interest to the many people who have known Dr Olson as colleague, mentor, and friend. For the general reader, the book provides insig

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Book SynopsisOur closest living relatives are the chimpanzee and bonobo. We share many characteristics with them, but our lineages diverged millions of years ago. Who in fact was our last common ancestor? Bringing together ecology, evolution, genetics, anatomy and geology, this book provides a new perspective on human evolution. What can fossil apes tell us about the origins of human evolution? Did the last common ancestor of apes and humans live in trees or on the ground? What did it eat, and how did it survive in a world full of large predators? Did it look anything like living apes? Andrews addresses these questions and more to reconstruct the common ancestor and its habitat. Synthesising thirty-five years of work on both ancient environments and fossil and modern ape anatomy, this book provides unique new insights into the evolutionary processes that led to the origins of the human lineage.Trade Review'Peter Andrews draws on more than four decades of research and personal recollections in this engaging and thought-provoking review of how the evolution of apes informs us about human origins. Importantly, Andrews goes beyond the fossil evidence of the teeth and bones to reconstruct the paleobiology and paleoecology of our antecedents, and thus offers a unique perspective on the remarkable evolutionary events that ultimately gave rise to modern humans. This is an extraordinary tale worth telling, and there is no one better than Peter Andrews to tell it.' Terry Harrison, New York University'Ape evolution extends back in time more than 20 million years earlier than that of humans, with a more diverse array of species. Yet, there has not been a single book dedicated to interpreting that rich fossil record in itself or with respect to the emergence of humans. An Apes View of Human Evolution by Peter Andrews now fills that void. Reflecting Andrews' unique - for a paleoanthropologist - early background in forestry, the book's perspective centers on paleoenvironments, how they have influenced diversity among apes and the spread of apes throughout the Old World during the Miocene. The book also focuses on the sites and fossils that Andrews has worked on most extensively, which span much of the Miocene and Pliocene. Thus, it is both a guide to the record of ape evolution leading to the emergence of humans as well as a captivating personal narrative of exploration.' Jay Kelley, Arizona State University'Peter Andrews is a holistic thinker and this book is the culmination of his long career weaving primate evolution, human evolution and palaeoecology into an insightful and coherent narrative. Here he tells us not just what we know about our evolutionary past, but why and how we know it in the first place. This book is a rigorous and insightful explanation of hominid evolution from the early Miocene onwards, providing readers with the theoretical and interpretive tools necessary for thinking independently about the subject - this will benefit not just students, but those of us already engaged professionally with the discipline. In addition, it's something of a memoir - unapologetically personal at times, yet clear and unbiased in the presentation of information. It will replace any advanced teaching or reference text that you've previously considered an indispensable resource!' Kris Kovarovic, Durham University'There are excellent summaries at the ends of each chapter and also at intervals within the main text to emphasise the key points. … this is an easy and enjoyable read. …an essential book for anyone interested in fossil apes, but also it will interest anyone who wants to know more about some of the personalities and achievements of 20th century palaeoanthropologists and that certainly broadens the audience.' Bill Sellers, Primate Eye'It is clearly written in textbook style, with just the right amount of background to set the stage, just the right amount of detail to keep readers engaged, and useful summaries at the end of each chapter. It is a reflection of a great scientist's career. I am enthusiastic in my recommendation of this volume to all who wish to learn more about ape evolution and human origins.' David R. Begun, The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsPreface; 1. How can we recognise common ancestors?; Part I. Apes – Their Morphology and Behaviour: 2. Morphology and behaviour of living apes; 3. Human and ape phylogenies; 4. Review of fossil apes; Part II. Environments and Palaeoenvironments: 5. Structure and composition of ape environments; 6. Environmental indicators; Part III. Review of Fossil Apes - Morphology and Environment: 7. The view from the Early Miocene; 8. The environment in the Early Miocene; 9. The view from the Middle Miocene; 10. Specialised apes from the Middle Miocene; 11. The environment in the middle Miocene; 12. A second view from Europe; 13. The environment in Europe; 14. Late Miocene to Pleistocene apes; 15. Apes, hominins and environment in the Late Miocene; Part IV. Last Common Ancestor: 16. Putting together the evidence; 17. An ape's view of human evolution; References and further reading; Index.

