Medicinal chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThe focus of this textbook is on application, rather than pure knowledge transfer of the results of all chemical biological work (which would also be beyond the scope of a book). It gives the reader, through the specific selection of chemical biological techniques and concepts, the necessary tools to be able to develop new ways of thinking and thus new therapeutic options in the complex field of chemical biology and drug development. The stated aim of this book is to provide concrete solutions and inspiration to students, (post)graduate students, and experienced scientists at universities as well as in industry in their problems. After an introduction to the problems addressed by chemical biology in drug discovery, the three levels of molecular biology dogma: DNA, RNA and proteins and their role as drug targets serve as the common thread of this book.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Chemische Biologie by Marco F. Schmidt, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2020. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.Table of ContentsForeword.- Introduction.- Part I: Chemical Biology and Drug Development.- Chemical Biology - a Holistic Science.- Drug Development.- From Genomics to Chemical Biology.- Part II: DNA.- DNA - blueprint of proteins.- Genomic Variation.- Gene Therapy and Genome Editing.- Part III: RNA.- RNA - information and function carrier.- RNA Interference in Drug Development.- Part IV: Proteins.- Peptides & proteins.- Proteins as drug targets.- Chemical genomics - From target protein to drug.- From target protein to macromolecular drug - Biologics.- Chemical proteomics: From drug to target protein.- Chemical genetics: validation of drug target by elucidation of signaling pathway.- Chemical biology - Addressing new drug targets.

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Book SynopsisToday, young cosmetics researchers who have completed their graduate studies and have entered a cosmetics company are put through several years of training before they become qualified to design cosmetics formulations themselves. They are trained so that they can design formulas not by a process of logic but by heart, like craftsmen, chefs, or carpenters. This kind of training seems a terrible waste of labor and time. To address this issue and allow young scientists to design novel cosmetics formulations, effectively bringing greater diversity of innovation to the industry, this book provides a key set of skills and the knowledge necessary for such pursuits. The volume provides the comprehensive knowledge and instruction necessary for researchers to design and create cosmetics products. The book’s chapters cover a comprehensive list of topics, which include, among others, the basics of cosmetics, such as the raw materials of cosmetics and their application; practical techniques and technologies for designing and manufacturing cosmetics, as well as theoretical knowledge; emulsification; sensory evaluations of cosmetic ingredients; and how to create products such as soap-based cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, creams, and others. The potential for innovation is great in Japan’s cosmetics industry. This book expresses the hope that the high level of dedicated research continues and proliferates, especially among those who are innovators at heart.Table of ContentsDeveloping the formulations of cosmetics.- Raw materials of cosmetics.- Emulsions.- Sensory properties of cosmetics.- Practice of designing cosmetics formulations.

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Book SynopsisThe pharmaceutical industry is currently facing a significant innovation deficit, despite the potential offered by advances in genomics, high throughput screening, and combinatorial and asymmetric synthesis for drug discovery. The number of new molecules registered annually has actually decreased, contrary to expectations, and post-marketing failures of blockbuster drugs have become a major concern. On the other hand, there is a growing global trend towards the use of traditional medicine, including complementary and alternative therapies. Ethnopharmacology and traditional medicines have played a significant role in the past in the discovery of natural products, and there are two clear areas where ethnopharmacology can make a significant contribution to future drug research. First, as a discovery engine for new targets, leads, and second, the use of quality-assured and standardized traditional medicines. This book provides a historical perspective, future prospects, and the significance of ethnopharmacology in drug research, as well as important steps in botanical drug discovery and development, including bioprospecting, quality control, standardization, pharmaceutics, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability, with examples from ethnopharmacology and herbal medicine. The book also includes an excellent overview of Good Laboratory and Good Clinical Practices, as well as very useful summary steps for filing IND or NDA for botanical products. Additionally, the book provides the regulators perspective on validating claims and how ethnopharmacological or traditional medicines may require a different approach.

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Book SynopsisWhile biotechnological advances, genomics and high throughput screenings or combinatorial and asymmetric syntheses are opening new opportunities in drug discovery, the industry is facing serious innovation deficit. The total number of new molecules registered per year has dropped in contrast to expected increase. Post marketing failures of blockbuster drugs have become major concerns of industries. On the other side, globally there is a major shift to sue of traditional medicine involving complementary and alternative therapies. Ethnopharmacology and traditional medicines have contributed in past significantly in the process of natural product drug discovery. There are two clear tracks where ethnopharmacology has potential to contribute in future drug research. First, as a discovery engine to provide new targets, leads, and second, use of quality assured and standardized traditional medicines. In this scenario, it is important to understand the mechanisms of drug discovery and pharmaceutical development with a focus on herbal drugs and neutraceutical. This book provides historical perspective, future prospects and significance of ethnopharmacology in drug research. It also provides important steps in botanical drug discovery and development including bioprospecting, quality control, standardization, pharmaceutics, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability with examples from ethnopharmacology and herbal medicine. One of the important feature of this book is to give an excellent insight to Good Laboratory and Good Clinical Practices along with very useful summary steps involved in filing IND or NDA of botanical products. The book also gives Regulators' perspective of validating claims and how ethnopharmacological or traditional medicines need different approach.Table of ContentsSection I. Discovery: 1. Overview of medical and drug development. 2. TM/CAM and ethnopharmacology. 3. Natural product and drug discovery. 4. Innovation and drug discovery. 5. Bioprospecting and IPR. Section II. Development 6. Safety and regulatory issues. 7. Quality control and standardization. 8. Herbal pharmaceutics: stability and pharmacokinetics. 9. Preclinical and clinical evaluation. 10. Regulatory guidance to industry. 11. Validating of health claims and pharmacoepidemiology.Section III. Technology: 12. Biotechnology in herbal drug research. 13. Microarrays and high throughput screening. 14. Pharmacogenomics and ethnopharmacology. 15. Ethnoinformatics and AyuSoft. 16. Systems approaches and reverse pharmacology. 17. Future perspectives.

