Mobile phone technology Books

Book SynopsisNFC is a world standard since 2004 which is now within every smartphone on the market. Such a standard enables us to do mobile transactions (mobile payment) in a secure way along with many other information- based tap’n play operations. This book has a double role for computer scientists (from bachelor students in CS to IT professionals).Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Introduction xv Chapter 1. State-of-the-Art of NFC1 1.1. Future mobiquitous digital services 2 1.1.1. The era of mobiquity 3 1.1.2. Toward a world of contactless communicating objects 6 1.2. NFC equipment 7 1.2.1. NFC tag 7 1.2.2. NFC smart card 8 1.2.3. NFC smartphone 13 1.2.4. Reader/encoder: NFC transaction terminals 14 1.2.5. “Smart cities” and sustainable development 14 1.2.6. Cashless payment with NFC 15 1.3. NFC standards 16 1.3.1. Analog signal and NFC digital transposition 18 1.3.2. The three standardized modes of NFC 21 1.3.3. NFC forum standards 25 1.3.4. GlobalPlatform (GP) 36 1.3.5. SIMAlliance and open mobile API 42 Chapter 2. Developing NFC Applications with Android 45 2.1. Introduction to Android programming using Eclipse 46 2.1.1. Android in a nutshell 46 2.1.2. Android in Eclipse IDE 49 2.1.3. Intents and Android context 60 2.1.4. The Activity class of Android 61 2.1.5. Android graphical interface: “layout” files 64 2.1.6. Compiling and testing an Android application 67 2.2. Implementing NFC with Android 70 2.2.1. Android manifest declarations 71 2.2.2. Implementing the NFC reader/writer mode 71 2.2.3. Implementing the NFC P2P mode with Android 83 2.2.4. Implementing the NFC card emulation mode with Android 87 2.2.5. Developing NFC services with Android HCE 97 Chapter 3. NFC Use Cases 107 3.1. Usage of the NFC reader/writer mode 107 3.1.1. Use case: management of equipment loans 108 3.2. Usage of the NFC P2P mode 112 3.2.1. Use case: NFC pairing 112 3.3. Usage of NFC card emulation mode 114 3.3.1. Use case: digital wallet in the SE 115 3.4. Usage of the HCE mode 118 3.4.1. Use case: SE in the Cloud with HCE 119 Conclusion 121 Bibliography 125 Index 129

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Book SynopsisThis book presents LTE evolution towards 5G mobile communication and the emergence of new requirements for MBB, MTC and LLC services. As LTE technologies evolve, LTE Advanced Pro dramatically increases cell capacity and user data rates for the MBB unicast service. Such requirements are obtained using full-dimension MIMO, carrier aggregation (on either licensed or unlicensed frequency bands) and dual connectivity. To improve the efficiency of same-content delivery to multiple users, 3GPP proposes a group communications service over LTE and defines mission critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) for dedicated public safety services. Complementary low-cost and low-power modems with enhanced coverage and massive connectivity are emerging. Thus, this book also discusses the need for LTE to support low-rate transmission and high-latency communication for MTC services. Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations xi Introduction xxix Chapter 1. MBB Service – Network Architecture 1 1.1. Initial architecture 1 1.1.1. Functional architecture 1 1.1.2. Protocol architecture 6 1.2. CUPS architecture 13 1.3. Heterogeneous networks 15 1.3.1. HeNB station 16 1.3.2. Relay node 19 1.3.3. RRH module 23 1.3.4. Dual connectivity 25 Chapter 2. MBB Service – Spatial Multiplexing 29 2.1. Multiplexing techniques 29 2.1.1. MIMO mechanism 29 2.1.2. Beamforming 31 2.1.3. Antenna configurations 31 2.2. Antenna ports 33 2.2.1. Downlink 33 2.2.2. Uplink 35 2.3. UCI 36 2.4. Transmission modes 38 2.4.1. Downlink 38 2.4.2. Uplink 41 2.5. FD-MIMO mechanism 41 2.6. eFD-MIMO mechanism 46 Chapter 3. MBB Service – Carrier Aggregation 49 3.1. Functional architecture 49 3.2. LTE aggregation 50 3.2.1. Radio channels 50 3.2.2. PDCCH physical channel 52 3.2.3. MAC layer 54 3.2.4. Mobile categories 54 3.3. LAA aggregation 57 3.3.1. Frame structure 57 3.3.2. Access to the radio channel 60 3.3.3. Discovery reference signal (DRS) 61 3.4. LWA aggregation 62 3.4.1. Protocol architecture 62 3.4.2. Procedures 63 3.5. LWIP aggregation 67 3.5.1. Protocol architecture 67 3.5.2. Tunnel establishment 69 Chapter 4. Wi-Fi Integration – Network Architecture 71 4.1. Functional architecture 71 4.1.1. Architecture based on the S2a interface 71 4.1.2. Architecture based on the S2b interface 74 4.1.3. Architecture based on the S2c interface 76 4.2. Tunnel establishment 78 4.2.1. Architecture based on the S2a interface 78 4.2.2. Architecture based on the S2b interface 82 4.2.3. Architecture based on the S2c interface 83 4.3. DIAMETER protocol 84 4.3.1. AAA server interfaces 85 4.3.2. PCRF interfaces 89 Chapter 5. Wi-Fi Integration – Procedures 91 5.1. Mutual authentication 91 5.1.1. EAP-AKA method 91 5.1.2. Mutual authentication procedure 92 5.1.3. Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication 95 5.1.4. Application to the MIPv4 FA mechanism 96 5.2. SWu tunnel establishment 97 5.2.1. IPSec mechanism 97 5.2.2. SWu tunnel establishment procedure 98 5.2.3. Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication 101 5.3. S2a/S2b tunnel establishment 102 5.3.1. PMIPv6 mechanism 102 5.3.2. GTPv2 mechanism 107 5.3.3. MIPv4 FA mechanism 109 5.4. S2c tunnel establishment 113 5.4.1. Trusted Wi-Fi access 114 5.4.2. Untrusted Wi-Fi access 115 Chapter 6. Wi-Fi Integration – Network Discovery and Selection 117 6.1. Mechanisms defined by 3GPP organization 117 6.1.1. ANDSF function 117 6.1.2. RAN assistance 125 6.2. Mechanisms defined by IEEE and WFA organizations 125 6.2.1. Information elements provided by the beacon 127 6.2.2. Information elements provided by the ANQP server 128 Chapter 7. LLC Service – Proximity Communications 133 7.1. Introduction 133 7.2. Functional architecture 135 7.2.1. D2D communication 135 7.2.2. V2X communication 139 7.3. Direct discovery 141 7.4. Radio interface 142 7.4.1. Radio interface structure 142 7.4.2. Physical resources 145 Chapter 8. LLC Service – Group Communications 151 8.1. Introduction 151 8.2. Transport architecture 152 8.2.1. Functional architecture 152 8.2.2. Protocol architecture 154 8.3. Service architecture 155 8.3.1. Functional architecture 155 8.3.2. Protocol architecture 158 8.4. Radio interface 159 8.4.1. MBSFN-RS 160 8.4.2. PMCH 162 8.4.3. RRC messages 166 8.5. Procedures 170 8.5.1. Mutual authentication. 