Medical imaging: ultrasonics Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe only text-atlas of its kind on this vital subject, Ultrasound Guided Clinical Cytopathology of the Head and Neck presents a painstakingly thorough revision and updating of the well-received Clinical Cytopathology of the Head and Neck.Table of ContentsPreface to the first edition, ix Preface to the second edition, x About the companion website, xi 1 Introduction, 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Fine needle aspiration cytology of the head and neck, 1 1.3 Ultrasound guided FNAC, 1 1.4 A Combined US/FNAC approach, 2 1.5 Sampling technique, 2 References, 8 2 Salivary gland, 9 2.1 Introduction, 9 2.2 Diagnostic imaging of salivary glands, 13 2.3 Cytology of the salivary gland, 14 2.4 Salivary gland tumours, 29 2.5 Malignant tumours of the salivary gland, 42 2.6 Miscellaneous tumours, 59 2.7 Clinical management of salivary gland lesions, 64 References, 65 3 Thyroid, 71 3.1 Introduction, 71 3.2 Non]neoplastic and inflammatory conditions, 79 3.4 Malignant tumours, 94 References, 106 4 Lymph nodes, 112 4.1 Introduction, 112 4.2 Non]neoplastic lymphoproliferative conditions, 118 4.3 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 137 4.4 Non]Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 139 4.5 Metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes, 160 References, 170 5 Miscellaneous lesions of the head and neck, 176 5.1 Introduction, 176 5.2 Benign soft tissue lesions, 176 5.3 Cysts of the head and neck, 181 5.4 Small round cell tumours, 184 5.5 Locally arising miscellaneous tumours, 189 References, 195 Index, 198

Read more less

Book SynopsisUltrasound Elastography for Biomedical Applications and Medicine Ivan Z. Nenadic, Matthew W. Urban, James F.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Section I Introduction 1 1 Editors’ Introduction 3Ivan Nenadic, Matthew Urban, James Greenleaf, Jean-Luc Gennisson,Miguel Bernal, and Mickael Tanter References 5 Section II Fundamentals of Ultrasound Elastography 7 2 Theory of Ultrasound Physics and Imaging 9Roberto Lavarello andMichael L. Oelze 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Modeling the Response of the Source to Stimuli [h(t)] 10 2.3 Modeling the Fields from Sources [p(t, x)] 12 2.4 Modeling an Ultrasonic Scattered Field [s(t, x)] 15 2.5 Modeling the Bulk Properties of the Medium [a(t, x)] 19 2.6 Processing Approaches Derived from the Physics of Ultrasound [Ω] 21 2.7 Conclusions 26 References 27 3 Elastography and the Continuum of Tissue Response 29Kevin J. Parker 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Some Classical Solutions 31 3.3 The Continuum Approach 32 3.4 Conclusion 33 Acknowledgments 33 References 34 4 Ultrasonic Methods for Assessment of TissueMotion in Elastography 35Jingfeng Jiang and Bo Peng 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Basic Concepts and their Relevance in Tissue Motion Tracking 36 4.3 Tracking Tissue Motion through Frequency-domain Methods 37 4.4 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Time-domain Correlation-based Methods 39 4.5 Tracking Tissue Motion through Combining Time-domain and Frequency-domain Information 44 4.6 Time-domain Maximum A Posterior (MAP) Speckle Tracking Methods 45 4.7 Optical Flow-based Tissue Motion Tracking 53 4.8 Deformable Mesh-based Motion-tracking Methods 55 4.9 Future Outlook 57 4.10 Conclusions 63 Acknowledgments 63 Acronyms 63 Additional Nomenclature of Definitions and Acronyms 64 References 65 