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Book SynopsisHow fast is evolution, and why does it matter? The rate of evolution, and whether it is gradual or punctuated, is a hotly debated topic among biologists and paleontologists. This book compiles and compares examples of evolution from laboratory, field, and fossil record studies, analyzing them to extract their underlying rates. It concludes that while change is slow when averaged over many generations, on a generation-to-generation time scale, evolution is rapid. Chapters cover the history of evolutionary studies, from Lamarck and Darwin in the nineteenth century to the present day. An overview of the statistics of variation, dynamics of random walks, processes of natural selection and random drift, and effects of scale and time averaging are also provided, along with methods for the analysis of evolutionary time series. Containing case studies and worked examples, this book is ideal for advanced students and researchers in paleontology, biology, and anthropology.Trade Review'Philip D. Gingerich, renowned among paleontologists for his research on the evolution of mammals, has been a leading authority on rates of evolution for more than three decades. His analyses of evolution on different time scales have been critical to understanding this important, sometimes controversial, subject. Rates of Evolution: A Quantitative Synthesis will provide insights and statistical approaches that will interest a broad range of researchers and students working in evolutionary biology and paleontology.' Douglas Futuyma, State University of New York, Stony Brook'This book is a deeply thought-out, scholarly and lucid account of how to connect measurements of contemporary evolution with evolution as revealed in the fossil record. Rigorous and quantitative throughout, it will be a stimulating primer for professional evolutionary biologists. There is no other book like it.' Peter Grant, Princeton University, New Jersey'Using evidence from many fields of biology, paleontology, and beyond, Gingerich's Rates of Evolution is a comprehensive synthesis of a pillar of the evolutionary paradigm. This book is a sophisticated analysis of quantitative empirical data integrated with evolutionary theory. It is destined to be an authoritative reference and much-cited classic in evolutionary biology.' Bruce MacFadden, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Variation in nature; 3. Evolutionary time; 4. Random walks and Brownian diffusion; 5. Temporal scaling and evolutionary mode; 6. Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and random drift; 7. Phenotypic change in experimental lineages; 8. Phenotypic change documented in field studies; 9. Phenotypic change in the fossil record; 10. A quantitative synthesis; 11. Retrospective on punctuated equilibria; 12. Genetic models; 13. Independent contrasts: Phylogeny's influence on phenotypes; 14. Rate perspective on early bursts of evolution; 15. Summary and conclusions; Appendix: generation times in bacteria, plants, and animals; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisNotwithstanding the importance of modern technology, fieldwork remains vital, not least through helping to inspire and educate the next generation. Fieldwork has the ingredients of intellectual curiosity, passion, rigour and engagement with the outdoor world - to name just a few. You may be simply noting what you see around you, making detailed records, or carrying out an experiment; all of this and much more amounts to fieldwork. Being curious, you think about the world around you, and through patient observation develop and test ideas. Forty contributors capture the excitement and importance of fieldwork through a wide variety of examples, from urban graffiti to the Great Barrier Reef. Outdoor learning is for life: people have the greatest respect and care for their world when they have first-hand experience of it. The Editors are donating all royalties due to them to the environmental charity, The Field Studies Council, to support student fieldwork at the Council''s field centres.Trade Review'This book amply delivers its strapline 'passion for fieldwork'. With its informal yet informed writing, this eclectic collection of practitioners and research findings provides something for everyone. There is no denying its central message, that field studies inspire and ignite curiosity and remain central to our guardianship of the planet.' Gill Miller, President of The Geographical Association, 2019–20'Reading this fascinating and eclectic book touched a chord within me as to how fieldwork, in all its guises, has influenced my thinking, my career, my life. It is a salient reminder of the importance of empirical evidence in decision-making at a time when we face some of the most horrifying environmental crises imaginable.' Sally Hayns, CEO of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (CEcol MCIEEM), UK'Curious About Nature provides a glorious overview of how those scientific accomplishments were achieved.' Mark Cocker, The Spectator'… Scientists across many disciplines know well the hallmarks of working in field conditions: making direct observations that often spur other research questions, weathering unpredictable conditions that keep us scientists on our toes, and - perhaps above all - feeding a hungry curiosity and