Ophthalmology Books

Book SynopsisThis atlas is the fruit of a many years' ex- eet atlas est Ie fruit d'une longue experience Dieser Atlas ist das Ergebnis langjlihriger Er- perience in the application of anatomico-clini- de la methode anatomo-clinique appliquee a fahrung mit der auf die ophthalmologische cal methods to ophthalmological oncology. I' oncologie ophtalmologique. Onkologie angewandten anatomisch-klini- schen Methode. In the field of ophthalmology, as in other En Ophtalmologie comme dans les autres dis- medical areas, oncology has progressively in- ciplines medicales, I' allongement progress if Wie auch in anderen Disziplinen gewinnt die creased in importance with the gradual de l'esperance de vie donne davantage Onkologie in der Ophthalmologie mit der lengthening of life expectation. Apart from d'importance a l'oncologie. En effet, mises a steigenden Lebenserwartung immer mehr an rare tumours and certain malformations in part les rares tumeurs de I' enfant et certaines Bedeutung. Von den wenigen Tumoren des children, neoformations in ophthalmology are malformations, les neoformations en Kindes und gewissen MiBbildungen largely confined to ageing patients. Any of the Ophtalmologie sont l'apanage preferentiel du abgesehen sind Neubildungen in der Ophthal- intraocular tissues may be affected: those of sujet age. Elles peuvent toucher tous les tis sus mologie in erster Linie dem lilteren Menschen the iris, the ciliary body, the choroid or the intra-oculaires: iris, corps ciliaire, choroYde, vorbehalten. Sie konnen an slimtlichen in- retina, as well as of the orbit and the eyelid.Trade Review' I recommend it as a useful addition to the library of an individual specializing in ophthalmic pathology and ocular oncology. ' Ophthalmic Practice: Asian Edition 1:1 1995 Table of ContentsDetailed table of contents.- Tumours of the Eyelids and the Conjunctiva.- I. Tumours of the epithelium and adnexa.- 1. Benign tumours.- 1.1 Benign tumours of the epithelium (without adnexa).- 1.1a Papillomas of the eyelid.- 1.1b Seborrheic keratosis.- 1.1c Conjunctival keratosis.- 1.1d Molluscum contagiosum.- 1.1e Kerato-acanthoma.- 1.2 Cysts.- 1.2a Epidermal and pilar cysts.- 1.2b Conjunctival cysts.- 1.3 Benign pilar tumours.- 1.3a Trichilemmoma.- 1.3b Tricho-epithelioma.- 1.3c Pilomatricoma.- 1.4 Benign sebaceous gland tumours.- 1.4a “Senile” sebaceous naevus of the eyelid.- 1.4b “Senile” sebaceous naevus of the caruncle.- 1.4c Meibomian adenoma.- 1.5 Sweat gland benign tumours.- 1.5a Hidrocystoma.- 1.5b Papillary syringadenoma.- 1.5c Syringomas.- 1.5d Eccrine acrospiroma.- 1.6 Oncocytoma of the caruncle.- 2. Precancerous epithelial tumours.- 2.1 Palpebral actinic keratosis.- 2.2 Conjunctival actinic keratosis.- 2.3 Conjunctival carcinoma in situ.- 2.4 Xeroderma pigmentosum.- 3. Malignant epithelial tumours.- 3.1 Basal cell carcinomas of the lids.- 3.2 Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma of the lids.- 3.3 Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma of the conjunctiva.- 3.4 Muco-epidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva.- 3.5 Sebaceous carcinomas.- 3.6 Sweat gland carcinomas.- II. Pigmented tumours of the lids and the conjunctiva.- 1. Benign pigmented tumours.- 1.1 Junctional naevus.- 1.2 Compound naevus.- 1.3 Intradermal naevus.- 1.4 Cystic benign naevus.- 1.5 Balloon cell naevus.- 1.6 Giant pigmented naevus.- 1.7 Juvenile melanoma of S. Spitz.- 1.8 Blue naevus of Tièche.- 2. Malignant melanomas of the eyelids and the conjunctiva.- 2.1 Precancerous Hutchinson-Dubreuilh melanosis.- 2.2 Superficial spreading melanoma.- 2.3 Nodular melanoma.- III. Xanthomatous tumours.- 1. Tuberous xanthoma of the lid.- 2. Xanthelasma.- 3. Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the eyelid and conjunctiva.- IV. Vascular benign tumours.- 1. Palpebro-conjunctival lymphangiomas.- V. Vascular malignant tumours.- 1. Kaposi’s sarcoma.- VI. Tumours of adipose tissue.- 1. Lipoma of the conjunctiva.- VII. Palpebro-conjunctival tumours of nerve tissue.- 1. Neurofibroma.- 2. Schwannoma.- 3. Merkel cell tumour.- VIII. Dysgenetic tumours of the conjunctiva, lids and orbit.- 1. Dermoid cyst.- 2. Dermoid of the limbus and dermis-like choristoma.- 3. Dermolipoma.- 4. Complex choristoma.- 5. Epibulbar osteoma.- IX. Inflammatory and degenerative pseudo-tumoral lesions.- 1. Chalazion.- 2. Pyogenic granuloma.- 3. Pinguecula.- 4. Pterygium.- 5. Palpebro-conjunctival amyloidosis.- Orbital and Orbito-Palpebral Tumours.- X. Fibrohistiocytic tumours.- 1. Benign fibrohistiocytoma.- 2. Malignant fibrohistiocytoma.- 3. Nodular fasciitis.- XI. Tumours of muscular tissue.- 1. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.- XII. Benign palpebro-orbital vascular tumours.- 1. Cavernous haemangioma.- 2. Benign haemangio-endothelioma.- 3. Haemangio-pericytoma.- 4. Flat haemangioma.- 5. Intravascular vegetating haemangio-endothelioma.- XIII. Tumours of adipose orbital tissue.- 1. Lipoma.- 2. Liposarcoma.- XIV. Bone tumours.- 1. Osteoma.- 2. Bone haemangioma.- 3. Giant cell tumour.- 4. Osteosarcoma.- 5. Mesenchymatous chondrosarcoma.- XV. Pseudo-tumorous bone dysplasias.- 1. Fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma.- 2. Bone cyst aneurysm.- XVI. Tumours of the neural tissue or neural-like tumours.- 1. Schwannoma.- 2. Orbital neurofibroma.- 3. Granular cell tumour.- 4. Alveolar soft part sarcoma.- 5. Sympathoblastoma.- XVII. Tumours of the infra-orbital optic nerve.- 1. Glioma.- 2. Meningiomas.- XVIII. Haemato-sarcomas.- 1. Lymphomas.- 2. Plasmacytomas.- 3. Granulocytic sarcoma.- XIX. Tumours of the lacrimal gland.- 1. Benign mixed tumour.- 2. Malignant tumours of the lacrimal gland.- 2.1 Adenoid cystic carcinoma.- 2.2 Carcinoma within a pleomorphic adenoma.- 2.3 Other carcinomas.- XX. Tumours of the lacrimal sac.- XXI. Pseudo-tumorous histiocytic lesions (X Histiocytoses).- 1. Eosinophilic granuloma of bone.- 2. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease.- 3. Sinus histiocytosis.- Tumours of the Uvea.- XXII. Iris tumours.- 1. Iris cysts.- 1.1 Primary cysts of the iris pigment epithelium.- 1.2 Secondary cystic proliferation.- 2. Iris pigmented tumours.- 2.1 Adenomas of the iris pigment epithelium.- 2.2 Melanocytic tumours of the iris stroma.- 3. Iris myogenic tumours.- 4. Juvenile xanthogranuloma.- 5. Metastases to the iris.- XXIII. Tumours of ciliary body.- 1. Epithelial tumours.- 1.1 Tumours of non-pigmented epithelium.- 1.1a Medullo-epitheliomas.- 1.1b Adult-type tumours.- 1.2 Tumours of the ciliary pigment epithelium.- 2. Melanocy tic tumours of the ciliary body stroma.- 2.1 Benign tumours.- 2.2 Ciliary body melanomas.- XXIV. Choroidal tumours.- 1. Melanocytic tumours and other neural crest-derived-tumours.- 1.1 Choroidal naevi.- 1.2 Choroidal tumours in neurofibromatosis.- 1.3 Melanosis oculi and naevus of Ota.- 1.4 Choroidal melanomas.- 2. Vascular tumours.- 2.1 Haemangiomas.- 3. Choroidal osteomas.- 4. Leukaemias and lymphomas.- 5. Metastatic carcinomas.- Tumours of the Retina and the Optic Disc.- XXV. Malignant tumour: Retinoblastoma.- XXVI. Glial tumours of the retina and the optic disc.- 1. Astrocytoma.- XXVII. Vascular tumours.- 1. Coats disease.- 2. Von Hippel’s disease.- XXVIII. Retina and disorders of the blood and blood forming organs.- XXIX. Tumours of the retinal pigment epithelium.- XXX. Melanocytoma of the optic disc.- XXXI. Drusen of the optic disc.- Technical appendix.- Literature.- Alphabetical index of subjects.