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Book Synopsisthe GABA increase takes place and (2) the area of the brain that may mediate the anticonvulsant Investigation of the physiology, biochemistry, activity. Three compounds that increase brain pharmacology and anatomy of GAB A and GABA­ GABA by distinct mechanisms were used in these containing neural systems, continues to reveal the studies: di-n-propylacetate (DPA, sodium val­ rich complexities associated with this neuroactive proate, Depakene(R)), amino-oxyacetic acid amino acid (see recent symposia 1,2,3). Advances (AOAA) and y-vinyl GABA (GVG). in the pharmacology of GABA-mimetic agents In the next sections, the metabolism of GABA have resulted in the development of compounds and a brief historical account of the relationship that can selectively activate GABA receptors (4,5, between GABA and anticonvulsant activity are 6, 7), inhibit the synthetic and degradative enzymes outlined followed by a discussion ofthe biochemical for GABA (8, 9) or affect the neuronal and glial and pharmacological effects of the three drugs. In uptake processes for GABA (10, 11). This has particular, the literature pertaining to the suppres­ already had a significant impact on our under­ sion of seizures and the correlation between anti­ standing of the role of GABA in convulsions and a convulsant action and increases in brain G ABA will range of other CNS functions including feeding be examined. (12), cardiovascular control (13), motor activity (14) and release of pituitary hormones (15). Before 1.Table of Contentsto ‘Developments in molecular and cellular biochemistry’.- 1. Hippocampal glutamate receptors.- 2. Enzymatic synthesis and function of folypolyglutamates.- 3. ?-Aminolevulinic acid and amino acid neurotransmitters.- 4. ?-Glutamylamine cyclotransferase.- 5. GABA and the enteric nervous system.- 6. Post-translational carboxylation of preprothrombin.- 7. Glutamate and aspartate agonists structurally related to ibotenic acid.- 8. GABA agonists.- 9. Pharmacology of GABA-mediated inhibition of spinal cord neurons in vivo and in primary dissociated cell culture.- 10. Molecular characteristics of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain.- 11. Pyroglutamic acid.- 12. Gamma-carboxyglumatic acid.- 13. Folypoly-?-glutamate synthesis by bacteria and mammalian cells.- 14. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic localization of GABA system in the vertebrate retina.- 15. L-glutamate transport in renal plasma membrane vesicles.- 16. Glutamate as a precursor of GABA in rat brain and peripheral tissues.- 17. The GABA postsynaptic membrane receptor-ionophore complex.- 18. The stimulation of ion fluxes in brain slices by glutamate and other excitatory amino acids.- 19. Alterations of central GABAergic activity in neurologic and psychiatric disorders: evaluation through measurements of GABA and GAD activity in cerebrospinal fluid.- 20. Cellular compartments of GABA in brain and their relationship to anticonvulsant activity.- 21. Pteroylpolyglutamates.- 22. Glutamate receptor binding in insects and mammals.- 23. ?-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic, structural and functional aspects.- 24. Utilization of GABA in Substantia Nigra.

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Table of ContentsTuftsin, a natural activator of phagocytic functions including tumoricidal activity.- Antitumor effect of tuftsin.- N?-formyl-norleucyl-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone.- Muramyl peptides.- Modulation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity by thymosin.- Isolation of three separate anaphylatoxins from complement-activated human serum.- The serum thymic factor.- Tuftsin Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg.- Tuftsin analogs and their biological activity.- Macrophage activation by tuftsin and muramyl-dipeptide.- Induction of T lymphocyte differentiation by thymic factors.- Bacterial activity of tuftsin.