passion to understand the natural world. In Curious About Nature, researchers from geoscience to paleoecology share their accounts of memorable, impactful field experiences. This volume focuses on personal accounts of researchers in field settings. Through this collection of essays, scientists share moments of memorable fieldwork and remind readers of the significance, challenges, and satisfaction that come with this type of work. … curiosity and passion are at the heart of fieldwork … This volume is appropriate for academics with a passion for fieldwork, most especially those in the geosciences … strength of this volume is that it reminds readers just how valuable, important, and rewarding field research can be.' Olivia Graham, The Quarterly Review of Biology'Contributors address the need to train and encourage the next generation of scientists to conduct crucial environmental fieldwork that continues to expand our understanding of natural systems and recommend conservation initiatives. Chapters emphasize the value of observation, provide historical context, outline basic fieldwork components, list common fieldwork equipment, and advocate for modern interdisciplinary scientific endeavors, all while recounting details of entertaining and diverse case studies that transport readers to a variety of international field sites … Ultimately, the text captures the essence of fieldwork, and can be read cover-to-cover or selectively based on interest and needs. This book is a good fit for upper-division undergraduate or graduate courses and encourages hands-on field experiences. It will also be welcomed by any general reader interested in exploring the world.' S. McCarragher, ChoiceTable of ContentsPart I. Getting Curious about Nature: 1. Fieldwork and nature: observing, experimenting, and thinking Tim Burt and Des Thompson; 2. The place of field studies in environmental science Michael Church; 3. The history of field work in the geosciences Andrew S. Goudie; 4. Pioneering fieldwork heroes in the life sciences Stephen Trudgill; 5. The educational benefits of out-of-classroom learning Michael J. Reiss; Part II. Inspiring Fieldwork: 6. Understanding the decline of hen harriers on Orkney Arjun Amar; 7. Rocky shores are not just for the able-bodied John Archer-Thomson; 8. Life, love and longing to survive Alison Averis; 9. Bringing palaeoecology alive Hilary H. Birks; 10. Expedition botany / hobby botany John Birks; 11. The Illisarvik drained-lake field experiment: a legacy of J. Ross Mackay Chris Burn; 12. In praise of meteorology field courses Stephen Burt; 13. Time, place and circumstance Tim Burt; 14. Sampling fish diversity along a submarine mountain chain Ingvar Byrkjedal; 15. Place and placefulness Richard Carrick; 16. Ripples across the pond Stuart Corbridge; 17. Fieldwork, field-friends, and the paradox of absence Douglas Davies; 18. Ornithological fieldwork – essential and enjoyable Roy Dennis; 19. Exploration science on the shore of the Arctic Ocean – a personal experience David J. A. Evans; 20. Only connect – and make records Alastair Fitter; 21. Studying patterned bogs David Goode; 22. Mapping the rise of the animals: Cambrian bodies in the Sirius Pass, North Greenland David A. T. Harper; 23. Evolution in the cellar: live-trapping wild house mice in the Italian Alps Heidi C. Hauffe; 24. Reflections on 'babooning' Russell Hill; 25. Bogs, birds and bones: interdisciplinary fieldwork on the Isle of RuÌm NNR Peter Higgins; 26. Exploring world(s) down under Emily Husband; 27. Experiments by nature – strength in realism Christian Körner; 28. Big problems – small animals Charles J. Krebs; 29. Soil survey: a field-based science Allan Lilly; 30. A traveling ethnography of urban technologies Andrés Luque-Ayala; 31. My date with the devil Peter Marren; 32. Peregrinations through the heathlands and moorlands of Britain: an applied plant ecologist's tale Rob Marrs; 33. The Maimai catchment New Zealand Jeff McDonnell; 34. 'Writing in the field' – the importance of a local patch Stephen Moss; 35. Looking but not seeing – how sketching in the field improves observational skills in science Stephen Mott; 36. From rum to recording forest soils via the Soil Survey of Scotland – a life of fieldwork Andrew J. Nolan; 37. In praise of bat detectors Kirsty Park; 38. In search of Tawny Frogmouths Stuart Rae; 39. Don't just sit there reading … Jane M. Reid; 40. Fieldwork in the Australian bush – if it doesn't kill you, it'll convert you Lisa Robins; 41. Field studies of behaviour and life-changing events Leigh W. Simmons; 42. Sediment, wind turbines, and rhinos: ah, the life of a geographer! Mike Slattery; 43. Conservation science – the need for a new paradigm founded on robust field evidence William J. Sutherland; 44. The worst journey in the world Des Thompson; 45. Field-less fieldwork in archaeology's digital age Andrew Tibbs; 46. Reflections on a career with FSC Sue Townsend; 47. My love-affair with rocks that fizz Maurice Tucker; 48. In the footsteps of John Wesley Powell – restoring the sand bars in the Grand Canyon Alan Werritty; 49. Connecting the next generation to their world Natalie White; 50. Beyond the curriculum – wider conceptions of learning in the field Lewis Winks; Part III. Reflections and where next for field studies: 51. Conclusion: inspiring, curious and novel fieldwork Tim Burt and Des Thompson.