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Book SynopsisThe 12th Congress of SIDUO took place in Iguazu Falls, Argentina, where participants could enjoy the scenery of the magnificent Falls. The organization was sponsored by the University Department of Oph- thalmology, Buenos Aires; the University Department of Ophthalmology, EI Salvador; SAUMB (Socieded Argentina de Ultrasonografia en Medecina y Biologia) and CLEO (Club Latinoamericano de Ecografia OftalmoI6gica). The Honorary President was Professor Horacio Soriano from Buenos Aires. The local organizing committee consisted of the following persons: President Roberto Sampaolesi Vice President Atilio Lombardi Scientific Secretary: Eduardo Mayorga Treasurers Guillermo Iribarren Abelardo Cavatorta We are particularly grateful to Doctor J S Hillmann, Professor K C Ossoinig and Doctor nvf Thijssen, who have helped with their counsel and advice. I would also like to thank our congress secretaries Graciela Massonat and Cristina Taegl for their enormous help in organizing SIDUO XII. To Doctor Javier Cassiraghi and Doctor Walter de Gregory our thanks for their outstanding help in organizing the scientific sessions. Thanks are due to the commercial exhibitors and most of all to our sponsors: Laboratorios Pfoertner Cornealent and Biophysic Medical. Our special thanks to Doctor Tomas Pfoertner for his great administrative expertise and counsel and to Christine Warren from Biophysic for her help in financing these proceedings. The 12th SIDUO thanks for their generous support: Pupilent Plastic Lens Argentina, Grafica SA and Laboratorio Optico Santamarina.Trade Review' Well edited and carefully printed, this book contains a wealth of information on recent developments, a must for all researchers in this field, especially those who were unable to attend the Congress. ' Documenta Opthalmologica 80 1992 Table of ContentsOne. The Orbit.- 1. Ultrasonically-guided biopsy in orbital tumours.- 2. Echodriven fine needle aspiration biopsy in orbital tumor diagnosis.- 3. Echography assisted fine needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosing orbital pseudotumor and lymphoma.- 4. Ultrasound diagnosis of orbital histiocytofibromas.- 5. Orbitary myxoma: ultrasonographic diagnosis.- 6. Pre-operative and post-operative echographic results on patients undergoing optic nerve sheath decompression.- 7. Evaluation of the subarachnoidal space—comparisons between ultrasound and high resolution NMR-techniques.- 8. Lesions of the lacrimal fossa: a retrospective echographic study.- 9. Ultrasound diagnosis of orbital schwannomas.- Two. Biometry.- 10. Automatic measurement technique of the axial length using a new type of B-mode ultrasonography.- 11. Transducer performance parameters and their influence on biometric results.- 12. Clinical usefulness of linking biometry systems to personal computers.- 13. Continuous biometry of the chrystalline lens during accommodation.- 14. Biometric investigation of the effect of gravity on the chrystalline lens during accommodation.- 15. In vivo determination of the speed of ultrasound in cataracted lenses.- 16. Biometry and characterization of the lens.- 17. Formulas and results of intraocular lens implantation.- 18. Axial length measurements and IOL power calculations in microphthalmic eyes.- 19. Ultrasound diagnosis of unilateral axial myopia.- 20. Biometry of retina choroid layer.- 21. Eye size of the premature infant around presumed term.- 22. Choroidal nevi: diagnosis with standardized echography.- 23. Echometry in congenital glaucoma: long-term results after 10 to 17 years of surgery.- 24. Long-term biooculometry of developmental glaucoma.- 25. Relation between axial length and refraction in eyes with congenital glaucoma.- 26. Biometric study of eyes with angle closure glaucoma.- Three. Vitreoretinal Diseases.- 27. Correlation between echography, vitreous surgery findings and follow-up.- 28. Power spectrum analysis of ultrasonic radio-frequency signals in vitreous diseases.- 29. Vitreous membranes: update echographical diagnosis.- 30. Reliability of standardized ultrasound in pre-operative diagnosis for vitreous surgery in diabetic patients.- 31. Ultrasound imaging in retinopathy of prematurity: retinal detachment in ROP stage 5 eyes and eye as prognostic indicator.- 32. Gas retinal detachment treatment and echography.- 33. Echographically driven extraction of foreign bodies.- 34. A case with a macular granuloma seropositive for Toxocara canis examined with standardized echography.- Four. Intraocular Tumours.- 35. Ultrasonography in intraocular tumours.- 36. Morphological parameters of intraocular tumours taking part in echographical tracings.- 37. Tissue characterization by ultrasound.- 38. Retinoblastoma conservative treatment: ultrasonographic follow-up.- 39. Ultrasonographic findings in selected cases of masquerading syndrome.- 40. Choroidal melanomas — correlations between A- and B-scan ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology.- 41. Doppler ultrasonography in the follow-up of malignant melanoma of the choroid.- 42. Possibilities and limitations of ultrasonographical localization of ruthenium-106-radioactive plaques during treatment.- 43. Tumour volume calculations by ultrasonographical data in the evaluation of regression patterns in ruthenium-treated melanomas.- 44. Echographic patterns simulating extrascleral extension of malignant melanoma following plaque removal.- 45. Intraoperative use of ultrasound to document proper plaque placement in treating choroidal melanoma.- 46. Acoustospectography and histology of intraocular Greene’s melanoma.- Five. Other Ocular Pathology.- 47. A-mode combined with B-mode ultrasonic equipment (Ophthascan S) in ocular and orbital diagnosis.- 48. Echo-ophthalmography in children.- 49. Radio frequency echographical study of pseudophakodonesis.- 50. Uveal effusion and nanophthalmos.- 51. ‘Monstrous’ deformations (myopic staphyloma) detected by ultrasound.- 52. Echographic findings in malignant glaucoma.- 53. Ultrasound findings in brawny scleritis.- 54. Echographic findings in lymphoid hyperplasia of the choroid.- 55. Diffuse lymphoid infiltration Of the uvea and periocular tissues.- Six. Physics and Techniques.- 56. In vivo determination of sound velocity in eye media.- 57. Two and three dimensional image processings applied to ophthalmic region.- 58. Three dimensional scan using a single transducer and image construction.- 59. Three dimensional display of ocular region using an array transducer.- 60. The development and clinical application of the digital quantitative color scan- converter connected with the ophthalmic contact ultrasonographic apparatus.- 61. Analysis of fundus blood dynamics by the ultrasonic Doppler method in blocking therapy for the stellar ganglions of the cervical sympathetic nerve.- 62. Computerized analysis of echo signals: multicentric experience.- 63. RGB output: our experience.- Authors index.

