Natural disasters Books

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Book SynopsisDuring the past 10 years following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, invaluable lessons have been learned and great changes have been observed. Immediately after the disaster, the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Kobe, Japan, and formulated the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA: 2005–2015). HFA provided a platform and framework for changes and innovations, many of which were part of the recovery programs in the different countries affected by the 2004 disaster. This book is a modest attempt to review the lessons learned through the recovery process in the affected region. The book has 31 chapters, drawing lessons from four countries: India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. There are five sections: Overview (10 chapters), Indonesia (8 chapters), India (6 chapters), Sri Lanka (5 chapters), and Thailand (2 chapters). The primary target groups for this book are students and researchers in the fields of disaster risk reduction, environment, and development. The book provides them with a good idea of the current research trends and lessons over the past decade of recovery initiatives. Another target group comprises practitioners and policy makers, who will be able to apply the knowledge collected here to establishing policy and making decisions.Table of ContentsTen years of recovery lessons from Indian Ocean Tsunami.- Institutional and legal arrangements and its impacts on urban issues in Post Indian Ocean Tsunami.- Environmental Recovery and Mangrove Conservation: Post Indian Ocean Tsunami Policy responses in South and Southeast Asia.- Lessons from the Recovery of the Education Sector after the Indian Ocean Tsunami.- Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS).- Post-tsunami Urban Recovery Process and Current Conditions in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia.- Critical Factors for Sustainable Post-Tsunami Resettlement: Cases from India and Sri Lanka.- Institutional arrangements for managing large-scale recovery: Key lessons from 2004 Tsunami.- When is too much money worse than too little? Giving, aid, and impact after the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004.- Social protection ten-years after the tsunami: the case of Indonesia and Thailand.- Reform amidst the Rubble.- Reconstruction through external support: key observation in Aceh.- Progress of coastal line rehabilitation after the Indian Ocean Tsunami around Banda Aceh Coasts.- Disaster Waste Management: Lessons Learnt from Banda Aceh, Indonesia.- Community-based housing reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia.- Vulnerability assessment and Retrofitting of existing buildings in Aceh and Transfer of knowledge to the community.- Learning on the safety issues of reconstructed houses from the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia.- The Role of Islamic Teachings in Encouraging People to Take Tsunami Preparedness in Aceh and Yogyakarta Indonesia.- Rhetoric and Ground Reality of Institutionalizing Disaster Risk Reduction.- Role of GI Services in Emergency Response Management in India.- Healthy Ecosystems for Long Term Security and Sustainability of natural resource management: Case of India.- Listening to the communities.- mpowering Communities through Disaster Management Strategies: Are we on the right track?.- Impact of Higher Education in Enhancing the Resilience of Disaster Prone Coastal Communities- A Case Study in Nemmeli Panchayat, Tamil Nadu, India.- Reviewing Indian Ocean tsunami lessons learnt practices of Sri Lanka: in order to emphasize disaster risk reduction endeavours.- Capacity Gaps in Post Disaster Waste Management: Case study in Sri Lanka.- Housing and Resilience: Case Studies from Sri Lanka.- Ten Years of Resettlement in Eco-village, Sri Lanka.- How the Tsunami disaster triggered a change process in the education sector of Sri Lanka: Lessons learnt for introducing disaster safety education.- Change of Livelihoods and Living Conditions after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Case of the Post-Disaster Rehabilitation of the Moklen Community in Tungwa Village, Southern Thailand.- Post-Tsunami Recovery and Rehabilitation of Small Enterprises in Phang Nga Province, Southern Thailand

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Book SynopsisDrought is considered to be a normal feature of climate especially in tropical countries where occurrence of periods of dry weather during rainy season is common. Virtually droughts can occur in all climates and they can also be witnessed when the air temperatures are higher than the normal for a longer period that increases both evaporation and water deficit. 1. The first deals with the introduction to the topic, historical evidences of drought and famines in India. 2. The definition of droughts, criteria for classification of droughts, drought indices based on rainfall, climate derivatives and remote sensing are covered under two. 3. Information on climate change with respects to climate trends, projections on temperature and rainfall at global as well at national level, consequences of climate change on droughts are presented in there. 4. Approaches on drought monitoring, adopted by various countries, international cooperation in drought monitoring and drought monitoring mechanism in India are presented in four. Decision Support Systems and applications of GIS for drought monitoring are also covered in this . 5. World food production and its variability, the impact of phenomenal drought during 2009 on food grain production in different countries, impacts of droughts on livestock, milk and fisheries production are covered under five. 6. Global surface waters, availability of surface waters in India, influence of drought on fauna and flora of surface waters and global warming on water resources at global and national level is discussed in six. 7. Drought management strategies, drought planning and preparedness action plans at global as well at national level, indigenous knowledge on drought management, astrological techniques in weather forecasting and traditional wisdom on management of droughts in different nomadic communities in Asia and Africa are covered in seven. eight carries the conclusion of the entire book. This book will be useful to the students and research scholars of Agrometeorology, Meteorology and Geography and all Research Scientists dealing with NRM.

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Book SynopsisA series of four books blend fact and fiction to explore hope and resilience in the face of natural and man-made adversities. Through the perspectives of young protagonists Salim, Chika, Pari, and Indrani, the stories highlight the role of children in driving change and preventing future calamities.

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Book SynopsisA disaster is a rare but severe event caused by natural or human factors, leading to significant loss of life, injuries, and property damage. It disrupts normal life, causing chaos and panic with long-lasting social, economic, and psychological effects.

