Organometallic chemistry Books

Book SynopsisOrganotransition Metal Chemistry – From Bonding to Catalysis provides a selective, but thorough and authoritative coverage of the fundamentals of organometallic chemistry, the elementary reactions of these complexes, and many catalytic processes occurring through organometallic intermediates. Built upon the foundation established by the classic text by Collman, Hegedus, Norton and Finke, this text consists of new or thoroughly updated and restructured chapters and provides an in-depth view into mechanism, reaction scope, and applications. The early chapters describe the principles of bonding and the classes of ligands that characterize organotransition metal chemistry. The remainder of the book focuses on the reactions of organometallic complexes. The second portion of the book describes the classic stoichiometric organometallic reactions, including ligand substitution, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, migratory insertions, eliminations, electrophilic attack on coordinated ligands, nucleophilic attack on coordinated ligands, and chemistry of metal-ligand multiple bonds. The third portion of the text describes the principles of catalysis and the classic catalytic processes of organometallic systems. Written by a teacher and experienced practitioner of the field, the book’s content is simultaneously accessible to students with no background in the subject matter and invaluable to synthetic organic chemists, inorganic chemists, and even experts in the field.Trade Review"...the benchmark text for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course in organometallic chemistry...an extraordinarily thorough, albeit necessarily selective, survey of the historical and contemporary achievements in the field of organotransition metal chemistry. This book is destined to be the go-to resource for the field of transition-metal organometallic chemistry for many years to come." - Shannon S.Stahl, University of Wisconsin - Madison, J.A.C.S "With great coverage of all aspects of the field, Hartwig's Organotransition Metal Chemistry: From Bonding to Catalysis is the new must-have text that very soon will be recognized far and wide as a true chemistry classic." - Harry B. Gray, California Institute of Technology, USA "This will be a very useful reference work." - Martin Semmelhack, Princeton University, USA "This long-awaited new edition of a classic text does a fine job of covering the most important developments in organotransition metal chemistry over the last 20 years, while retaining the earlier versions' effective presentations of basic concepts and older work. It should well serve both teachers choosing a textbook for an advanced course and active researchers looking for a good starting reference source." - Jay A. Labinger, California Institute of Technology, USATable of Contents1. Structure and Bonding 2. Dative Ligands 3. Covalent Ligands Bound Through Metal-Carbon and Metal-Hydride Bonds 4. Covalent Ligands Bound Through Metal-Heteroatom Bonds 5. Ligand Substitution Reactions 6. Oxidative Addition of Non-Polar Reagents 7. Oxidative Addition of Polar Reagents 8. Reductive Elimination 9. Migratory Insertion 10. Elimination Reactions 11. Nucleophilic Attack on Coordinated Ligands 12. Electrophilic Attack on Coordinated Ligands 13. Metal-Ligand Multiple Bonds 14. Principles of Catalysis 15. Homogenous Hydrogenation 16. Hydrofunctionalization and Oxidative Functionalization of Olefins 17. Catalytic Carbonylation 18. Catalytic C-H Functionalization 19. Cross Coupling 20. Allylic Substitution 21. Catalytic Metathesis of Olefins and Alkynes 22. Olefin Polymerization

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals, assuming a knowledge of the chemistry of the first row metals. Chapter 1 looks at the metals and summarizes occurrence, physical properties and uses. Chapter 2 considers periodic trends in properties. Chapter 3 considers aqueous solution chemistry, species present (with comparisons of the first row metal ions) and redox properties. Chapter 4 surveys structure: the range of coordination numbers shown by second and third row metals is often a topic for discussion in University courses. Chapter 5 looks at electronic spectra and magnetic properties, making comparisons with the first row the main objective of the chapter. Detailed mathematical treatments are not given. Chapter 6 considers metal-metal bonding, and the classes of compound that contain triple and quadruple bonds; the role of bridging ligands is introduced. Chapter 7 looks at selected clusters with a pi donar ligands (e.g. metal halo species) in which metal-metal bonding is important. Chapter 8 introduces the area of polyoxometallates, closing with a short discussion of the wide range of applications. The book contains many references to encourage wider reading by the student; in addition to textbooks of relevance, the author has included many recent literature citations, and a section called Metals in Action which gives citations which show the heavier metals at work in, for example, catalytic converters and molecular wires.Trade ReviewThis slender book is aimed at undergraduate students who have just been introduced to the inorganic and coordination chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals. It is carefully structured, clearly written, well illustrated, and provides up-to-date references from current literature...providing a much-needed introduction to the underlying chemistry of the heavier d-block metals, while touching a wide range of topics. It should be of great benefit to all with an interest in the heavier d-block metals./Alvin A. Holder/Chemistry in Britain July.provides a good introduction to the descriptive chemistry./Andrea Sella/Oxford Chemistry Primers No 73.

