Meteorology and climatology Books

Book SynopsisOur Sun is the nearest star and thus an ideal laboratory to study dynamic processes which are related to solar terrestrial physics.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Participants. Invited Lectures. Highlights from SOHO and Future Space Missions; B. Fleck. Solar Instrumentation; O. von der Lühe. Solar Activity Monitoring; M. Messerotti. Space Weather and the Earth's Climate; N.B. Crosby. Solar Magnetohydrodynamics; R.W. Walsh. The Navier-Stokes Equations and their Solution: Convection and Oscillation Excitation; M.P. Rast. Solar Polarimetry and Magnetic Field Measurements; J.C. del Toro Iniesta. Contributed Papers. High-Resolution Solar Imaging Using Blind Deconvolution; K. Hartkorn. The Trieste Solar Radio System: A Surveillance Facility for the Solar Corona; M. Messerotti, et al. Deconvolutions and Power Spectra of Solar Granulation; K.N. Pikalov, A. Hanslmeier. Computational Methods Concerning the Solar Granulation; W. Pötzi, et al. Solar Activity Monitoring and Flare Alerting at Kanzelhöhe Solar Observatory; M. Steinegger, et al. Analytical Modeling of Composed Cylindrical Magnetic Structures in the Corona; V.M. Cadez, et al. Physical Conditions in Solar Coronal Holes on the Base of Non-LTE Calculations; E. Malanushenko, E. Baranovsky. X-Ray Limb Flares with Plasma Ejections; K. Mikurda, et al. Coincidences between Magnetic Oscillations and Halpha Bright Points; P.F. Moretti, et al. Chromospheric Dynamics as can be Inferred from Sumer/SOHO Observations; J. Rybák, et al. Formation of Coronal Shock Waves; B. Vrsnak. Onset of Metric and Kilometric Type II Bursts; B. Vrsnak. Observations of NOAA 8210 Using MOF and DHC of Kanzelhöhe Solar Observatory; A. Warmuth, et al. On the Rigid Component in the Solar Rotation; R. Brajsa, et al. The Location of Solar Oscillations in the Photosphere; A. Hanslmeier, et al. High ResolutionObservations of a Photospheric Light Bridge; J. Hirzberger, et al. Phases of the 5-min Photospheric Oscillations above Granules and Intergranular Lanes; E.V. Khomenko. A Photometric and Magnetic Analysis of the Wilson Effect; M. Steinegger, et al. Modeling VIRGO Spectral and Bolometric Irradiances with MDI Data; M. Steinegger, et al. Generated Langmuir Wave Distribution of an Electron Beam Group; C. Estel, G. Mann. Magnetoacoustic Surface Waves at the Base of the Convection Zone; C. Foullon, B. Roberts. Small-Scale Magnetic Elements in 2-D Nonstationary Magnetogranulation; A.S. Gadun, S.K. Solanki. Multi-Mode Kink Instability as a Mechanism for &dgr;-Spot Formation; M.G. Linton. A Numerical Method for Studies of 3D Coronal Field Structures; Z. Romeou, T. Neukirch. Numerical Modeling of Transition Region Dynamics; L. Teriaca, J.G. Doyle. The Effect of Azimuthal Magnetic Field on the Magnetostatic Models of Sunspots; P.B. Tiwari. Comparison of Local and Global Fractal Dimension Determination Methods; A. Veronig, et al. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisSatellite Meteorology is the youngest and fastest growing branch of the science of meteorology and the present book traces its fascinating history, describes the current state of art, and envisions its potential and possibilities. The last decade has witnessed a significant improvement in the accuracy of short and medium range weather forecasting the world over, particularly in the tropics. Numerical weather prediction models seem to be taking over from synoptic meteorologists and may even be doing better. With the support of high power computers, numerical models have indeed become sophisticated and highly capable. However, it is undeniable that their recent success has been largely due to the real time assimilation of satellite data and products. Against the backdrop of these developments, revision of Satellite Meteorology had become overdue. The second edition retains the basic structure and style of previous edition but the updated content reflects more realistically the state oTable of ContentsFundamentals. Weather Systems Observed in Satellite Imagery. Estimation of Atmosphere, Ocean and Land Parameters. Measurement of Parameters by Active Sensors. Satellite Inputs for Numerical Modelling and Climate Studies. Current and Future Meteorological Satellites.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction. Ernest Garcia, Mercedes Martinez-Iglesias and Peadar Kirby.- Part I. Transition.- Chapter 1. The deadlock of the thermo-industrial civilisation: The (impossible) energy transition in the Anthropocene; Alain Gras.- Chapter 2. Uncertainties, inertia and cognitive and psychosocial obstacles to a smooth transition; Joaquim Sempere.- Chapter 3. Towards the Post-Carbon Society: Searching for Signs of the Transition and Identifying Obstacles; Ernest Garcia and Mercedes Martinez-Iglesias.- Chapter 4. The Degrowth Imperative: Reducing energy and resource consumption as an essential component in achieving carbon budget targets; John Wiseman and Samuel Alexander.- Part II. Rethinking austerity.- Chapter 5. Austerity pasts, austerity futures?; Rebecca Bramall.- Chapter 6. Coffee, toast and a tip?: Initial reflections on the transformation of the self; Jorge Riechmann.- Chapter 7. Frugal Abundance in an Age of Limits: Envisioning a degrowth economy; Samuel Alexander.- Part III. Case STable of ContentsIntroduction. Ernest Garcia, Mercedes Martinez-Iglesias and Peadar Kirby.- Part I. Transition.- Chapter 1. The deadlock of the thermo-industrial civilisation: The (impossible) energy transition in the Anthropocene; Alain Gras.- Chapter 2. Uncertainties, inertia and cognitive and psychosocial obstacles to a smooth transition; Joaquim Sempere.- Chapter 3. Towards the Post-Carbon Society: Searching for Signs of the Transition and Identifying Obstacles; Ernest Garcia and Mercedes Martinez-Iglesias.- Chapter 4. The Degrowth Imperative: Reducing energy and resource consumption as an essential component in achieving carbon budget targets; John Wiseman and Samuel Alexander.- Part II. Rethinking austerity.- Chapter 5. Austerity pasts, austerity futures?; Rebecca Bramall.- Chapter 6. Coffee, toast and a tip?: Initial reflections on the transformation of the self; Jorge Riechmann.- Chapter 7. Frugal Abundance in an Age of Limits: Envisioning a degrowth economy; Samuel Alexander.- Part III. Case Studies.- Chapter 8. Cloughjordan ecovillage: Modelling the transition to a low carbon society; Peadar Kirby.- Chapter 9. Challenges for wind turbines in the energy transition: The example of an offshore wind farm in France; Laurence Raineau.- Chapter 10. Social partners, environmental issues and new challenges in the post-carbon society; Víctor Climent Sanjuán.- Chapter 11. Landfill Culture: Some implications for degrowth; Ignasi Lerma Montero.- Chapter 12. Social Actions Transformed in a Post-Carbon Transition: The case of Barcelona; Jesús Vicens.- Conclusion; Ernest Garcia, Mercedes Martinez-Iglesias and Peadar Kirby.-

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Book Synopsis The second edition of Derek Piggott''s introduction to meteorology for glider and light aeroplane pilots.Understanding Flying Weather explains in simple and accessible terms how atmospheric phenomena can be used to improve flying performance and to make flying both economical and enjoyable.Taking into account advances in satellite and computer technology, Understanding Flying Weather describes pressure patterns, cloud formation and how soaring conditions can be used to advantage, as well as detailing the effects of depressions, anti-cyclones and local topography.Its uncomplicated text and diagrams cover the syllabus for the British Gliding Association Bronze ''C'' Certificate and so will be particularly relevant to those studying for this important examination.This is the second edition, first published in 2004.Table of ContentsAuthor's note Introduction 1 The airmass 2 The pressure pattern High and low pressure areas Buys-Ballot's Law Veering and Backing Interpreting the isobars Wind strength Wind gradient 3 Depressions and anticyclones Depressions Occlusions Anticyclones Timing Shipping forecasts 4 The atmosphere Water vapour Stability and instability o the atmosphere 5 Clouds The formation of clouds Types of clouds Cloud base Showers Thunderstorms 6 Local topography Sea breeze effects High ground effects 7 Soaring conditions Seasonal effects Thermals Visibility Wave Conditions Ridge lift and hill soaring 8 Advice on using soaring conditions In powered aircraft In gliders and low speed aircraft Additional hazards for glider pilots converting to powered aircraft Altimeter settings Revision Questions Answers Index