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Book SynopsisSnakes comprise nearly 4,000 extant species found on all major continents except Antarctica. Morphologically and ecologically diverse, they include burrowing, arboreal, and marine forms, feeding on prey ranging from insects to large mammals. Snakes are strikingly different from their closest lizard relatives, and their origins and early diversification have long challenged and enthused evolutionary biologists. The origin and early evolution of snakes is a broad, interdisciplinary topic for which experts in palaeontology, ecology, physiology, embryology, phylogenetics, and molecular biology have made important contributions. The last 25 years has seen a surge of interest, resulting partly from new fossil material, but also from new techniques in molecular and systematic biology. This volume summarises and discusses the state of our knowledge, approaches, data, and ongoing debates. It provides reviews, syntheses, new data and perspectives on a wide range of topics relevant to students anTable of Contents1. Introduction Hussam Zaher and David J. Gower; Part I. The Squamate and Snake Fossil Record: 2. The origin and early diversification of squamates Susan E. Evans; 3. The first 80 million years of snake evolution: the Mesozoic fossil record of snakes and its implications for origin hypotheses, biogeography, and mass extinction Jason J. Head, Alexandra F. C. Howard and J Johannes Müller; 4. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes: a review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency Krister T. Smith and Georgios L. Georgalis; 5. Miocene snakes of Eurasia: A review of the evolution of snake communities Martin Ivanov; Part II. Palaeontology and the Marine-Origin Hypothesis: 6. Sea-serpentism Olivier Rieppel; 7. Reassessing the morphological foundations of the Pythonomorph Hypothesis Michael J. Polcyn, Bruno G. Augusta and Hussam Zaher; 8. A review of non mosasaurid (dolichosaur and aigialosaur) mosasaurians and their relationships to snakes Bruno G. Augusta, Hussam Zaher, Michael J. Polcyn, Anthony R. Fiorillo and Louis L. Jacobs; 9. A review of the skull anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of marine pachyophiid snakes Hussam Zaher, Bruno G. Augusta, Rivka Rabinovich, Michael J. Polcyn and Paul Tafforeau; Part III. Genomic Perspectives: 10. Using comparative genomics to resolve the origin and early evolution of snakes Sara Ruane and Jeffrey W. Streicher; 11. The evolution of squamate chitinase genes (CHIAs) supports an early insectivory–carnivory transition during the origin of snakes Christopher A. Emerling; 12. Origin and early diversification of the enigmatic squamate venom cocktail Vivek Suranse, Ashwin Iyer, Timothy N. W. Jackson and Kartik Sunagar; Part IV. Neurobiological Perspectives: 13. Using adaptive traits in the inner ear to estimate ecology of early snakes Hongyu Yi; 14. A glimpse into the evolution of the ophidian brain Agustín Scanferla; 15. Eyes, vision and the origins and early evolution of snakes David J. Gower, Einat Hauzman, Bruno F. Simões and Ryan K. Schott; Part V. Anatomical and Functional Morphological Perspectives: 16. Diversity and evolution of the squamate hemipenis: An overview with particular reference to the origin and early history of snakes Giovanna G Montingelli, David J. Gower and Hussam Zaher; 17. The evolution of sperm-storage location in Squamata, with particular reference to snakes Henrique B. Braz and Selma M. Almeida-Santos; 18. An overview of the morphology of oral glands in snakes Leonardo de Oliveira and Hussam Zaher; 19. Macrostomy macrophagy and snake phylogeny David Cundall and Frances Irish; Index.