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Book SynopsisThe transition metals titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper are essential for many life-processes, are at the heart of important industrial processes, and are used in everyday life. Their properties are dependent on the electronic structure of the metals. The connection between this and the chemical behaviour of these metals is described in this book.Trade ReviewThe book continues to provide the high quality now associated with this series./Aslib Book Guide, vol.64, no.8. August 1999.

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Book SynopsisThis straightforward introduction looks at the properties and reactions of main group organometallic compounds, placing particular emphasis on their applications in synthesis. Written in a simple, readable style, the book adopts a logical approach to this important area of organic chemistry, and provides the student with a clear account of all aspects of the field. Study problems are included at chapter ends, along with many suggestions for furtherreading.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Metallated alkanes; Metallated olefins; Metallated alkynes; Metallated aromatic compounds; Metallated heterocyclic compounds; *A-heteroatom stabilized organometallic compounds; Heteroatom organometallic compounds.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes an introduction to hypervalent molecules--molecules with atoms that have more than eight electrons. It presents the underlying principles of main group compounds and organometallic compounds and discusses new hypervalent compounds with synthetic uses.Table of ContentsHypervalent Compounds (K. Akiba). Structure and Reactivity of Hypervalent Organic Compounds: General Aspects (K. Akiba). Characteristic Properties of Hypervalent Compounds: Static and Dynamic Structures of Sb(III), Sn(II) and Ge(II) Halides (K. Yamada & T. Okuda). Structure and Reactivity of Hypercoordinate Silicon Species (C. Chuit, et al.). Hypercoordinate Silicon Species in Organic Synthesis (M. Kira & L. Zhang). Synthesis of Hypervalent Organophosphorus Compounds and Their Reactions (T. Kawashima). Hypervalent Sulfuranes as Transient and Isolable Structures: Occurrence, Synthesis, and Reactivity (J. Drabowicz). Structure and Reactivity of Hypervalent Chalcogen Compounds: Selenurane (Selane) and Tellurane (Tellane) (N. Furukawa & S. Sato). Ligand-Coupling Reactions of Compounds of Group 15 and Group 16 Elements (Y. Yamamoto & K. Akiba). The -SF_5, -SeF_5, and -TeF_5 Groups in Organic Chemistry (D. Lentz & K. Seppelt). Polycoordinate Iodine Compounds (V. Zhdankin & P. Stang). Organic Synthesis Using Hypervalent Organoiodanes (M. Ochiai). Hypervalent Compounds of Xenon (V. Brel & N. Zefirov). Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are four volumes in this series on organophosphorus chemistry, a sub-series of Saul Patai''s Chemistry of Functional Groups series. Together the volumes provide comprehensive coverage of the entire organophosphorus area, which is critical to main-line organic chemistry in both academic and industrial circles. The general format of the material on organophosphorus chemistry follows that of the volumes in the Patai series, with commissioned chapters on the theoretical/structural aspects, stereochemistry, synthesis, photochemistry, spectroscopy and biochemistry.Table of ContentsThe Preparation and Properties of Tervalent Phosphorus AcidDerivatives (O. Dahl). The Synthesis of Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids and TheirDerivatives: Non-Functionalized Acids (R. Edmundson). The Synthesis of Functionalized Phosphinic and Phosphonic Acids andTheir Derivatives. Part A: Halo, Hydroxy, Epoxy, Mercapto, Carboxy and OxoFunctionalized Acids (R. Edmundson). The Synthesis of Functionalized Phosphinic and Phosphonic Acids andTheir Derivatives. Part B: Diazo, Nitro and Amino Functionalized Acids (R.Edmundson). The Synthesis and Reactions of Thio-and Seleno-Phosphonic andPhosphinic Acids (R. Edmundson). Acyl Phosphonates and their Derivatives (E. Breuer). Gas-Phase Positive and Negative Ion Chemistry of OrganophosphorusCompounds via Mass Spectrometric Techniques (R. O'Hair). Biological Activity of Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids (A. Kalir& H. Kalir). The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents (R. Black& J. Harrison). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis new series offers leading contributions by well known chemists reviewing the state--of--the--art of this wide research area. Physical Organometallic Chemistry aims to develop new insights and to promote novel interest and investigations applicable to organometallic chemistry.Table of ContentsSelective Excitation and Selective Detection in 2?9Si NMR (E. Kupce& B. Wrackmeyer). Two-Dimensional 1?3C-Metal Nuclei Correlation (S. Berger, etal.). Two-dimensional 1?H-1?19Sn Proton Detected Correlation Spectroscopyin Coordination Chemistry of Hypervalent Organotin Compounds (F.Kayser, et al.). Indirect Nuclear 1?19Sn-X Spin-Spin Coupling (B. Wrackmeyer). Solid State NMR Applications in Organotin and Organolead Chemistry(A. Sebald). Solid State NMR Investigations of Metal Carbonyl Complexes (S.Aime, et al.). High Pressure NMR in Organometallic Chemistry (U. Frey, etal.). Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy in Supercritical Fluids (M. Waugh& G. Lawless). High Resolution 6?,7?Li NMR of Organolithium Compounds (H.Gunther). Metal NMR of Organovanadium, -Niobium and -Tantalum Compounds (D.Rehder & D. Rodewald). NMR of Metallic Nuclei in Clusters (P. Granger). 1?71Yb NMR Spectroscopy (J. Keates & G. Lawless). Index.