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Book SynopsisThe Asian "Mega Tsunami" 2004 has struck most of the territorial nations of South Asia including the East Coast of India. The NRDMS Division, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, has conceived and executed on All India Co-ordinated Programme on "Tsunami Disaster Assessment and Mitigation" through various institutions of expertise on Geomatics in Earth System Dynamics and the related natural disasters. The Geomatics technology which includes Arial Photography, Photogrammetry, Satellite Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing, GPS Surveys, GIS modeling etc. was used in this programme, geo-spatial data bases were created on Tsunami disasters over Natural, Physical and Human Resources and futuristic mitigation strategies were evolved there from. The book illuminates the results of the studies carried out along the Indian Coast and a bird's eye view on the tsunami studies in Norway. In addition, some special papers on the role of mangroves as Tsunami mitigator, Impacts o Tsunami over marine water quality, coral ecosystem etc; the administrator's experience over the tsunami crisis management, NGO's perspective, certain societal issues triggered by the killer Tsunami and citizen's perspective, etc. also find a place in this volume.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the multidisciplinary nature of environment, public awareness case studies related to environment, current issues environment and natural changes. The book includes disaster management, mitigation and application of Remote Sensing and GIS for disaster management and environmental changes. It also consists of drawing a long-term policy to overcome the problems of environmental pollution and disaster management. The other important environmental issues that are highlighted are environmental impact assessment studies, environmental health hazards and ecological consequences in relation to the inter-linking of rivers in India. The issues of natural disasters includes landslides, flood and flood control, earthquakes and tsunamis. The book is useful for students and researchers of various disciplines like biology, microbiology, environment, ecology, pedology, geology, geography, hydrologists, remote sensing experts, social sciences, etc and others who are concerned with environment and disaster management. The whole book is divided into 2 parts including 30 chaptePart I covers environmental changes: their causes, impacts and assessment and part II highlights natural disasters: mitigation and management and other related aspects.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years there has been an evolution in numerical models used to compute tsunami propagation and run-up. Many models currently available offer a wide array of choices to the users. In parallel with the development of such numerical models, it is important that the user only applies the verified and validated numerical models that have undergone a benchmark analysis. This publication provides information and benchmark problems to enable engineers and regulators to select the most appropriate tsunami analysis software and modelling for the evaluation of tsunami hazards for nuclear installations to ensure their safety against those events. In addition, the benchmark problems will enable such users to become familiar with the limitations of the tsunami analysis modelling available in research and commercial software.

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Book SynopsisThis publication presents a new and extended analysis of the regional risk-scape based on multidisciplinary research conducted. It defines risk hotspots where disasters and biological hazards, climate and health emergencies – including Covid-19 – collide. It further presents the emergence of new systemic risks and cascading hazards, alongside their impacts on peoples and economies. Identifying regional and sub-regional gaps in building resilience into the disaster-health-climate nexus, the report provides tailored, sub-regional insights into opportunities for policy actions and operational solutions to build back better with resilience. The ability to identify and address the unmet needs of those furthest behind within the new risk-scape is also considered here, as is the fiscal cost of a resilience agenda for the region.

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Book SynopsisThe Disaster Risk Reduction challenge badge is designed to help educate children and young people about hazards, disasters, and the crucial role that disaster risk reduction plays for life on our planet. This material is appropriate for use in school classes, Guide or Scout groups and other youth groups. The YUNGA learning and action "Challenge badges" series, developed in collaboration with other United Nations agencies, consists of short books that aim to raise awareness among youth on topical issues and to encourage them to become active agents of change in their local communities.

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Book SynopsisThe book covers all the task of implementation of the initiative of inculcating the culture of preparedness in the community as they are the first responders in case of a disaster. The book includes, what, how, when and by whom what should be done before, during and after a disaster takes place. The highlights of the book are: 1. All types of disasters ranging from earthquakes to terrorist strikes, from nuclear disasters to urban floods have been illustrated. 2. Case studies supporting all the disasters.3. Fully illustrated with adequate diagrams, flow charts and colour photographs etc.4. Situation and region specific requirements in cases of rehabilitation and casualty management. 5. Setting up and executing requirement specific Disaster Management Plans. 6. Conducting of mock s on various types of perceived disasters found there way in the book.The book would be useful for the first responders, district administration and state authorities districts/tehsil/taluk/sub-division level functionaries, the DM planners in the state, NGOs schools/educational institutions, National Disaster Response Force, Para Military Forces, Armed Forces.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Types of Disasters 3. Floods 4. Drought 5. Earthquakes 6. Landslides 7. Cyclones 8. Avalanches 9 Forest Fires 10. Tsunami 11. Global Warming and Related Disasters 12. Chemical and Industrial Disasters 13 Nuclear Disasters 14. Conduct of Mock 15. School Safety

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Book SynopsisDrought is considered to be a normal feature of climate especially in tropical countries where occurrence of periods of dry weather during rainy season is common. Virtually droughts can occur in all climates and they can also be witnessed when the air temperatures are higher than the normal for a longer period that increases both evaporation and water deficit. 1. The first deals with the introduction to the topic, historical evidences of drought and famines in India. 2. The definition of droughts, criteria for classification of droughts, drought indices based on rainfall, climate derivatives and remote sensing are covered under two. 3. Information on climate change with respects to climate trends, projections on temperature and rainfall at global as well at national level, consequences of climate change on droughts are presented in there. 4. Approaches on drought monitoring, adopted by various countries, international cooperation in drought monitoring and drought monitoring mechanism in India are presented in four. Decision Support Systems and applications of GIS for drought monitoring are also covered in this . 5. World food production and its variability, the impact of phenomenal drought during 2009 on food grain production in different countries, impacts of droughts on livestock, milk and fisheries production are covered under five. 6. Global surface waters, availability of surface waters in India, influence of drought on fauna and flora of surface waters and global warming on water resources at global and national level is discussed in - six. 7. Drought management strategies, drought planning and preparedness action plans at global as well at national level, indigenous knowledge on drought management, astrological techniques in weather forecasting and traditional wisdom on management of droughts in different nomadic communities in Asia and Africa are covered in seven. eight carries the conclusion of the entire book. Book will be useful to the students and research scholars of Agrometeorology, Meteorology and Geography and all Research Scientists dealing with NRM.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Drought Assessment and Vulnerability 3. Climate Change and Droughts 4. Drought Monitoring 5. Impacts on Agricultural Production 6. Impacts on Water Resources 7. Drought Management Strategies 8. Conclusions