170 8.5.2. Mobile registration 171 8.5.3. Multicast bearer establishment 172 Chapter 9. LLC Service – GCSE and MCPTT Functions 175 9.1. Introduction 175 9.2. GCSE function 176 9.2.1. Functional architecture 176 9.2.2. Protocol architecture 177 9.3. MCPTT function 178 9.3.1. Functional architecture 178 9.3.2. Protocol architecture 182 9.4. Procedures 186 9.4.1. Group creation 186 9.4.2. Group affiliation 187 9.4.3. Session pre-establishment 188 9.4.4. Group call 190 9.4.5. Private call 191 9.4.6. Floor 194 Chapter 10. MTC Service – Network Architecture 197 10.1. Functional architecture 197 10.1.1. MTC-IWF entity 198 10.1.2. MTC-AAA entity 199 10.1.3. SCEF entity 199 10.1.4. IWF-SCEF entity 200 10.2. Network optimization 200 10.2.1. RRC state Suspend 202 10.2.2. RRC state Resume 203 10.3. Congestion control 204 10.4. Procedures 206 10.4.1. Triggering procedure 206 10.4.2. Group message delivery 207 10.4.3. Event monitoring configuration 209 10.4.4. NIDD transfer 213 Chapter 11. MTC Service – Radio Interfaces 219 11.1. Introduction 219 11.2. Special features 220 11.2.1. PSM feature 220 11.2.2. eDRX feature 221 11.2.3. Coverage extension 221 11.3. LTE-M interface 221 11.3.1. Radio channel 221 11.3.2. Guard time 222 11.3.3. Physical channels 223 11.4. NB-IoT interface 226 11.4.1. Radio channel 226 11.4.2. Resource block 227 11.4.3. Physical signals and channels 228 Chapter 12. MBB Service – 5G Integration 237 12.1. Deployment options 237 12.2. Functional architecture 239 12.3. Protocol architecture 240 12.3.1. Radio interface 240 12.3.2. F1 interface 243 12.4. Procedures 245 12.4.1. Adding a secondary node 245 12.4.2. Changing a secondary node 247 12.4.3. Removing a secondary node 249 12.5. Transmission chain 250 12.5.1. Frequency bands 250 12.5.2. Waveform 251 12.5.3. Time frame 253 12.5.4. Error correction codes 254 12.5.5. Reference signals 254 12.5.6. PSS, SSS and PBCH 254 References 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisFrom queues to telecoms. Queues are, of course, omnipresent in our world, at the bank, the supermarket, the shops, on the road... and yes, they also exist in the domain of telecoms. Queues Applied to Telecoms studies the theoretical aspect of these queues, from Poisson processes, Markov chains and queueing systems to queueing networks. The study of the use of their resources is addressed by the theory of teletraffic. This book also outlines the basic ideas in the theory of teletraffic, presenting the teletraffic of loss systems and waiting systems. However, some applications and explanations are more oriented towards the field of telecommunications, and this book contains lectures and more than sixty corrected exercises to cover these topics. On your marks....Table of ContentsNotations xi Preface xxi Part 1 Typical Processes in Queues 1 Chapter 1 The Poisson Process 3 1.1 Review of the exponential distribution 3 1.1.1 Definitions 3 1.1.2 The properties of an exponential distribution 4 1.2 Poisson process 10 1.2.1 Definitions 10 1.2.2 Properties of the Poisson process 12 1.3 Exercises 16 Chapter 2 Markov Chains 21 2.1 Markov chains in discrete time 21 2.1.1 Definitions 21 2.1.2 Evolution of a stochastic vector over time 26 2.1.3 Asymptotic behavior 30 2.1.4 Holding time in a state 32 2.1.5 Time-reversible chain 33 2.1.6 Reversible Markov chains 34 2.1.7 Kolmogorov’s criterion 34 2.2 Markov chains in continuous time 35 2.2.1 Definitions 35 2.2.2 Evolution over time 38 2.2.3 Resolving the state equation 41 2.2.4 Asymptotic behavior 42 2.3 Birth and death process 43 2.3.1 Definition 43 2.3.2 Infinitesimal stochastic generator 43 2.3.3 Stationary distribution 44 2.4 Exercises 45 Part 2 Queues 51 Chapter 3 Common Queues 53 3.1 Arrival process of customers in a queue 53 3.1.1 The Poisson process 53 3.1.2 Using the Poisson distribution Rho(lambda) 54 3.1.3 Exponential distribution of delay times 55 3.2 Queueing systems 57 3.2.1 Notation for queueing systems 58 3.2.2 Little distributions 59 3.2.3 Offered traffic 60 3.3 M/M/1 queue 60 3.3.1 Stationary distribution 61 3.3.2 Characteristics of the M/M/1 queue 62 3.3.3 Introducing a factor of impatience 64 3.4 M/M/(Infinity) queue 65 3.5 M/M/n/n queue 66 3.5.1 Stationary distribution 67 3.5.2 Erlang-B formula 67 3.5.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n/n queue 68 3.6 M/M/n queue 68 3.6.1 Stationary distribution 69 3.6.2 Erlang-C formula 70 3.6.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n queue 70 3.7 M/GI/1 queue 71 3.7.1 Stationary distribution 71 3.7.2 Characteristics of the M/GI/1 queue 73 3.8 Exercises 74 Chapter 4 Product-Form Queueing Networks 79 4.1 Jackson networks 80 4.1.1 Definition of a Jackson network 80 4.1.2 Stationary distribution 81 4.1.3 The particular case of the Jackson theorem for open networks 84 4.1.4 Generalization of Jackson networks: BCMP networks 84 4.2 Whittle networks 85 4.2.1 Definition of a Whittle network 85 4.2.2 Stationary distribution 88 4.2.3 Properties of a Whittle network 88 4.3 Exercise 89 Part 3 Teletraffic 91 Chapter 5 Notion of Teletraffic 93 5.1 Teletraffic and its objectives 93 5.2 Definitions 94 5.2.1 Measures in teletraffic 94 5.2.2 Sources and resources 95 5.2.3 Requests and holding time 96 5.2.4 Traffic 97 5.3 Measuring and foreseeing traffic 101 5.3.1 Traffic and service quality 101 5.3.2 Measuring traffic 102 5.3.3 Markovian model of traffic 102 5.3.4 Economy and traffic forecasting 103 5.4 Exercises 103 Chapter 6 Resource Requests and Activity 107 6.1 Infinite number of sources 107 6.1.1 Distribution of requests in continuous time 107 6.1.2 Distribution of requests in discrete time 110 6.1.3 Duration of activity distributions 113 6.1.4 Distribution of busy sources 115 6.2 Finite number of sources 115 6.2.1 Modeling with birth and death processes 116 6.2.2 Distribution of requests 117 6.3 Traffic peaks and randomness 118 6.3.1 Traffic peaks 118 6.3.2 Pure chance traffic 119 6.4 Recapitulation 119 6.5 Exercises 120 Chapter 7 The Teletraffic of Loss Systems 123 7.1 Loss systems 124 7.1.1 Definitions 124 7.1.2 Blocking and loss 124 7.2 The Erlang model 126 7.2.1 Infinite number of resources 127 7.2.2 Finite number of resources 128 7.2.3 Erlang-B formula 131 7.2.4 Dimensioning principles 132 7.3 Engset model 133 7.3.1 Sufficient number of resources 133 7.3.2 Insufficient number of resources 135 7.3.3 On the Engset loss formula 137 7.4 Imperfect loss systems 137 7.4.1 Loss probability in an imperfect system with limited and constant accessibility 137 7.4.2 Losses in a system with limited and variable accessibility 138 7.5 Exercises 138 Chapter 8 Teletraffic in Delay Systems 143 8.1 Delay system 143 8.1.1 Description 143 8.1.2 Characteristics of delay 144 8.2 Erlang model 145 8.2.1 Infinitely long queue 145 8.2.2 Erlang-C formula 146 8.2.3 Distribution of delays 147 8.3 Finite waiting capacity model 150 8.3.1 Queues of finite length 150 8.3.2 Limitations affecting the delay 151 8.4 Palm model 151 8.4.1 M/M/n/N/N queue 152 8.4.2 Characteristics of traffic 153 8.5 General distribution model for activity 153 8.5.1 The Pollaczek--Khinchine formula 153 8.5.2 Activity with a constant duration 