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Book SynopsisAnalyses for naturally occurring biological substances or administered materials have been with us for many years. These were usually based on the physical or chemical characteristics of the substances to be measured. However in recent years there has been an explosion of interest in analytical methods which made use of the high specificity and sensitivity of im­ munological reactions. These methods can be very simple in terms of technical procedures and can usually be performed on minute samples of biological fluids - factors which have ensured their ready acceptance in most laboratories. Recently there have been numerous meetings on technical aspects of particular immunoassays and on their application in specific diseases. We felt however that the time was ripe for an 'overview' of the whole field. To this end a conference on 'Immunoassays for the 80s' was held at the Zoological Society of London in 1980, and this book is largely based on that meeting. Both the immunoassay techniques and their numerous applications were discussed and are dealt with at length in this volume. The editors wish to thank all the contributors for their chapters and to acknowledge the debt they owe to Jean Ryan (NLCM) without whose organization and assistance this volume would not have been completed. A.V., D.B., A.B.Table of ContentsI Immunoassay Techniques.- 1. Historical perspectives.- 2. Merits and disadvantages of different labels and methods of immunoassay.- 3. Assays utilizing red cells as markers.- 4. Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA): an automated non-radioisotopic immunoassay method, suitable for antigens, haptens, antibodies and immune complexes.- 5. Precipitation and related immunoassay techniques.- 6. Radioimmunoassay.- 7. Heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays.- 8. Immunoassays employing reactants labelled with a fluorophore.- 9. Chemiluminescence and its use in immunoassay.- 10. New homogeneous assay methods for the determination of proteins.- 11. Antisera in immunoassays with special reference to monoclonal antibodies to human immunoglobulins.- 12. External quality assessment schemes for immunoassays.- 13. The control of performance in immunoassays.- 14. Components in a model for the production of reference materials with special reference to immunoassays.- 15. Standardization of immunological reagents.- II Applications of Immunoassays.- 16. Steroid immunoassays in endocrinology.- 17. Immunoassays in pharmacology and toxicology.- 18. Immunoassays in autoimmune disease.- 19. Radioimmunoassays in allergy.- 20. Immunoassay screening for open neural-tube defects: practical aspects.- 21. Immunoassays in haematology.- 22. Immunoassays in tissue typing.- 23. Immunoassays for acute phase proteins.- 24. Rapid virus diagnosis.- 25. Viral hepatitis with special reference to hepatitis B.- 26. Immunoassays for hepatitis A.- 27. Immunoassays for the TORCH programme.- 28. Current status of specific IgM antibody assays.- 29. Enzyme immunoassays in bacteriology.- 30. Immunoassays in mycology.- 31. Some applications of immunoassays in tropical parasitic infections.- 32. Immunoassays in veterinary medicine.- 33. Immunoassays in plant virology.

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Book SynopsisList of Contributors ix PART 1 CURRENT CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 1 A European overview of the health care scene KS Johansen 3 Is there a European concept of health and health care? 2 JGW Wittkiimper 7 3 The effects of health and safety legislation on the practice of clinical laboratory science A Berlin, AE Bennett and WJ Hunter 19 4 Current economic, technical and political pressures at the laboratory level: some benefits towards health care delivery JG Lines and N Sanders 33 PART 2 THE CLINICAL LABORATORY IN THE CHANGING SCENE OF HEALTH CARE 5 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by a professional society member M Roth 41 6 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by an industry member JE Barclay 45 7 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by a health agency member R Netter 55 8 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen in the USA R Nadeau 59 v CONTENTS PART 3 WOULD THE VALUE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE BE INCREASED BY FURTHER WRITTEN AND MATERIAL STANDARDS? 9 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in histology? J Rygaard 67 10 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in cytopathology? OAN Husain 73 11 Would the value of clinical laboratory science beTable of Contents1 Current Concepts of Health and Health Care.- 1 A European overview of the health care scene.- 2 Is there a European concept of health and health care?.- 3 The effects of health and safety legislation on the practice of clinical laboratory science.- 4 Current economic, technical and political pressures at the laboratory level: some benefits towards health care delivery.- 2 The Clinical Laboratory in the Changing Scene of Health Care.- 5 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by a professional society member.- 6 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by an industry member.- 7 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen by a health agency member.- 8 The clinical laboratory in the changing scene of health care as seen in the USA.- 3 Would The Value Of Clinical Laboratory Science be Increased by Further Written and Material Standards?.- 9 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in histology?.- 10 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in cytopathology?.- 11 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in microbiology?.- 12 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in immunology?.- 13 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in haematology?.- 14 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in clinical chemistry?.- 15 Would the value of clinical laboratory science be increased by further written and material standards in toxicology?.- 4 Future Eccls Involvement.- 16 Future ECCLS involvement as seen by industry.- 17 Future ECCLS involvement as seen by health agencies.- 18 Future ECCLS involvement as seen by professional societies.