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Book SynopsisOphthalmology in Art and Literature.- Four legends about Hippocrates. Collected by Mr. Zarakas of the village Pili Cos.- Eye votives in Greek antiquity.- Leonardo and the eye.- Ophthalmological lore in the Corpus Hippocraticum.- The presentation of the eye in African and Oceanian art.- Ophthalmological Instruments.- The Utrecht Ophthalmic Hospital and the development of tonometry in the 19th century.- The Utrecht Ophthalmic Hospital and the development of the ophthalmoscope.- Biographies of famous Ophthalmologists.- The foundation of experimental ophthalmology by Theodor Leber.- Georg Joseph Beer: A review of his life and contributions.- The first German textbook of ophthalmology Augendienst by G. Bartisch, 1583.- The professors of ophthalmology at the University of Leipzig in the first half of the 20th century.- Topics in Ophthalmic Surgery.- Eye injuries by the Byzantine writer Aetios Amidinos.- The lacrimal surgery of Petrus Camper and his contemporaries.- History of Institutions and Disciplines.- The French Egyptian campaign and its effects on ophthalmology.- The appointment of Johan Widmark to the first chair in ophthalmology in Stockholm 1891.- A historical outline of Greek ophthalmology from the Hellenistic period up to the establishment of the first universities.- History of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society.- The general development of Chinese ophthalmology from its beginnings to the 18th century.Table of ContentsOphthalmology in Art and Literature.- Four legends about Hippocrates. Collected by Mr. Zarakas of the village Pili — Cos.- Eye votives in Greek antiquity.- Leonardo and the eye.- Ophthalmological lore in the Corpus Hippocraticum.- The presentation of the eye in African and Oceanian art.- Ophthalmological Instruments.- The Utrecht Ophthalmic Hospital and the development of tonometry in the 19th century.- The Utrecht Ophthalmic Hospital and the development of the ophthalmoscope.- Biographies of famous Ophthalmologists.- The foundation of experimental ophthalmology by Theodor Leber.- Georg Joseph Beer: A review of his life and contributions.- The first German textbook of ophthalmology “Augendienst” by G. Bartisch, 1583.- The professors of ophthalmology at the University of Leipzig in the first half of the 20th century.- Topics in Ophthalmic Surgery.- “Eye injuries” by the Byzantine writer Aetios Amidinos.- The lacrimal surgery of Petrus Camper and his contemporaries.- History of Institutions and Disciplines.- The French Egyptian campaign and its effects on ophthalmology.- The appointment of Johan Widmark to the first chair in ophthalmology in Stockholm 1891.- A historical outline of Greek ophthalmology from the Hellenistic period up to the establishment of the first universities.- History of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society.- The general development of Chinese ophthalmology from its beginnings to the 18th century.

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Book SynopsisThe 11 th Congress of SIDUO took place in the beautiful setting of Capri in springtime and was held in the impressive and stimulating atmosphere of the 'Certosa di S. Giacomo'. The organisation was sponsored by the SIEO, the 'Societa Italiana di Eco- Oftalmologia'. The Honorary President was Professor Antonio Rossi, Head of the University Department of Ophthalmology in Ferrara and one of the pioneers of Italy in this field. The organizing committee further consisted of: President: Prof. P. E. Gallenga, University Department of Ophthalmology, Chieti Vice President: Dr. G. Cennamo, University Department of Ophthalmology, Napels Scientific Secretary: Dr. J. M. Thijssen, University Department of Ophthal- mology, Nijmegen Treasurer: Dr. A. Reibaldi, University Department of Ophthalmology, Bari The organizing Committee was supported by an International Scientific Pro- gramme Committee: Regional Representatives: SIDUO Officers: G. Bellone (Torino) P. E. Gallenga (President) A. Bertenyi (Budapest) J. S. Hillman (Treasurer) D. J. Coleman (New York) B. L. Hodes (Vice-President) K. C. Ossoinig (Iowa City) J. M. Thijssen (Secretary) R. Sampaolesi (Buenos Aires) H. G. Trier (Past-President) A. W. Sawada (Miyazaki) P. Till (Wien) As A Regional Advisory Committee served: Honorary Chairmen: A. Oksala (Turka), A. Alajmo (Venezia), A. Bonovolonta (Napoli) ix Chairmen: H. G. Trier (Bonn) M. Zingiran (Genova) Members: F. Bigar (Zurich) V. Mazzao (Ferrara) w. Buschmann (Wurzburg) 1. Poujol (paris) Z. Filipezynski (Warszawa) K. Psilas (Joannina) H. C. Fledelius (Rungsted Kyst) J. Preis ova (Brno) F. F. Fridman (Moscow) A. Rivara (Genova) H. Gernet (Munster) 1.Table of ContentsSection I. Instrumentation and Technology.- 1. Clinical performance measurements on ultrasonic transducers.- 2. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of ocular region.- 3. A mechanical sector scanner for ophthalmic ultrasonic diagnosis.- 4. The Ophthascan B: a new A-and B-scan unit.- 5. A system for computer controlled Doppler waveform analysis.- 6. Standards in ophthalmic ultrasonography.- 7. A new instrument for axial length measurement.- Section II. Tissue Characterization.- 8. Improvements on computer assisted echography.- 9. Ultrasonographic observations of ocular walls.- 10. Spectral analysis for ultrasonic tissue characterization.- 11. Texture of echographic B-mode images.- 12. Numerical expression in kinetic echography.- 13. In vivo measurement of the thickness of the retino-choroidal layers by RF-signal analysis.- 14. Retinal biometry by RF-signal analysis.- 15. Re-evaluation of scleral reflectivity in quantitative echography where sclera is examined.- Section III. Vitreoretinal and Choroidal Diseases.- 16. Ultrasonography as an aid in setting up an adequate therapy plan in the treatment of retinal detachment due to macular hole.- 17. Uveal effusion syndrome — idiopathic serous detachment of the choroid, ciliary body and retina.- 18. Echographic follow-up of Coats’ disease.- 19. Intraocular foreign body localization by A- and B-scan echography.- 20. Echographic evaluation of bulbar phthisis.- 21. B-scan echography in 40 eyes treated by trabeculectomy.- 22. Recurrent spontaneous choroidal detachment: echographic follow-up.- Section IV. Intraocular Tumours and Leukokoria.- 23. Ophthalmic ultrasonography of pathologically proven ocular melanomas with a high resolution real-time small parts scanner.- 24. Analysis of a recent series (254 cases) of choroidal tumours.- 25. Echographic follow-up of choroidal melanoma after irradiation with Iodine 125.- 26. Ultrasonically diagnosed cystic ciliary body melanomas.- 27. A mushroom shaped pigmented pseudomelanoma (case report).- 28. Errors in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma.- 29. Ultrasonographic correlation in retinoblastoma.- 30. Highly reflective intraocular lesions.- 31. A case report of pigment epithelium hamartoma: echographic and clinical findings.- 32. Choroidal haemangioma, king size or normal size by ultrasound? A case report.- Section V. Orbital and Periorbital Tumours.- 33. The orbital involvement in some paraorbital lesions.- 34. The possibilities of application of ophthalmic ultrasound equipment in some head and neck diseases.- 35. Diagnosis of orbital metastases with standardized echography.- 36. Echographic differential diagnosis of congenital cystic lesions of the orbit.- 37. Echographic patterns of an orbital myxoma and schwannoma.- 38. Lacrimal gland region disorders.- Section VI. Extraocular Muscles and Optic Nerve.- 39. The echobiometric measurement of the extraocular muscles in normal subjects.- 40. Echographically determined changes of the optic nerve in hypertensive retinopathy (Stage IV).- 41. Echographic results in painful exophthalmos with ophthalmoplegia.- Section VII. Biometry.- 42. Proposal of a formula for evaluating the dioptric power of the posterior surface of the cornea.- 43. Contact techniques in ocular biometry, influences of intraocular pressure and probe contact pressure.- 44. A clinical comparison of the Cilco A-scan and Kretztechnik 7200 MA for preoperative biometry.- 45. Is ultrasonic biometry associated with keratometry reliable for evaluation of refractive errors in eyes with transparent media?.- 46. Ultrasonographic measurement of the posterior coats of the eye and their relation to axial length.- 47. Post surgery depth of anterior chamber after extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL: influence on definitive correction.- 48. The role of echography in adult glaucoma.- 49. Oculometric features of high myopia around the age of 35. A 10-year follow-up.- 50. Foetal ocular echobiometry: possibilities and limits.- 51. The reduction of error in intraocular lens power calculation.- Authors index.