154 8.6 Exercises 155 Part 4 Answers to Exercises 161 Chapter 9 Chapter 1 Exercises 163 Chapter 10 Chapter 2 Exercises 171 Chapter 11 Chapter 3 Exercises 185 Chapter 12 Chapter 4 Exercise 197 Chapter 13 Chapter 5 Exercises 201 Chapter 14 Chapter 6 Exercises 205 Chapter 15 Chapter 7 Exercises 207 Chapter 16 Chapter 8 Exercises 211 Part 5 Appendices 219 Appendix 1 221 Appendix 2 227 References 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThe Tactile Internet will change the landscape of communication by introducing a new paradigm that enables the remote delivery of haptic data.This book answers the many questions surrounding the Tactile Internet, including its reference architecture and adapted compression methods for conveying haptic information. It also describes the key enablers for deploying the applications of the Tactile Internet.As an antecedent technology, the IoT is tackled, explaining the differences and similarities between the Tactile Internet, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Everything. The essentials of teleoperation systems are summarized and the challenges that face this paradigm in its implementation and deployment are also discussed.Finally, a teleoperation case study demonstrating an application of the Tactile Internet is investigated to demonstrate its functionalities, architecture and performance.Table of ContentsForeword xi Ian F. Akyildiz Preface xiii Tara Ali-Yahiya and Wrya Monnet List of Acronyms xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Tactile Internet 1 Tara Ali-Yahiya 1. 1. Human perception and Tactile Internet 2 1. 2. The roadmap towards Tactile Internet 3 1. 3. What is Tactile Internet? 5 1. 4. Cyber-Physical Systems and TI 7 1. 4. 1. Physical world 7 1. 4. 2. Internet of Things 7 1. 4. 3. Communication 7 1. 4. 4. Storage and computation 8 1. 4. 5. Feedback 8 1. 4. 6. Smart computing 10 1. 5. References 11 Chapter 2 Reference Architecture of the Tactile Internet 13 Tara Ali-Yahiya 2. 1. Tactile Internet system architecture 13 2. 2. IEEE 1918. 1 use cases 15 2. 2. 1. Teleoperation 16 2. 2. 2. Automotive 17 2. 2. 3. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) 17 2. 2. 4. Internet of drones 18 2. 2. 5. Inter personal communication 18 2. 2. 6. Live haptic-enabled broadcast 19 2. 2. 7. Cooperative automated driving 19 2. 3. Conclusion 20 2. 4. References 20 Chapter 3 Tactile Internet Key Enablers 21 Tara Ali-Yahiya 3. 1. Introduction 21 3. 1. 1. The fifth-generation system architecture 21 3. 1. 2. Network slicing 23 3. 1. 3. Network function virtualization 25 3. 1. 4. Software-defined networking 26 3. 1. 5. Edge computing 27 3. 1. 6. Artificial intelligence 29 3. 2. Conclusion 31 3. 3. References 31 Chapter 4 6G for Tactile Internet 35 Pinar Kirci and Tara Ali-Yahiya 4. 1. Introduction 35 4. 2. Thearchitectureof6G 37 4. 2. 1. Networkperformanceof6G 38 4. 2. 2. Space network 39 4. 2. 3. Air network 40 4. 2. 4. Ground network 40 4. 2. 5. Underwater network 41 4. 3. 6G channel measurements and characteristics 41 4. 3. 1. Optical wireless channel 41 4. 3. 2. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) channel 42 4. 3. 3. Underwater acoustic channel 43 4. 3. 4. Satellite channel 43 4. 3. 5. RFandterahertznetworksin6G 45 4. 3. 6. Visible light communication technology 48 4. 3. 7. Orbital angular momentum technology 48 4. 4. 6GcellularInternetofThings 49 4. 5. Energy self-sustainability (ESS) in 6G 50 4. 6. IoT-integrated ultra smart city life 52 4. 7. AI-enabled6Gnetworks 55 4. 8. AI- and ML-based security management in super IoT 59 4. 9. Securityfor6G 60 4. 10. The WEAFMnecosystem (water, earth, air, fire micro/nanoecosystem) with 6G and Tactile Internet 61 4. 11. References 63 Chapter 5 IoT, IoE and Tactile Internet 65 Wrya Monnet 5. 1. From M2MtoIoT 66 5. 2. Classification of remote monitoring and control systems 66 5. 3. IoT-enabling technologies 67 5. 3. 1. IoT hardware 67 5. 3. 2. IoT software 67 5. 3. 3. IoT connectivity 67 5. 4. Architectural design and interfaces 68 5. 5. IoT communication protocols 71 5. 5. 1. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 72 5. 5. 2. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 74 5. 5. 3. Data Distribution Service for real-time systems (DDS) 76 5. 5. 4. Open Mobile Alliance Device Management (OMA-DM) 79 5. 6. Internet of Everything (IoE) 80 5. 6. 1. Enabling technologies for the IoE 81 5. 7. Protocol comparisons and the readiness for TI 82 5. 8. TI-IoT models and challenges 83 5. 9. Edge computing in the IoT 85 5. 9. 1. Edge computing paradigms 86 5. 10. Real-time IoT and analytics versus real time in TI 88 5. 11. From IoT towardsTI 88 5. 12. Conclusion 90 5. 13. References 91 Chapter 6 Telerobotics 95 Wrya Monnet 6. 1. Introduction 95 6. 2. Teleoperation evolution to telepresence 96 6. 3. Tele presence applications 97 6. 4. Teleoperation system components 99 6. 4. 1. Master domains 102 6. 4. 2. Network domain (communication channel) 102 6. 4. 3. Slave domain 102 6. 5. Architecture of bilateral teleoperation control system 103 6. 5. 1. Classification of the control systems architectures 106 6. 5. 2. Discrete architecture with transmission delay 107 6. 6. Performance and transparency of telepresence systems 110 6. 6. 1. Passivity and stability 110 6. 6. 2. Time delay issues 112 6. 7. Other methods for time-delay mitigation 116 6. 8. Teleoperation over the Internet 117 6. 9. Multiple access to a teleoperation system 119 6. 10. A use case 121 6. 11. Conclusion 122 6. 12. References 122 Chapter 7 Haptic Data: Compression and Transmission Protocols 127 Wrya Monnet 7. 1. Introduction 127 7. 2. Haptic perception 128 7. 2. 1. Human haptic perception 128 7. 2. 2. Telerobotic tactile and haptic perception 128 7. 2. 3. Tactile sensing for material recognition 129 7. 2. 4. Tactile sensing for object shape recognition 130 7. 2. 5. Tactile sensing for pose estimation 131 7. 3. Haptic interfaces 133 7. 3. 1. Haptic interface for tele presence 133 7. 3. 2. Haptic and tactile sensors and actuators 135 7. 4. Haptic compression 139 7. 5. Haptic transport protocols 142 7. 5. 1. Application layer protocols 143 7. 5. 2. Transport layer protocols 146 7. 6. Multi-transport protocols 149 7. 7. Haptic transport protocol performance metrics 149 7. 8. Conclusion 150 7. 9. References 150 Chapter 8 Mapping Wireless Networked Robotics into Tactile Internet 155 Nicola Roberto Zema and Tara Ali-Yahiya 8. 1. Wireless networked robots 155 8. 2. WNR traffic requisites 158 8. 2. 1. Types of traffic in WNRs 158 8. 3. Traffic shaping and TI haptic codecs 160 8. 3. 1. Introduction 161 8. 3. 2. Mapping WNR control traffic to TI 161 8. 4. WNRs in the Tactile Internet architecture 164 8. 4. 1. WNRs in the TI architecture and interfaces 165 8. 5. Conclusion 169 8. 