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Book Synopsis• Shares modern biological studies offering evidence that our solar system neighbors profoundly affect and shape life on our planet• Explores the early practice of astrometeorology, revealing the links between the solar system, weather, and climate over large spans of time• Looks at the history, philosophy, and methodologies of astrology, as well as its potential future applications in medicine and the social sciencesOur ancient ancestors recorded the rhythms of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, correlating these rhythms with weather, plant growth, and animal and human behaviors. From these early geocosmic recordings were born calendars, astronomy, and astrology. While astrology is now mostly viewed as subjective fortune-telling, Bruce Scofield argues that astrology is not only a practice but also a science, specifically a form of systems science--a set of techniques for mapping and analyzing self-organizing systems.Providing clear evidence that our solar system neighbors profoundly affect and shape life on our planet, Scofield shares modern biological and climatological studies on the effects of Earth’s rotation, the Sun, the Moon, and the rhythms of light, gravity, magnetism, and solar radiation on terrestrial processes. He explores the early practice of astrometeorology, a method of weather forecasting used from ancient times into the Renaissance, revealing the links between the solar system, weather, and climate over large spans of time. He shares his own studies on the correlations between Saturn’s position and terrestrial weather as well as presenting a wealth of evidence on astrological effects and the theories and mechanics behind them.Examining the history of astrology, he looks at its earliest foundations in Mesopotamia and its development by the classical Greeks into a mathematically informed body of knowledge. He explores the decline and marginalization of astrology during the Scientific Revolution of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, when astrology was transformed from a credible science to a controversial practice after being attacked by the Church and then abandoned by experimental scientists.Presenting a broad look at how the cosmic environment shapes nature, the author shows how the practice and natural science of astrology can expand its applications in modern society in such varied fields as medicine, history, and sociology.Trade Review“This is an incredible work! Others have written histories of astrology, but none of them have been histories of astrology as well as comprehensive discussions of the sociology of astrology throughout its history. This is not only a superb piece of intellectual history but also an eloquent discussion of where astrology is today and how it has gotten here. In particular Scofield has not only explained and defended astrology on philosophical as well as on other grounds, but in the course of doing so, he has also written a brilliant critique of what he calls the reductionist-mechanistic- materialist (RMM) view, which monolithically dominates modern science to the degree that any corpus of ideas that requires one to see outside of its influence is almost impossible to see. I believe he has given a brilliant critique of the RMM that is useful for any student of modern civilization, not just astrologers. This book I would say is his magnum opus.” * Robert Hand, American astrologer, historian, author, and scholar *“Bruce Scofield has crafted the authoritative text on natural astrology—the ancient branch of the subject in which terrestrial and celestial patterns intersect and manifest in the material world in such matters as weather and climate. Scofield artfully interweaves the history of the topic with both modern evidence and his own doctoral research on the relationship between Saturn cycles and temperature variation. The text is accessible, clear, and essential for anyone in search of a full and rounded understanding of astrology’s claims and nature.” * Nicholas Campion, Ph.D., principal lecturer at the Institute of Education and Humanities and associa *“This is a book that astrologers have been awaiting for decades. Drawing on a baker’s dozen of cutting-edge sciences, Bruce Scofield levels a potent challenge at pseudoskeptical critics of astrology by setting out a solid basis in reason and evidence for the ancient science of the stars.” * John Michael Greer, author of The Twilight of Pluto *“The Nature of Astrology is a valuable and timely contribution to the field and a necessary examination of the ongoing stigma against this complex and greatly misunderstood subject. Drawing upon historical and contemporary scientificresearch as well as his own investigations, Scofield methodically reveals how the Earth and the life upon it are influenced by the greater cosmic environment. He also presents an in-depth and rich history of astrology, including new and fascinating insights on astrology’s decline, and provides possible avenues for its renewal. Scientists, academics, astrologers, and skeptics will all benefit from reading this captivating and edifying work.” * Marlene Seven Bremner, author of Hermetic Philosophy and Creative Alchemy *“This scholarly tour de force deserves a place on the bookshelf of everyone seriously interested in the widest and deepest terrain of astrology. A richly rewarding read, it fulfills its promise of the history, philosophy, and science of astrology. It is actually a complete university education on the subject. Scofield does an excellent job of answering the perennial question: ‘How does astrology work?’ Not only answering many of astrology’s critics, he plots out an elegant future for this largely misunderstood and underappreciated branch of knowledge.” * Frederick Hamilton Baker, author of Alchemical Tantric Astrology *“Scofield’s well-researched arguments qualify him to assert that astrology is a science. He points out that it has an empirical body of knowledge and relies on the repeatable practices of brilliant ancient astronomers. These rules, procedures, and methodologies, perfected thousands of years ago but still understandable to this day, award that status. In this one book, a giant step in human understanding of nature’s solar system and its ultimate, supreme influence has been taken. Without doubt, it describes the genesis of all spiritual understanding and religious symbolism.” * Alison Chester-Lambert, author of Astrology Reading Cards *“Bruce Scofield’s book lives up to its title, The Nature of Astrology. Building on his Ph.D. work in the geosciences (with a dissertation titled A History and Test of Planetary Weather Forecasting) at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst), Scofield discusses the scope, history, science, sociology, and philosophy of astrology. An important aspect is the place of astrology within a broader cultural and scientific context, which raises fundamental issues regarding the nature of science and scientific evidence, including alternatives to the ‘reductionist-mechanistic-materialistic’ (to quote Scofield) trend in modern science. Scofield favors systems thinking that goes beyond reductionism; systems can exhibit emergent properties and self-organization. Astrology at its best can be considered a form of systems thinking that has been practiced for millennia. This is a fascinating book that anyone with a serious interest in the intellectual development of humanity should have in their library.” * Robert M. Schoch, Ph.D., author of Forgotten Civilization: New Discoveries on the Solar-Induced Dark *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Preface PART 1 From Natural Science to Natural Astrology 1 Life Internalizes the Sky 2 The Earth Cycles 3 A History of Natural Astrology 4 Astrometeorology5 A Signal from Saturn PART 2The Decline of Astrology in Thought and History 6 The Downfall of Astrology 7 The Renaissance Mind and Its Roots 8 The Evolution of the Dominant Ideology9 The Church, Society, and Astrology10 Reform, Decline, and Survival PART 3 The Viability of an Astrological Restoration11 Evidence of Astrological Effects12 Mechanism or Magic 13 Marginalized 14 Time-Mapping a SystemReferences Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides case studies and general views of the main processes involved in the ecosystem shifts occurring in the high mountains and analyses the implications for nature conservation. Case studies from the Pyrenees are preponderant, with a comprehensive set of mountain ranges surrounded by highly populated lowland areas also being considered.The introductory and closing chapters will summarise the main challenges that nature conservation may face in mountain areas under the environmental shifting conditions. Further chapters put forward approaches from environmental geography, functional ecology, biogeography, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Organisms from microbes to large carnivores, and ecosystems from lakes to forest will be considered.This interdisciplinary book will appeal to researchers in mountain ecosystems, students and nature professionals. This book is open access under a CC BY license.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- 1. Trade-offs in the high-mountain conservation.- 2. Present phylogeorgraphic patterns in European mountains resulting from past large climatic oscillations.- 3. The early human occupation of the high mountain.- 4. Millenial socio-ecological trajectories in high mountain and land use.- 5. Non-equilibrium in alpine plan assemblages, current shifts in summit floras.- 6. Diversity assembly in alpine plant communities.- 7. Regional forest idiosyncrasy and the response to global change.- 8. Life-history responses to the altitudinal gradient in mountain fauna.- 9. Towards a microbial conservation perspective in high-mountain lakes.- 10. On defence of fishless high mountain lakes.- 11. Atmospheric chemical loadings in the high mountain: current forcing and legacy pollution.- 12. High soil carbon stocks in mountain grasslands may be compromised by land use changes.- 13. Why recovering large carnivore populations in high mountains?.- 14. The role of environmental history in high mountain landscape conservation.- 15. Conservation lessons from long-term studies of the bearded vulture.- 16. Monitoring global change in the high mountain.- 17. Evaluating global change effects on high mountain snow and the impact on water resources.- 18. A modelling approach to the understanding of past, present and future shifts in vegetation.- 19. Challenges for conservation in a changing world, perspective from the high mountains.

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Book SynopsisDas Wetter hat einen großen Einfluss darauf wie wir unseren Tag planen, zudem ist es ein beliebtes Gesprächsthema. Dafür wissen wir oft wenig über das, was da um uns herum geschieht. John D. Cox nimmt Sie mit auf eine spannende Reise durch die Erdatmosphäre und deren Verhalten. Sie erfahren, was Sie wissen sollten über Regen, Sonne, Gewitter und andere Wetterphänomene. Der Autor erklärt Ihnen, wie Wetter und Klima zusammenhängen und wie Wettervorhersagen erstellt werden. So werden Sie in Zukunft nicht weniger frieren oder weniger nass werden, aber zumindest wissen, warum dem so ist.Table of ContentsEinleitung 23 Teil I: Was geht dort oben vor sich? 27 Kapitel 1: Was in aller Welt ist Wetter? 29 Kapitel 2: Wettervorhersagen und Wetter vorhersagen 35 Kapitel 3: Was steckt hinter den Luftkämpfen? 57 Kapitel 4: Land, Meer und Niederschlag: Lässt sich so ein Planet führen? 81 Teil II: Den Elementen trotzen 99 Kapitel 5: Vom Winde verweht 101 Kapitel 6: Cirrusbildung 125 Kapitel 7: Die stärksten Stürme auf Erden 147 Teil III: Jahreszeitliches 171 Kapitel 8: Winterliche Gepflogenheiten 173 Kapitel 9: Irrungen und Wirrungen des Frühlings 207 Kapitel 10: Extrem sommerlich 237 Kapitel 11: In den Herbst verliebt 263 Teil IV: Auf lange Sicht 271 Kapitel 12: Klima ist das, was Sie erwarten; Wetter ist das, was Sie bekommen 273 Kapitel 13: Unsere wechselhafte Atmosphäre überstehen 295 Kapitel 14: Sich um die Luft kümmern 307 Teil V: Spezialeffekte 323 Kapitel 15: Dort, am Himmel! Schau! 325 Kapitel 16: Das Handwerkszeug 341 Kapitel 17: Zu Hause ausprobieren 357 Teil VI: Der Top-Ten-Teil 367 Kapitel 18: Die zehn (oder so) tödlichsten Wetterkatastrophen der Welt 369 Kapitel 19: Zehn Tierchen, die sich mit dem Wetter auskennen 375 Kapitel 20: Zehn Sprichwörter zum Wetter 381 Abbildungsverzeichnis 385 Stichwortverzeichnis 391