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Table of ContentsOne: Biometric Ultrasound.- 1. Instrumentation and techniques.- Instrumentation and techniques for biometry.- ‘Simultaneous’ versus ‘successive’ measurement of ocular segments in axial biometry. A statistical study on biometric data from cataractous eyes.- Immersion ultrasonography and axial length measurements: a comparison of errors.- Biometry with the echo-memory of the ophthason A 11 equipment.- The accuracy of ultrasonic biometry of the eye in dependence on the examiner’s skill.- Measuring intraocular lens power within the eye [abstract].- 2. Axial eye length, refraction, and lens implants.- Postoperative computer refraction of implant patients.- Ultrasonic biometry for lens implantation: analysis of systematic errors.- Intraocular lenses: which formula should be used for the mini-computer?.- Individual A-constant determination in IOL power calculation with the SRK-formula.- Biometry of lens implantation in the capsular bag.- A-scan biometry of 1000 cataractous eyes.- Factors in emmetropization.- A biometric study of aniseikonia.- Pseudophakodonesis as a major cause of late corneal and retinal complications in IOL surgery.- Extreme hypermetropia and posterior microphthalmos in three siblings. An oculometric study.- Ultrasonic measurement of fetal eyeball diameter.- An ultrasonic comparison of normal eyes and eyes with ideopathic retinal detachment [abstract].- 3. Pachymetry and measurement of lens thickness.- Optical and acoustical measurement of the corneal thickness. A study on phantoms and living human eyes.- Improved ultrasound pachymetry at corneal mid-periphery.- Ultrasonic measurement of corneal thickness (pachymetry). A comparative study.- Biometric evaluation of the lens in glaucomatous and normal eyes.- 4. Measurement of retinal, choroidal and scleral thickness.- Ultrasonic microbiometry of the eye.- The microscopic biometry of the thickness of the human retina, choroid and sclera by ultrasound.- Standardized A-scan and B-scan in vivo evaluation and measurement of the retino-choroidal layer [abstract].- In vivo study of the human retino-choroidal layers by RF signal analysis. I. Visual echogram interpretation. Part 1: Techniques.- In vivo study of the human retino-choroidal layers by RF signal analysis. I. Visual echogram interpretation. Part 2: Results on choroidal thickness and pulsation under physiological conditions and under tonometry [abstract].- In vivo study of the human retino-choroidal layers by RF signal analysis. II. Automated digital image analysis on the M-scan [abstract].- 5. Measurement of changes during accomodation.- Ultrasonic measurement of transverse lens diameter during accommodation in emmetropic and myopic eyes.- Measurement of accommodative changes in human eyes by means of a high-resolution ultrasonic system.- Echographic findings in accommodation.- Ultrasonic measurements of accommodation in phakic and pseudophakic eyes.- Two: Diagnostic Ultrasound — Intraocular Diseases.- 6. Instrumentation and techniques.- Electronic linear scanning ultrasonic diagnostic equipment in ophthalmology.- Computer-assisted clinical A-mode analysis in ophthalmic ultrasonography.- The clinical application of the new versatile high-powered ophthalmic contact A-, B-scan equipment.- Possibility of ocular tissue differentiation by means of false-color assisted echography.- Three-dimensional display of the ocular region. Improvement of scanning method.- Clinical artifacts in real-time examinations.- Differential diagnosis of intraocular tumors with the echomemory of ophthason A 11.- 7. Vitreo-retinal and choroidal disorders, trauma.- The echographic evaluation of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage.- Combined echography and fluorophotometry in the detection of vitreous disorders.- Echographic findings in Terson’s syndrome.- Echographic findings after intravitreal silicone injection.- An experimental study of the ultrasonic characteristics of intravitreally injected sodium hyaluronate.- Detached retina versus dense fibrovascular membrane (standardized A-scan and B-scan criteria).- Intraocular cysticercosis: migratory.- Detection of macular disease in patients with opaque media.- Ultrasonographic characteristics of Eales’ disease.- Ophthalmic ultrasound with a real-time small parts scanner.- Tissue characterization by computerized ultrasonic spectral analysis (ocular tissues).- Ultrasonographic evaluation of hemorrhagic choroidal detachments.- Retinal and choroidal blood flow measurement in monkeys using implantable ultrasonic Doppler flow probes.- The ultrasonographic evaluation of severely traumatized eyes.- Detection of posterior ruptures in opaque media.- How to differentiate intraocular air bubbles from intraocular foreign bodies using standardized echography [abstract].- The importance of standardized echography in the assessment of post-surgical choroidal detachments [abstract].- 8. Uveal melanomas and ‘pseudomelanomas’.- Acoustic analysis of the cytologic structure of malignant melanomas with standardized echography.- Is it possible to differentiate histological types of choroidal malignant melanoma with Kretztechnik 7200 MA A-scans?.- Acoustic tissue typing with computerized methods [abstract].- Acoustic tissue differentiation with standardized echography in reference to melanomas and ‘pseudomelanomas’ [abstract].- Use of pulsed Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate blood flow in intraocular melanomas.- Contact and immersion ultrasonography in the evaluation of topography of uveal melanomas.- Ultrasound characteristics of posterior uveal melanomas treated with cobalt plaque radiotherapy.- Uveal melanomas before and after Ruthenium application therapy.- Intraoperative use of ultrasound in the management of choroidal melanomas.- Regression patterns of choroidal malignant melanoma: standardized echography [A-mode] and immersion tomography [B-mode] (a comparative study).- Echographic characteristics of a subpigment epithelial reticulum cell sarcoma.- Non-melanomatous collar-button tumors.- Computerized ultrasonic analysis of uveal malignant melanomas and response to cobalt-60 plaque [abstract].- 9. Retinoblastomas and ‘pseudogliomas’.- Retinoblastoma of the diffused type on the A- and B-scan.- Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of advanced Coats’ disease.- B-scan in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).- B-scan ultrasonographic findings in eyes with the rush-type of active retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).- The acoustic differentiation of retinoblastoma and various other causes of leukokoria [abstract].- Ancillary diagnostic testing in the differentiation of retinoblastoma and advanced Coats’ disease [abstract].- The echographic diagnosis of non-calcified retinoblastoma [abstract].- Three: Diagnostic Ultrasound — Orbital and Periorbital Diseases.- 10. Orbital and periorbital tumors.- Standardized echography of the orbit (review).- The accuracy of ultrasonic and other methods in orbital diagnosis demonstrated on selected pathological cases.- Ultrasound diagnoses of orbital masses and intraocular tumors.- Orbital dermoid cysts.- Orbital malignant melanoma with ipsilateral intraocular pathology.- Differential diagnosis of orbital neurolemmoma (schwannoma) with standardized echography.- An unusual periorbital pathology: the neuroma. Clinical-surgical and anatomical-pathological aspects.- Orbital aerocele [abstract].- 11. Orbital inflammation.- Ultrasonographic and clinical characteristics of orbital pseudotumors.- Retrobulbar pseudotumor with ultrasonically ‘empty orbit’.- Echographic diagnosis of posterior scleritis.- Standardized echography in orbital myositis [abstract].- 12. Vascular disorders.- Standardized echography in C.C. fistulas.- Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis — an echographic diagnosis.- Results of ophthalmodynamometry and directional Doppler ultrasound in ophthalmic diseases.- 13. Lacrimal-system disorders.- Echographical diagnosis of lacrimal sac tumors.- Echography in the lacrimal apparatus diagnosis.- 14. Graves’ disease.- Standardized echography in Graves’ disease.- Echographic criteria of endocrine exophthalmos.- Early detection of compressive optic neuropathy in Graves’ disease with standardized A-scan [abstract].- 15. Optic-nerve disorders.- The echographic measurement and differential diagnosis of optic nerve lesions.- Experimental studies on the display of the optic nerve.- The correlation between endocranial pressure and optic nerve diameter: an ultrasonographic study.- Echographic examination of the optic nerve and its meninges in the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri.- Optic nerve evaluation by echography and computerized tomography in patients with optic disc drusen.- Appendix: Therapeutic Ultrasound.- Ultrasonic treatment of choroidal detachment.- Index of Subjects.