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Book SynopsisTsunamis are primarily caused by earthquakes. Under favourable geological conditions, when a large earthquake occurs below the sea bed and the resultant rupture causes a vertical displacement of the ocean bed, the entire column of water above it is displaced, causing a tsunami. In the ocean, tsunamis do not reach great heights but can travel at velocities of up to 1000 km/hour. As a tsunami reaches shallow sea depths, there is a decrease in its velocity and an increase in its height. Tsunamis are known to have reached heights of several tens of meters and inundate several kilometres inland from the shore. Tsunamis can also be caused by displacement of substantial amounts of water by landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calving and rarely by meteorite impacts and nuclear tests in the ocean.In this SpringerBrief, the causes of tsunamis, their intensity and magnitude scales, global distribution and a list of major tsunamis are provided. The three great tsunamis of 1755, 2004 and 2011are presented in detail. The 1755 tsunami caused by the Lisbon earthquake, now estimated to range from Mw 8.5 to 9.0, was the most damaging tsunami ever in the Atlantic ocean. It claimed an estimated 100,000 human lives and caused wide-spread damage. The 2004 Sumatra Andaman Mw 9.1 earthquake and the resultant tsunami were the deadliest ever to hit the globe, claiming over 230,000 human lives and causing wide-spread financial losses in several south and south-east Asian countries. The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and the resultant tsunami were a surprise to the seismologists in Japan and around the globe. The height of the tsunami far exceeded the estimated heights. It claimed about 20,000 human lives. The tsunami also caused nuclear accidents. This earthquake has given rise to a global debate on how to estimate the maximum size of an earthquake in a given region and the safety of nuclear power plants in coastal regions. This Brief also includes a description of key components of tsunami warning centres, progress in deploying tsunami watch and warning facilities globally, tsunami advisories and their communication, and the way forward.Trade Review“This book covers a clear and definitive analysis of deadly natural disaster ‘tsunami’. The 89 page volume includes chapters that address the tsunami generation, characteristics and its impact on coastal community and environment through exemplifying three great tsunamis. … This book is a very good attempt to bring forth generations of tsunami research and developments through the review of lessons learnt from affected regions globally.” (Srinivasa Kumar Tummala, Journal of the Geological Society of India, Vol. 88, 2016)Table of Contents1. Fundamentals of Tsunami.- 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami.- 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake and Tsunami.- 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami.- Global Effort to Forecast and Mitigate Tsunami Hazard.- Looking into the Future.

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Book SynopsisAround the world, people and societies are at risk of being affected by disasters, both natural and man-made. In the face of climate change and human activity, the threat posed by unexpected disasters is likely to increase in future. This book, the first of its kind in Hong Kong, offers insights from experts in healthcare and higher education both locally and further afield. Some of the authors have first-hand experience with various elements of disaster management through such events as the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan, the COVID-19 pandemic, and large-scale competitions including the Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon.Key learnings and recommendations are presented in three sections: disaster management and reconstruction, including what we can learn from past earthquakes; the importance of healthcare and emergency medicine in disasters and community events; and the way forward, in particular how technology and systems thinking can be used for disaster mitigation. By shedding light onto future work in disaster management and emergency medicine in Hong Kong and East Asia, this book aims to contribute to community resilience in the region and beyond. It will be useful for tertiary and postgraduate programmes, teachers and academics, practitioners, healthcare providers, policymakers, and community leaders.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how climate change and disaster risks threaten human security in Asia. Climate change and disaster risks have emerged as major human security challenges in the twenty-first century, and are an imminent “threat multiplier” with the potential to harm the vital core of human life and curtail people’s freedom and ability to live with dignity. Climate change and disaster risks undermine the security of individuals, communities, nations, and the world, considering the increasing trend in the frequency and magnitude of hydro-meteorological disasters and the projections on their future adverse impacts. Despite recent advances in the literature, there is still a major gap in understanding the relationship and linkages between climate change, disaster risks, and human security, particularly as gleaned from the Asian experience. Asia is the world’s most vulnerable region in terms of the quantity and magnitude of impacts from various forms of disaster. At the same time, it has developed a number of innovative responses to address those risks, offering a wealth of experience. Exploring and capitalizing on the Asian perspective, this book provides valuable resource material for students, academics, researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners working in these areas.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Climate Change and Disaster Risks in an Unsecured World Juan M. Pulhin, Makoto Inoue, Rajib Shaw, Millicent Q. Pangilinan and Ma Louiella Rose O. Catudio Chapter 2 Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation, and Human Security: A Historical Perspective under the Hyogo Framework and Beyond Rajib Shaw, Juan M. Pulhin, and Makoto Inoue Chapter 3 State Fragility and Human Security in Asia in the Context of Climate and Disaster Risks S.V.R.K. Prabhakar and Rajib Shaw Chapter 4 Policies and Institutions Shaping Human Security in an Era of Changing Climate and Increasing Disasters S.V.R.K. Prabhakar Chapter 5 Satisfying the Basic Needs: The Material Aspect of Human Security Lorena L. Sabino and Juan M. Pulhin Chapter 6 Natural Resource Base as a Foundation of Human Security Rose Jane J. Peras, Juan M. Pulhin, Dixon T. Gevaña, and Makoto Inoue Chapter 7 Agriculture and Food Security in Asia Jose Ma. Luis Montesclaros and Paul S. Teng Chapter 8 Cultural Dimensions of Human Security Clarissa D. Ruzol and Juan M. Pulhin Chapter 9 Population Movements and Human Security Oscar A. Gómez Chapter 10 Conflict, Development and the Environment in Asia Brendan Howe Chapter 11 Mainstreaming CCA-DRVRM Using Probabilistic Multiscenario Hazard Maps for Future Resilience in Haiyan-affected Areas Alfredo Mahar Francisco A. Lagmay, Joy Santiago, and Juan M. Pulhin Chapter 12 Preventing International Assistance from Becoming a Threat to Human Security: Japan’s Experience in the 1995 Kobe Earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Yosuke Okita Chapter 13 The 2009 Drought in the People’s Republic of China: A Human Security Perspective Ross Michael Pink Chapter 14 After the 2004 Bangladesh flood: Integrated management for flood disaster risk reduction in four different areas Kumiko Fujita, Rajib Shaw and Gulsan Ara Parvin Chapter 15 The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Resettlement and Demographic Challenges Syamsidik, Agus Nugroho and Mirza Fahmi Chapter 16 Regional Policies and Initiatives on Climate Change and Disaster Risks: How can Peacebuilding Assistance and Climate Change Adaptation be Integrated? Mikio Ishiwatari Chapter 17 National Policies and Programs on Climate Change and Disaster Risks that Address Human Security Mark Anthony M. Ramirez, Linda Anne Stevenson, Juan M. Pulhin, and Makoto Inoue Chapter 18 Addressing Climate Change and the Risks of Disaster to Human Security: The Role and Initiatives of Civil Societies in Asia Takako Izumi Chapter 19 Response and Initiatives from the Private Sector to Address the Challenges Posed by Climate Change and Disaster Risks on Human Security Perlyn Pulhin-Yoshida, Rodel D. Lasco, and Ana Veronica S. Gabriel Chapter 20 Pathways Towards a Human Secured Asia Juan M. Pulhin, Makoto Inoue, Rajib Shaw, Ma Louiella Rose O. Catudio, and Millicent Q. Pangilinan