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Table of ContentsThe 23rd Annual Symposium of the SSIEM: Liverpool.- to recombinant DNA.- Human biochemical genetics of enzyme proteins in the new age of molecular genetics.- Direct DNA analysis in family studies.- Application and limitations of direct DNA analysis in genetic prediction.- DNA analysis for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.- Molecular genetics of PKU.- Human DNA repair defects.- Molecular basis of ai-antitrypsin deficiency and its potential therapy by gene transfer.- Direct alteration of a gene in the human genome.- Diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and the 5’ flanking polymorphism of the human insulin gene.- Workshop on Screening for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency).- Clinical aspects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: early diagnosis and prognosis.- Biochemical aspects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.- Large-Scale Pilot Studies.- Review of CAH screening programmes and the Scottish experience.- Neonatal screening programme for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a homogenous Caucasian population.- Neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a pilot study in France.- Existing Clinical Diagnoses.- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Birmingham: a retrospective analysis (1958-1985).- Prevalence of adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency in neonates born in the West Midlands: a retrospective study.- Clinical Symposium - Phenylketonuria.- and explanation.- Maternal phenylketonuria.- Dietary problems of phenylketonuria: effect on CNS transmitters and their possible role in behaviour and neuropsychological function.- Diagnosis in relationship to treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia.- Problems related to diet management of maternal phenylketonuria.- Short Communications.- Preface and Free Communications.- Molecular biology of phenylalanine hydroxylase.- Hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and dietary tolerance in hyperphenylalaninaemic patients.- Phenylalanine metabolites in treated phenylketonuric children.- Magnesium-deficient rickets in a phenylketonuric patient on dietary treatment.- Termination of strict diet in phenylketonuria: neurophysiological, psychological and biochemical studies.- Effects of stopping phenylalanine-restricted diet on intellectual progress of children with phenylketonuria.- Maternal hyperphenylalaninaemia: dietary treatment during pregnancy.- Maternal hyperphenylalaninaemia in Israel.- Maternal phenylketonuria with increased tyrosine supplements.- Screening for phenylketonuria in Yugoslavia (SR Croatia) 1979–1984.- Incidence of phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia in a sample of the Turkish newborn population.- Atypical phenylketonuria with mild mental retardation caused by tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in a Chinese family.- Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency: clinical, biochemical and therapeutic aspects.- Partial dihydropteridine reductase deficiency and mental retardation.- Urine amino acid analysis by HPLC in the investigation of inborn errors of metabolism.- Plasma amino acid patterns in critically ill children.- Treatment of hereditary tyrosinaemia (fumarylacetoacetase deficiency) by enzyme substitution.- Presentation of the data of the Italian registry for oculocutaneous tyrosinaemia.- A new case of hyperlysinaemia with saccharopinuria.- Failure of early diazepam treatment in a neonate with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia.- Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: 3 cases in one Italian family.- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methyltetrahydrofolate methyltransferase in human fetal tissues and chorionic villi.- Kinetic studies on the glucose-6-phosphate transport system in rat hepatic microsomal membrane.- Long term cornstarch therapy in glycogen storage disease types I, lb and III.- Galactose-l-phosphate-uridyl transferase activity in chorionic villi: a first trimester prenatal diagnosis of galactosaemia.- Molecular heterogeneity of McArdle disease.- Decreased affinity of phosphorylase ? for glucose-1 -phosphate in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with glycogenosis type VI.- The diagnosis and treatment of a patient with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: overnight fasting does not result in the expected urinary metabolite profile.- A new case of familiar C6-C14 dicarboxylic aciduria with favourable evolution.- Pyruvate carboxylase responsive to ketosis in a multiple carboxylase deficiency patient.- Neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency: an update.- GM2 gangliosidosis with hexosaminidase A and B defect: report of a family with motor neuron disease-like phenotype.- A comparison between hepatocytes and macrophages of sphingomyelin, cholesterol and acid lipase in various types of Niemann-Pick disease.- Juvenile dystonia without vertical gaze paralysis: Niemann-Pick type C disease.- Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of the cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome via a simple method directly demonstrating the presence or absence of peroxisomes in cultured skin fibroblasts, amniocytes or chorionic villi fibroblasts.- Impaired cholesterol side chain cleavage activity in liver from patients with cerebro- hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome in relation to the accumulation of di- and trihydroxycoprostanoic acid in serum.- Deficiency of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase and catalase-containing particles in patients with infantile Refsum’s disease.- Peroxisomal abnormalities in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.- Cytogenetic studies of three families with ataxia-telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome).