6. References 170 Chapter 9 HoIP over 5G for Tactile Internet Teleoperation Application 173 Tara Ali-Yahiya, Wryamonnet and Bakhtiar M. Amin 9. 1. Relatedworks 174 9. 2. 5G architecture design for Tactile Internet 179 9. 2. 1. Tactile edge A 180 9. 2. 2. Network domain 182 9. 2. 3. Protocol stack of 5G integration with IEEE 1918. 1 182 9. 3. HapticsoverIP 183 9. 4. Teleoperationcasestudy 185 9. 4. 1. Master to slave (uplink) data rate in edge A 187 9. 4. 2. Slave to master (downlink) data rate in edge B 187 9. 4. 3. Encapsulating the haptic data in HoIP 188 9. 4. 4. 5G network data and control handling 188 9. 4. 5. Case study operational states 190 9. 4. 6. Case study protocol stack 191 9. 5. Simulationresults 192 9. 5. 1. Simulation topology 193 9. 5. 2. NS3networkarchitecture 194 9. 5. 3. Simulation scenario 196 9. 5. 4. Simulation results 198 9. 6. Conclusion 203 9. 7. References 203 Chapter 10 Issues and Challenges Facing Low Latency in the Tactile Internet 209 Tara Ali-Yahiya 10. 1. Introduction 209 10. 1. 1. Technical requirements for the TI 211 10. 2. Low latency in the Tactile Internet 212 10. 2. 1. Resource allocation 212 10. 2. 2. Mobile edge computing 213 10. 2. 3. Network coding 214 10. 2. 4. Haptic communication protocols 214 10. 3. Intelligence and the Tactile Internet 216 10. 4. Edge intelligent 216 10. 5. Openissues 219 10. 6. Conclusion 220 10. 7. References 221 List of Authors 227 Index 229

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Book SynopsisOver recent years, the amount of mobile equipment that needs to be connected to corporate networks remotely (smartphones, laptops, etc.) has increased rapidly. Innovative development perspectives and new tendencies such as BYOD (bring your own device) are exposing business information systems more than ever to various compromising threats. The safety control of remote access has become a strategic issue for all companies. This book reviews all the threats weighing on these remote access points, as well as the existing standards and specific countermeasures to protect companies, from both the technical and organizational points of view. It also reminds us that the organization of safety is a key element in the implementation of an efficient system of countermeasures as well. The authors also discuss the novelty of BYOD, its dangers and how to face them. Contents 1. An Ordinary Day in the Life of Mr. Rowley, or the Dangers of Virtualization and Mobility. 2.Threats and Attacks. 3. Technological Countermeasures. 4. Technological Countermeasures for Remote Access. 5. What Should Have Been Done to Make Sure Mr Rowley’s Day Really Was Ordinary. About the Authors Dominique Assing is a senior security consultant and a specialist in the management and security of information systems in the banking and stock markets sectors. As a security architect and risk manager, he has made information security his field of expertise. Stephane Calé is security manager (CISSP) for a major automobile manufacturer and has more than 15 years of experience of putting in place telecommunications and security infrastructures in an international context.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. An Ordinary Day in the Life of Mr. Rowley, or the Dangers of Virtualization and Mobility 1 1.1. A busy day 1 1.2. The ups and downs of the day 3 1.3. What actually happened? 3 Chapter 2. Threats and Attacks 7 2.1. Reconnaissance phase 9 2.1.1. Passive mode information gathering techniques 10 2.1.2. Active mode information gathering techniques 14 2.2. Identity/authentication attack 22 2.2.1. ARP spoofing 22 2.2.2. IP spoofing 22 2.2.3. Connection hijacking 29 2.2.4. Man in the middle 29 2.2.5. DNS spoofing 30 2.2.6. Replay attack 31 2.2.7. Rebound intrusion 31 2.2.8. Password hacking 32 2.2.9. The insecurity of SSL/TLS 34 2.3. Confidentiality attack 38 2.3.1. Espionage software 39 2.3.2. Trojans 41 2.3.3. Sniffing 43 2.3.4. Cracking encrypted data 44 2.4. Availability attack 49 2.4.1. ICMP Flood 50 2.4.2. SYN Flood 50 2.4.3. Smurfing 52 2.4.4. Log Flood 52 2.4.5. Worms 53 2.5. Attack on software integrity 55 2.6. BYOD: mixed-genre threats and attacks 57 2.7. Interception of GSM/GPRS/EDGE communications 61 Chapter 3. Technological Countermeasures 65 3.1. Prevention 66 3.1.1. Protection of mobile equipment 67 3.1.2. Data protection 71 3.2. Detection 81 3.2.1. Systems of intrusion detection 81 3.2.2. Honeypot 88 3.2.3. Management and supervision tools 91 3.3. Reaction 95 3.3.1. Firewall 95 3.3.2. Reverse proxy 102 3.3.3. Antivirus software 104 3.3.4. Antivirus software: an essential building block but in need of completion 107 3.4. Organizing the information system’s security 108 3.4.1. What is security organization? 109 3.4.2. Quality of security, or the attraction of ISMS 110 Chapter 4. Technological Countermeasures for Remote Access 113 4.1. Remote connection solutions 114 4.1.1. Historic solutions 115 4.1.2. Desktop sharing solutions 115 4.1.3. Publication on the Internet 116 4.1.4. Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions 118 4.2. Control of remote access 137 4.2.1. Identification and authentication 139 4.2.2. Unique authentication 155 4.3. Architecture of remote access solutions 157 4.3.1. Securing the infrastructure 157 4.3.2. Load balancing/redundancy 161 4.4. Control of conformity of the VPN infrastructure 162 4.5. Control of network admission 166 4.5.1. Control of network access 166 4.5.2. ESCV (Endpoint Security Compliancy Verification) 167 4.5.3. Mobile NAC 170 Chapter 5. What Should Have Been Done to Make Sure Mr Rowley’s Day Really Was Ordinary 173 5.1. The attack at Mr Rowley’s house 173 5.1.1. Securing Mr Rowley’s PC 173 5.1.2. Securing the organizational level 174 5.1.3. Detection at the organizational level 175 5.1.4. A little bit of prevention 175 5.2. The attack at the airport VIP lounge while on the move 176 5.3. The attack at the café 176 5.4. The attack in the airport VIP lounge during Mr Rowley’s return journey 178 5.5. The loss of a smartphone and access to confidential data 180 5.6. Summary of the different security solutions that should have been implemented 181 Conclusion 187 APPENDICES 189 Appendix 1 191 Appendix 2 197 Bibliography 223 Index 233