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Book SynopsisThis book outlines methodologies to estimate the economic impacts of natural disasters based on business surveys conducted after large disasters in Japan. By including numerous observations on business activities in past disasters and the validations of both engineering and economic models based on these data sets, this book appeals to practitioners who estimate the regional economic impacts as well as to students and young professionals in various fields who conduct disaster impact studies. The book consists of 7 chapters and includes theories and practices, which help readers to interlink the estimation methods with real-world problems. The study primarily focuses on cases in Japan, but the methods employed can be generalized and applied in other countries.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 History 1.2 Why do we need to quantify flow losses? 1.3 Approaches adopted in this booklet Chapter 2 Functional fragility curves for production capacity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Model and estimation procedures 2.2.1 Formulation of FFCs 2.2.2 Setting of damage states 2.2.3 Formulation of likelihood function: multinominal response model 2.2.4 Confidence interval for FFC 2.3. Model estimation 2.3.1 Data 2.3.2 Estimation results 2.3.3 Estimation results for different industrial sectors 2.3.4 Confidence interval of FFCs 2.3.5 Expected capacity level 2.4 Summary Chapter 3 Measures for Estimating Production Capacity Losses 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Lifeline resilience factor 3.3 Method to estimate production shocks 3.2.1 Earthquake disaster case 3.2.2 Flood disaster case 3.4 Application to earthquake and flood disasters 3.4.1 The Great East Japan Earthquake 3.4.2 Flood disaster case 3.4 Summary 3.5 References Chapter 4 SCGE models to Assess Higher-order Impacts of Production Capacity Losses 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Basic Model and Key Parameters 4.4 Earthquake disasters 4.4.1 Data 4.4.2 How to reflect the PCLR into an SCGE model 4.4.3 Estimation Results 4.5 Flood disasters 4.6.Summary Chapter 5 Economic Impacts of a Nankai Megathrust Earthquake Scenario 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Hazard Information 5.3 Estimated Economic Impacts of a Nankai Trough Earthquake Scenario 5.4 Summary Chapter 6 Economic Impacts of the Transportation Network Disruption: An Extension of the SCGE Model 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The framework for economic loss estimation due to transportation network damages 6.3 The SCGE model to assess the interregional spillovers of direct damage through transportation networks 6.4 The Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake—A Case Study 6.4.1 An overview of the disaster and model parameter settings 6.5 Conclusions Chapter 7 Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the achievements and experience of the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection, analyzes the new situation and requirements of the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection, and discusses the main issues and their solution alternatives for the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection efforts. The Yangtze River, respected as the mother river of the Chinese nation, contributes immensely toward the socioeconomic development of China and braces up the national strategies such as the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, etc. Whether the Yangtze River is under good stewardship has implications on not only the wellbeing of more than 400 million inhabitants in the basin, but also in broader sense the overall sustainability of socioeconomic development of the whole country. This book which has two parts, provides a multidirectional analysis of Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection. The first part explores the stages, achievements, and the future of the Yangtze rehabilitation and protection. Major issues existing in Yangtze River Basin rehabilitation and protection are discussed in the second part. Many pictures, charts, and diagrams are involved providing an understanding of the situation of Yangtze River Basin. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Importance of Yangtze River.- Chapter 2. Stages of Yangtze River Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 3. Achievements in Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 4. Situation Facing the Yangtze Rehabilitation and Protection in the New Era.- Chapter 5. Visions on Yangtze River Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 6. Strategic Measures.- Chapter 7. Master Plan of the Yangtze River Basin.- Chapter 8. Change of River-lake Relation and the Regulation of Dongting and Poyang Lakes.- Chapter 9. Master Plan of the Yangtze River Basin.- Chapter 10. Joint Operation of the Group Reservoirs.- Chapter 11. Water Resources Protection.- Chapter 12. Major Scientific and Technological Research Subjects.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the select proceedings of the Virtual Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (VCDRR 2021). It provides insights on urban resilience and sustainable infrastructure. All the chapters in this volume are segregated into five clusters, e.g., Resilient infrastructure in construction, Innovative construction interventions, Waste Management and Disaster Risk Reduction, Urban Development and Sustainability, and Cross-cutting issues. Various topics covered in this book are risk assessment, prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response, renewable energy, waste management, resilient cities, and environmental management. This book is a comprehensive volume on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and its management for a sustainable built environment. This book will be useful for the students, researchers, policy makers and professionals working in the area of civil engineering, especially disaster management. Table of ContentsCity Resilience And Sustainable Infrastructure – An Introduction.- Risk And Resilience Of Railway Infrastructure: An Assessment On Uncertainties Of Rail Accidents To Improve Risk And Resilience Through Long-Term Data Analysis.- Assessing Resilience Of Transportation Networks Under Multi-Hazards: A Review.- Risk Management In Construction Industry.- Achieving Sustainability Goals Through Infrastructure Modifications: Lessons Learnt From COVID 19 Pandemic.- Vulnerability And Impact Assessment Of Extreme Climate Events In The Greek Oil Industry.