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Book SynopsisThe first symposium of the Society for the Study ofInborn valuable overview of advances in the application of Errors of Metabolism (SSIEM) on the organic acid urias chemical analysis of amniotic fluid to their early prenatal was held in Leeds in 1971 and published by the Society in diagnosis. The continuing complexity of diagnosis, 1972 (the 9th Annual SSIEM Symposium). Although biochemistry and aetiology ofthe dicarboxylic acid urias relatively few of these disorders were recognized at that has been admirably reduced by the papers from Dr time, the symposium was prompted by the then recent Gregersen and Dr Goodman, with Dr Goodman clearly identification between 1966 and 1970 of isovaleric identifying the primary defect in the polycystic variant of acidaemia, methylmalonic aciduria, propionic aci- multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency ("glutaric daemia, pyroglutamic aciduria and 3-methylcrotonyl- aciduria type II") as a deficiency of electron transfer glycinuria. Identification and diagnosis of diseases of this flavoprotein (ETF) dehydrogenase. Dr Engel's paper kind had greatly improved primarily through the also provides a useful overview from currently available application of gas chromatography and mass spectro- data of the place of L-carnitine in the organic acid urias, metry to medicine, although the complexity of the an area in which rapid developments are occurring. The underlying biochemistry and the genetic heterogeneity of emerging understanding of the aetiologies of the the organic acidurias was not then realised.Table of ContentsPreface.- Section I: Clinical aspects: management and outcome.- Neonatal management of organic acidurias. Clinical update (Hudson Memorial Lecture).- Long term outcome of organic acidurias: survey of 105 French cases (1967-1983).- The management and long term outcome of organic acidaemias.- Prenatal diagnosis of the organic acidurias.- Symptoms and signs in organic acidurias.- Section II: Dicarboxylic acidurias and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies.- Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: enzyme measurement and studies on alternative metabolism.- Glutaric acidaemia type II (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency).- Carnitine metabolism and inborn errors.- Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) diagnosis of 2 cases of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.- The differential diagnosis of dicarboxylic aciduria.- Animal models for dicarboxylic aciduria.- Section III: Disorders of the respiratory chain and the lactic acidaemias.- Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory chain: review.- Mitochondrial myopathies: disorders of the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.- Lactic acidaemia.- Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency.- Organic acids in urine of patients with congenital lactic acidoses: an aid to differential diagnosis.- Section IV: A new disorder: 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.- Clinical review.- Biochemical findings.- Enzymology and mode of inheritance.- Section V: Short Communications.- Preface to Short Communications.- Free Communications.- Electron-transferring flavoprotein deficiency in the multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation disorders, glutaric aciduria type II and ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria.- Glutaric aciduria type II: multiple defects in isolated muscle mitochondria and deficient ?-oxidation in fibroblasts.- Glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase activity determined with intact electron-transport chain: application to glutaric aciduria type II.- Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: apparent Km and Vmax values for fibroblast acyl-CoA dehydrogenase towards octanoyl-CoA in patient and control cell lines.- Mitochondrial myopathy with partial cytochrome oxidase deficiency and impaired oxidation of NADH-linked substrates.- L-Carnitine insufficiency in disorders of organic acid metabolism: response to L-carnitine by patients with methylmalonic aciduria and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria.- An evaluation of urine lactate for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.- Metabolic acidosis versus a compensation of respiratory alkalosis in four children with Leigh’s disease.- Chemical diagnosis of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency.- 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic and 3-methylglutaric acids can be non-specific indicators of metabolic disease.- Different organic acid patterns in urine and in cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with biotinidase deficiency.- Biotinidase deficiency: the possible role of biotinidase in the processing of dietary protein-bound biotin.- Biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD): deficient biotinidase activity associated with renal loss of biotin.- Organic acids in urine: sample preparation for GC/MS.- Experience with prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidaemia and methylmalonic aciduria.- Methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria.- Two cases of ß-ketothiolase deficiency: a comparison.- L-Glyceric aciduria (primary hyperoxaluria type 2) in siblings in two unrelated families.- The antenatal diagnosis and aid to the management of hereditary tyrosinaemia by use of a specific and sensitive GC—MS assay for succinylacetone.- The enzyme defects in hereditary tyrosinaemia type I.- The possibility for prenatal diagnosis of PKU by linkage analyses based on phenylalanine hydroxylase locus specific DNA-polymorphisms.- Complementation between argininosuccinate synthetase-deficient and argininosuccinate lyase-deficient fibroblasts depends on intercellular communication.- Molecular lesion of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia.- Prolidase deficiency: detection of cases by a newborn urinary screening programme.- Type Ib glycogen storage disease: an in vivo and in vitro study of two cases.- The lactate concentration of the urine, a parameter for the adequacy of dietary treatment of patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.- Sorbitol dehydrogenase deficiency in a family with congenital cataracts.- Thiamin-responsive megaloblastic anaemia: a disorder of thiamin transport?.- Acid esterase deficiency: comparison of biochemical findings in infantile and adult forms.- Steroid sulphatase deficiency. Steroid sulphatase and arylsulphatase C determination in normal and affected fibroblasts.- Steroid sulphatase deficiency is present in patients with the syndrome’ ichthyosis and male hypogonadism’ and with’ Rud syndrome’.