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Book SynopsisOne of the major findings in the 1992 IPCC report and the 1994 World Meteorological Organization's Ozone Assessment report was the identification of possible climatic effects over the last few decades resulting from anthropogenic ally-induced changes in atmospheric ozone. The initial quantitative estimates of their direct climatic effects indicate significant impacts, though large uncertainties exist and studies using general circulation models are needed. A point that needs to be addressed in particular is that atmospheric ozone differs from greenhouse gases in that it is formed and destroyed by chemical processes in the atmosphere due to interaction involving a large number of source gases (e. g. H0, NO ' CO, 2 x NMHC, N0, CH and the CFCs). Therefore, the indirect effect of climate-chemistry 2 4 interaction involving atmospheric ozone is an important aspect for consideration in general circulation models. During the last few years, there have been several international workshops related to atmospheric ozone. In 1987, a NATO workshop on atmospheric ozone was held in Lillehammer, Norway. More recently, two workshops were organized to discuss the topic "General Circulation Model Study of Climate-Chemistry Interaction. " The first was held August 19-21, 1992, in Oslo, Norway, and the second held May 26-27,1993, in Albany, New York, USA. The two workshops were IAMAP activities under the Trace Constituent Working Group.Table of Contents1 Session Summaries.- I: Upper Tropospheric/Lower Stratospheric Ozone Climatology.- II: Chemical Modeling.- III: Climate Modeling.- IV: Issues Relevant to the Development of Coupled Chermstry/Climate Models.- 2 Research Studies.- Climate Change and Its Effect on Tropospheric Ozone.- Simulations of Stratospheric Ozone in a Climate Model.- GCM Modelling of the Stratospheric Dynamics and Its Coupling with Chemistry.- Analysis of 25 Years of Regular Ozone Soundings at Uccle (Belgium).- Concurrent Ozone and Temperature Trends Derived from Ozonesonde Stations.- Responses in Tropospheric Chemistry to Changes in UV Fluxes, Temperatures and Water Vapour Densities.- On the Interrelationship Between Recent Climate Trends, Ozone Changes and Increased Greenhouse Gas Forcing.- Mid-Latitude Stratospheric-Tropospheric Ozone Exchange — A Trend Study.- Radiative Forcing by Tropospheric Ozone Changes Due to Increased Emissions of CH4, CO and Nox.- The Role of Convection in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone and Precursors in the Troposphere.- Effects of Aqueous-Phase Chemistry on Tropospheric O3 and Odd Hydrogen.- Ozone Chemistry Changes in the Troposphere and Consequent Radiative Forcing of Climate.- A GCM Study of the Climatic Effect of 1979–1992 Ozone Trend.- Ozone Monitoring in Taiwan.- Experimental Determinations of Meridional Distribution and Long Term Evolution of Tropospheric Ozone — Consequences on Radiative Forcing.- Challenges in Tropospheric Ozone and Predicting Its Future Trend.- Chemistry of Ozone in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere: Perspectives from Laboratory Studies.- Stratospheric Ozone Research in Finland, Focusing on Atmospheric Modelling.- Radiative Forcing Due to Changes in Ozone: A Comparison of Different Codes.- Ozone Trends from Satellite Data.- Connections Between Atmospheric Ozone, the Climate System and UV-B Radiation in the Arctic.- Tropopause Fold Formation in an Explosive Cyclogenesis.- Development of Coupled Models at LASG.- The Recent Variability of Atmospheric Ozone in the Middle Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation.- Studies on Atmospheric Ozone over China.- Authors and Participants.- Author Index.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch fasst wichtige Veröffentlichungen zu Wasserkraftprojekten aus der Fachzeitschrift WasserWirtschaft zusammen. Dabei werden neuere Analysen zum Wasserkraftpotenzial dargestellt sowie über Entwicklungen und technische Besonderheiten berichtet. Beiträge über aktuelle Projekte runden die Zusammenstellung ab.In diesem Rahmen wird gleichfalls der Konflikt Ausbau der regenerativen Stromerzeugung und Anforderungen durch Richtlinien, Gesetze und Biodiversitätsstrategien thematisiert.Über die technischen und rechtlichen Aspekte hinaus werden auch Themen der Arbeitssicherheit, der Ökonomie und die Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Aspekte in Wasserkraftprojekte erörtert.Mit einem Geleitwort des AGAW Vorsitzenden (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Alpine Wasserkraft) Herrn Molinari.Trade Review“ ... ist ein im-doppelten Wortsinn vielseitiges Buch entstanden, welches eine hervorragende Beispielsammlung für Ingenieure und Planer, Akteure der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft, für vertieft Studierende sowie für Mitarbeiter in der Verwaltung darstellt ...“ (Prof. Dr. Reinhard Pohl, in: Wasser Wirtschaft, Jg. 105, Heft 6 2015)Table of ContentsPotenziale.- Entwicklungen.- Projekte.- Pumpspeicherkraftwerke.- Ökologie / Rahmenbedingungen.​

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Book SynopsisDie Veränderungen unseres Klimas sind allgegenwärtig spürbar, das allgemeine Verständnis der Prozesse dahinter aber mit Informationen überschwemmt und vielfach gefiltert. Es fehlt ein tieferer Blick, um Klarheit über die beteiligten Prozesse zu erhalten und nicht zuletzt eigene Handlungsräume zu erkennen. Dieses Buch präsentiert den ungeschminkten Stand des Wissens und Nichtwissens zu den komplexen Ursachen des Klimawandels auf der Basis von globalen Datensätzen und Modellsimulationen. Nicht erschrecken – Der Anspruch besteht darin zu vereinfachen, ohne zu verfälschen. Klimaänderungen werden nicht nur durch Strahlungsprozesse, sondern auch die nichtlineare Dynamik des Atmosphäre-Meereis-Ozeansystems bestimmt. Die Dynamik des Planeten befindet sich nur teilweise in unserer Hand, denn neben dem menschlichen Einfluss durch Treibhausgase und Aerosole generiert das Klimasystem seine eigene interne Variabilität. Die globale Reduktion des Ausstoßes schädlicher Treibhausgase ist eine unerlässliche Maßnahme in allen Strategien zur Bewältigung des Klimawandels. Aber bleibt dessen Begrenzung ein unerfüllter Wunsch? Ein Buch, das von einem international ausgewiesenem Experten in der Arktisforschung geschrieben wurde, und komplexe Sachverhalte unseres Klimasystems für jeden interessierten Leser – den Naturwissenschaftler und den Laien - aufschlüsselt. Und das mit dem klaren Ziel aufzuzeigen, dass der Klimawandel nicht aufgehalten, sondern maximal in dessen Auswirkung auf unsere Lebenswelt begrenzt werden kann. Table of ContentsVorspann.- Nichtlineare Mechanismen im Klimasystem.- Strahlströme und atmosphärische Zirkulation.- Planetare Wellen als Schwungräder der Zirkulation.- Wetterextreme durch Hoch- und Tiefdruckgebiete.- Atmosphärische Fernverbindungsmuster.-Arktisches Meereis und Zirkulation des Ozeans.- Arktische Schmelze und Zukunft des Meereises.- Wechselwirkung der atmosphärischen Stockwerke.- Wechselwirkung der Arktis mit mittleren Breiten.- Blockierungslagen, Hitzeglocken und Starkregen.- Komplexitätsreduktion in Klimamodellen.- Planetare Wellen im Klima der Zukunft.- Natürliche Klimavariabilität auf Dekaden.- Historische Klimaanomalien und Wetterextreme.- Grenzen der Klimavorhersagbarkeit.- Wetter- und Eisvorhersagen in der Arktis.- Das Driftschollenexperiment mit der Polarstern.- Technokratische Wege zur Klimakontrolle.- Nachklang.

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Book SynopsisThe material provides an historical background to forecasting developments as well as introducing recent advances. The book will be of interest to both mathematicians and physicians, the topics covered include equations of dynamical meteorology, first integrals, non-linear stability, well-posedness of boundary problems, non-smooth solutions, parameters and free oscillations, meteorological data processing, methods of approximation and interpolation and numerical methods for forecast modelling.Table of Contents1. Equations of Dynamical Meteorology 2. Small Parameters and Small Oscillations 3. Meteorological Data Processing 4. Numerical Methods for Prognostic Systems

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Book SynopsisEvery decade since 1950 has seen more floods and more wildfires on every continent. Deserts are expanding, coral reefs are dying, fisheries are declining, and hurricanes are strengthening. Global warming has made the Earth sick. This book delivers a diagnosis and a prescription.Trade Review"It needs a physician to look at the patient that is our Earth, to make a diagnosis, to measure its rising temperature, to look at the reasons for it, to assess the likely effects, and not least to suggest what now needs to be done. William Calvin's new book does all this and more in simple and telling language. Above all Calvin brings out the need for urgent action if the wonderful Earth that we have inherited will be as wonderful for our children and generations to come." - Sir Crispin Tickell"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review“With his new masterwork, Chakrabarty confirms that he is one of the most creative and philosophically-minded historians writing today. The oppositions he proposes between the global of globalization and the global of global warming, between the world and the planet, between sustainability and habitability are illuminating and effective for thinking and acting through our highly uncertain and disoriented times.” * François Hartog, author of 'Chronos' *“One of the first thinkers to reckon with the concept of the Anthropocene and its relation to humanism and its critics, Chakrabarty forges new territory in his account of the planetary. If globalism was an era of human and market interconnection, the planetary marks the intrusion of geological forces, transforming both the concept of ‘the human’ and its accompanying sense of agency. This is a tour de force of critical thinking that will prove to be a game changer for the humanities.” * Claire Colebrook, Pennsylvania State University *"Historian Dipesh Chakrabarty confronts the ‘planeticide’ by calling for a humanistic and critical approach to the Anthropocene. . . . Ever alert to the holistic and far reaching vision upheld by ‘deep history,’ the Chicago professor re-raises the old question of the human condition in the new framework of the geobiological history of the planet." * Arquitectura Viva *"The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, by Dipesh Chakrabarty, is in my judgment the most compelling and encompassing book by a humanist on the complexities and asymmetries of the Anthropocene to date." * The Contemporary Condition *“For Chakrabarty, ‘global’ does not refer to the entirety of the world, but rather to a particular mode of thought. . . . In critiquing the global, Chakrabarty offers another mode of thinking that can perhaps provide the philosophical grounding for a truly ecological approach. He terms it the ‘planetary.’ Chakrabarty argues the ‘planetary’ is not a unified totality, but rather ‘a dynamic ensemble of relationships.’ While the global mode of thought retains the centrality of the human observer, the planetary mode of thought decentres the human and its apprehension of the world. The human becomes only one node within a much more complex and multivalent system of actors, both human and non-human.” -- Christopher McAteer * Green European Journal *"In The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, University of Chicago historian and theorist Dipesh Chakrabarty provides an expansive, but hardly exhaustive, overview of the Anthropocene, focusing on how historians, in particular, have grappled with the conditions of a world under physical duress. As humans have become a 'geological force' in this new epoch and the earth has itself become an archive, with human behavior imprinted in the fossil record and ice caps, we are at the cusp of a new understanding of the agency of humankind and other terrestrial beings. This 'planetary' understanding can, in turn, offer a new ethical paradigm for inhabiting this afflicted present, and can apply to remote pasts and possible futures. Such, at least, is the hope expressed in Chakrabarty’s book." * The Hedgehog Review *"Immensely clarifying and illuminating. . . . while Chakrabarty frequently invokes research produced by natural scientists, his argument carves out an important space for humanists in interpreting and responding to the consequences of anthropogenic geological agency." * Isis Journal *"This book provides a thought-provoking, complex discussion of how climate change challenges the humanities, history, and the human sense of time but presupposes a command of intellectual history. . . . Overall, Chakrabarty outlines the overlapping of different histories once thought to be distinct. The planet itself, he argues, is a 'humanist category.'" * Choice *"Environmental humanists... tend to treat 'globe' and 'planet' as synonyms; Chakrabarty shows the critical and generative importance of the distinction. Evoking geological time is de rigueur; he shows what it means to dwell with that time without displacing it onto world historical time. Rapturous treatments of multispecies agency abound; he challenges the latent anthropocentrism and even paternalism of some new materialisms." * American Literary History *"The Climate of History in a Planetary Age is a breathtaking book. Chakrabarty challenges us to reimagine the human from a planetary perspective, a deep history—an infinite horizon of human history—in order to come to terms with the climate crisis that human actions have precipitated." * The Book Review India *"Chakrabarty’s approach to the Anthropocene is a rich collage of intellectual influences primarily from India, Europe, Australia and North America. The book is an exemplary illustration that the magnitude and scope of the Anthropocene is not only challenging. For many academics, it is an inviting opportunity to take stock of one’s lessons learnt through research and personal experience. At this stage of the academic debate, the Anthropocene offers plenty of room for thematic manoeuvres. Chakrabarty displays a version of such intellectual playfulness in an overall sense-making attempt." * British Journal for the History of Science *"It's no overstatement to think of this book as having clanged the bell for a new normal in the humanities and social sciences when it comes to telling the story of ourselves, that is, when it comes to human history. Responsible history should today be geological even when recounting the human record. Chakrabarty raised a series of open-ended, difficult questions about a range of core concerns in the humanities and social sciences from how we can understand ourselves and society to how we ought to think about political economy and morality." * Environmental Philosophy *"Our academic engagements with law and development and social sciences more broadly must attempt to make sense of the rifts between the global and the planetary, even if such endeavours transcend and disrupt disciplinary confines and assumptions... The objective should be to displace the ideological supremacy of human species, Euroamerican and universalistic cosmologies, and simultaneously further the plurality of human-nonhuman relations, minority thought and just political action. Chakrabarty's book is one essential step in this direction." * Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law *"In contrast to most of the interventions that we can read about the ecological catastrophe, Chakrabarty does not rush to give us solutions, but rather seeks to sharpen the problem... By locating this difficulty at the intersection of the two great critical events of our history, decolonization on the one hand and global warming on the other, and by identifying the problematic node from these two distinct figures of totalization that are globalization and planetarization, Chakrabarty inscribes himself in an original way in a body of contemporary research in which the legacy of the critique of colonization and ecological awareness are mixed... Chakrabarty is an Aufklärer, and in this book as in the previous one, a single question is at work: how to inherit the Enlightenment? How to prolong the cosmopolitical project?" * Critique *"Chakrabarty’s argument about what postcolonial studies has to offer the environmental humanities goes well beyond the established appeals to inequality that constitute climate justice discourse . . . As such, this book comes highly recommended for anyone working in the environmental humanities." * Ecozon@ *"The new book by Dipesh Chakrabarty, The Climate of History in a Planetary Age, is to my mind currently the best available introduction to the new challenges for political thinking in the Anthropocene." * Postcolonial Studies *"The challenge of Anthropocene research is not that it compels determining which view is the singly correct one; the challenge is that almost all views (if not all of them) are to some extent correct. How, then, do we go about addressing these multiple (potentially and partially correct) views? Open the pages of The Climate of History in a Planetary Age and see for yourself." * History and Theory *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Intimations of the PlanetaryPart I: The Globe and the Planet 1 Four Theses 2 Conjoined Histories 3 The Planet: A Humanist CategoryPart II: The Difficulty of Being Modern 4 The Difficulty of Being Modern 5 Planetary Aspirations: Reading a Suicide in India 6 In the Ruins of an Enduring FablePart III: Facing the Planetary 7 Anthropocene Time 8 Toward an Anthropological Clearing Postscript: The Global Reveals the Planetary: A Conversation with Bruno Latour Acknowledgments Notes Index