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Book SynopsisCOVID-19 has made differential impacts on countries and communities around the world. China, where COVID-19 started, has developed and utilized different types of technologies, including both traditional and disruptive technologies, to address the pandemic risks. Also, there have been many innovations in applying technologies in different contexts during the pandemic as well as in the post-pandemic recovery and preparedness aspects. This book covers some of these technological developments as well as the governance mechanisms for developing a technology and innovation ecosystem in a post-COVID-19 context in China. The book also explores the experiences and lessons learned from different types of technologies and their implementation in the post-COVID-19 period and highlights how they can be useful to prepare for future calamities.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Overview of Post COVID Scenario in China Chapter 2: Innovation and Technology Ecosystem: Historical Perspectives Chapter 3: Drones Activity in Epidemic Prevention and Prospects in the Post COVID-19 Chapter 4: Social Media Development and Application During Pandemic and Post-Pandemic from the Perspectives of Recovery and Preparedness Chapter 5: Towards a Digital China Through Digital Economy Chapter 6: Big Data and Its Implication in China Chapter 7: Robotics and Its Advancement in Modern China Chapter 8: Artificial Intelligence and its Importance in Post COVID-19 China Chapter 9: 5G and Its Implication to Communication in China Chapter 10: Evolution from IoT to IoE Era in China Chapter 11: Going Beyond the “Norm” in Technology and Innovation Apparatus in Emergency Situation: A Post COVID-19 Society

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Book SynopsisThe world is currently experiencing changes in climate and environment that often lead to natural disasters. Nearly three million people worldwide may have been killed in the past 20 years by natural disasters. In total, 90% of the natural disasters and 95% of all disaster-related deaths occur in the developing countries. Recently such problems have accelerated due to LULC change, biodiversity degradation, increased tourism, urbanization and climate change. This book, consisting of 27 chapters, explores the topics of climate, environment and natural disasters in developing countries. It is essential to discuss these diverse issues in the field of geography as it encompasses interdisciplinary topics. The range of issues on national, regional and local dimensions is not only confined to geography but also concerned to other disciplines as well. Therefore, this book is a valuable source for scientists and researchers in allied fields such as climatology, disaster management, environmental science, hydrology, agriculture, and land use studies, among other areas. Furthermore, this book can be of immense help to the planners and decision-makers engaged in dealing with the problems of climate, environmental change and natural disasters in developing countries.Table of ContentsSection-I: Climate Chapter-1: Challenges of Climate Resilient Livelihoods and an Inquiry of Mitigation Strategies in India ------Babita Chatterjee and Amrita Dwivedi Chapter-2: Analysing LULC change on runoff and sediment yield in urbanizing agricultural watershed of monsoonal climate river basin in West Bengal, India ------Arnab Ghosh, Malabika Biswas Roy and Pankaj Kumar Roy Chapter-3: Remote Sensing Based Analysis of Relationship between Urban Heat Island and Land Use/Cover Type in Bhubaneswar Metropolitan Area, India ------Asad Ali Sarkar Chapter-4: Statistical Downscaling method for Improving Global Model Rainfall forecasts of seasonal rainfall over West Bengal (WB), India ------Aminuddin Ali and Tirthankar Ghosh Chapter-5: Identification of Climate Change Vulnerable Zones in Bangladesh through Multivariate Geospatial Analysis -----Md. Golam Azam and Md. Mujibor Rahman Section-II: Environment Chapter-6: Water Scarcity in Coastal Bangladesh: Search for Arsenic-safe Aquifer with Geostatistics ------M. Manzurul Hassan, Anamika Shaha and RaihanA hamed Chapter-7: Biodiversity Degradation of Southwestern Region in Saudi Arabia --------Adel Moatamed Chapter-8: Causes and Effects of Water Logging in Dhaka City -------Mallik Akram Hossain, Sanjia Mahiuddin, Arif Uddin Ahmad and A H M Monzurul Mamun Chapter-9: Water Resource Development and Sustainable Initiatives of India: Present and Future -------Jayant Kumar Routray Chapter-10: Mapping and Reclamation of Wastelands in Drought-prone Purulia District of West Bengal, India using Remote Sensing and GIS --------- Manoj Kumar Mahato and Narayan Chandra Jana Chapter-11: Soil, water salinization and its impact on household food insecurity in the Indian Sundarbans -------Nabanita Mukherjee and Giyasuddin Siddique Chapter-12: Impact of Water Reservoir and Irrigation Canals on Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Upper Kumari River Basin, West Bengal, India -------Piya Bhattacharjee and Debasish Das Chapter-13: Spatial pattern of Arsenic contamination in floodplain aquifers, western bank of Bhagirathi River, Lower Ganges Delta, West Bengal, India -------Sunam Chatterjee Chapter-14: Spatial Pattern of Groundwater Depletion, Its Access and Adaptive Agricultural Strategies in Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India -------Biswajit Ghosh and Namita Chakma Chapter-15: Detection of Land Use/Land Cover Changes of Irga Watershed in the North-Eastern Fringe of Choto Nagpur Plateau, Jharkhand, India -------Ratan Pal and Narayan Chandra Jana Chapter-16: An Analytical Study on Interplay between Physiographic Condition and Land Use Land Cover Dynamicity -------Swetasree Nag, Malabika Biswas Roy and Pankaj Kumar Roy Chapter-17: Assessment of Land use and Land cover change dynamics using remote sensing and GIS techniques in most effected parts of Rajpur-Sonarpur municipality --------Bijay Halder, Papiya Banik and Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay Section-III: Disaster Chapter-18: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Changing Scenario ----Tapati Banerjee Chapter-19:Exploring the Impacts of River Morphology Change Associated Natural Disasters on Teesta Riparian Environment of Bangladesh -----Mst. Rebeka Sultana and Shitangsu Kumar Paul Chapter-20: An Assessment on Effects of Coastal Erosion on Coastal Environment: A Case Study in Coastal Belt between Kalu River mouth and Bologoda River mouth, Sri Lanka -----P. Kirishanthan Chapter-21:Vulnerability and Exposures to Landslides in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: A Case Study of Rangamati Town for Building Resilience -----Md. Iqbal Sarwar and Muhammad Muhibbaullah Chapter-22: Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India: Exceptional, Fast and Furious ------Soumen Chatterjee and Narayan Chandra Jana Chapter-23: Application of Remotely Sensed Data for Estimation of Indices to Assess Spatiotemporal Aspects of Droughts in Bankura District of West Bengal, India -------Asraful Alam, Rajat Kumar Paul and Lakshminarayan Satpati Chapter-24: Temporal variability of discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Subarnarekha River Basin, eastern India: A geomorphic perspective ------- Sunanda Banerjee, Arup Kumar Roy, Asraful Alam Chapter-25: Assessment of Jiadhal River Basin using Sedimentary Petrology and Geospatial Approach -------Akangsha Borgohain, Kusumbor Bordoloi, Dhrubajyoti Sahariah, Santonu Goswami, Anup Saikia, Ashok Kumar Bora Chapter-26: An Assessment of RUSLE Model and Erosion Vulnerability in the Slopes of Dwarka – Brahmani Lateritic Interfluve, Eastern India -------Sandipan Ghosh Chapter-27: Urban Flooding Scenario and Human Response in Guwahati, India --------Sutapa Bhattacharjee and Bimal Kumar Kar