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Book SynopsisIn the first annual report on Alcohol and. Health to Congress (December, 1971), the then HEW Secretary Elliot L. Richardson called alcohol 'the most abused drug in the United States'. The report revealed that nine million Americans are alcohol abusers and that alcoholic individuals represent almost 10 % of the nation's work force. With spreading alcoholism, the incidence of physical damage due to alcohol has greatly increased. A question which is often raised is 'in which way does an alcoholic differ from a non-alcoholic?' Inquiries have focused on psychological make-up, behavioural differences and socioeconomic factors. More recently, however, physical differences have been delineated. Prior to the development of various disease entities, chronic ethanol exposure results in profound biochemical and morphological changes. Consequently an alcoholic does not respond normally to alcohol, or other drugs or even other toxic agents. Some of these persistent biochemical and morphological changes are the consequences of the injurious effects of ethanol, whereas others may represent the possible adaptive responses to the profound changes in intermediary metabolism which are a direct and im­ mediate consequence of the oxidation of ethanol itself. Differentiation between the effects of ethanol directly linked to its oxidation, and the adaptive and injurious effects of ethanol are not simple, and overlap is common. In general, however, metabolic effects are associated with the presence of relatively low ethanol concentrations, whereas injurious effects occur with high ethanol concentrations and/or after prolonged intake. High ethanol con­ centrations also produce so-called pharmacological effects.Table of Contents1. Metabolism of Ethanol.- 2. Metabolic Effects of Alcohol on the Liver.- 3. Metabolic Effects of Alcohol on the Intestine.- 4. The Effect of Alcohol on the Heart.- 5. Alcohol and Skeletal Disease.- 6. Metabolic Aspects of Alcoholism in the Brain.- 7. The Effect of Alcohol on Striated and Smooth Muscle.- 8. Metabolic Effects of Alcohol on the Blood and Bone Marrow.- 9. Metabolic Effects of Alcohol on the Endocrine System.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid growth of specific protein estimations in the clinical laboratory over the last 10 years has been due to advances both in methodology and in the understanding of the role of the various plasma proteins in health and disease. This expansion has been made possible by the development of both gel phase and fluid phase techniques for the estimation of proteins and the ready availability of antisera to individual plasma proteins. The specificity of the immunological reaction has allowed the more precise identification and estimation of individual plasma proteins than was possible with dye binding or other chemical techniques, but at the same time these methods have introduced other possible errors and pitfalls. Advances in understanding of the structure and function of various plasma proteins has pointed the way to new clinical applications of plasma protein estimation in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. The Symposium, of which these are the proceedings, was planned to bring together a number of experts in the field to discuss the available methods and their clinical application.Table of ContentsSection One Methods and Problems in Immunochemistry.- 1 Electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis.- 2 Radial immunodiffusion and rocket Immunoelectrophoresis.- 3 Automated immunoprecipitation and laser nephelometry.- 4 Antiserum requirements.- 5 Problems encountered in immunochemical technique methodology.- 6 Specific protein measurement and standardization.- 7 Quality control.- Section Two Specific Proteins in Laboratory Diagnosis.- 8 Structure and function of the immunoglobulins.- 9 Immunoglobulins in blood transfusion.- 10 Monoclonal proteins.- 11 Iron binding proteins.- 12 Albumin.- 13 The complement system.- 14 Alphafetoprotein in obstetrics.- 15 Alphafetoprotein in oncology.- 16 ?1-Antitrypsin.- 17 Haptoglobin and orosomucoid in lung and breast tumours.- Section Three Immunochemistry of Other Body Fluids.- 18 Urinary proteins.- 19 Immunochemistry of CSF proteins.- Discussion.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides unique insights into the issues that drive modified dosing regimens for antibiotics in the critically ill. Leading international authors provide their commentary alongside a summary of existing evidence on how to effectively dose antibiotics. Severe infection frequently necessitates admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Equally, nosocomial sepsis often complicates the clinical course in ICU. Early, appropriate application of antibiotic therapy remains a cornerstone of effective management. However, this is challenging in the critical care environment, given the significant changes in patient physiology and organ function frequently encountered. Being cognisant of these factors, prescribers need to consider modified dosing regimens, not only to ensure adequate drug exposure, and therefore the greatest chance of clinical cure, but also to avoid encouraging drug resistance.Table of Contents1. Basic Pharmacokinetic Principles.- 2. Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics.- 3. Physiological Manifestations of Critical Illness.- 4. Dosing in Obese Critically Ill Patients.- 5. Hypoalbuminemia and Altered Protein Binding.- 6. Antibacterial Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Critically ill.- 7. Augmented Renal Clearance.- 8. Antibiotic Dosing During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.- 9. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: More than Avoiding Toxicity.- 10. Generic and Optimised Antibacterial Dosing Strategies in the Critically Ill.- 11. Antifungal PK/PD in the Critically Ill.- 12. Antibiotic Dosing in Pediatric Critically Ill Patients.- 13. Antibiotic Stewardship in the Intensive Care Unit.