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Book SynopsisEmphasizing the analysis of metals, this examination of inorganic trace analysis attempts to review the scattered reference works and techniques which are used in the field, and to identify the underlying principles behind the development of trace analysis procedures.Table of ContentsThe Working Environment. Laboratory Materials. Storage. Reagents. The Water Supply. Working Practices. Trouble Shooting. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a mainly qualitative understanding of this family of materials which ranges from simple NaCl type compounds to complex chromium carbides.

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Book SynopsisWorking from basic chemical principles, Metals in Medicine, 2nd Edition describes a wide range of metal-based agents for treating and diagnosing disease. Thoroughly revised and restructured to reflect significant research activity and advances, this new edition contains extensive updates and new pedagogical features while retaining the popular feature boxes and end-of-chapter problems of the first edition. Topics include: Metallo-Drugs and their action Platinum drugs for treating cancer Anticancer agents beyond cisplatin including ruthenium, gold, titanium and gallium Responsive Metal Complexes Treating arthritis and diabetes with metal complexes Metal complexes for killing bacteria, parasites and viruses Metal ion imbalance and its links to diseases including Alzheimer''s, Wilson''s and Menkes disease Metal complexes for detecting disease Nanotechnology in medicine Now iTable of ContentsFeature Boxes xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Inorganic Chemistry Basics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Crystal Field Theory 1 1.3 Molecular Orbital Theory 12 1.4 Absorption Spectra of Metal Complexes 22 1.5 Magnetic Properties of Metal Complexes 33 1.6 Structure and Reactivity of Metal Complexes 35 2 Metallo-Drugs and Their Action 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Proteins asTargets forMetallo-Drugs 59 2.3 DNAas aTarget forMetallo-Drugs 71 2.4 Reaction of Metal Complexes in the Biological Milieu 76 2.5 Evaluating the Pharmacological Effects of Agents 79 2.6 FromDiscoverytotheClinic 82 3 Platinum Drugs for Treating Cancer 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Cisplatin 91 3.3 Carboplatin 115 3.4 Oxaliplatin 126 3.5 RegionallyUsedPlatinumDrugs 133 3.6 Platinum Agents in Preclinical Development 135 4 Anticancer Agents Beyond Cisplatin 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Ruthenium Anticancer Agents 157 4.3 Gold Anticancer Agents 173 4.4 Titanium Compounds for Treating Cancer 181 4.5 Gallium for Treating Cancer 187 4.6 Other Anticancer Active Metal Complexes 194 5 Responsive Metal Complexes 217 5.1 Introduction 217 5.2 Prodrug Activation by Redox 217 5.3 ProdrugActivationbypH 225 5.4 Prodrug Activation by Enzymes 227 5.5 ProdrugActivationbyLight 229 5.6 Photodynamic Therapy 233 6 Metal Complexes for Treating Arthritis and Diabetes 245 6.1 Introduction 245 6.2 ChemistryofGoldinBiologicalMedia 245 6.3 Gold Compounds for Treating Arthritis 247 6.4 Vanadium Compounds for Treating Diabetes 263 7 Metal Complexes for Killing Parasites, Bacteria and Viruses 285 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 Malaria 285 7.3 Leishmaniasis 293 7.4 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) 298 7.5 Human African Trypanosomiasis 301 7.6 Tuberculosis 301 7.7 PepticUlcerDisease 306 7.8 Syphilis 311 7.9 Bacterial Infections 312 7.10 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 314 8 Metal Ion Imbalance in the Body 329 8.1 Introduction 329 8.2 Alzheimer’s Disease 329 8.3 LithiumandtheBrain 337 8.4 Wilson’s Disease: Copper Overload 338 8.5 Menkes Disease: Copper Deficiency 340 8.6 Beta-Thalassemia: IronOverload 342 8.7 Iron-Deficiency Anemia 344 8.8 Calcium Imbalance 344 8.9 ChelationTherapy 346 9 Metal Complexes for Detecting Disease 357 9.1 Introduction 357 9.2 Technetium in Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine 358 9.3 Metal Compounds as Contrast Agents for MRI 371 9.4 Radiotherapy 382 10 Nanomedicine 395 10.1 Introduction 395 10.2 Circulation, Uptake, and Elimination of Nanoparticles 396 10.3 Nanoscience for Treating Cancer 407 10.4 Nanoparticles for Detecting Disease 419 10.5 Theranostic Nanoparticles 426 10.6 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles 428 Index 441