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Book SynopsisThough we commonly make them the butt of our jokes, weather forecasters are in fact exceptionally good at managing uncertainty. They consistently do a better job calibrating their performance than stockbrokers, physicians, or other decision-making experts precisely because they receive feedback on their decisions in near real time. Following forecasters in their quest for truth and accuracy, therefore, holds the key to the analytically elusive process of decision making as it actually happens. In Masters of Uncertainty, Phaedra Daipha develops a new conceptual framework for the process of decision making, after spending years immersed in the life of a northeastern office of the National Weather Service. Arguing that predicting the weather will always be more craft than science, Daipha shows how forecasters have made a virtue of the unpredictability of the weather. Impressive data infrastructures and powerful computer models are still only a substitute for the real thing outside, and s

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Book SynopsisGround Truth is a guide to living in this condition of changing nature, to paying attention instead of turning away, and to gathering facts from which a fuller understanding of the natural world can emerge over time.Trade Review"Ground Truth is a necessary book, a guide to positive action in a time of paralyzing fear and negativity. Hineline illuminates phenology and climate change in a way that invites all of us to become engaged in the critical work of observing and documenting the changes happening now in nature nearby, to be part of a global community working together to gather data on a world changing in ways that we cannot imagine, but can learn from." --Susan J. Tweit

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Book SynopsisAn accessible history of the sad and hilarious history of attempts to make it rain, snow, or hail on commandTrade Review"Make it Rain is a comprehensive history of American efforts to control the weather and the hubris of those who promised to tame hurricanes and conquer drought. Harper's account not only tells this fascinating story, it offers valuable historical context for those who are grappling with the challenges of climate change today."--Brian Balogh "cohost of Backstory with the American History Guys "

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisVanishing Ice is a powerful depiction of the dramatic transformation of the cryosphere—the world of ice and snow—and its consequences for the human world. Vivien Gornitz gives an up-to-date explanation of key current trends in the decline of ice mass and how it will affect will affect countless people far removed from frozen regions.Trade ReviewAnyone who wants a better understanding of the different parts of the cryosphere, the consequences of melting ice, and this aspect of climate change will find this book an invaluable resource. -- Suzanne B. O'Connell, Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan UniversityVanishing Ice is an informative, engaging introduction to sea level rise and the total remake of the icy parts of our world already underway due to climate change. Few books about scientific topics are as accessible to novices and as informative to experts. -- Michael Oppenheimer, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs, Princeton UniversityVanishing Ice brings readers to the cryosphere and its ongoing changes in a nuanced and informative fashion. Scientists as well as students and curious people alike will benefit from this fascinating book. -- Marco Tedesco, Lamont Research Professor, Lamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryA cogent analysis of this systemic, human-driven catastrophe. * Nature *The writing style is engaging and accessible. The book's focus is on how and why climate change is affecting the frozen world and society, but Gornitz also manages to convey some of the romanticism of polar exploration through her descriptions of beautiful glacial landscapes. -- Bethan Davies * American Scientist *Gornitz provides an excellent account of historical cryospheric data collection . . .[The book's] long-term view effectively contextualizes the recent changes and provides strong evidence regarding the role of humans in contemporary climate change. * Choice *Makes an extended argument for why everyone should care about all this melting, even those who live far from any ice. * New York Review of Books *Unpretentious and soundly well informed. -- Bryan Mark, Ohio State University * The Quarterly Review of Biology *Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Whither the Snows of Yesteryear?2. Ice Afloat—Ice Shelves, Icebergs, and Sea Ice3. Impermanent Permafrost4. Darkening Mountains—Disappearing Glaciers5. The Greenland Ice Sheet6. Antarctica: The Giant Ice Locker7. From Greenhouse to Icehouse8. Return to the Greenhouse9. The Importance of IceAppendix A. Anticipating Future Climate ChangeAppendix B. Eyes in the Sky—Monitoring the Cryosphere from AboveAppendix C. Geologic Time ScaleGlossaryNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe perfect book for avid weather watchers, amateur storm chasers, and anyone curious about the relationship between weather and climate.Trade ReviewThe book is perfect for any individual who wants "textbook" science delivered in a format that is easily digested and exciting to read. Making Sense of Weather and Climate fills a niche not only between popular and college-level science, but also between the too-often separated topics of weather and climate change. Frequently presented as separate issues, Denny makes clear that the two are in fact very linked. -- Scott Mandia, Suffolk County Community College Weather has always interested people and has always been societally relevant. Climate change is by now at a similar level of public interest and relevance. Making Sense of Weather and Climate delivers a popular science overview of the physics of weather and climate, with a good amount of wit. Denny's approach to the subject from an applied physics perspective is a real advantage: neither too technical nor too descriptive, this book is for anyone who wants to learn more about weather and climate. -- Thomas Birner, Colorado State University Mark Denny's is a beautifully written, lucid story of the science of climate and weather. It explores its subjects deeply but makes them accessible to the non-technical reader; it captures the humanity of the scientific endeavor; and it describes how scientists observe weather, the statistical prism through which they must view the observations, and how they use them to construct models to render complex phenomena understandable. -- Edmond A. Mathez, author of Climate Change [An] educational volume on meteorology and meteorological forecasting... Denny's discussions on cloud formations-there are four basic forms and 10 basic types-prove particularly fascinating. Publishers Weekly Denny's exploration of the science and history of a phenomenon we have long tried to master makes Making Sense of Weather and Climate a unique and accessible study for anyone desiring a complete and accurate picture of the environment's individual, societal, and planetary impact. Impressively well written, organized and presented. Library BookwatchTable of ContentsAuthor's Note Acknowledgments Forecast 1. Feeling the Heat 2. Under the Heavens and the Seas 3. The Air We Breathe 4. Dynamic Planet 5. Oceans of Data 6. Statistically Speaking 7. A Condensed Account of Clouds, Rain, and Snow 8. Weather Mechanisms 9. Weather Extremes: The New Normal 10. The World of Weather Forecasting And That Wraps Up Your Weather for Today Appendix Glossary Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisCorrelating climate change and archaeological data, an award-winning historian offers the first comprehensive overview of how the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age significantly impacted the Native cultures of the American Southwest, Southern PlTrade Review"Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900-1600 is an ambitious synthesis of archaeological and historical evidence concerning the effects of climate on human societies...The book is suitable for a range of audiences and I think it could make a good text for a course on climate and culture change or one on North American archaeology...The book deserves to be read as a beginning point for a long, thoughtful discussion about climate and culture change in North America and is a welcome addition to the literature on the subject." -- Staff The Midcontinental Journal of ArchaeologyTable of Contents Preface Introduction Chapter 1. The Tenth Century Chapter 2. The Eleventh Century Chapter 3. The Twelfth Century Chapter 4. The Thirteenth Century Chapter 5. The Fourteenth Century Chapter 6. The Fifteenth Century Chapter 7. The Sixteenth Century Summary and Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA straightforward and fact-based exploration of how weather happens, how it relates to climate, and how science answers major questions about Earth as a systemTrade Review“As we enter an era where both politics and our daily lives will be powerfully affected by climate change, everyone needs this science-based understanding of weather, climate, and climate change to understand the world around them.”—James Gustave Speth, author of They Knew: The US Federal Government’s Fifty-Year Role in Causing the Climate Crisis and Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment“Aber’s incisive book explores how we measure, understand, and predict weather (with a time frame of hours to days), and climate and its changes (years to centuries). Scientifically astute, policy relevant, hopeful, and a joy to read.”—Jerry Melillo, Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory“John Aber makes weather, climate, and climate change fascinating. His clear language and visuals are the best foundation I have seen for understanding the earth system now, and how it is likely to change in the future.”—Indy Burke, Carl W. Knoblauch, Jr. Dean, Yale School of the Environment“With authority and a delightfully conversational style, Less Heat, More Light presents important insights for our time into the nature of weather, climate, and the history of scientific discovery.”—David Foster, author of A Meeting of Land and Sea: Nature and the Future of Martha’s Vineyard“John Aber’s thoroughly enjoyable book explains the nature and history of climate and the factors driving its change. His clear and knowledgeable text will enhance broad public engagement in the most important crisis of our time.”—Jo Handelsman, director, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; former associate director for science, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy; and author, A World Without Soil: The Past, Present, and Precarious Future of the Earth Beneath Our Feet