Section III Theory of Mechanical Properties of Tissue 71 5 Continuum Mechanics Tensor Calculus and Solutions toWave Equations 73Luiz Vasconcelos, Jean-Luc Gennisson, and Ivan Nenadic 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Mathematical Basis and Notation 73 5.3 Solutions toWave Equations 75 References 81 6 TransverseWave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 82Jean-Luc Gennisson 6.1 Introduction 82 6.2 Theoretical Considerations from General to Transverse Isotropic Models for Soft Tissues 82 6.3 Experimental Assessment of Anisotropic Ratio by ShearWave Elastography 87 6.4 Conclusion 88 References 88 7 TransverseWave Propagation in Bounded Media 90Javier Brum 7.1 Introduction 90 7.2 TransverseWave Propagation in Isotropic Elastic Plates 90 7.3 Plate in Vacuum: LambWaves 93 7.4 Viscoelastic Plate in Liquid: Leaky LambWaves 96 7.5 Isotropic Plate Embedded Between Two Semi-infinite Elastic Solids 99 7.6 TransverseWave Propagation in Anisotropic Viscoelastic Plates Surrounded by Non-viscous Fluid 100 7.7 Conclusions 103 Acknowledgments 103 References 103 8 Rheological Model-based Methods for Estimating Tissue Viscoelasticity 105Jean-Luc Gennisson 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Shear Modulus and Rheological Models 106 8.3 Applications of Rheological Models 113 References 116 9 Wave Propagation in ViscoelasticMaterials 118YueWang andMichael F. Insana 9.1 Introduction 118 9.2 Estimating the Complex Shear Modulus from PropagatingWaves 119 9.3 Wave Generation and Propagation 120 9.4 Rheological Models 122 9.5 Experimental Results and Applications 124 9.6 Summary 125 References 126 Section IV Static and Low Frequency Elastography 129 10 Validation of Quantitative Linear and Nonlinear Compression Elastography 131Jean Francois Dord, Sevan Goenezen, Assad A. Oberai, Paul E. Barbone, Jingfeng Jiang,Timothy J. Hall, and Theo Pavan 10.1 Introduction 131 10.2 Methods 132 10.3 Results 134 10.4 Discussion 137 10.5 Conclusions 140 Acknowledgement 141 References 141 11 Cardiac Strain and Strain Rate Imaging 143Brecht Heyde, OanaMirea, and Jan D’hooge 11.1 Introduction 143 11.2 Strain Definitions in Cardiology 143 11.3 Methodologies Towards Cardiac Strain (Rate) Estimation 145 11.4 Experimental Validation of the Proposed Methodologies 149 11.4.1 Synthetic Data Testing 150 11.5 Clinical Applications 151 11.6 Future Developments 153 References 154 12 Vascular and Intravascular Elastography 161Marvin M. Doyley 12.1 Introduction 161 12.2 General Principles 161 12.3 Conclusion 168 References 168 13 Viscoelastic Creep Imaging 171Carolina Amador Carrascal 13.1 Introduction 171 13.2 Overview of Governing Principles 172 13.3 Imaging Techniques 173 13.4 Conclusion 187 References 187 14 Intrinsic CardiovascularWave and Strain Imaging 189Elisa Konofagou 14.1 Introduction 189 14.2 Cardiac Imaging 189 14.3 Vascular Imaging 208 Acknowledgements 219 References 219 Section V Harmonic ElastographyMethods 227 15 Dynamic Elasticity Imaging 229Kevin J. Parker 15.1 Vibration Amplitude Sonoelastography: Early Results 229 15.2 Sonoelastic Theory 229 15.3 Vibration Phase Gradient Sonoelastography 232 15.4 CrawlingWaves 233 15.5 Clinical Results 233 15.6 Conclusion 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 16 Harmonic ShearWave Elastography 238Heng Zhao 16.1 Introduction 238 16.2 Basic Principles 239 16.3 Ex Vivo Validation 242 16.4 In Vivo Application 244 16.5 Summary 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 17 Vibro-acoustography and its Medical