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Book SynopsisThere is perhaps no area of neuro-ophthalmology that is advancing more rapidly with respect to an understanding of its anatomy and physiology than the ocular motor system. For this reason, it is difficult not only to keep up with the latest information concerning the basic mechanisms involved in the control of eye movements but also to remain up to date regarding the pathophysiology of specific disorders of eye movement. The material in this book is derived from a two-day course on eye movements held in The Netherlands in 1986. The course was designed as an introduction to the normal ocular motor system and to disorders of eye movements and was aimed toward orthoptists, ophthalmolo­ gists, optometrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. The chapters in this book were compiled by a trio of experts in the field of eye movements and contain discussions of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system, techniques of examination of patients with diplopia, and pathophysiology of specific disorders of ocular motility. Many of the authors of these chapters are among the most active investigators of eye movements in the world today, and their comments thus reflect the latest information in the field. This text is both basic and com­ prehensive and thus has something for everyone, from the student just beginning a study of the ocular motor system to the seasoned 'veteran' who wishes to know the latest information regarding central ocular motor control mechanisms. Neil R.Table of ContentsSection I: Anatomy and physiology.- 1: Anatomy of the oculomotor system.- 2: The physiology of eye movement.- 3: Pathophysiology of horizontal and vertical eye movement disorders.- Section II: Clinical and paraclinical examination.- 4: Bedside examination.- 5: Orthoptic investigation of ocular motor disturbances.- 6: Fundamentals and basic properties of clinical eye movement recording techniques.- Section III: Ophthalmic causes of diplopia.- 7: Interocular causes of diplopia.- 8: Diplopia in concomitant strabismus and other disturbances of fusion.- 9: Diplopia resulting from mechanical causes in the orbit.- 10: Vascular causes of diplopia.- Section IV: Myogenic disorders.- 11: Histochemical fibre types in extra-ocular muscles.- 12: Ocular myopathies: syndromes with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO).- 13: Signs and symptoms of ocular myasthenia: a clinician’s view.- 14: Blepharoptosis.- Section V: Neurology.- 15: The interpretation of nystagmus.- 16: Vestibular eye movement disorders.- 17: Disorders of horizontal and vertical gaze.- 18: Syndromes of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.- 19: Oculomotor disturbances in extra-pyramidal disorders: a review of the literature.- 20: Eye movement disorders caused by lesions of the cerebral hemispheres.- 21: Psychogenic eye movements.- Section VI: Treatment.- 22: The conservative management of diplopia.- 23: Eye muscle surgery in peripheral third, fourth and sixth nerve palsy.- 24: Treatment of disturbances of ocular motility and diplopia: causal and cosmetic therapeutical possibilities.- 25: Neurosurgical aspects of tumour induced diplopia.- Index of subjects.

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Book SynopsisWith this book, Dr. Zivojnovic presents to the ophthalmic community the long awaited detailed report of his surgical concepts and operative techniques in the field of vitreoretinal surgery. It is fascinating to read how his concepts for the treatment of complicated retinal detachments evolved from the intra­ ocular use of silicone oil to a combination of vitreous surgery with silicone oil tamponade. The next step was surgical treatment of the retina itself. It takes an unconventional mind to break major taboos and to state the retinotomies and retinectomies are necessary if scar tissue cannot be surgically removed and that buckling procedures are no longer necessary to treat retinal breaks. This book discusses the use of silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery. Silicone oil tamponade has been proven to be a major step forward in vitreoretinal surgery and the reported results speak for themselves. The reader may have the impression that silicone is thought to be indispensible for almost all cases undergoing this type of surgery but this modality is used to treat severe cases where the chances of success are greatly enhanced by using silicone oil. Dr. Zivojnovic remains the forerunner and great surgeon who readily admits the limitations of his techniques: 'The surgical operative treatment is only partly adequate and, unfortunately, despite the correctly performed operation, often does not lead to the desired result'.Trade Review"Anybody interested in modern vitreoretinal surgery should read this book. While the emphasis is on the use of liquid silicone oil, the surgical principles hold true for most vitreoretinal cases. ...an appreciation of the creative genius of Zivojnovic." (Retina, 8:3, 1988)Table of Contents1: Indications.- 2: Surgical principles.- 3: Instrumentation.- 4: Physical properties of silicone oil.- 5: Surgical techniques.- 5.1 Idiopathic retinal detachment with PVR.- 5.2 Giant tears.- giant tears without PVR.- giant tears with manifested PVR and mobile or immobile retina.- 5.3 Traction detachment with PVR after perforating trauma.- Color Plates 1–4.- traction detachment developed at the time of trauma.- secondary traction detachment in the periphery.- secondary traction detachment after retina incarceration.- secondary traction detachment after double perforation.- giant tears after perforating trauma.- traction detachment due to the subretinal proliferation.- traction detachment with severe damage of the anterior segment.- 5.4 Diabetic traction detachment.- 5.5 Holes in the posterior pole and other indication groups.- macular holes.- traction holes in the posterior pole.- disciform macula degeneration combined with secondary detachment and PVR.- secondary detachment after endophthalmitis.- secondary detachment after acute retinanecrosis.- secondary detachment after chronic uveitis.- ROP.- Color Plates 5–7.- 6: Peroperative complications.- retina incarceration.- haemorrhages.- tears.- previous buckle.- silicone behind the retina.- Optical troubles.- 7: Postoperative course I.- 7.1 Early postoperative complications.- fibrin reaction.- endophthalmitis.- haemorrhages.- increase of IOP.- silicone oil in the anterior chamber.- 7.2 Late postoperative complications.- corneopathy.- cataract.- emulsification.- glaucoma.- 8: Postoperative course II.- 8.1 Persistence of PVR.- 8.2 Operating under silicone.- 8.3 Evacuation of the silicone.- Color Plates 8–12.- 9: Results.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisNeovascularization isanormalphaseoftissue repair mechanlsm. In theeye, however, sproutingofnewvessels withinavasculartissuesandtheirgreatertendencytobleed havedetrimentaleffectsonvision. Diabeticretinopathy, corneal neovascularization, age-related macular degeneration, retinal veinocclusion, andretinopathy of prematurity are major causes of blindness. In all, uncontrolled proliferationofnewvesselsistheunderlying pathologicalcauseleadingtotheinexorablelossofvision. Development of lasertechnologiesandtheir wide use in ophthalmology have broughtsomehopeforthetreqtment of these diseases. However,itbecameevident that direct closureofthenewvesselsand/orablationoflargepartsof thetissuearenotidealsolutionstotheproblem. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have fosteredbasic knowledge regarding the growth factors and intercellular messengers and their association with theproliferationofnew blood vessels. These latter findings sparked a renewed interest in Michaelson's "X-factor" ofocular neovascularization and opened avenues for possible innovative therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the suggestion to organize an international gathering of clinicians and scientists interested in problems of ocular circulation and neovascularization was received with great enthusiasm. Unanimously,it wasdecidedtodedicatethe symposium to Professor I.C. Michaelson, theinnovativescientist, the greatclinician, theindefatigableteacher, andaboveall, thewonderfulhumanbeing. The meeting was highlighted by the outstanding atmosphere of friendshipandscientif*ic exchanges. This book mirrors the information delivered and includes a selectionofpapersfromthescientificprogram. Theorganizationofthismeetingandthepublicationof thebookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheharmonious teameffortsmadebytheInternational,ScientificandLocal Committees. I am thankful tothe chairpersons of the varioussessionsfortheirtime, keeninterestandendeavor for the realizationofahighscientific level. I also deeplyacknowledgethehelpand&upportofArnallPatz, Bob Murphy, BertGlaser,RobertFrank,LarryHjelmeland,Gordon Klintworth, Neville Welsh, Charles Riva, Alec Garner, DesmondArcher,EphraimFriedman,MyronYanoff,MosheLahav, Willem Manschot, Hans-WaltherLarsenand Masanobu Uyama. The powerful stimulus of Hanan Zauberman, Steve Ryan, GabrielCoscas, GiselleSoubrane, MosheIvry,YuvalYassur and Sue and Peter Ballenwasmost instrumental in the realizationofthese"dreams". Asalways, Iwasfortunate tohavetheinvaluablecollaborationofmyloyalassistants: Evelyne Cohen, Genia Maftzir, Israel Barzel, Arieh Zelikovitch, andJudithBenEzra. Thesmoothrunningofthe meeting andtimelyeditingofthebookcouldnothave been possible without theincalculablehelp and indefatigable typing and councilofJudithFisher, whoseconded me in selectingthepapersandeditingthebook.Table of Contentsof the First Michaelson Medal Recipient.- The Isaac C. Michaelson Lecture.- 1: Blood Flow and Vein Occlusion.- Retinal fluorotachometry (dynamic fluorescein angiography).- Isovolemic hemodilution in ischemic and non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion.- O2 gradients in the miniature pig retina in normoxia and hyperoxia.- Ocular blood supply in internal carotid obstructions.- Retinal hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus.- Retinal artery emboli associated with mitral valve prolapse.- Development of retinal neovascularization in occlusive retinal vascular disease in adults.- Laser photocoagulation for retinal vein obstruction.- Prevention of clot formation in cat retinal vein by systemic and subconjunctival urokinase.- 2: Diabetic Retinopathy.- The formation and maintenance of new blood vessels.- Mechanism of elevated membrane formation and posterior vitreous detachment in diabetes mellitus.- Early photocoagulation of focal diabetic macular edema.- Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.- Juxtafoveal grid treatment with green monochromatic argon and with red krypton lasers for diabetic macular edema.- Acute diabetic retinopathies.- Angiogenic factors in human vitreous.- 3: Retinopathy of Prematurity.- The role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization.- Optimal strategy for ROP screening.- Influence of statistical methodology and composition of patient populations on the correlation of risk factors with ROP.- Retinopathy of Prematurity: Age at onset and the initial site of retinal involvement. A preliminary report.- Retinopathy of Prematurity: Treatment approaches.- Vitamin E at pharmacologic serum levels and incidence, progression and cicatricial residua of ROP..- Does Vitamin E have a protective role in the retina as an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger?.- Retinopathy of Prematurity, past and present experience in Denmark.- “Rush type” retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) - a report of three cases.- A controlled study on the use of cryotherapy in prevention of retrolental fibroplasia (Retinopathy of prematurity).- The effect of cryotherapy on oxygen-induced retinopathy in the newborn kitten.- ROP in Soroka Medical Center Neonatal ICU.- 4: Age-Related Macular Degeneration.- Scleral rigidity, venous obstruction, and age-related macular degeneration: a working hypothesis.- Subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a review.- Zinc and copper metabolism study in patients with high myopia and senile macular degeneration.- Natural history of occult subretinal new vessels in age-related macular degeneration.- Monochromatic argon green laser in the treatment of juxtafoveal subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).- Laser treatment of occult subretinal new vessels in age-related macular degeneration: Feasibility study and comparison with natural history.- Argon laser treatment: randomized clinical trials, short and long-term results.- Perifoveolar laser treatment for subretinal new vessels in age-related macular degeneration.- Krypton red laser and argon green laser photocoagulation in the treatment of sick RPE due to age-related macular degeneration.- Senile serous detachment of RPE - Laser treatment: Controversial aspects.- Recurrent choroidal neovascularization following successful photocoagulation in age-related macular degeneration.- 5: Chronic Ocular Inflammation.- Evaluation of conventional therapy versus Cyclosporin A in Behcet’s disease.- The effects of the cyclosporines on ocular inflammatory disease.- Lymphocyte activity and the role of humoral factors in patients with chronic ocular inflammation..- Antibodies to oral mucosa in patients with ocular Behcet’s disease.- Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy subretinal neovascularization.- Pigment epitheliopathies - clinical and hematological changes.- Subretinal neovascularization of uncommon origin.- Vasculitis and morphology of microvilli of the conjunctiva in Sjogren syndrome.- 6: Neovascularization I - The Cornea.- Corneal neovascularization: an overview.- The rabbit cornea - a model for the study of angiogenic factors.- Immunologically mediated corneal neovascularization in inbred mice.- Vasoformative factor in the corneal epithelium.- Macrophage-induced neovascularization in the mouse eye: Correlation with other in vivo and in vitro tests of angiogenesis.- 7: Neovascularization II - The Iris and Angle.- Heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells: its possible role in selective neovascularization in the eye.- Corneal endothelialization in experimental anterior synechias and rubeosis iridis.- Neovascular glaucoma: etiologic factors and management considerations.- Neovascular glaucoma after extracapsular cataract extraction in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy.- Cryotherapy for iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma.- Molteno implants in neovascular glaucoma.- 8: Neovsacularization III - Retina, RPE-Choriocapillaris.- Basement membranes and retinal neovascularization.- Localization of angiogenesis markers to inner and outer retina.- Pathological changes in retinal vasculature associated with hereditary retinal dystrophy in RCS-rats.- Retinal pigment epithelial tears and subretinal neovascularization.- Interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris after krypton laser photocoagulation.- Mechanisms of lumen formation: morphologic observations on experimental subretinal neovascularization.- Animal model of RPE-choriocapillaris interactions: sodium iodate retinopathy in the rabbit.- Choroidal neovascularization and the retinal pigment epithelium.- Experimental evidence that capillaries influence RPE polarity.- Involution of subretinal neovascularization.- Choroidal vascular repair after krypton laser photocoagulation in the rat.- 9: Neovascularization IV - Angiogenesis Multiple Factors.- Growth characteristics of retinal microvascular cells in culture.- Storage of heparin-binding endothelial cell growth factors in the cornea: a new mechanism for corneal neovascularization.- The nontumor perspective: Angiogenesis and geometry in growth control.- Angiogenesis and interleukins.- The role of lactic acid in the mechanism of neovascularization.- Kinetics of activation of procollagenase by a low molecular weight mass, non protein angiogenic factor.- Retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibit vascular endothelial cells invasion.- A mitogenic factor or factors produced by cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells.- Retinal pigment cells release inhibitors of neovascularization.- Inhibition of neovascular stimuli.- 10: Future Trends and Concepts.- A. Garner.- A. Patz.- G. Soubrane.- R. B. Nussenblatt.- M. Yanoff.- S. Ryan.- B. M. Glaser.- D. BenEzra.