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented union of scientific analysis and stunning photography illustrating the effects of climate change on the global ecosystem.Trade Review"A combination of arresting images and lucid explanations of the science of global warming and the pursuit of global cooperation in adopting new, sustainable ways of living….the coverage is clear and bracing....In the midst of sobering reportage, the authors manage to appeal to our fascination with epic challenges." -- Donna Seaman - Booklist"[A]n impressive, informative and surprisingly accessible work, leaps and bounds ahead of the half-baked analysis consumers have come to expect from the corporate media…compelling." -- Jason Zasky - Failure Magazine"Breathtaking images." -- Popular Science"A rich photographic record of a warming world." -- Peter Dizikes - Salon"[A] masterful account of the science of climate change…It will leave you both in awe of the Earth we inhabit and of the science itself, with all of its uncertainties and incomplete answers." -- Seed Magazine"[A]n inspired work… a compelling and captivating book." -- Leonard David - Space Coalition Blog"Gavin Schmidt, a NASA climatologist, has in many ways become the news media’s conscience on climate science, exposing exaggeration and opinion in climate coverage…[a] no-nonsense approach." -- Laura Shin - The New York Times

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Book SynopsisIn a sublime exploration of the most unpredictable element of the earth, William Bryant Logan opens our eyes to the astonishing physics, chemistry, biology, history, art, and even music of the air.Trade Review" As with his earlier works . . . [Logan] celebrates the union of the inorganic and organic realms that nurture life. . . . Logan celebrates the atmosphere as a medium of communication—transmitting pheromones as well as sound, bird calls, music—and notes that the breath of life separates the living from the dead. " -- Kirkus Reviews (starred review)"[A] delightful Wunderkammer of a book. . . . Air is... a spore-world of essays, essaylets, mini-biographies, gossip, whispers, lists, prose-poems and asides. ...Cheery, chatty and compulsively curious, Mr. Logan is able to draw the reader into pretty much any subject... In this lovely book, Mr. Logan makes the air airy again." -- Robert Macfarlane - Wall Street Journal"Logan is an enjoyable companion with which to explore his subject. He is erudite and thoughtful, with an agreeable mix of the personal and scientific" -- David B. Williams - Seattle Times"Logan’s meticulously researched and engagingly presented treatise is a breath of, well, fresh air." -- Carol Haggas - Booklist (starred review)"Splendid. . . . Logan delivers vast amounts of science with brevity and elegance." -- Nature

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Book SynopsisA vibrant introduction to the science and societal impacts of disasters.

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Book SynopsisThermal Physics of the Atmosphere offers a concise andthorough introduction on how basic thermodynamics naturally leadson to advanced topics in atmospheric physics. The book starts by covering the basics of thermodynamics and itsapplications in atmospheric science.Table of ContentsPreface ix Useful data xi 1 Ideal gases 1 1.1 Thermodynamic variables 1 1.2 Microscopic viewpoint 6 1.3 Ideal gas mixtures 10 Problems 14 2 The first and second laws 17 2.1 Work 17 2.2 Energy conservation: the first law 21 2.3 Entropy and the second law 23 2.4 Boltzmann entropy 27 2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example 30 2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example 34 Problems 36 3 General applications 39 3.1 Thermodynamic potentials 39 3.2 Heat capacity 44 3.3 Properties of ideal gases 47 3.4 van der Waals’ gases 50 3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux 53 3.6 Latent heat 55 3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes 57 3.8 Potential temperature 60 Problems 63 4 The atmosphere under gravity 67 4.1 Geopotential 67 4.2 Hydrostatic balance 69 4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate 74 4.4 Buoyancy 77 4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function 81 4.6 Statistical mechanics 84 Problems 89 5 Water in the atmosphere 93 5.1 The Clausius–Clapeyron equation 94 5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure 97 5.3 Humidity variables 100 5.4 Moist static energy 104 Problems 106 6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere 109 6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air 109 6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air 112 6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities 115 6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams 117 6.5 Convective available potential energy 121 7 Cloud drops 125 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect 125 7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect 131 7.3 K¨ohler theory 132 7.4 Charge-enhanced nucleation 137 7.5 Droplet growth 141 Problems 151 8 Mixtures and solutions 153 8.1 Chemical potentials 153 8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions 155 8.3 Raoult’s law revisited 158 8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions 159 Problems 162 9 Thermal radiation 165 9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoff’s law 165 9.2 The Stefan–Boltzmann and Wien displacement laws 168 9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect 170 9.4 Horizontal variations 175 9.5 Radiative intensity 177 9.6 Radiative transfer 180 9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium 185 9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas 191 9.9 Derivation of the Planck law 195 Problems 200 10 Non-equilibrium processes 203 10.1 Energetics of motion 203 10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law 208 10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems 213 10.4 Climate thermodynamics 215 Problems 220 Appendix A Functions of several variables 221 Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability 223 Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams 227 Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisClimatic factors such as rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation can have a significant impact on the transmission of radio, light, or heat waves in the atmosphere. Communication systems may experience a loss of signal caused by the effects of rain on a radio link.Trade Review"Robert Crane has written a highly technical and useful manual that those in communications engineering will find useful." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 5)Table of ContentsEffects of Rain. Rain Structure and Rain-Rate Statistics. Rain-Rate Climate Models. Modeling Attenuation by Rain. Attenuation Mitigation via Diversity. Worst-Month Statistics. Estimating Risk. References. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisGlobal watming through the enhanced greehouse effect is one of themajor and most uncertain forces of global environmental changepresently facing the earth. This book is a guide to the scientificand policy debate concerning the roles of agriculture, forestry andother activities leading to global warming. The influence of landuse on the greehouse effect is important, not only in terms of netemissions of greenhouse gases, but also in the potential to reduceemissions through changing land use policies. Land Use and the Causes of Global Warming reviews the globalemissions of greenhouse gases from land use sources, highlightingthe undertainties in estimating both the magnitude of the fluxesand the scale of land use change. Policies of afforestation,policies to encourage the halting of deforestation and changingmanagement pravctices in agriculture are all examined from theperspectives of feasibility, cost and equity. The authorsillustrate how all land use policies are multi-objectiveTable of ContentsLand Use and Global Environmental Change: A Social SciencePerspective. THE LAND USE CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING. Assessing Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from the Terrestrial Biota. The Role of Tropical Forests in the Carbon Cycle. Soils, Bogs and Wetlands: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes. POLICY ANALYSIS. An Investigation of the Causes of Tropical Deforestation. Agricultural Policy to Reduce Methane Emissions. Forestry Options for Offsetting Emissions. The International Policy Dimension. Land Use Options for Greenhouse Gas Abatement: Prospects andConstraints. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn integrated account of all aspects of humid tropical environments. Topics covered include: the controls of weather and climate; climatic characteristics; soils; vegetation; landforms; and hydrology. The book also examines the effect of human activity on the environment.Trade Review"The value of this book is that it treats and compares an extremely wide range of topics. Because of the extensive bibliography the specialist or the person looking for details on any one topic is unlikely to be frustrated. A list of further reading is provided for each chapter and is a good introdution to the up-to-date scientific literature about the humid tropics. This text is likely to be widely used by students of many different disciplines." The Times Higher Education Supplement "Three geographers have come together to produce a well-integrated text on the major features of the environment in the humid tropics, with emphasis on their interrelationships and the importance of the human dimension... This book merits wide readership and provides and excellent text for many university courses." B. A. Whitton, International Journal of Environment StudiesTable of ContentsPreface. List of Tables. List of Plates. List of Figures. 1. Introduction. 2. Atmospheric Circulation Systems and Weather Disturbances. 3. Climatic Characteristics. 4. Humid Tropical Soils. 5. Humid Tropical Vegetation. 6. Landscape. 7. Hydrology. 8. Environmental Resources and Hazards in the Humid Tropics. 9. Environmental Issues Facing the Humid Tropics. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe humid tropics contain some of the worlda s richest, most diverse, most important and most threatened environments. This book draws on recent work by geographers, biologists, ecologists, geologists and climatologists to present a complete and integrated appraisal of the natural environment of all the humid tropical regions of the world.Trade Review"The value of this book is that it treats and compares an extremely wide range of topics. Because of the extensive bibliography the specialist or the person looking for details on any one topic is unlikely to be frustrated. A list of further reading is provided for each chapter and is a good introdution to the up-to-date scientific literature about the humid tropics. This text is likely to be widely used by students of many different disciplines." The Times Higher Education Supplement "Three geographers have come together to produce a well-integrated text on the major features of the environment in the humid tropics, with emphasis on their interrelationships and the importance of the human dimension... This book merits wide readership and provides and excellent text for many university courses." B. A. Whitton, International Journal of Environment StudiesTable of ContentsPreface. List of Tables. List of Plates. List of Figures. 1. Introduction. 2. Atmospheric Circulation Systems and Weather Disturbances. 3. Climatic Characteristics. 4. Humid Tropical Soils. 5. Humid Tropical Vegetation. 6. Landscape. 7. Hydrology. 8. Environmental Resources and Hazards in the Humid Tropics. 9. Environmental Issues Facing the Humid Tropics. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrace gases are those that are present in the atmosphere at relatively low concentrations. Small changes in their concentrations can have profound implications for major atmospheric fluxes, and thereore, can be used as indicators in studies of global change, global biogeochemical cycling and global warming. This new how-to guide will detail the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Introductory chapters look at the role of trace gases in global cycles, while later chapters go on to consider techniques for the measurement of gases in various environments and at a range of scales. A how-to guide for measuring atmospheric trace gases. Techniques described are of value in addressing current concerns over global climate change. Trade Review"The present volume of [this book] will serve as an important tool box for researchers and graduate students in this discipline, and will provide both a range of techniques for field measurements and a conceptual framework for extrapolation strategies."Table of ContentsList of Contributors. The Methods in Ecology Series. Preface. Trace Gas Exchange In An Ecosystem Context: Multiple Approaches For Measurement And Analysis. Enclosure-Based Measurement Of Trace Gas Exchange: Applications And Sources Of Error. Trace Gas Exchange Across The Air-Water Interface In Freshwater And Coastal Marine Environments. Trace Gas Exchange In Freshwater And Coastal Marine Environments: Ebullition And Transpost By Plants. Micrometeorological Techniques For Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange. Standard Analytical Methods For Measuring Trace Gases In The Environment. Measurements Of Chemically Reactive Trace Gases At Ambient Concentrations. Recent Advances In Spectroscopic Instrumentation For Measuring Stable Gases In The Natural Environment. Use Of Isotopes And Tracers In The Study Of Emissions And Consumption Of Trace Gases In Terrestrial Environments. Microbial Processes Of Production And Consumption Of Nitric Oxide, Nitrous Oxide And Methane. Process Modelling And Spatial Extrapolation. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Syukuro Manabe, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics""Useful for those wishing to understand global warming’s future impact."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"[Highly] engaging and well written."---S.C. Pryor, Choice"Useful and enlightening . . . . The knowledge derived from the model output is clear, detailed, and relevant to a better understanding of the climate system. The purpose of the book is to lead the reader down the path that Manabe and Broccoli have followed in their careers, showcasing the methods and motivation used in each study, and explaining and contextualising their findings. In each of these goals it succeeds admirably."---Eimear Dunne, Holocene