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Book SynopsisOrganometallic chemistry is based on the reactions and use of a class of compounds (R-M) that contain a covalent bond between carbon and metal. They are prepared either by direct reaction of the metal with an organic compound or by replacement of a metal from another organometallic substance. Research in organometallic chemistry is also conducted in the areas of cluster synthesis, main-group derivatives in unusual oxidation states, organometallic polymers, unstable organometallic compounds and intermediates in matrices, structure determination of organometallic compounds in the solid state [X-ray diffraction] and gaseous states [electron diffraction], and mechanisms of reactions of transient silylenes and related species. . In addition to the traditional metals and semimetals, elements such as selenium, lithium and magnesium are considered to form organometallic compounds, e.g. organomagnesium compounds MeMgI, iodo(methyl)magnesium and diethylmagnesium which are Grignard reagents an organo-lithium compound BuLi butyllithium; Organometallic compounds often find practical use as catalysts, the processing of petroleum products and the production of organic polymers.

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Book SynopsisOrganometallic chemistry is based on the reactions and use of a class of compounds (R-M) that contain a covalent bond between carbon and metal. They are prepared either by direct reaction of the metal with an organic compound or by replacement of a metal from another organometallic substance. Research in organometallic chemistry is also conducted in the areas of cluster synthesis, main-group derivatives in unusual oxidation states, organometallic polymers, unstable organometallic compounds and intermediates in matrices, structure determination of organometallic compounds in the solid state [X-ray diffraction] and gaseous states [electron diffraction], and mechanisms of reactions of transient silylenes and related species. . In addition to the traditional metals and semimetals, elements such as selenium, lithium and magnesium are considered to form organometallic compounds, e.g. organomagnesium compounds MeMgI, iodo(methyl)magnesium and diethylmagnesium which are Grignard reagents an organo-lithium compound BuLi butyllithium; Organometallic compounds often find practical use as catalysts, the processing of petroleum products and the production of organic polymers.

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Book SynopsisA black hole is a point of extreme mass in space-time with a radius, or event horizon, inside of which all electromagnetic radiation (including light) is trapped by gravity. A black hole is an extremely compact object, collapsed by gravity which has overcome electric and nuclear forces. It is believed that stars appreciably larger than the Sun, once they have exhausted all their nuclear fuel, collapse to form black holes: they are "black" because no light escapes their intense gravity. Material attracted to a black hole, though, gains enormous energy and can radiate part of it before being swallowed up. Some astronomers believe that enormously massive black holes exist in the centre of our galaxy and of other galaxies. This book brings together leading research from throughout the world.