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Book SynopsisNumerous phenomenal advances have been made towards understanding the role of neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, and these have resulted in a large number of novel molecules with the potential to revolutionize the treatment and prevention of such disorders. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed explanation of brain neurotransmitters and their receptors and associated channels. It includes a basic introduction, and also discusses the functions and recent advances and their pharmacology, highlighting the role of various computer aided drug design (CADD) strategies for the development of therapeutic ligands to modulate these receptors/ion channels. Written in an easy-to-read style, it is intended for neuroscience and pharmaceutical students and researchers working in the area of brain neurotransmitters.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the processes that are involved in the development of new drugs. The authors discuss the history, role of natural products and concept of receptor interactions with regard to the initial stages of drug discovery. In a single, highly readable volume, it outlines the basics of pharmacological screening, drug target identification, and genetics involved in early drug discovery. The final chapters introduce readers to stem therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacovigilance, and toxicological testing. Given its scope, the book will enable research scholars, professionals and young scientists to understand the key fundamentals of drug discovery, including stereochemistry, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, statistics and toxicology.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Historical Perspective of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentChapter2: Natural Products and Drug DiscoveryChapter 3: The Concept Of Receptors And Molecules Interaction In Drug Discovery And DevelopmentChapter 4: Chemical Structure and Stereochemistry Chapter 5:Biased Agonism:Renewing GPCR's targetabilityChapter 6: Computer Aided Drug DiscoveryChapter 7: Pharmacological screening of novel chemical entitiesChapter 8:Drug Target Identification and Validation:Chapter 9: Genetics and Drug DiscoveryChapter 10: Stem Cells and Therapeutics Chapter 11: Pharmacokinetics Chapter 12: Regulatory Toxicological TestingChapter 13: Nanotoxicology and Regulatory Requirements Chapter 14: Clinical Trials in Industrial Drug DevelopmentChapter 15:PharmacovigilanceChapter 16: Regulatory Process for New Drug Approval in IndiaChapter 17: Pharma Industry, Academia, Regulatory Authorities, and End-user Interaction in the Chapter 18: Statistics

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Book SynopsisThis book is a unique overview of insights on the genetic basis of anti-diabetic activity, chemistry, physiology, biotechnology, mode-of-action, as well as cellular mechanisms of anti-diabetic secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the populations of developing countries rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. There is an increasing demand for medicinal plants having anti-diabetic potential in both developing and developed countries. The expanding trade in medicinal plants has serious implications on the survival of several plant species, with many under threat to become extinct. This book describes various approaches to conserve these genetic resources. It discusses the whole spectrum of biotechnological tools from micro-propagation for large-scale multiplication, cell-culture techniques to the biosynthesis and enhancement of pharmaceutical compounds in the plants. It also discusses the genetic transformation as well as short- to long-term conservation of plant genetic resources via synthetic seed production and cryopreservation, respectively. The book is enriched with expert contributions from across the globe. This reference book is useful for researchers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, medicinal chemists, biochemists, botanists, molecular biologists, academicians, students as well as diabetic patients, traditional medicine practitioners, scientists in medicinal and aromatic plants, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and other traditional medical practitioners.Table of Contents1 In vitro approach and quantification of ‘puerarin and genistein’ - Valuable antidiabetic compounds from Pueraria tuberosa.- 2 In Vitro Exploitation of Medicinal Plants for Continuous Supply of Antidiabetic Bioactive Compounds.- 3 Lower plants as potential source of antidiabetic compounds: The present knowledge and future prospects.- 4 Tissue culture mediated biotechnological intervention in Centella asiatica: A potential antidiabetic plant.- 5 In Vitro Approaches for Mass-Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana.- 6 Swertia chirayita, an endangered anti-diabetic plant: trends in biotechnological interventions.- 7 In vitro propagation and biotechnological improvement strategies of plants with high-intensity sweetener and anti-diabetic activities.- 8 In Vitro Culture Techniques and Metabolite Engineering for Enhanced Anti-Diabetic Secondary Metabolite Production.- 9 Saffron: A prized herb with therapeutic potential against diabetes.- 10 New Insights to Enhance the Desired Anti-Diabetic Compounds in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Exposed to Abiotic Stress Factors.- 11 Boosting of bioactive secondary metabolites in antidiabetic plants through elicitation: A simple technology for better future.- 12 Rhizobium rhizogenes mediated genetic transformation of antidiabetic plants.- 13 Production of anti-diabetic lignans in flax cell cultures.- 14 Artificial seed development of selected anti-diabetic plants, their storage and regeneration: Progress and prospect.- 15 Cryopreservation of Anti-diabetic plants.