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Book SynopsisNear field communication (NFC) can appear to be a simple intuitive technology for exchanging data between close devices. In reality, these contactless structures that combine components and antennas must respect important and specific working constraints. Illustrated by a number of detailed technological examples, this book discusses the multiple normative (ISO, CEN, NFC Forum, EMVCo, etc.) and regulatory (ERC, FCC, ETSI, radiofrequency, private and ecological pollution, etc.) constraints, as well as the applied, typological, functional, structural, environmental or interoperability constraints that a NFC device might face. Design Constraints for NFC Devices also presents techniques that enable us to free ourselves from the technological constraints of current NFC operations encountered in banking, public transport, administration, automotive, industrial, communicating object and Internet of Things applications.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Preface xiii Introduction xvii Part 1. Introduction to – and Reminders About – NFC 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Recap of the Principles Employed in NFC 5 1.1. The physical fundaments of “contactless” and NFC 5 1.1.1. Phenomenon of propagation and radiation 5 1.1.2. Classification of fields and spatial regions 6 1.1.3. Spatial regions 6 1.1.4. Far field: r >> λ/2π (Fraunhofer zone) 6 1.1.5. Intermediary field: r approximately equal to λ (Fresnel zone) 7 1.1.6. Near field: r << λ/2π (Rayleigh zone) and the origin of NFC 7 1.1.7. Remarks on contactless, RFID and NFC applications 7 1.2. The concept of NFC 9 1.2.1. Biot–Savart law 10 1.2.2. Field H at a point on the axis of a circular antenna 10 1.2.3. Decrease in the field H as a function of “d” 13 1.2.4. Field H at a point on the axis of a rectangular antenna 14 Chapter 2. Normative Constraints of NFC 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.1.1. Normative, regulatory and NFC market constraints 17 2.1.2. A little bit of vocabulary 18 2.1.3. Norm 19 2.1.4. Standard 19 2.2. Normative constraints 19 2.2.1. Uplink from initiator to targets 20 2.2.2. “Contactless” normative constraints on NFC device antennae 27 2.3. Conclusion 36 Chapter 3. Regulatory Constraints and Recommendations 39 3.1. Regulatory constraints specific to NFC and NFC antennas 39 3.1.1. State of RF regulations 39 3.1.2. Constraints pertaining to radiation and pollution by NFC 41 3.1.3. The ERC 70 03 recommendation and the ETSI 300 330 norm 41 3.2. Constraints due to recommendations 45 3.2.1. Exposure of the human body to EM fields 46 3.2.2. Societal constraints due to individual freedoms (privacy) 48 3.2.3. Environmental constraints 50 3.3. Constraints of the NFC market 52 3.3.1. NFC applications of short range devices 52 3.3.2. Costs and market prices desired by users 52 3.3.3. Beware of false advertising 53 Part 2. Constraints Due to the Field of Applications of NFC 55 Introduction to Part 2 57 Chapter 4. Applicational Typologies of the NFC and their Consequences 59 4.1. Applicational typologies of the NFC 59 4.1.1. Technologies 59 4.1.2. “NFC Forum Devices” and “NFC Forum Tags” 60 4.1.3. “Modes” of communication of an NFC Forum Device 62 4.1.4. Role of an NFC Forum Device 63 4.1.5. Applicational typological possibilities and their constraints 64 4.2. Application consequences and their direct constraints 67 4.2.1. Touch & Go typology 67 4.2.2. Touch & Confirm typology 67 4.2.3. Touch & Connect typology 67 4.2.4. Touch & Explore typology 68 Chapter 5. Constraints Due to Fields of Application 69 5.1. Range of technical possibilities of applications 69 5.1.1. In architectures and electronic functions 69 5.1.2. Shapes, dimensions and form factors (publicity aside) 70 5.1.3. Remarks and some clarifications about the table 70 5.1.4. Targets/tags for the monitoring of long-distance races 72 5.1.5. Targets/tags for monitoring luxury items 72 5.2. Segmentation, typologies of markets, their problems and their incidences, and direct technical constraints on NFC devices 73 5.2.1. Market sectors and typologies 74 5.3. Mobile telephony 75 5.4. Banks/money matters/payments 77 5.5. Transport 78 5.5.1. 1st case: card emulation mode in battery-assisted and then flat battery 81 5.5.2. 2nd case: card emulation mode with battery out 81 5.5.3. 3rd case: collisions and loading effects 82 5.6. Automobiles 82 5.6.1. Consumer electronics 85 5.7. Healthcare 88 5.8. Communicating objects 89 5.8.1. NFC tablets 89 5.8.2. NFC USB key 90 5.8.3. NFC communication and promotional objects 91 5.8.4. “Add-on” NFC devices, sticks, and stickers 92 Part 3. Applicational Constraints Needing to be Solved when Designing NFC Systems and their Antennas 95 Introduction to Part 3 97 Chapter 6. Structural Constraints in NFC 99 6.1. Constraints due to the form factors of the antennas 99 6.2. Constraints due to variations of the operating distance 100 6.2.1. Distances and magnetic couplings 100 6.3. Constraint of the maximum acceptable value of the quality coefficient Q of the initiator antenna 100 6.4. Constraint of the value of return (retro) modulation voltage 102 6.4.1. Passive Load Modulation (PLM) 103 6.4.2. Active Load Modulation (ALM) 106 Chapter 7. Functional Applicational Constraints 111 7.1. Antenna tuning/detuning constraints 111 7.1.1. The case of an initiator 111 7.1.2. Electrical representation of the target 112 7.1.3. “Tuned”, “untuned” and “detuned” mobile phones 120 7.2. Constraints and influences of the environment 124 7.2.1. Physical influence of the environment 124 7.2.2. Impacts of the environment on the antenna and its performance 124 7.2.3. Electrical fields E 125 7.2.4. Magnetic field 128 Part 4. Conformity and Interoperability Constraints 137 Introduction to Part 4 139 Chapter 8. Conformity Constraints 141 8.1. Conformity tests for NFC devices 141 8.2. Norms of “conformity” tests for NFC IPx 142 8.2.1. ISO 23917 tests (NFC IP1 protocol) 143 8.2.2. ISO 22536 tests (NFC IP1 RF interface) 143 8.3. Electrical characterizations of the initiator antenna 146 8.3.1. The antenna’s inductance and resistance 146 8.3.2. Quality coefficient 149 8.3.3. Bandwidth 149 8.3.4. Tuning of the antenna and its impedance matching 149 8.4. Method of adjustment of the target antenna 154 8.4.1. Absorption threshold, H_thr 154 8.4.2. Absorption in reading mode, H_read 154 8.4.3. Resonance frequency, f_res 154 8.4.4. Bandwidth 155 8.5. Measuring methods for use with the target 155 8.6. Electrical measurements of the initiator antenna 156 8.6.1. Measuring the magnetic field H radiated by the initiator 156 8.6.2. Measurement of the quality coefficient – Q 158 8.6.3. Measuring Q in the application 162 8.6.4. Measuring the bandwidth in the application 163 8.7. Method for adjustment of whole systems 165 8.7.1. Measurements needing to be performed 165 8.7.2. Order in which the measurements must be taken 165 8.7.3. Energy domains, zero lines, and safe operating areas 165 8.8. Measuring tools 166 Chapter 9. Interoperability Constraints 169 9.1. Norms and interoperability 169 9.2. Problems of the tests; JNCF ISO vs EMV vs NFC Forum; etc 170 9.2.1. EMV conformity tests . 171 9.3. In practice: a few simple examples of measurements 178 9.3.1. Example 1 179 9.3.2. Example 2 181 9.3.3. Conformity tests of the NFC Forum 185 9.3.4. NFC Forum testing and certification methods for the lower levels 186 9.3.5. Testing the conformity of NFC with the CEN – Comité européen de normalisation (European Standardizing Committee) 187 9.3.6. What about overall interoperability? 