Applications 250Azra Alizad andMostafa Fatemi 17.1 Introduction 250 17.2 Background 250 17.3 Application of Vibro-acoustography for Detection of Calcifications 251 17.4 In Vivo Breast Vibro-acoustography 254 17.5 In VivoThyroid Vibro-acoustography 259 17.6 Limitations and Further Future Plans 260 Acknowledgments 261 References 261 18 Harmonic Motion Imaging 264Elisa Konofagou 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Background 264 18.3 Methods 267 18.4 Preclinical Studies 273 18.5 Future Prospects 277 Acknowledgements 279 References 279 19 ShearWave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry 284Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen 19.1 Introduction 284 19.2 Principles of ShearWave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) 284 19.3 Clinical Applications 286 19.4 Summary 291 References 292 Section VI Transient ElastographyMethods 295 20 Transient Elastography: From Research to Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Using Fibroscan® 297Laurent Sandrin,Magali Sasso, Stéphane Audière, Cécile Bastard, Céline Fournier,Jennifer Oudry, Véronique Miette, and Stefan Catheline 20.1 Introduction 297 20.2 Principles of Transient Elastography 297 20.3 Fibroscan 301 20.4 Application of Vibration-controlled Transient Elastography to Liver Diseases 306 20.5 Other Applications of Transient Elastography 309 20.6 Conclusion 310 References 311 21 From Time Reversal to Natural ShearWave Imaging 318Stefan Catheline 21.1 Introduction: Time Reversal ShearWave in Soft Solids 318 21.2 ShearWave Elastography using Correlation: Principle and Simulation Results 320 21.3 Experimental Validation in Controlled Media 323 21.4 Natural ShearWave Elastography: First In Vivo Results in the Liver, theThyroid, and the Brain 328 21.5 Conclusion 331 References 331 22 Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Ultrasound 334Tomasz J. Czernuszewicz and Caterina M. Gallippi 22.1 Introduction 334 22.2 Impulsive Acoustic Radiation Force 334 22.3 Monitoring ARFI-induced Tissue Motion 335 22.4 ARFI Data Acquisition 340 22.5 ARFI Image Formation 341 22.6 Real-time ARFI Imaging 343 22.7 Quantitative ARFI Imaging 345 22.8 ARFI Imaging in Clinical Applications 346 22.9 Commercial Implementation 350 22.10 Related Technologies 350 22.11 Conclusions 351 References 351 23 Supersonic Shear Imaging 357Jean-Luc Gennisson andMickael Tanter 23.1 Introduction 357 23.2 Radiation Force Excitation 357 23.3 Ultrafast Imaging 362 23.4 ShearWave Speed Mapping 364 23.5 Conclusion 365 References 366 24 Single Tracking Location ShearWave Elastography 368Stephen A.McAleavey 24.1 Introduction 368 24.2 SMURF 370 24.3 STL-SWEI 373 24.4 Noise in SWE/Speckle Bias 376 24.5 Estimation of viscoelastic parameters (STL-VE) 380 24.6 Conclusion 384 References 384 25 Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography 388Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen 25.1 Introduction 388 25.2 Principles of Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) 389 25.3 Clinical Applications of CUSE 396 25.4 Summary 396 References 397 Section VII Emerging Research Areas in Ultrasound Elastography 399 26 Anisotropic ShearWave Elastography 401Sara Aristizabal 26.1 Introduction 401 26.2 ShearWave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 402 26.3 Anisotropic ShearWave Elastography Applications 403 26.4 Conclusion 420 References 420 27 Application of GuidedWaves for Quantifying Elasticity and Viscoelasticity of Boundary Sensitive Organs 422Sara Aristizabal, Matthew