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Book SynopsisThis book sets forth the physical, mathematical, and numerical foundations of computer models used to understand and predict the global ocean climate system. Aimed at students and researchers of ocean and climate science who seek to understand the physical content of ocean model equations and numerical methods for their solution, it is largely general in formulation and employs modern mathematical techniques. It also highlights certain areas of cutting-edge research. Stephen Griffies presents material that spans a broad spectrum of issues critical for modern ocean climate models. Topics are organized into parts consisting of related chapters, with each part largely self-contained. Early chapters focus on the basic equations arising from classical mechanics and thermodynamics used to rationalize ocean fluid dynamics. These equations are then cast into a form appropriate for numerical models of finite grid resolution. Basic discretization methods are described for commonlTrade Review"Stephen Griffie's book ... will be found open on the desks of those who develop ocean models for years to come... This is a unique and useful work."--Matthew Hecht, Bulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyTable of ContentsFOREWORD XIII PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXV ABOUT THE COVER XXVII LIST OF SYMBOLS XXIX Chapter 1. OCEAN CLIMATE MODELS 1 1.1 Ocean models as tools for ocean science 1 1.2 Ocean climate models 2 1.3 Challenges of climate change 3 PART 1. FUNDAMENTAL OCEAN EQUATIONS 5 Chapter 2. BASICS OF OCEAN FLUID MECHANICS 7 2.1 Some fundamental ocean processes 7 2.2 The continuum hypothesis 9 2.3 Kinematics of fluid motion 10 2.4 Kinematical and dynamical approximations 16 2.5 Averaging over scales and realizations 20 2.6 Numerical discretization 21 2.7 Chapter summary 22 Chapter 3. KINEMATICS 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Mathematical preliminaries 24 3.3 The divergence theorem and budget analyses 29 3.4 Volume and mass conserving kinematics 31 3.5 Chapter summary 40 Chapter 4. DYNAMICS 42 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 Motion on a rotating sphere 43 4.3 Principles of continuum dynamics 47 4.4 Dynamics of fluid parcels 51 4.5 Hydrostatic pressure 56 4.6 Dynamics of hydrostatic fluid columns 58 4.7 Fluid motion in a rapidly rotating system 62 4.8 Vertical stratification 68 4.9 Vorticity and potential vorticity 70 4.10 Particle dynamics on a rotating sphere 75 4.11 Symmetry and conservation laws 80 4.12 Chapter summary 83 Chapter 5. THERMO-HYDRODYNAMICS 87 5.1 General types of ocean tracers 87 5.2 Basic equilibrium thermodynamics 91 5.3 Energy of a fluid parcel 95 5.4 Global mechanical energy balance 105 5.5 Basic non-equilibrium thermodynamics 110 5.6 Thermodynamical tracers 111 5.7 Ocean density 114 5.8 Chapter summary 118 Chapter 6. GENERALIZED VERTICAL COORDINATES 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Concerning the choice of vertical coordinate 122 6.3 Generalized surfaces 128 6.4 Local orthonormal coordinates 130 6.5 Mathematics of generalized vertical coordinates 131 6.6 Metric tensors 136 6.7 The dia-surface velocity component 138 6.8 Conservation of mass and volume for parcels 141 6.9 Kinematic boundary conditions 143 6.10 Primitive equations 145 6.11 Transformation of SGS tracer flux components 147 6.12 Chapter summary 149 PART 2. AVERAGED DESCRIPTIONS 153 Chapter 7. CONCERNI NG UNRESOLVED PHYSICS 155 7.1 Represented dynamics and parameterized physics 155 7.2 Lateral (neutral) and vertical processes 157 7.3 Basic mechanisms for dianeutral transport 159 7.4 Dianeutral transport in models 161 7.5 Numerically induced spurious dianeutral transport 166 7.6 Chapter summary 167 Chapter 8. EULERIAN AVERAGED EQUATIONS 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 The nonhydrostatic shallow ocean equations 171 8.3 Averaged kinematics 173 8.4 Averaged kinematics over finite domains 174 8.5 Averaged tracer 179 8.6 Averaged momentum budget 182 8.7 Summary of the Eulerian averaged equations 183 8.8 Mapping to ocean model variables 185 8.9 Chapter summary 187 Chapter 9. KINEMATICS OF AN ISENTROPIC ENSEMBLE 189 9.1 Parameterizing mesoscale eddies 189 9.2 Advection and skewsion 191 9.3 Volume conservation 194 9.4 Ensemble mean tracer equation 203 9.5 Quasi-Stokes transport in z-models 206 9.6 Chapter summary 212 PART 3. SEMI-DISCRETE EQUATIONS AND ALGORITHMS 215 Chapter 10. DISCRETIZATION BASICS 217 10.1 Discretization methods 217 10.2 An introduction to Arakawa grids 218 10.3 Time stepping 219 10.4 Chapter summary 221 Chapter 11. MASS AND TRACER BUDGETS 222 11.1 Summary of the continuous model equations 222 11.2 Tracer and mass/volume compatibility 223 11.3 Mass budget for a grid cell 223 11.4 Mass budget for a discrete fluid column 227 11.5 Tracer budget for a grid cell 228 11.6 Fluxes for turbulence mixed layer schemes 232 11.7 Flux plus restore boundary conditions 233 11.8 Z-like vertical coordinate models 234 11.9 Chapter summary 235 Chapter 12. ALGORITHMS FOR HYDROSTATIC OCEAN MODELS 237 12.1 Summary of the continuous model equations 237 12.2 Budget of linear momentum for a grid cell 238 12.3 Strategies for time stepping momentum 244 12.4 A leap-frog algorithm 248 12.5 Discretization of time tendencies 251 12.6 A time staggered algorithm 258 12.7 Barotropic updates with a predictor-corrector 262 12.8 Stability considerations 265 12.9 Smoothing the surface height in B-grid models 277 12.10 Rigid lid streamfunction method 278 12.11 Chapter summary 280 PART 4. NEUTRAL PHYSICS 281 Chapter 13. BASICS OF NEUTRAL PHYSICS 283 13.1 Concerning the utility of neutral physics 283 13.2 Notation and summary of scalar budgets 286 13.3 Compatibility in the mean field budgets 287 13.4 The SGS tracer transport tensor 288 13.5 Advection and skewsion 290 13.6 Neutral tracer fluxes 291 13.7 Chapter summary and a caveat on the conjecture 294 Chapter 14. NEUTRAL TRANSPORT OPERATORS 296 14.1 Neutral diffusion 296 14.2 Gent-McWilliams stirring 304 14.3 Summarizing the neutral physics fluxes 308 14.4 Flow-dependent diffusivities 309 14.5 Biharmonic operators 317 14.6 Chapter summary and some challenges 326 Chapter 15. NEUTRAL PHYSICS NEAR THE SURFACE BOUNDARY 328 15.1 Linear stability for neutral diffusion 328 15.2 Linear stability for GM stirring 332 15.3 Neutral physics near boundaries 333 15.4 Chapter summary and caveats 343 Chapter 16. FUNCTIONAL DISCRETIZATION OF NEUTRAL PHYSICS 345 16.1 Foundations for discrete neutral physics 345 16.2 Introduction to the discretization 350 16.3 A one-dimensional warm-up 352 16.4 Elements of the discrete dissipation functional 354 16.5 Triad stencils and some more notation 361 16.6 The discrete diffusion operator 363 16.7 Diffusive flux components 367 16.8 Further issues of numerical implementation 371 16.9 Chapter summary 374 PART 5. HORIZONTAL FRICTION 377 Chapter 17. HORIZONTAL FRICTION IN MODELS 379 17.1 Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq friction 379 17.2 Introduction and general framework 379 17.3 Properties of the stress tensor 380 17.4 Properties of the viscosity tensor 387 17.5 Transverse isotropy 389 17.6 Transverse anisotropy 393 17.7 Generalized orthogonal coordinates 396 17.8 Dissipation functional 398 17.9 Biharmonic friction 402 17.10 Some mathematical details 404 17.11 Chapter summary 407 Chapter 18. CHOOSING THE HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY 409 18.1 Stability and resolution considerations 409 18.2 Comparing Laplacian and biharmonic mixing 415 18.3 Smagorinsky viscosity 416 18.4 Background viscosity 420 18.5 Viscosities for anisotropic friction 421 18.6 Chapter summary 422 Chapter 19. FUNCTIONAL DISCRETIZATION OF FRICTION 424 19.1 Comments on notation 424 19.2 Summary of the various formulations 425 19.3 Horizontal friction discretization 426 19.4 Laplacian plus metric form of isotropic friction 436 19.5 Chapter summary 439 PART 6. TENSOR ANALYSIS 441 Chapter 20. ELEMENTARY TENSOR ANALYSIS 443 20.1 Introduction 443 20.2 Some practical motivation 444 20.3 Coordinates and vectors 446 20.4 The metric and coordinate transformations 448 20.5 Transformations of a vector 451 20.6 One-forms 452 20.7 Mapping between vectors and one-forms 454 20.8 Transformation of a one-form 454 20.9 Arbitrary tensors and their transformations 455 20.10 Tensorial properties of the gradient operator 456 20.11 The invariant volume element 457 20.12 Determinants and the Levi-Civita symbol 459 20.13 Surfaces embedded in Euclidean space 461 20.14 Chapter summary 464 Chapter 21. CALCULUS ON CURVED MANIFOLDS 466 21.1 Fundamental character of tensor equations 466 21.2 Covariant differentiation 468 21.3 Covariant derivative of a second order tensor 470 21.4 Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric 471 21.5 Covariant divergence of a vector 471 21.6 Covariant divergence of a second order tensor 472 21.7 Covariant Laplacian of a scalar 473 21.8 Covariant curl of a vector 473 21.9 Covariant Laplacian of a vector 473 21.10 Integral theorems 474 21.11 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 474 21.12 Summary of curvilinear tensor analysis 481 PART 7. EPILOGUE 487 Chapter 22. SOME CLOSING COMMENTS AND CHALLENGES 489 BIBLIOGRAPHY 493 Index 511