188 Conclusion 189 Bibliography 197 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThe option for consumers to make payments for services and products via mobile telephones has created a dynamic new industry. High-Tech Entrepreneurship in Asia illustrates how small, entrepreneurial firms in Asia have devised and produced innovations crucial for this industry's development. Marina Zhang and Mark Dodgson explore the evolution of the mobile payment industry which has emerged in recent years through the convergence of services provided by financial and mobile telecommunications companies. They consider how leading Asian economies are increasingly becoming the source of important technological innovations. Detailed case studies are used to reveal the technological, social, political, national and cultural factors that encourage and constrain entrepreneurship in Asia, paying particular attention to China and Korea, the industry vanguards. The role played by entrepreneurial start-ups in bridging the gap between banking, credit card and mobile telecommunications sectors is also explored. This highly original work will strongly appeal to students, researchers, policymakers and managers interested in international entrepreneurship, innovation, industrial and technological development and Asian business.Table of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Mobile Payment Technologies 3. The Development of Emerging Technologies 4. High-Tech Entrepreneurship 5. Entrepreneurship Research by Process-Oriented Case Inquiry 6. The Development of Mobile Payment Technologies in Korea 7. The Development of the Mobile Payment Industry in China 8. High-Tech Entrepreneurship: Technology, Firms and International Context Bibliography Index

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisAll you need to know about deploying VoIP protocols in one comprehensive and highly practical reference - Now updated with coverage on SIP and the IMS infrastructure This book provides a comprehensive and practical overview of the technology behind Internet Telephony (IP), providing essential information to Network Engineers, Designers, and Managers who need to understand the protocols. Furthermore, the author explores the issues involved in the migration of existing telephony infrastructure to an IP - based real time communication service. Assuming a working knowledge of IP and networking, it addresses the technical aspects of real-time applications over IP. Drawing on his extensive research and practical development experience in VoIP from its earliest stages, the author provides an accessible reference to all the relevant standards and cutting-edge techniques in a single resource. Key Features: Updated with a chapter on SIP and theTrade Review Table of ContentsContents Abbreviations Glossary Preface 1 Voice over multimedia 1.1Transporting voice, fax and video over a packet network 1.2Encoding media streams 2 H.323: Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 H.323 step by step 2.3 Optimizing and enhancing H.323 2.4 Conferencing with H.323 2.5 Directories and numbering 2.6 H.323 security 2.7 Supplementary services 2.8Future work on H.323 3 Session Initiation Protocol 3.1. The origin and purpose of SIP 3.2. From RFC 2543 To RFC 3261 3.3. Overview of a simple SIP call 3.4. Call handling services with SIP 3.5. SIP security 3.6. Instant messaging (IM) and presence 4 The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Overview of the IMS architecture 4.3. The IMS CSCFs 4.4. The full picture : 3GPP release 8, TISPAN 5 The Media Gateway to Media Controller Protocol (MGCP) 5.1Introduction:why MGCP? 5.2 MGCP 1.0 5.3 Sample MGCP call flows 5.4 The future of MGCP 6 Advanced Topics: Call Redirection 6.1CallredirectioninVoIPnetworks 7 Advanced Topics: NAT Traversal 7.1 Introduction to Network AddressTranslation343 7.2 Workarounds for VoIP when the network cannot be controlled 7.3 Recommended network design for service providers 7.4 Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisRadio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced presents the findings of the Wireless World Initiative New Radio (WINNER) project, a discussion of future consumer expectations and requirements.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Development and Status of Mobile and Wireless Communications. 1.2 Expectations of Data Traffic Growth. 1.3 Development Towards IMT-Advanced. 1.4 Global Research Activities. 1.5 WINNER Project. 1.6 Future Work. References. 2 Usage Scenarios and Technical Requirements. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Key Scenario Elements. 2.3 Service Classes and Service Requirements. 2.4 Requirements for System Capabilities. 2.5 Terminal Requirements. 2.6 Performance Requirements. 2.7 Spectrum Requirements. 2.8 Dependency of Requirements. 2.9 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 3 WINNER II Channel Models. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Modelling Considerations. 3.3 Channel-Modelling Approach. 3.4 Channel Models and Parameters. 3.5 Channel Model Usage. 3.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 4 System Concept and Architecture. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design Principles and Main Characteristics. 4.3 Logical Node Architecture. 4.4 Protocol and Service Architecture. 4.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 5 Modulation and Coding Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Basic Modulation and Coding Scheme. 5.3 Coding Schemes. 5.4 Link Adaptation. 5.5 Link Level Aspects of H-ARQ. 5.6 Conclusions. References. 6 Link Level Procedures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Pilot Design. 6.3 Channel Estimation. 6.4 Radio Frequency Impairments. 6.5 Measurements and Signalling. 6.6 Link Level Synchronisation. 6.7 Network Synchronisation. 6.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Advanced Antennas Concept for 4G. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Multiple Antennas Concept. 7.3 Spatial Adaptation. 7.4 Spatial Schemes. 7.5 Interference Mitigation. 7.6 Pilots, Feedback and Measurements. 7.7 MIMO Aspects in Relaying. 7.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Cellular Networks. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Motivation for Layer-2 Relays and Prior Work. 8.3 Relay-based Deployments. 8.4 Design Choices for Relay-based Cellular Networks. 8.5 System and Network Aspects. 8.6 System-level Performance Evaluation. 8.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 9 Multiple Access Schemes and Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Techniques. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Multiple Access Schemes. 9.3 Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Schemes. 9.4 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 10 Radio Resource Control and System Level Functions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 IPCL Layer. 10.3 Radio Resource Control. 10.4 Centralised, Distributed and Hybrid RRM Architecture. 10.5 System-Level Performance Results. 10.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 11 Sharing and Flexible Spectrum Use Capabilities. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Spectrum Technologies Framework. 11.3 Detailed Design of a Spectrum Assignment Negotiation Mechanism. 11.4 Spectrum Assignment Enabling Mechanisms. 11.5 WINNER Sharing with FSS. 11.6 Performance Evaluation of Spectrum Assignment Mechanisms. 11.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 12 ITU-R Spectrum Demand Calculation for IMT-Advanced. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 ITU-R Work on Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced. 12.3 ITU-R Spectrum Calculation Methodology. 12.4 Software Implementation of Methodology. 12.5 Estimated Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced. 12.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 13 System Model, Test Scenarios, and Performance Evaluation. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Performance Assessment of Wireless Networks. 13.3 Interface between Link and System Simulations. 13.4 Test Scenarios. 13.5 Spectral Efficiency and Number of Satisfied Users under QoS Constraints. 13.6 End-to-End Performance Evaluation. 13.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 14 Cost Assessment and Optimisation for WINNER Deployments. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Cost Assessment Framework and Assumptions. 14.3 Cost Components. 14.4 Cost Assessment Models. 14.5 Reference Deployment Scenarios and Cost Assessments. 14.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA timely addition to the understanding of IMT-Advanced, this book places particular emphasis on the new areas which IMT-Advanced technologies rely on compared with their predecessors. These latest areas include Radio Resource Management, Carrier Aggregation, improved MIMO support and Relaying. Each technique is thoroughly described and illustrated before being surveyed in context of the LTE-Advanced standards. The book also presents state-of-the-art information on the different aspects of the work of standardization bodies (such as 3GPP and IEEE), making global links between them. Explores the latest research innovations to assess the future of the LTE standard Covers the latest research techniques for beyond IMT-Advanced such as Coordinated multi-point systems (CoMP), Network Coding, Device-to-Device and Spectrum Sharing Contains key information for researchers from academia and industry, engineers, regulators and decision makers working on LTE-AdvanTrade Review"The book is up with the latest thinking and standards, and as such provides a particularly useful coverage of the way in which cellular telecommunications is moving. It would be a valuable addition to the library of any individual or company that is serious about keeping up with the latest LTE technology." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 January 2012) Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Abbreviations xix List of Contributors xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Market and Technology Trends 1 1.2 Technology Evolution 3 1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6 References 8 2 Radio Resource Management 11 2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 11 2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 13 2.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 13 2.2.2 Scheduling 16 2.2.3 Interference Management 16 2.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 18 2.2.5 MBMS Transmission 18 2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 19 2.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 19 2.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 22 2.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 24 2.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 26 2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 26 2.4.1 Power Control 27 2.4.2 Resource Partitioning 28 2.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 33 2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 35 2.5.1 MBMS Transmission 36 2.5.2 Performance Assessment 37 2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39 References 40 3 Carrier Aggregation 43 3.1 Basic Concepts 43 3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 45 3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 48 3.3.1 Channel Coding 48 3.3.2 Scheduling 51 3.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 53 3.3.4 Additional Research Directions 54 3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 55 3.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 56 3.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 58 3.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 59 3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 59 3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60 References 61 4 Spectrum Sharing 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature Overview 64 4.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 66 4.2.2 Femtocells 67 4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 68 4.3.1 Noncooperative Case 68 4.3.2 Hierarchical Case 69 4.4 Spectrum Trading 70 4.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 73 4.4.2 Numerical Results 74 4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 75 4.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 77 4.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 79 4.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 81 4.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 82 4.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 83 4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 84 4.6.1 Future Research 85 References 86 5 Multiuser MIMO Systems 89 5.1 MIMO Fundamentals 89 5.1.1 System Model 91 5.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 92 5.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 96 5.1.4 MIMO with Interference 100 5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 101 5.2.1 LTE-Advanced 102 5.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 104 5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 104 5.3.1 Transmitter–Receiver Design 105 5.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 110 5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 112 5.4.1 Limited Feedback 112 5.4.2 CSI Sounding 113 5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114 References 115 6 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 121 6.1 Overview of CoMP 121 6.1.1 CoMP Types 122 6.