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Book SynopsisThis new and important book presents recent advances in organometallic chemistry which is based on the reactions and use of a class of compounds (R-M) that contain a covalent bond between carbon and metal. They are prepared either by direct reaction of the metal with an organic compound or by replacement of a metal from another organometallic substance. Research in organometallic chemistry is also conducted in the areas of cluster synthesis, main-group derivatives in unusual oxidation states, organometallic polymers, unstable organometallic compounds and intermediates in matrices, structure determination of organometallic compounds in the solid state [X-ray diffraction] and gaseous states [electron diffraction], and mechanisms of reactions of transient silylenes and related species. In addition to the traditional metals and semimetals, elements such as selenium, lithium and magnesium are considered to form organometallic compounds, e.g. organomagnesium compounds MeMgI, iodo(methyl)magnesium and diethylmagnesium which are Grignard reagents an organo-lithium compound BuLi butyllithium; Organometallic compounds often find practical use as catalysts, the processing of petroleum products and the production of organic polymers.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a variety of subjects about high-temperature superconductors. I will start with fundamental and historical contexts, as well as explain key properties associated with superconductivity. The general theory of high-temperature conductors is also well discussed in this book. It explores the theoretical frameworks and models used to understand the behaviour of these materials at high temperatures. The chemistry behind these materials is also discussed. This book investigates the composition, structure, and electronic properties of high-temperature superconductors, highlighting the interplay between chemical factors and superconducting behaviour. The materials aspects of high-temperature superconductors for practical applications is another interesting topic which is well explored in this book. This includes engineering considerations, including the design, fabrication, and characterization of superconducting materials, with a specific focus on their potential applications in various fields. In addition, practical applications of high-temperature superconductors are covered. Finally, synthesis and fabrication techniques employed in the manufacturing of these materials are fully discussed. This book in fact brings together a diverse group of experts in the field of high-temperature superconductivity providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry and applications of high-temperature superconductors. It can be used as a reference or textbook for students, researchers, engineers, and those who are interested in the topicTable of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Superconductors Chapter 2 General Theory of High-TC Superconductors Chapter 3 Chemistry and High Temperature Superconductors Chapter 4 Materials Aspects of High-Temperature Superconductors for Applications Chapter 5 Synthesis and Fabrication Techniques of High-Temperature Superconductors Chapter 6 Crystal Structures of Cuprate Superconductors Chapter 7 Practical Applications of High-Temperature Superconductors Chapter 8 Emerging Research and Innovative Directions in High-Temperature Superconductivity

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Book SynopsisIn the first book dedicated to this rapidly expanding research area, Mechanical Behaviour of Metal-Organic Framework Materials, provides a convenient introduction to how chemistry determines structure-mechanical property relationships and functional performance. Much of the research efforts in metal-organic framework (MOF) and hybrid framework materials focus on synthesis and adsorption related properties. But practical applications of MOFs require a precise understanding of mechanical properties and knowledge of structure-property relationships, to ensure robustness in device manufacturing and mechanical resilience for long-term performance. Readers will learn through key experimental and theoretical techniques for studying MOF mechanical properties including elastic and plastic behaviour, framework dynamics, high-pressure response, rate effects, anomalous mechanical behaviour and failure mechanisms. Edited by a pioneer of the field and with contributions by leading researchers developing the new science of “MOF Mechanics”, this book is suitable for both students and researchers who are new to the field.Table of ContentsFundamentals of MOF Mechanics and Structure–Mechanical Property Relationships;Anomalous Mechanical Behaviour Arising From Framework Flexibility;Computational Modelling of MOF Mechanics: From Elastic Behaviour to Phase Transformations;High-pressure Mechanical Behaviour Under Hydrostatic Compression;Mechanical Energy Absorption of Metal–Organic Frameworks

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Book SynopsisThis updated, second edition retains its classroom-tested treatment of physical chemistry of metallurgical topics, such as roasting of sulfide minerals, matte smelting, converting, structure, properties and theories of slag, reduction of oxides and reduction smelting, interfacial phenomena, steelmaking, secondary steelmaking, role of halides in extraction of metals, refining, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy, and adds new data in worked-out examples as well as up-to-date references to the literature. The book further explains the physical chemistry of various metallurgical topics, steps involved in extraction of metals, such as roasting, matte smelting/converting, reduction smelting, steelmaking reactions, deoxidation, stainless steelmaking, vacuum degassing, refining, leaching, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, cementation, gaseous reduction and electrowinning. Each topic is illustrated with appropriate examples of applications of the technique in extraction of some common, reactive, rare, or refractory metal together with worked out problems explaining the principle of the operation. The problems require imagination and critical analyses and also encourage readers for creative application of thermodynamic data in metal extraction. Updates and condenses text throughout the book by sequential arrangement of paragraphs in different chapters; Maximizes readers’ understanding of the physicochemical principles involved in extraction/production of common and rare/reactive metals by pyro- as well as hydrometallurgical routes; Reinforces concepts presented with worked examples in each chapter explaining the process steps; Explains the physical chemistry of various metallurgical steps, such as roasting, matte smelting/converting, and reduction smelting, steelmaking, aqueous processing etc. in extraction of metals; Collects and uniformly presents scattered information on physicochemical principles of metal production from various books and journals. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Roasting of Sulfide Minerals.- Chapter 3. Sulfide Smelting.- Chapter 4. Metallurgical Slag.- Chapter 5. Reduction of Oxides and Reduction Smelting.- Chapter 6. Interfacial Phenomena.- Chapter 7. Steelmaking.- Chapter 8.Secondary Steelmaking.- Chapter 9. Role of Halides in Extraction of Metals.- Chapter 10. Refining.- Chapter 11. Hydrometallurgy.- Chapter 12. Electrometallurgy.