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Book SynopsisOver the past few years there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the normal development of vision and in our ability to detect and meaSl1re visual impairment in early childhood. It was appropriate, therefore, that a workshop, sponsored by the European Communities, should be held on the 'Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-verbal Children.' This workshop, which was held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London, between 1 and 3 April 1985, brought together visual physiologists and ophthalmologists who exchanged and discussed ideas of mutual interest. After an introductory session when the normal development of vision and the causes of visual impairment were reviewed, there were sessions devoted to the theoretical aspects of electrophysiological and psychophysical tests, the measurement of visual acuity in pre-verbal children, the measurement of other visual functions, and visual screening of pre-verbal children. This volume contains the papers presented at the workshop, and transcripts of the various discl1ssions that took place. It was a measure of the success of the workshop that participants from several different disciplines were able to have fruitful discussions and to suggest areas of common interest where collaborative ventures could usefully be pursued. It is hoped that this venture will be followed by others where a mul ti­ disciplinary approach will improve both our knowledge of visual handicap in childhood and our management of this important group of sensorily impaired children.Table of ContentsSession I - Normal Development of Vision and Causes of Visual Impairment.- Organisation, development and early manipulations of primate’s visual pathways.- Ocular growth and the normal development of vision: clinical aspects.- Genetic causes of visual impairment in childhood.- Non-genetic causes of visual impairment in early childhood.- The changing aetiology of visual impairment in early childhood in Greece.- Discussion.- Development of vision in visually impaired children.- Definitions of visual impairments and their consequences in infants and small children.- Discussion.- Session II - Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Tests - Theoretical Aspects.- Theoretical aspects of the pattern ERG.- Identification of first and second order Volterra kernels for the human electroretinogram.- Discussion.- Pattern VEPs in very young infants.- VER testing of cortical binocularity and pattern detection in infancy.- Discussion.- Session III - Measurement of Visual Acuity in Pre-verbal Children.- Visual function in the newborn infant: behavioural and electrophysiological studies.- Discussion.- Development of separation-ability of contours during childhood: quantification of the crowding phenomenon in amblyopia.- Measurement of visual acuity in young children by a new instrument: Casimir.- Discussion.- Evaluation of electrodiagnostic tests in children.- The pattern reversal ERG and its application to the measurement of infant visual acuity.- Discussion.- Measurement of visual acuity in infants and young children by visual evoked potentials.- Discussion.- Comparison of rapid procedures in forced choice preferential looking for estimating acuity in infants and young children.- Visual crowding in young children.- The development of preferential-looking visual acuity in human infants: a correlation with animal models.- Preferential looking acuity in normal and neurologically abnormal infants and pediatric patients.- Preferential looking for the detection of early amblyopia and monitoring early therapy.- Discussion.- Computer assisted evaluation of visual functions in non verbal children.- Discussion.- Visual acuity assessment with preferential looking1 in young children treated for opacities of lens and vitreous: a longitudinal study.- Refractive changes and retarded visual development in aphakic children after operation for congenital cataract.- Discussion.- Albinism: an anomaly of maturation of the visual pathway.- Discussion.- Session IV - Measurement of Other Functions.- Objective evaluation of binocular cooperation in normals and strabismics by means of visual evoked responses.- Discussion.- Dark adaptation assessment in childhood, especially early childhood (review).- Discussion.- Visual field measurements, optokinetic nystagmus and the visual threatening response: normal and abnormal development.- Discussion.- Nasal field defects in strabismic amblyopia.- Discussion.- Apparent blindness due to saccadic paralysis or delay.- Discussion.- Session V - Screening of Pre-verbal Children.- Experience with our present screening program.- Early detection of visual disorders in health centres in young children.- Discussion.- Problems of screening and its implications to the orthoptic service in West Berkshire.- Discussion.- Rapid assessment of visual acuity in infants and children in a clinical setting, using acuity cards.- To what extent is it possible to quantify monocular or binocular visual impairment in pre-verbal children? Role of clinical signs and of electrophysiological and psychophysical testing techniques.- Population vision screening and individual visual assessment.- Discussion.- Final Discussion.

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Book SynopsisThis series of books is designed to help general practitioners. So are other books. What is unusual in this instance is their collec­ tive authorship; they are written by specialists working at district general hospitals. The writers derive their own experi­ ence from a range of cases less highly selected than those on which textbooks are traditionally based. They are also in a good position to pick out topics which they see creating difficulties for the practitioners of their district, whose personal capacities are familiar to them; and to concentrate on contexts where mistakes are most likely to occur. They are all well-accustomed to working in consultation. All the authors write from hospital experience and from the viewpoint of their specialty. There are, therefore, matters important to family practice which should be sought not within this series, but elsewhere. Within the series much practical and useful advice is to be found with which the general practitioner can compare his existing performance and build in new ideas and improved techniques. These books are attractively produced and I recommend them.Table of ContentsSeries Foreword.- 1 History.- 2 Examination.- visual acuity.- visual fields.- colour vision.- external examination.- internal examination.- opthalmoscopy.- 3 The red eye.- conjunctivitis.- episcleritis.- keratitis.- iritis.- acute glaucoma.- 4 The external eye.- lids.- conjunctiva.- 5 The internal eye.- Examination of the inner eye.- alteration in pigment.- toxoplasmosis.- toxocara.- opaque nerve fibres.- 6 Sudden loss of vision.- migraine.- amaurosis fugax.- renal artery occlusion.- temporal arteritis.- retinal vein occlusion.- vitreous.- retinal detachment.- 7 Slow loss of vision.- cataract.- chronic glaucoma.- macular degeneration.- 8 Trauma.- superficial injuries.- lacerations.- penetrating injuries.- blunt injury.- chemical injuries.- radiation injuries.- 9 Paediatric ophthalmology.- squint.- watering eyes.- ptosis.- congenital glaucoma.- retinoblastoma.- 10 The eye and systemic disease.- thyroid disease.- the fundus.- hypertension.- diabetes.- papilloedema.- multiple sclerosis.- 11 Ocular pharmacology.

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to be a pictorial guide to ophthalmology and not a comprehensive textbook. It includes chapters on anatomy, physiology and optics to explain the simple elements of the basic sciences that are needed to understand ophthalmology. The section on examination describes the common investigations in an eye department in the hope that reports from ophthalmologists may become more easily understood. The clinical chapters represent 5 years of ophthalmic referrals by local family doctors in a part rural and part suburban area. This selection of eye disease therefore excludes some of the rare conditions, but includes those common problems that can worry not only the busy family doctor, but also the hard pressed medical student. 7 Anatomy and Physiology The sense of vision depends on the integrity of a set of Internal Eye anatomical and physiological factors, a study of which The eye consists of three concentric layers. The outer­ will simplify the understanding of ocular disease. most fibrous sclera is opaque and accounts for five sixths of the globe. It is continued anteriorly into the External Eye transparent cornea. The middle vascular coat or uveal The eyeball lies in the anterior part of the orbit, which tract is made up of the choroid, ciliary body and iris. is approximately pyramidal in shape. The bony orbital The innermost layer is the light sensitive retina formed margin, which outlines the base of the pyramid, affords embryologically from the forebrain vesicle (Figure 3).Table of Contents1 Anatomy and Physiology.- 2 Examination of the Eye.- 3 Errors of Refraction and their Correction.- 4 The External Eye Part I.- 5 The External Eye Part II.- 6 The Internal Eye.- 7 The Fundus Part I.- 8 The Fundus Part II.- 9 Trauma to the Eye Part I.- 10 Trauma to the Eye Part II.- 11 Cataract.- 12 Glaucoma.- 13 Squint.- 14 Congenital Deformities.- 15 The Eye in Systemic Disease.- 16 Neuro-ophthalmology.- 17 Ocular Pharmacology.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first comprehensive text on the history of color theories since Halbertsma's book of 1947. Color is discussed in close connection with the evolution of ideas of light and vision. The book has chapters on the ancient Greek ideas of vision and color; on the contributions of Arabic science; on the Scientific Revolution from Kepler to Newton; on the early history of the three-color hypothesis; on the trichromatic theory and defective color vision; and on Goethe's, Schopenhauer's and Hering's theories. New understanding of the structure and functions of the retina and the brain finally results in the modern science of color vision. A History of Color has been written for ophthalmologists, optometrists and others who are interested in visual science and its history. The book requires no specialized knowledge.Table of ContentsI. Color Theory in the Ancient World. II. The Middle Ages. III. The Renaissance. IV. Light, Color and Vision During the Scientific Revolution. V. Newton. VI. From Newton to Young. VII. Classical-Romantic Colour Theory in Germany. VIII. Disorders of Color Vision. IX. The Mixing of Color. X. The Trichromatic Theory. XI. Hering's Four-Color Theory and the Zone Theories. XII. Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System Between 1600 and 1900. XIII. The Twentieth Century. Appendix and Synopsis: What is Color? Notes. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains 300 multiple choice questions (MCQs), in the format of a single best answer (SBA) from four options, for undergraduate medical students preparing for the Duke Elder prize exam run by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) annually.The content is organised in line with topics drawn from the candidate information pack provided by the RCOphth. Each question is supplemented with a detailed explanation of the right answer as well as explanations for the alternative answers, elucidating common mistakes made by students. These explanations are supplemented with schematic diagrams which greatly aid understanding. There are 8 chapters focusing on topics outlined in the Duke Elder exam, each containing a set of 25 questions and answers. This allows us to cover the most commonly seen topics appearing in the exam.The book will also provide a full mock assessment which will offer a unique opportunity for candidates to apply their knowledge in an exam context. The exam format is such that candidates must complete 90 MCQs in the space of 2 hours. Our mock will provide candidates with a 100 MCQ mock to be completed in the space of 2 hours 15 minutes.