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 123 6.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 126 6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 129 6.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 129 6.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 131 6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 133 6.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 133 6.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 134 6.4 Joint Processing Techniques 134 6.4.1 State of the Art 135 6.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 136 6.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 137 6.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 141 6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 142 6.5.1 State of the Art 142 6.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 143 6.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 145 6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 147 6.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 149 6.6.2 Measurement Results 149 6.7 Future Directions 151 References 152 7 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 157 7.1 An Overview of Relaying 157 7.1.1 Relay Evolution 158 7.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 159 7.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 160 7.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 162 7.1.5 Numerical Example 162 7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 164 7.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 164 7.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 166 7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 166 7.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 167 7.3.2 Simulation Results 169 7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 171 7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 173 7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 176 7.6.1 Multihop RNs 176 7.6.2 Mobile Relay 177 7.6.3 Network Coding 177 References 177 8 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 181 8.1 An Overview of Network Coding 181 8.1.1 Historical Background 182 8.1.2 Types of Network Coding 183 8.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 183 8.2 Uplink Network Coding 188 8.2.1 Detection Strategies 188 8.2.2 User Grouping 190 8.2.3 Relay Selection 191 8.2.4 Performance 192 8.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 194 8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 194 8.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 195 8.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 196 8.3.3 Performance 197 8.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 198 8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 199 8.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 200 8.4.2 Performance 201 8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202 References 203 9 Device-to-Device Communication 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 State of the Art 208 9.2.1 In Standards 208 9.2.2 In Literature 210 9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 211 9.3.1 Session Setup 212 9.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 214 9.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 215 9.3.4 Radio Resource Management 220 9.4 Future Directions 225 References 228 10 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 231 10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 231 10.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 232 10.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 234 10.1.3 Performance Requirements 235 10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 238 10.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 238 10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 239 10.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 239 10.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 241 10.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 243 10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 243 10.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 243 10.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 246 10.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 247 10.5 Simulator Calibration 248 10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249 References 250 11 Future Directions 251 11.1 Radio Resource Allocation 252 11.2 Heterogeneous Networks 252 11.3 MIMO and CoMP 253 11.4 Relaying and Network Coding 254 11.5 Device-to-Device Communications 254 11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255 References 256 Appendices 259 Appendix A Resource Allocation 261 A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261 A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261 A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261 A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263 A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263 A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263 A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264 A.2.4 Simulation Results 265 A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266 A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267 A.4.1 Service Operation 267 A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268 Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269 B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269 B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270 B.3 Beacon Signaling 270 Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271 C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271 C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271 C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271 C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273 C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273 C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276 C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276 Appendix D Network Coding 281 D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281 D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282 Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285 E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285 E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285 E.1.2 Inspection 286 E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287 E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287 E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288 E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289 E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291 E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292 References 292 Index 295

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