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Book SynopsisThe first and ultimate guide for anyone working in transition organometallic chemistry and related fields, providing the background and practical guidance on how to efficiently work with routine research problems in NMR. The book adopts a problem-solving approach with many examples taken from recent literature to show readers how to interpret the data. Perfect for PhD students, postdocs and other newcomers in organometallic and inorganic chemistry, as well as for organic chemists involved in transition metal catalysis.Trade Review“However, it certainly conveys its author’s undoubted enthusiasm, and most organometallic and coordination chemists will find it well worth their while to dip into it.” (Applied Organometal.Chemistry, 1 June 2013)"Ein super-Buch für die experimentell arbeitenden Studierenden, beginnend mit dem Bachelorstudium bis hin zur Promotionsphase." Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Beckhaus, Universität OldenburgTable of ContentsPreface XI Abbreviations XIII 1 Introduction 1 2 Routine Measuring and Relaxation 7 3 COSY and HMQC 2-D Sequences 19 4 Overhauser Effects and 2-D NOESY 39 5 Diffusion Constants via NMR Measurements 55 6 Chemical Shifts 63 7 Coupling Constants 207 8 Dynamics 279 9 Preface to the Problems 311 10 Organometallic Introduction 313 11 NMR Problems 319 12 Solutions to the Problems and Comments 361 Index 389

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Book SynopsisIn this book you will find a lot of exciting and often astonishing information about these extraordinary and diverse materials. The presentation is essentially structured chronologically and follows the history of the discovery of these materials. Their properties and areas of application are described. The book is a mixture of specialist and non-fiction: understandable for experts and laypeople.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Zirkon, Zirkonium, Zirkonia - ähnliche Namen, verschiedene Materialien by Bożena Arnold, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2019. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. Table of ContentsThe constant confusion - an introduction - zircon - a common mineral - zircon - a real gemstone - in the service of geology - zircon sand - an important raw material - zirconium - a little known metal - hafnium - twin brother of zirconium - Zirconium materials and their application - Zirconium and the fuel element - Zirconium oxide - a versatile material - Natural zirconium oxide - Artificial zirconium oxide - The crystal world of zirconium oxide - Zirconium oxide materials - Zirconium oxide versus aluminum oxide - Ceramics such as steel - Zirconium oxide in technology.-Kitchen gadgets made from zirconium oxide.- Zirconium oxide and the lambda probe.- Zirconium oxide in dentistry.- Zirconia - a fake gemstone.- Two doppelgangers of the diamond.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the development of two kinds of continuous-flow transformation using heterogeneous catalysts, and explains how they can be applied in the multistep synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. It demonstrates and proves that fine chemicals can be synthesized under continuous-flow conditions using heterogeneous catalysis alone. Importantly, the book also proposes a general concept and strategy for achieving multistep flow synthesis and developing heterogeneous catalysts, and shows that commercially available anion exchange resin can be used as a water-tolerant strong base catalyst for various types of continuous-flow aldol-type reaction. Reviewing the state of the art in heterogeneous catalysis in flow chemistry – a “hot topic” and rapidly developing area of organic synthesis – the book will provide readers with a deeper understanding of fine chemical flow synthesis and its future prospects. Table of Contents1. Introduction and Strategy.- 2. Synthesis of Nitro-containing Compounds through Multistep Continuous-flow with Heterogeneous Catalysts.- 3. Polysilane-Supported Pd Catalysts for Continuous-flow Hydrogenations.- 4. Anion Exchange Resins as Catalysts for Direct Aldol-type Reactions of Ketones, Esters and Nitriles under Continuous-flow.- 5. Multistep Continuous-flow Synthesis of APIs Based on Aldol-hydrogenation Strategy.- 6. Summary.- 7. Experimental Section.

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