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Tyrrell's story is very informative and the reader will learn many fascinating stories of an organism's adaptation to an environment (rather than an environment conforming to an organism's need)."--Jonathan DuHamel, Arizona Daily Independent "A systematic, dispassionate, retrospective examination of Gaia... Tyrrell makes it very clear where he stands on Gaia, but the path of his journey is well reasoned--not a diatribe."--William Schlesinger, Nature Climate Change "It is timely to present a systematic review of how Gaia theory looks in the light of ... new information. Not too well is Toby Tyrrell's conclusion in this clear summary of the evidence to date... Persuasive."--Jon Turney, Times Higher Education "In On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth, Dr. Toby Tyrrell, for the first time, conducts a lengthy analysis of the scientific data for and against the Gaia Hypothesis. He concludes that the Gaia Hypothesis does not have enough scientific data to support it. He write eloquently, clearly, and succinctly describing how the Gaia Hypothesis lacks sufficient scientific evidence... A fair and reflective analysis."--Gabriel Thoumi, MongaBay.com "Tyrrell examines alternative arguments about the long-term characteristics of the Earth, considering geological and coevolutionary effects. He provides a detailed examination of how and why the environment cannot be affected by natural selection and how diverse physical factors affect living things... Overall, a useful examination of the changing nature of Earth and the biologic/physical factors that affect the planet's organisms."--Choice "His theory is not as grandiose as Gaia, but it is far more compelling. The conclusion is worth reading by itself if you are pushed for time, but for those who really want a good insight into Gaia in the context of natural systems, I would recommend reading the whole book."--Gillian Gibson, Environmentalist "If you've had your curiosity piqued by the Gaia Hypothesis before, you'll appreciate this well-organized and comprehensive assessment of it. Tyrrell doesn't have an axe to grind, and his discussion is fair and focused on the evidence. If you want to grapple with Gaia, this book is a good way to do it."--Scott K. Johnson, ArsTechnica "One third of this well argued book consists of end notes, many of which are as readable as the main text. By questioning the arguments for and against the Gaia hypothesis, Tyrrell has done a great service to enriching the ongoing discourse on making our planet hospitable for all life forms, now and in the future."--Sudhirendar Sharma, Cover Drive "On Gaia is a rewarding read for the knowledgeable reader. The book is an easy read and accessible to a broad audience. Unlike some science books intended for popular audiences, the book is sophisticated enough to keep the interest of graduate students."--GeoQ "It is ... Valuable for a variety of reasons: as a good natural history brief; as a good introduction to modern ecology (the one that considers the biota as a whole); and as a cautious reflection on what makes a theory gain or lose respectability. Therefore, it will be useful at different academic levels, from teaching at secondary school (it is an excellent starting point for serious debate) to highly specialized climate scientists."-- Chemical EngineerTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. Gaia, the Grand Idea 1 2. Good Citizens or Selfish Genes? 14 3. Life at the Edge: Lessons from Extremophiles 47 4. Temperature Paces Life 67 5. Icehouse Earth 88 6. Given Enough Time ... 113 7. Evolutionary Innovations and Environmental Change 130 8. A Stable or an Unstable World? 145 9. The Puzzle of Life's Long Persistence 171 10. Conclusions 199 Notes 219 Further Reading 273 References 277 Acknowledgments 299 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThe air we breathe is twenty-one percent oxygen, an amount higher than on any other known world. While we may take our air for granted, Earth was not always an oxygenated planet. How did it become this way? This title tells an account of the history of atmospheric oxygen on Earth.Trade ReviewWinner of the 2014 ASLI Choice Award, Atmospheric Science Librarians International One of Nature.com's Top 20 Reads for 2014 One of Science Friday's Best Science Books of 2014 "His excellent descriptions of the scientific process show how competing hypotheses, and the scientists who present them, vie for supremacy. Canfield also offers a philosophical perspective: scientific understanding provides true insight into the structure of the natural world."--Publishers Weekly "Engaging and authoritative."--Nature "An ecologist's ambitious, engrossing primer on the key atmospheric element, ranging from the 'great oxidation event' to photosynthesis."--Barbara Kiser, Nature "Concise and easily read, Oxygen provides an ideal starting block for those interested in learning about Earth's O2 history and, more broadly, the function and history of biogeochemical cycles... The endnotes provide valuable entries for readers who wish to explore particular points in greater depth and, in other cases, enable brief digressions for interesting personal notes without disrupting the logical thread of a given concept. And the detailed bibliography captures a vast swath of the relevant primary literature. I highly recommend Canfield's book for anyone with even a remote interest in Earth history, as O2 singularly encompasses much of what makes our planet special."--Woodward W. Fischer, Science "Oxygen takes readers on a remarkable journey through the history of the oxygenation of our planet."--Devorah Bennu, GrrlScientist at The Guardian "This is the sort of science writing we would all do well to read more of... Engage[s] with the ambiguity of a world where evidence is imperfect, knowledge evolves, and mistakes can be made in interpreting the data."--Ian Scheffler, Los Angeles Review of Books "Oxygen: A Four Billion Year History will be an entertaining and informative read, however, for anyone with a serious interest in the long-term history of the Earth: students contemplating working in the area and specialists in related disciplines as well as engaged general readers."--Danny Yee, Danny Reviews "Written as an accessible introduction, with anecdotes sprinkled throughout, bringing the scientists' personalities to life... It would make a solid overview for any university biology or geology student."--Wade M. Lee, Library Journal "Scientific understanding of the role of oxygen in the ancient oceans and atmosphere has taken major steps forward only recently; this book ... is written by a man who made significant contributions to this new understanding. Canfield wrote a seminal paper on ancient ocean chemistry and has spent his career studying the geochemistry of lakes and oceans... To make the discussion more accessible to nonscientists, the technical portions of the discussion are provided as notes at the end of the book."--Choice "Given the complexity and breath of the material, the narrative has a light touch and is scattered with anecdotes about the scientists and adventures involved in the story, giving a real sense of the human endeavor. As well as the fascinating subject matter itself, the overriding impression is one of exhilaration and sheer enjoyment in pursuing this most fundamental, yet challenging, of scientific quests. Highly recommended."--Chemistry World "Canfield shows us how his science is done, and weaves together molecular biology, geology, geochemistry to tell this history of the air we breathe."--David L. Kirchman, Key ReporterTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Preface xi Chapter 1. What Is It about Planet Earth? 1 Chapter 2. Life before Oxygen 13 Chapter 3. Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis 26 Chapter 4. Cyanobacteria: The Great Liberators 41 Chapter 5. What Controls Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations? 56 Chapter 6. The Early History of Atmospheric Oxygen: Biological Evidence 72 Chapter 7. The Early History of Atmospheric Oxygen: Geological Evidence 85 Chapter 8. The Great Oxidation 98 Chapter 9. Earth's Middle Ages: What Came after the GOE 110 Chapter 10. Neoproterozoic Oxygen and the Rise of Animals 123 Chapter 11. Phanerozoic Oxygen 138 Chapter 12. Epilogue 153 Notes 159 References 175 Index 189

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Book SynopsisOffers an introduction to planetary climates that explains the global physical and chemical processes that determine climate on any planet or major planetary satellite - from Mercury to Neptune and even large moons such as Saturn's Titan.Trade Review"Prof Andrew Ingersoll has made many important contributions to planetary science through his career, and in Planetary Climates he wields his immense expertise to really get across the weirdness of weather systems on other worlds."--Lewis Dartnell, BBC Sky at Night "[This] is an ideal introduction for science students and nonspecialist scientists, as well as general readers with a scientific background."--Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin "Like all works in the excellent 'Princeton Primers in Climate' series, this book presents content in the main body in a nontechnical manner, with little mathematical detail, but then includes detailed technical/mathematical information in sidebars and boxes so that various levels of more advanced discussion can be individually tailored to a particular group of students."--ChoiceTable of Contents1 Introduction: The Diversity of Planetary Climates 1 2 Venus: Atmospheric Evolution 7 3 Venus: Energy Transport and Winds 26 4 Mars: Long-Term Climate Change 74 5 Mars: The Present Era 92 6 Titan, Moons, and Small Planets 111 7 Jupiter the Gas Giant 136 8 Jupiter Winds and Weather 162 9 Saturn 202 10 Uranus, Neptune, and Exoplanets 223 11 Conclusion 240 Glossary 247 Notes 257 Further Reading 271 Index 273

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Book SynopsisEarth's climate has undergone dramatic changes over the geologic timescale. At one extreme, Earth has been glaciated from the poles to the equator for periods that may have lasted millions of years. This title presents the study of such changes and their causes.Trade Review"The work is well-written, with just enough mathematics to add to the reader's understanding, without causing confusion."--Choice "The author has succeeded admirably in producing a clear, concise, yet detailed summary of a very important topic. The text is supplemented by an excellent selection of diagrams and data displays ... and more than 300 references to the primary research literature. I found it easy to read yet thought provoking, consistently interesting and, perhaps best of all, not at all intimidating in bulk or style. Highly recommended!"--William R. Green, Leading Edge "Paleoclimate gives the reader a concise, clear view of how Earth's climate has changed over geologic time and the major drivers for this change. I heartily recommend the book for those interested in understanding Earth's rich climate complexity."--Jeffrey T Kiehl, Reports of the National Center for Science EducationTable of ContentsList of Boxes vi Preface vii Acknowledgments xiii 1 Earth's Climate System 1 2 The Faint Young Sun 24 3 Precambrian Glaciations 38 4 Regulation of the Earth System and Global Temperature 54 5 The Late Paleozoic Ice Ages 73 6 Equable Climates of the Mesozoic and Paleogene 97 7 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 125 8 The Long Cooling of the Cenozoic 144 9 The Origin of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and the Pleistocene Ice Ages 172 10 Rapid Climate Change during the Last Glacial Period 235 11 The Holocene 264 12 Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Context of Paleoclimate 287 Glossary 295 Index 303