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Book SynopsisHumans have numerous microorganisms residing in the body, especially in the gut, far exceeding the human body's normal mammalian cells. Recent research links the gut microbiome, the population of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract, with brain diseases. This volume explores the concept and possibility of its extension to manage a galaxy of CNS diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Autism spectrum disorders, depression, insomnia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. This volume elaborates about communication channels between gut and brain via the vagus nerve, short-chain fatty acids including omega acids, and other inflammasomes.In contrast to the available books on the topic, this title is more versatile and endeavors to bring together scientific pre-clinical, and clinical claims on the probable psychobiotic implication of probiotic therapy. The book will appeal similar to the general public, students, experienced researchers, and academicians. It is endeavored to address an aspect of probiotic usage beyond gut disorders. We hope that it would be helpful to people studying the human nervous system and related conditions with their treatments.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on the potential use of probiotics in treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic acidosis, and gut dysbiosis. Chapters draw an association between gut microbiota and its diversity with metabolic diseases like diabetes, obesity, related liver and gut disorders; gut-brain axis; increased inflammation, and a compromised immune system resulting from these manifestations and scope of intervention with probiotics. Special attention is laid on describing the mechanisms of action of such beneficial effects of probiotic administration. The ability of probiotics to decrease metabolic endotoxemia by restoring the disrupted intestinal mucosal barrier is also included.The volume is a comprehensive compilation describing the scope and application of probiotic and prebiotic therapy in treating metabolic disorders. Readers will discover how probiotics are not just confined to the microbiology industry but are showing promising results in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook covers all the essential elements of pharmacokinetics, from basics to applications. It describes authoritative equations and methods on pharmacokinetic evaluation procedures with their importance. Each chapter of the book is supplemented with numerous illustrations and figures for easy understanding of the subject. The book presents mathematical techniques, step- by-step descriptive equations, and applicable statistical analysis methods for the easy understanding of the topic. Further, it covers the preclinical applications and methods of pharmacokinetic aspects. The book also contains mathematical problems and questions related to pharmacokinetics for students. Special emphasis is on recent pharmacokinetic methods and their applications for managing clinical data and biostatistical approaches based on the current literature. This book is primarily meant for researchers and students from academic institutions and to R&D professionals.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Fundamentals of Pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 2: Drug absorption.- Chapter 3: The extent of drug absorption: bioavailability, clearance, bioequivalence, and protein-binding.- Chapter 4: Pharmacokinetic models and drug distribution.- Chapter 5: Drug metabolism .- Chapter 6: Drug elimination and nonlinear kinetics.- Chapter 7: Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions.- Chapter 8: Pharmacokinetic applications.- Chapter 9: Pharmacokinetic sample collection and processing.- Chapter 10: Important bio-analytical instrumental techniques in pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 11: Statistics in pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 12: Pharmacokinetic software and tools.- Chapter 13: Pharmacokinetic laboratory-based experiments.- Chapter 14: Pharmacokinetic numerical problems with solutions.- Chapter 15: Questions, and questions & answers for practice.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook covers all the essential elements of pharmacokinetics, from basics to applications. It describes authoritative equations and methods on pharmacokinetic evaluation procedures with their importance. Each chapter of the book is supplemented with numerous illustrations and figures for easy understanding of the subject. The book presents mathematical techniques, step- by-step descriptive equations, and applicable statistical analysis methods for the easy understanding of the topic. Further, it covers the preclinical applications and methods of pharmacokinetic aspects. The book also contains mathematical problems and questions related to pharmacokinetics for students. Special emphasis is on recent pharmacokinetic methods and their applications for managing clinical data and biostatistical approaches based on the current literature. This book is primarily meant for researchers and students from academic institutions and to R&D professionals.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Fundamentals of Pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 2: Drug absorption.- Chapter 3: The extent of drug absorption: bioavailability, clearance, bioequivalence, and protein-binding.- Chapter 4: Pharmacokinetic models and drug distribution.- Chapter 5: Drug metabolism .- Chapter 6: Drug elimination and nonlinear kinetics.- Chapter 7: Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions.- Chapter 8: Pharmacokinetic applications.- Chapter 9: Pharmacokinetic sample collection and processing.- Chapter 10: Important bio-analytical instrumental techniques in pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 11: Statistics in pharmacokinetics.- Chapter 12: Pharmacokinetic software and tools.- Chapter 13: Pharmacokinetic laboratory-based experiments.- Chapter 14: Pharmacokinetic numerical problems with solutions.- Chapter 15: Questions, and questions & answers for practice.

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the related research achievements in Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and their cell metabolism kinetics. The book has three main parts. The first part describes the basic theory of ADCs, including the basic concept and structure of ADCs, and the relationship between the targets of ADCs and their specific functions. The second part mainly introduces the endocytosis and intracellular metabolism of ADCs, including the relationship between endocytosis and ADC activity, the endocytosis and intracellular transport of ADCs, the distribution and metabolism of ADC in vivo. Then it discusses the new formats and research technology of ADCs, including the application of miniaturized antibodies in ADC synthesis, novel carriers for ADC design, the technology and application of site-specific conjugation, and approaches for analyzing the drug: antibody ratio (DAR), the study of pharmacokinetics of ADCs. This book combines the basic theory with the research technology. It can be used as a reference book for students, teachers and researchers of biomedical field.Table of ContentsAntibody-Drug Conjugates Basic Concepts and Structures.- Relationship between target and specific action of antibody-drugs conjugates.- The internalization and therapeutic activity of antibody drug conjugate.- The internalization and intracellular trafficking of ADC.- Distribution and metabolism of antibody-drug conjugates.- Application of Antibody fragments in ADCs.- Novel Targeting Carriers in Antibody-drug Conjugates.- Site-specified Conjugating Technology and Application.- Determination of drug-to-antibody ratio of ADCs.- Pharmacokinetic study of antibody-drug conjugates.

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