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Book SynopsisThe world has spent the majority of 2020 enduring an unpreceded crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of this crisis has been enormous, and the situation has yet to be resolved. It is still difficult to anticipate when the pandemic will end and how our lives will have changed after the crisis.Higher educational institutions (HEIs) have also had to undergo tremendous transformation, in particular, changing a conventional educational, teaching, and learning system to a digital and online mode and cancelling or postponing important events such as graduation and entrance ceremonies and entrance examinations. In addition, a number of HEIs have been facing financial constraints due to reduced enrolment, particularly from overseas. Students have missed opportunities to meet their family and friends, causing profound psychosocial impact and stress for all concerned.Simultaneously, however, the situation has given HEIs a good opportunity to consider their disaster preparedness, response, and recovery capacity on campus. Some surveys have highlighted a lack of preparedness for pandemic and other hazardous risks beyond natural hazards. Safety issues are a top priority at HEIs because they bring together a number of students, faculty, and staff.This book covers the experiences and lessons learned from HEIs in preparedness, response, and recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic to prepare for such calamities beyond natural disasters in the future. The book consists of 15 chapters divided into three major sections. They highlight the importance of HEIs’ governance issues in disaster risk management, examine the challenges that HEIs have faced during the pandemic and the implementation of new teaching and learning methodologies, and provide innovative responses and preparedness by HEIs based on science and technology, respectively.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Overview and Introduction to the Role of Higher Educational Institution in Disaster Risk Management Chapter 2: Post-pandemic Management in Higher Educational Institutions Chapter 3: New Perspectives of Campus Safety Initiatives in Universities Chapter 4: Regional Overview of Lessons from the Asia-Pacific Regions Chapter 5: Regional Overview of Lessons from Africa: the Impact on the Awareness of the Sector’s Resilience Chapter 6: Disaster Risk Governance in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central America: the Case of Guatemala Chapter 7: Looking Ahead While Leaving No One Behind: Resourcefulness and Resiliency among North American Universities Chapter 8: University Networking in Improvising Academic Resilience to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences from Bangladesh Chapter 9: New Role of Universities: Experiences from Taiwan Chapter 10: Vigorous, Vital, Vulnerable: Universities and COVID-19, Aotearoa New Zealand Chapter 11: Applying New Technologies and Innovation in Taiwan Chapter 12: Applying New Technologies and Innovation in Hong Kong: Teaching Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM) Using Massive Open Online Course to Enhance Resilience in Higher Educational Institutions Chapter 13: Scope of Civil Society and University Partnership in Enhancing Resilience Chapter 14: Private Sector and Higher Education Institution Partnerships to Enhance Resilience in the Philippines: The Experience of the National Resilience Council Chapter 15: Impacts, opportunities and potentials in HEIs: During and Post Pandemic Perspectives

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Book SynopsisThe Bay of Bengal is prone to tropical cyclones and storm surges as a result of its location, and many of the mostly poor people living along the coastal regions of South Asia lose their lives almost every year. These disasters have been particularly devastating and have caused serious damage. During the past five decades, the low-lying coastal and offshore islands have experienced a tragic history of 50 severe cyclones and storm surges, with more than one million victims dead or missing. People accepted and waited for the next disaster as they had no alternatives. Members of the poor families who survived the disasters experienced hard times recovering from damage and the loss of their loved ones. After disasters, epidemic diseases arise in the affected areas. Many of the people in distress are also deprived of public services. Providing all sorts of assistance and emergency health preparedness are most essential to overcome such a situation. The causes of these huge casualties have been mainly: (1) the high population density of costal settlements, (2) inadequate cyclone shelters in the disaster risk areas, (3) lack of awareness of the disaster risk by the vulnerable population, (4) deterministic attitudes of people who accept disasters as “fate”, (5) houses that are weakly constructed and (6) underdeveloped central awareness programmes and weather forecast systems. This book is based on an empirical study presenting a timeline analysis of major cyclones and their impacts and consequent losses through the super-cyclones in the disaster-prone coastal regions of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This study also investigates resilience mechanisms based on early warning systems, technology applications including GIS and remote sensing, best practices, success stories and case studies that can be used for effective cyclone management and development of a resilience mechanism among coastal communities.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Conceptual and Contextual Scenario of Disaster Risk Reduction and Cyclonic Resilience Chapter 2: Major Cyclonic Disasters in India Chapter 3: The Application of Early Warning System in India Chapter 4: Major Cyclonic Disasters in Bangladesh Chapter 5: The Major Cyclonic disasters in Sri Lanka Chapter 6: Policy and Governance Strategies for Effective Cyclone Risk Management in Odisha, India: A Journey from 1999 Super Cyclone Chapter 7: Way forward and Resilience Development for Cyclone in South Asia