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Book SynopsisBy the author of the acclaimed bestseller The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs, a brilliant and beautifully told new history of mammals, illuminating the lost story of the extraordinary family tree that led to us [New Scientist; The Times UK]National Bestseller • Top 10 Nonfiction of the Year: Kirkus • Best Science Book of the Year: The Times UKWe humans are the inheritors of a dynasty that has reigned over the planet for nearly 66 million years, through fiery cataclysm and ice ages: the mammals. Our lineage includes saber-toothed tigers, woolly mammoths, armadillos the size of a car, cave bears three times the weight of a grizzly, clever scurriers that outlasted Tyrannosaurus rex, and even other types of humans, like Neanderthals. Indeed humankind and many of the beloved fellow mammals we share the planet with today—lions, whales, dogs—represent only the few survivors of a sprawling and astonishing family tree that has been pruned by time and mass extinctions. How did we get here?In his acclaimed bestseller The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs—hailed as “the ultimate dinosaur biography” by Scientific American—American paleontologist Steve Brusatte enchanted readers with his definitive history of the dinosaurs. Now, picking up the narrative in the ashes of the extinction event that doomed T-rex and its kind, Brusatte explores the remarkable story of the family of animals that inherited the Earth—mammals— and brilliantly reveals that their story is every bit as fascinating and complex as that of the dinosaurs.Beginning with the earliest days of our lineage some 325 million years ago, Brusatte charts how mammals survived the asteroid that claimed the dinosaurs and made the world their own, becoming the astonishingly diverse range of animals that dominate today’s Earth. Brusatte also brings alive the lost worlds mammals inhabited through time, from ice ages to volcanic catastrophes. Entwined in this story is the detective work he and other scientists have done to piece together our understanding using fossil clues and cutting-edge technology.A sterling example of scientific storytelling by one of our finest young researchers, The Rise and Reign of the Mammals illustrates how this incredible history laid the foundation for today’s world, for us, and our future.

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Book SynopsisThe Pharnerozoic Carbon Cycle applies an earth system science approach to the study of the long-term carbon cycle, which involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the atmosphere, oceans and life. Theoretical modeling is used to calculate how levels of atmosphere CO2 nad O2 have changed over the past 550 million years.Trade ReviewProfessor Berner's book is an important addition to the burgeoning literature on all aspects on Earth's carbon cycle. American Journal of Science, November 2006, Vol. 306, No.pTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Chemical Weathering of Silicates 3: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Organic Matter and Carbonate Burial and Weathering 4: Processes of the Long-term Carbon Cycle: Degassing of Carbon Dioxide and Methane 5: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over Phanerozoic Time 6: Atmospheric O2 over Phanerozoic Time

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Book SynopsisPalaeontologist Michael Novacek is an authority on patterns of evolution and on the relationships among extinct and extant organisms. This book is his account of how a boyhood passion for dinosaurs became a lifelong commitment to vanguard science.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first major book to present a comprehensive overview of the current state of extinction studies. At the end of the journey, Raup has put forward the best science of the day to answer the question posed by the title: Bad genes or bad luck?Trade Review"An eminently entertaining and informative read." -- Malcolm W. Browne - New York Times Book Review"A delightful little book about life on this planet and about extinctions, in particular. It is as much about the philosophy and methodology of science as about the downside of evolution." -- Clark R. Chapman, Planetary Science InstituteTable of ContentsPart 1 Almost all species are extinct: is extinction important? bad genes or bad luck? the nature of extinction; who studies extinction? a word about the word; species defined; the purpose of extinction, if any. Part 2 A brief history of life: origin of life; complex life; the quality of the fossil record; 600 million years of fussing; a stock market analogy; trilobite eyes; tropical reefs; flying reptiles; human evolution; living fossils. Part 3 Gambler's ruin and other problems: gambling; concepts of randomness; gambling for survival; differing extinction and speciation rates; skewed histograms; other models; a note on extinction of surnames. Part 4 Mass extinctions: the K-T mass extinction; measuring extinction; a note on killing; duration of mass extinctions; do mass extinctions differ from background; the kill curve. Part 5 Selectivity of extinction: Ice Age Blitzkrieg; selectivity of the Blitzkrieg; body size and the K-T extinction; other examples of bias; other examples of selectivity; the Trilobites' bad genes; some implications; summary. Part 6 The search for causes: the rarity of extinction; just so stories; beware of anthropomorphism!; the kill curve revisited. Part 7 Biological causes of extinction: are species and ecosystems fragile? the case of the heath hen; importance of the first strike; problems of small populations; competition; species-area effects; species-area and past extinctions; the great American interchange; the history of tropical rain forests. Part 8 Physical causes of extinction: traditional favourites; sea level and climate; species-area effects; testing sea level and climate; the Pleistocene experience; exotic physical causes; unheard-of volcanism; cosmic causes. Part 9 Rocks falling out of the sky: cratering rates; destructive power; Alvarez and the K-T extinction; periodicity of extinction and nemesis. Part 10 Could all the extinctions be caused by meteorite impact? plausibility arguments; arguments from observation; extinctions are linked to craters; extinctions are not linked to craters; assessment. Part 11 Perspectives on extinction: how to become extinct; wanton extinction; the role of extinction in evolution; bad genes or bad luck?; a note on extinctions today. Epilogue: did we choose a safe planet?.