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Book SynopsisIf you are considering a career in ophthalmology, this book is for you. Ophthalmology is among the most popular and rewarding specialties in medicine. This book is packed full of useful strategies to maximise your chances of securing an ophthalmic specialist training (OST) post in the United Kingdom. Each step of the application process is covered, based on official guidance and the author's first-hand experience. An overview of the OST Person Specification and Multi-Specialty Recruitment Assessment (MSRA) is provided. The Evidence Folder (portfolio) is covered in detail, with targeted strategies for boosting scores across all sections. Interview preparation material is provided for the in-person interview format, including critical appraisal, improving patient care (audit and quality improvement), communication skills and clinical knowledge. Interview preparation material is also provided for the 2021 online interview (patient consultation). Three mock interviews with solutions/guidance are provided for both the in-person and online interview formats. The author also gives a candid account of his own journey in ophthalmic specialist training, plus "a week in the life of an ophthalmology trainee". This book is unique in its broad, easy-to-access approach to preparation strategies, theory and practice for aspiring ophthalmologists applying for OST posts in the UK.Table of ContentsDedication; Foreword; About the Author; Endorsements; Introduction; A Week in the Life of an Ophthalmology Trainee; Am I Suited to Ophthalmology?; The Evidence Folder; The Online Interview (2021); Mock Online Patient Consultations; The In-Person Interview; Mock In-Person Interview Circuits; Circuit 1: Questions; Circuit 2: Questions; Circuit 3: Questions; Mock In-Person Interview Solutions; Circuit 1: Solutions; Circuit 2: Solutions; Circuit 3: Solutions; References; Acknowledgements;

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Book SynopsisThere is no doubt that life is a bogus journey and it does not end well for any of us. However, join eye surgeon Pete Cackett on his eventful pathway through life and career in medicine and learn from his own unfortunate mishaps. Discover how it is possible to make your own journey less bogus, especially if you follow his advice and tips from his 'Hidden Curriculum'. This book is a celebration of life in all its glorious bogusness with plenty of humour and retro pop culture references along the way.This is a medical autobiography and is the first one which directly addresses the medical profession (doctors and medical students) and other allied health professionals. It covers many relevant issues and topics on working as a doctor, including those which many are reluctant to talk about such as private practice. It also includes advice gleaned from over 30 years in medicine as part of a 'Hidden Curriculum'. This guidance can be used by the reader to make changes to their own lives in order to create a happier and more successful existence.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides high yield information in basic ophthalmology including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, and embryology that are required for preparation of ophthalmology exams. The book focusses on all parts of the eye, with special focus on basic science including appropriate amount of information on clinical science for students and trainees. It is written in a lucid manner with textual notes and illustrations for quick learning and better understanding. Each section contains high yield information in separate points, with commonly asked information in “Eye Yield Note” boxes. It also includes estimated study time for each section to better plan the study. It also includes a pre-exam night study section at the end of the book that provides the information to be reviewed just before the exam. The book will be very helpful in passing almost all basic ophthalmology exams in a relatively short study time, by skipping the “filling” text available in most of the textbooks. It will be an excellent read for post graduate students looking for concise revision material. It will be relevant for medical students, ophthalmology residents, and medical doctors applying for ophthalmology residency and also for FRCS Part 1 exam.Table of ContentsHow to use the book.- Structural anatomy, physiology, and pathology of eye.- Essential pathology and immunology for ophthalmologists.- Genetics and embryology for ophthalmologists.- Pharmacology for ophthalmologists.- Microbiology for ophthalmologists.- Neurology for ophthalmologists.- Pre-exam eye yields.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes the concept, general summary and the equipment of the visual electrophysiological examination. It also covers the clinical application scope, diagnosis protocol, standardized operation steps, clinical report samples, and the key points of reading reports, etc. of visual evoked potential (VEP), electroretinogram (ERG), electrooculogram (EOG), multifocal VEP, multifocal ERG and other commonly used visual electrophysiological examinations. Typical clinical report examples of normal and abnormal waveforms are specially added, which is a highlight of this book and can help clinical technicians quickly grasp the key points of electrophysiological report reading.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Visual Electrophysiology Summary Chapter 2. Visual Electrophysiology equipment Chapter 3. Visual Electrophysiology report reading key points Chapter 4. Visual Electrophysiology clinical cases Chapter 5. Visual Electrophysiology equipment install and operation Chapter 6. ISCEV extended visual electrophysiological examinations Chapter 7. Visual electrophysiological in animal experiments ​

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Book SynopsisSince the last Edition of Ophthalmology Examinations Review, there has been major new discovery in the understanding of common eye diseases, and new treatments and diagnostic procedures have been refined or newly developed.A revised Edition reflecting these changes is warranted at this time. The aim and scope of the book will be consistent with the previous two editions in that it will provide a broad review for the final year ophthalmology resident and trainees taking the specialist ophthalmology examinations. The book deals primarily with key facts and topics that are important from an examination perspective. Only information and facts that are considered relevant and critical to the exams are covered, with topics that may be of scientific interest, but are not common to exams specifically left out. This book will help the resident organize and synthesize knowledge acquired from various other sources or textbooks. While not meant to replace standard textbooks, enough information is contained within the book to serve as the main revision text nearer the exams.The style and format of this book is intentionally didactic, with questions and short answers. The answer includes a 'model opening statement,' followed by a classification system to aid organization of facts and then by the bulk of the answer in concise short notes. Exam Tips are inserted to provide an insight into how to answer different types of questions and when appropriate, a Clinical Approach section is also included.In the new edition, topics such as new understanding of disease mechanisms, new investigations (e.g. OCT), and new procedures and treatment (e.g. use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, new refractive surgical techniques, new corneal transplant) are covered.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents the most common problems seen in neuro-ophthalmology in a case-based learning format that provides rapid access and is easy to read. The user friendly format guides and stimulates the reader to identify the distinctive symptoms in the main complaint and history; to define the differentiating signs on neuro-ophthalmic exam; and to describe the key laboratory or neuroimaging in specific entities. It also challenges the reader to ask additional questions of themselves and others by providing an initial set of questions and answers on specific neuro-ophthalmologic topics.The questions chosen are meant to simulate “real world” questions in the clinic; the answers given serve to provide both the rationale for the correct answer and the explanations or reasons for the incorrect but plausible answers that might distract or mislead a clinician in specific neuro-ophthalmic cases.Table of ContentsTransient Visual Loss; Homonymous Hemianopsia; Bitemporal Hemianopsia; Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy; Papilledema (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension); Thyroid Eye Disease; Myasthenia Gravis; Toxic Optic Neuropathy; Optic Neuritis; Third Nerve Palsy; Fourth Nerve Palsy; Sixth Nerve Palsy; Anisocoria; Carotid Cavernous Fistula.

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