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the basic information about lightning. It is an unpredictable disaster, and it is an extremely complex electrical discharge phenomenon. A complete theory of lightning does not exist till now. This book elaborates on the basic formation of lightning, terminologies related to lightning, and the preliminary lightning theory. There are different types of lightning, such as cloud flashes, ground flashes (both positive and negative), and air discharges. This book explains some unusual events related to lightning and inspects innovation. This book also describes the measurement of electric and magnetic fields generated by lightning, which are the basic parameters for lightning fundamentals.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the evolution of the science technology paradigm in Japan and analyzes the critical community and local governance issues from the perspectives of the changing risk landscape, Society 5.0, and digital transformation. It also provides suggestions for the future development of a resilient society and community, by drawing lessons from other countries.Advancements in science technology in recent decades in Japan and the world might have increased our capacity to tackle the adverse human consequences of various kinds of disasters and environmental issues. However, the accompanied and interlinking phenomena of urbanization, climate change, rural to urban migration, population decreases, and aged population have posed new challenges, especially in the small, medium-sized cities, and in rural areas of Japan. This is also enhanced by the risk of cascading, complex and systemic risk, which is defining a new normal as “living with uncertainties”.Society 5.0 is defined as "A human-centered society that balances economic advancement with the resolution of social problems by a system that highly integrates cyberspace and physical space." Society 5.0 was proposed in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan as a future society that Japan should aspire to. Society 5.0 achieves a high degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual space) and physical space (real space), compared with the past information society (Society 4.0) that people would access a cloud service (databases) in cyberspace via the Internet and search for, retrieve, and analyze information or data.In Japan, in the initial stage, a great deal of confusion about the number of people infected with coronavirus occurred. Not only made it inefficient, but it did not produce the accurate data needed for critical decisions.Japan may have unique disadvantages compared with other countries. Trying to drive digitization without thoroughly understanding these disadvantages and addressing them head-on will only lead to failed digital transformations.With these three pillars of changing risk landscape, Society 5.0, and Digital transformation drive, the book will analyze the evolution of the science technology paradigm in Japan, will go deeper into the critical community and local governance issues, and will provide suggestions for future development of resilient society and community, by drawing lessons from overseas disaster risk reduction.Table of Contents1. Science technology and People centered society 2. Science, Technology, Innovation and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 3. Systemic risk and system-based approach for Society 5.0 4. Emerging issues and Japan’s milestones in science and technology in disaster risk reduction 5. Evidence Based Policy Making of Smart City: The Case of Challenge in Maebashi City, Japan 6. Personal life records for health decision making in disaster situation 7. Digital transformation and disaster risk reduction 8. xR and implications to DRR: challenges and prospects 9. Open governance and disaster risk reduction 10. Open Governance and Disaster Planning, Recovery, and Response: Lessons from the USA 11. Technology landscape in post COVID-19 era: Example from China 12. Jugaad innovation: concept and lessons of social innovation in India 13. Towards a People centric technology driven society

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the contemporary subject of perception of risk and its influence on accidents and disasters. The contents examine the conventional viewpoints on human errors, incubation of errors, complexity and organisational deviance as a cause for accidents. Work of Mary Douglas with regard to risk, Charles Perrow's work on the normal accident theory and Diane Vaughan's theory on normalisation of deviance are examined from a fresh perspective in this book. It also discusses prominent accidents in aviation, space, nuclear energy, automotive and healthcare, using the pandemic and Boeing 737 Max as a backdrop to study accidents and disasters. It further explores the background and similarities to these events and addresses the core issues such as the state of regulation, the worldview of the sociologists, and proposes that mental models of complex systems, avarice and risk for gain as other possibilities for accidents. Using the concept of nudge in behavioural economics and the Elinor Ostrom’s viewpoint on regulating for common good, it suggests a way forward through the High Reliability Organisation Theory (HRO) leading to enhanced risk perception. The book will be of interest to those who would like to understand the need to incorporate risk perception into regulation, engineers and scientists, professionals and policy makers working in the areas of disaster and risk management, technology areas like aviation, nuclear plants, space and healthcare, students of the sociology of risk and of course the general reader.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Incidents, Accidents and Unmitigated Disasters.- Learning from Failures – Evolution of Risk and Safety Regulation.- Keep it Simple but Not Stupid - Complex Technology and Complex Organisations.- Are Failures Stepping Stones to More Failures - The Sociology of Danger and Risk.- To Err is Human – What exactly is Human Error?.- What I Do Not Know Will Hurt Me - Mental Models and Risk Perception.- Is Greed Really that Good - Avarice and Gain versus Risk and Blame.- And There is Dr. Kato: How Does it Look and Where Do We Go from Here?.

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Book Synopsis“This engaged and vital edited volume brings together the varied viewpoints of academics, consultants and activists all concerned with the astonishing expansion of palm oil as a globally traded commodity. It reveals how this complex, contested and controversial expression of globalization transcends narrow national and sectoral interests, stimulating a transnational exchange of goods, capital and labour, as well as laws, norms, values and even understanding. Compelling, readable and insightful, the study shows that corporate responses to civil societys concerns about palm oils role in global warming, human rights abuses, land grabbing and biodiversity loss, now need to be complemented by legal, regulatory and governance reforms to be effective.” —Marcus Colchester, Director, Forest Peoples ProgrammeTrade ReviewThis collection of 12 chapters and a preface presents a detailed and informative review of the concerns and developments about the rapid growth of palm oil in Southeast Asia. This is a detailed and informative book that should be read by students and activists interested in palm oil. It brings a structured analysis to environmental activism by analysing palm oil as a segmented and transnational business and topic of environmental concern. It also offers detailed histories and case studies. It should be mentioned that the book adopts an almost universally critical tone towards palm oil, which might worry some readers. But as a fast introduction to this complex and very significant trend, I have seen nothing better" —(Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde [BKI])."... the book serves usefully to remind us that palm oil is a truly global product, utilised in an enormous number of everyday products and processes. A fascinating table on page 238 reads like a list of the world's best-known consumer brands, from McVites to Head & Shoulders, from Heinz to Nivea, from Ajax to Mars; their products all include some palm oil. The diversity of authors and focus result ... in a mass of fascinating detail" —Asian Affairs.