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Book SynopsisThe probability of arriving at biologically significant arrangements is so very small that only by calling on the resources of the whole universe does there seem to be any possibility of life originating, a conclusion that requires life on the Earth to be a minute component of a universal system.Table of ContentsPreface. Panspermia 2000. Part 1: General Considerations. 1.1. On a possibly fundamental principle in Chemistry as viewed in a cosmogonic context. 1.2. Biological activity in the early solar system in its outer regions. 1.3. An object within a particle of extraterrestrial origin compared with an object of presumed terrestrial origin. 1.4. The viability with respect to temperature of micro-organisms incident on the Earth's atmosphere. 1.5. A laboratory experiment with relevance to the survival of micro-organisms entering a planetary atmosphere. 1.6. Biological Evolution. 1.7. Metallic particles in astronomy. 1.8. The Universe and Life: Deductions from the weak Anthropic Principle. 1.9. Miller Urey synthesis in the nuclei of galaxies. Part 2: Cosmic Organic Polymers. 2.1. Formaldehyde polymers in interstellar space. 2.2. Formaldehyde polymers in comets. 2.3. Composition of cometary dust: the case against silicates. 2.4. Primitive grain clumps and organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites. 2.5. Spectroscopic evidence for interstallar grain clumps in meteoritic inclusions. 2.6. Calculations of infrared fluxes from galactic sources for a polysaccharide grain model. Part 3: Cosmic Micro-Organisms: Infrared Characterisation. 3.1. Infrared spectroscopy of micro-organisms near 3,4lambdam in relation to geology and astronomy. 3.2. Infrared spectroscopy over the 2.9-3.9 lambdam waveband in biochemistry and astronomy. 3.3. 2.8-3.6lambdam spectra of micro-organisms with varying H2O ice content. 3.4. Organo-siliceous biomolecules and the infrared spectrum of the Trapezium nebula. 3.5. The spectroscopic identification of interstellar grains. 3.6. The availability of phosphorus in the bacterial model of interstellar grains. 3.7. Diatoms on Earth, Comets, Europa and in interstellar space. 3.8. A Diatom model of dust in the Trapezium nebula. 3.9. Infrared evidence for panspermia: An update. Part 4: Evidence from Interstellar Extinction. 4.1. On the nature of interstellar grains. 4.2. A model for interstellar extinction. 4.3. Ultraviolet absorbance of presumably interstellar bacteria and related matters. 4.4. The case against graphite particles in interstellar space. Part 5: Biogenic Aromatic Molecules in Space. 5.1. Organic molecules in interstellar dus: a possible spectral signature at &mgr;2200A? 5.2. Identification of the &mgr;2200A interstellar absorption feature. 5.3. A unified model for the 3.28µm emission and the 2200A interstellar extinction feasture. 5.4. Aromatic hydrocarbons in very small interstellar grains. 5.5. An integrated 2.5-12.5&lgr;m emission spectrum of naturally occurring aromatic molecules. 5.6. Biofluorescence and the extended red emission in astrophysical sources. Part 6: Comets and Life. 6.1. Comets, Ice Ages and ecological catastrophes. 6.2. Comets &endash; A vehicle for panspermia. 6.3. Some predictions on the nature of Comet Halley. 6.4. A model for the 2-4 µm spectrum of Comet Halley. 6.5. Modelling the 5-30µm spectrum of Comet Halley. 6.6. Very small dust particles (VSDP's) in Comet C/1996B2 (Hyakuta

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