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Book SynopsisEarth's climate has undergone dramatic changes over the geologic timescale. At one extreme, Earth has been glaciated from the poles to the equator for periods that may have lasted millions of years. This title presents the study of such changes and their causes.Trade Review"The work is well-written, with just enough mathematics to add to the reader's understanding, without causing confusion."--Choice "The author has succeeded admirably in producing a clear, concise, yet detailed summary of a very important topic. The text is supplemented by an excellent selection of diagrams and data displays ... and more than 300 references to the primary research literature. I found it easy to read yet thought provoking, consistently interesting and, perhaps best of all, not at all intimidating in bulk or style. Highly recommended!"--William R. Green, Leading Edge "Paleoclimate gives the reader a concise, clear view of how Earth's climate has changed over geologic time and the major drivers for this change. I heartily recommend the book for those interested in understanding Earth's rich climate complexity."--Jeffrey T Kiehl, Reports of the National Center for Science EducationTable of ContentsList of Boxes vi Preface vii Acknowledgments xiii 1 Earth's Climate System 1 2 The Faint Young Sun 24 3 Precambrian Glaciations 38 4 Regulation of the Earth System and Global Temperature 54 5 The Late Paleozoic Ice Ages 73 6 Equable Climates of the Mesozoic and Paleogene 97 7 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 125 8 The Long Cooling of the Cenozoic 144 9 The Origin of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and the Pleistocene Ice Ages 172 10 Rapid Climate Change during the Last Glacial Period 235 11 The Holocene 264 12 Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Context of Paleoclimate 287 Glossary 295 Index 303

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Book SynopsisRising temperatures are affecting organisms in all of Earth's biomes, but the complexity of ecological responses to climate change has hampered the development of a conceptually unified treatment of them. In a remarkably comprehensive synthesis, this book presents past, ongoing, and future ecological responses to climate change in the context of twTrade Review"In this book ... Post steps outside this traditional approach to offer a detailed exploration of the role that biotic interactions might play in ecosystem responses to climate change. The book is a highly detailed, well-illustrated, and thoroughly explained argument that these biotic interactions are not just factors that must be taken into consideration, but rather might be in fact determining how individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems respond to climate change."--Choice "A truly extraordinary amount of information is contained in this book, ranging from historic climate change to future predictions, and from species through ecosystems. Post certainly achieves his stated goal of showcasing the role of biotic interactions in determining how ecological systems respond to climate change. I plan to assign course readings from this book in my future teaching career, and I foresee myself pulling it off the shelf frequently as a reference."--Amy M. Iler, Ecology "Eric Post's recent book, Ecology of Climate Change: The Importance of Biotic Interactions, has an important role to play. It can increase understanding among budding and established biologists by serving as a reference and tutorial... No volume can provide the definitive answer on a topic as broad and complex--or as important--as climate change ecology, but Post's contribution is a useful start."--BioScience "Researchers in the fields of ecology and conservation will greatly benefit from having this book."--Richard Kotter, International Journal of Environmental Studies "Post challenges the reader to think deeply about how climate change is intrinsic to ecosystem complexity. Post elegantly draws upon important theories in ecology (e.g., life history, niche, biodiversity) and rolls out the red carpet for clearly understanding the ecological impacts of climate change, while providing a theoretical structure for the direction of future research... Ecology of Climate Change is comprehensive and thorough, and I recommend it to anyone who wants to push the limits of our understanding of how ecosystems are responding to climate change."--Jerod A. Merkle, Journal of Wildlife ManagementTable of ContentsPreface: Purpose, Perspective, and Scope xiii The Tension and Facilitation Hypotheses of Biotic Response to Climate Change xiv Acknowledgments xxi 1. A Brief Overview of Recent Climate Change and Its Ecological Context 1 * Climate Change versus Global Warming 3 * Temperature Changes 3 * Precipitation Changes 9 * Changes in Snow and Ice Cover 11 * El Nino-Southern Oscillation 13 * Paleoclimatic Variation 15 * Studying the Ecological Effects of Climate Change 16 * The Study Site at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland 21 2. Pleistocene Warming and Extinctions 24 * The Pleistocene Environment As Indicated by Its Fauna 24 * Biogeography and Magnitude of Pleistocene Extinctions and Climate Change 29 * Case Studies of Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions 35 * Pleistocene Microfaunal Extinctions and Species Redistributions 44 * Spatial, Temporal, and Taxonomic Heterogeneity in * Pleistocene Redistributions: Lessons to Be Learned 46 * Reconsidering the Megafaunal Extinctions: The Zimov Model 50 * Relevance to Contemporary Climate Change 52 3. Life History Variation and Phenology 54 * Geographic and Taxonomic Variation in Phenological Response to Climate Change 54 * Pattern and Scale in Phenological Dynamics 59 * Phenology and the Aggregate Life History Response to Climate Change 64 * Temporal Dependence and a Model of Phenological Dynamics 67 * The Iwasa-Levin Model and Its Relevance to Climate Change 75 * Modeling the Contribution of Phenology to Population Dynamics 86 * Trends and Statistical Considerations 88 * Empirical Examples Linking Climate, Phenology, and Abundance 91 * More Complex and Subtle Forms of Phenological Variation 92 4. Population Dynamics and Stability 96 * Establishing the Framework for Addressing Population Response to Climate Change 97 * Classic Treatments of Population Stability Viewed Afresh through the Lens of Climate Change 102 * Incorporation of Climate into Time Series Models 106 * Simultaneous Thresholds in Population-Intrinsic and Population-Extrinsic Factors 111 * Population Synchrony and Extinction Risk 119 * Erosion of Population Cycles 124 * Global Population Dynamics, Population Diversity, and the Portfolio Effect 128 5. The Niche Concept 132 * Grinnellian Niches and Climate Change 134 * Niche Vacancy 138 * Niche Evolution 139 * Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolutionary Response to Climate Change 144 * Niche Conservatism 146 * Modes of Niche Response to Climate Change 149 * Bioclimatic Envelope Modeling and Environmental Niche Models 155 6. Community Dynamics and Stability 163 * Communities Defined through Lateral and Vertical Structuring 164 * Regional versus Local Diversity and the Community Concept 165 * Exploitation and Interference Interactions 167 * Gleasonian and Clementsian Communities 169 * Non-analogues: The Community Is Dead-Long Live the Community 171 * The Role of Climate in Mediating Species Interactions versus the Role of Species Interactions in Mediating Community Response to Climate Change 176 * Phenology and the Ephemeral Nature of Communities 181 * The Green World Hypothesis, and Phenology As an Index of Resource Availability 186 * Asynchrony and Trophic Mismatch 187 * The Cafeteria Analogy of Trophic Mismatch in Time and Space 198 * Gleasonian Dynamics and Stability in Laterally Structured Communities 200 * Dynamics and Stability in Vertically Structured Communities 203 * Development of the Process-Oriented Model for Vertical Communities 205 * Derivation of the Predator-Level Statistical Model 207 * Derivation of the Herbivore-Level Statistical Model 208 * Derivation of the Vegetation-Level Statistical Model 210 * The Community Matrix and Its Stability Properties 211 * Trophic Interactions, Dynamic Complexity, and Stability in Vertical Communities 213 7. Biodiversity, Distributions, and Extinction 217 * Distributional Shifts in Species' Ranges 222 * Scale and Pattern in Distribution and Abundance 224 * Biodiversity Changes through Elevational Colonization and Extinction 226 * Amphibian Extinction and the Climate-Pathogen Hypothesis 230 * Biodiversity and Stability 233 * Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change 245 * Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Human Exploitation 248 8. Ecosystem Function and Dynamics 249 * Stability, Diversity, and Ecosystem Resilience 254 * Nutrient, Temperature, and CO2 Manipulations 257 * Carbon Dynamics and Projected Responses to Global Climate Change 265 * Tropical Deforestation, Carbon Turnover, and Model Projections of Changes in Carbon Dynamics 276 * Role of Animals in Ecosystems of Relevance to Climate Change 286 * Herbivores, Warming, and Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics 289 9. Brief Remarks on Some Especially Important Considerations 297 * Trends and Variability Revisited 297 * Community Response to Climate Change: Further Considerations 299 * The Scale-Invariant Nature of Non-analogues 300 * Lack of Detection Does Not Always Mean Lack of Response 300 * A Greater Emphasis on Phenology 301 * Direct versus Indirect Ecological Responses and the Thief in the Night 302 References 303 Index 359

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Book SynopsisThis is a graduate-level textbook on the global circulation of the Earth's atmosphere--the large-scale system of winds by which energy is transported around the planet, from the tropical latitudes to the poles. Written by David Randall, one of the world's foremost experts on the subject, it is the most comprehensive textbook on the topic. IntendedTrade Review"The book is well organized, progresses logically, and includes a basic analytical analysis for observed conditions whenever possible. Particularly valuable are the lucid physical explanations of the implications of the mathematical relations."--ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface vii Handy Numbers ix Chapter 1 Perpetual Motion 1 Chapter 2 What Makes It Go? 12 Chapter 3 First Impressions 33 Chapter 4 The Rules of the Game 67 Chapter 5 Go with the Flow 106 Chapter 6 Up Moist, Down Dry 145 Chapter 7 Heat Where It's Hot, and Cool Where It's Cold 182 Chapter 8 A Taxonomy of Eddies 211 Chapter 9 What the Eddies Do 280 Chapter 10 A Fluid Dynamical Commotion 310 Chapter 11 The Future of the Circulation 352 Appendix A Vectors, Vector Calculus, and Coordinate Systems 357 Appendix B Dimensional Analysis, Scale Analysis, and Similarity Theories 365 Appendix C Why Is the Dissipation Rate Positive? 375 Appendix D Vertical Coordinate Transformations 378 Appendix E The Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate 380 Appendix F Eddy Kinetic Energy and Zonal Kinetic Energy 383 Appendix G Spherical Harmonics 389 Appendix H Hermite Polynomials 396 Bibliography 399 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThe Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating across the planet produces global wind patterns and contributes to the formation of clouds, storms, and rainfall. The Sun's Influence on Climate provides aTrade Review"Increasing understanding of how the sun affects climate will deepen human understanding of future trajectories of climate change."--ChoiceTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 2 The Earth's Climate System 12 3 The Sun 40 4 Solar Radiation at the Earth 66 5 Solar Variability 92 6 Solar Signals in Surface Climate 109 7 Solar Influence through the Atmosphere 129 8 Space Weather 154 9 Summary 166 Appendix: Detection of Solar Signals in Climate and Weather Records 171 Glossary 175 Suggestions for Further Reading 185 Bibliography 189 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThe Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating across the planet produces global wind patterns and contributes to the formation of clouds, storms, and rainfall. The Sun's Influence on Climate provides aTrade Review"Increasing understanding of how the sun affects climate will deepen human understanding of future trajectories of climate change."--ChoiceTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 2 The Earth's Climate System 12 3 The Sun 40 4 Solar Radiation at the Earth 66 5 Solar Variability 92 6 Solar Signals in Surface Climate 109 7 Solar Influence through the Atmosphere 129 8 Space Weather 154 9 Summary 166 Appendix: Detection of Solar Signals in Climate and Weather Records 171 Glossary 175 Suggestions for Further Reading 185 Bibliography 189 Index 199

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