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Book SynopsisOverview of the Compilation of A Guidebook to Earthquake Scientific Investigation.- Procedures for Earthquake Scientific Investigation.- Seismogeology Investigation.- Seismic Disaster Remote Sensing Comparative Investigation and Acquisition.- Crustal Deformation Observation.- Geochemical Observation.- Source Rupture Process and Seismic Tectonic Mechanism Research.- Artificial Seismic Sounding.- Gravity Detection.- Mobile Gravity Observation.- Magnetotelluric Sounding.

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Book SynopsisReport on the 5th Global Summit of the Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institute (GADRI).- Results on the GADRI Questionnaire Survey: Contributions of global disaster research institutes to the Sendai Framework, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and COVID-19.- COVID-19 and other hazards Science into Action.- GADRI Report on the Presentation by Ms. Loretta Hieber Girardet.- Report of the presentation by Prof. Ortwin Renn on Lessons of Covid-19 for Systemic Risk Governance; Recycling Sustainability and Resilience.- Report on Americas covering North and South America.- Comprehensive Approach to Reduce Hurricane Risk with a Focus on Equity and Economic Prosperity.- Recent Studies on Structural Resilience against Nonstationary, Thunderstorm Wind Loads.- Report on Asia and Oceania Session.- Report on Keynote speakers:Open Synthetic Systems; and Using science to support decision-makers to reduce risk from natural hazards events: some examples from Aotearoa New Zealand.- Disaster Risk Reduction in Small Nations.- Engaging Science with actions: A case for EEW in India.- Report on Europe with Africa and the Middle-East Session.- Urgent Need to Integrate Disaster Risk Reduction to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa.- Economics for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness; The World Bank and the European Commission.- The Youth Voice and the Disaster and Development Society.- Innovative Technological Learning Management Model towards Sustainable Quality Education and Flexible Learning amidst COVID-19 Pandemic.- Socio-Hydrogeomorphology and School Catchment as Useful Science and Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction.- Food Security, Climate and Disaster Nexus: Need for Policy Coherence in Risk-Informed Development.- Spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 over Thailand and the use of Sentinel-5P as a PM2.5 proxy during high pollution events attributed to vegetation open burning.- Impact of Water Quality Parameters on the Marine Fish Landings in Malaysia.- Predicting The Streamflow in Langat River Basin of Selangor, Malaysia Under Climate Change Scenario Using Rainfall-Runoff Inundation (Rri) Model.- Triggering of a Dry Convective Storm under a Heat Wave condition on 4 April 2021 over Bangladesh and Its Impacts on Boro Rice.- Stakeholder social networks for the dissemination of disaster prevention technologies in Tokyo: a case study analysis.- Integrating nature-based solutions into landslide risk management.- Justification of seismic origin of large-scale prehistoric rockslides and rock avalanches on the anticlinal ridges: challenges and solutions.- Gap analysis for developing Rapid Loss Estimation System (RLES) in the Central and West Asia.- Performance of Rubberized Pozzolanic Concrete Filled Steel Tube under Lateral Cyclic Loading.- Creating Heat Map Using Point Density Analysis of MODIS Fire Hotspot Data for Johor State.- Achievements and Recommendations of the 5th Global Summit of GADRI: Engaging  Sciences with Action.

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Book SynopsisDisaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation for resilient infrastructure and built environment: Lessons from Asia Pacific.- Climate extremes and peri-urban flooding: the case of Rawta Village, India.- Assessing vulnerability of built environment in landslide prone region of Raigad District, India.- Heatwave Vulnerability in Bangkok's Informal Settlements: A Household Vulnerability Assessment Tool.- Structural and Natural Based Solution in Beach Community Perceptions.- A Literature Review of Water Security Assessment Methods for Planning Critical Infrastructure.- Nature based solutions to enhance sustainability in palm oil production.- An Assessment of the Smart Resilient Development Scheme for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: The Case of Barangay Rizal, Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines.- Enhancing Climate Resilience in the Most Climate Affected Communities by Adapting Locally Suitable Techniques through Actions Research.- Functionality, effectiveness, and shortcomings of the command systems employed in the central government-led response to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.- A Review of the Green Climate Fund and its Implications on Sustainable Development Goals for Developing Countries.- Integrating Sustainable Development Goals Environmental Domain in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process.

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Book SynopsisDisaster and Climate Resilience for Sustainable Development: Initiatives and Lessons Learned.- Analyzing Governments' Policies on Disaster Risk Management in the Borobudur Cultural Heritage Region, Indonesia.- Challenges of Sustainable Business Organization: Case Study of Young Craft Business Owner in Nepal.- Constitutional law provisions towards disaster management in Thailand.- Systematic Review of Disaster Resilience and Livelihood Frameworks.- Drought Adaptation in Thailand: A National Governmental Perspective.- The impact on PM2.5 in Thailand Society: An Investigation into Causes, Challenges, and Policy Gap in Implementations.- Labor law implications on disaster vulnerable Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand.- Male Labor Migration and Women Empowerment: A Systematic Review.- Compensation for Losses and Damages Caused by Climate Change: Challenges and Progress.- Evaluating the Efficacy of Sustainable Transportation Policies in Mitigating Climate Change in Metro Manila, Philippines: The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program.- Indigenous Knowledge of Afro-Asian Tribal Communities: An Alternative Science of Natural Disaster Management.- Resilience Starts Locally: Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Sustainability through Localization.

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