Urban, Luiz Vasconcelos, BenjaminWood,Miguel Bernal,Javier Brum, and Ivan Nenadic 27.1 Introduction 422 27.2 Myocardium 422 27.3 Arteries 426 27.4 Urinary Bladder 431 27.5 Cornea 433 27.6 Tendons 435 27.7 Conclusions 439 References 439 28 Model-free Techniques for Estimating Tissue Viscoelasticity 442Daniel Escobar, Luiz Vasconcelos, Carolina Amador Carrascal, and Ivan Nenadic 28.1 Introduction 442 28.2 Overview of Governing Principles 442 28.3 Imaging Techniques 443 28.4 Conclusion 449 References 449 29 Nonlinear Shear Elasticity 451Jean-Luc Gennisson and Sara Aristizabal 29.1 Introduction 451 29.2 Shocked Plane ShearWaves 451 29.3 Nonlinear Interaction of Plane ShearWaves 455 29.4 Acoustoelasticity Theory 460 29.5 Assessment of 4th Order Nonlinear Shear Parameter 465 29.6 Conclusion 468 References 468 Section VIII Clinical Elastography Applications 471 30 Current and Future Clinical Applications of Elasticity Imaging Techniques 473Matthew Urban 30.1 Introduction 473 30.2 Clinical Implementation and Use of Elastography 474 30.3 Clinical Applications 475 30.3.1 Liver 475 30.3.2 Breast 476 30.3.3 Thyroid 476 30.3.4 Musculoskeletal 476 30.3.5 Kidney 477 30.3.6 Heart 478 30.3.7 Arteries and Atherosclerotic Plaques 479 30.4 FutureWork in Clinical Applications of Elastography 480 30.5 Conclusions 480 Acknowledgments 480 References 481 31 Abdominal Applications of ShearWave Ultrasound Vibrometry and Supersonic Shear Imaging 492Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen 31.1 Introduction 492 31.2 Liver Application 492 31.3 Prostate Application 494 31.4 Kidney Application 495 31.5 Intestine Application 496 31.6 Uterine Cervix Application 497 31.7 Spleen Application 497 31.8 Pancreas Application 497 31.9 Bladder Application 498 31.10 Summary 499 References 499 32 Acoustic Radiation Force-based Ultrasound Elastography for Cardiac Imaging Applications 504Stephanie A. Eyerly-Webb,MaryamVejdani-Jahromi, Vaibhav Kakkad, Peter Hollender,David Bradway, andGregg Trahey 32.1 Introduction 504 32.2 Acoustic Radiation Force-based Elastography Techniques 504 32.3 ARF-based Elasticity Assessment of Cardiac Function 505 32.4 ARF-based Image Guidance for Cardiac Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures 510 32.5 Conclusions 515 Funding Acknowledgements 515 References 516 33 Cardiovascular Application of ShearWave Elastography 520Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen 33.1 Introduction 520 33.2 Cardiovascular ShearWave Imaging Techniques 521 33.3 Clinical Applications of Cardiovascular ShearWave Elastography 525 33.4 Summary 529 References 530 34 Musculoskeletal Applications of Supersonic Shear Imaging 534Jean-Luc Gennisson 34.1 Introduction 534 34.2 Muscle Stiffness at Rest and During Passive Stretching 535 34.3 Active and Dynamic Muscle Stiffness 537 34.4 Tendon Applications 539 34.5 Clinical Applications 541 34.6 Future Directions 542 References 542 35 Breast ShearWave Elastography 545Azra Alizad 35.1 Introduction 545 35.2 Background 545 35.3 Breast Elastography Techniques 546 35.4 Application of CUSE for Breast Cancer Detection 548 35.5 CUSE on a Clinical Ultrasound Scanner 549 35.6 Limitations of Breast ShearWave Elastography 551 35.7 Conclusion 552 Acknowledgments 552 References 552 36 Thyroid ShearWave Elastography 557Azra Alizad 36.1 Introduction 557 36.2 Background 557 36.3 Role of Ultrasound and its Limitation inThyroid Cancer Detection 557 36.4 Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) 558 36.5 The Role of Elasticity Imaging 558 36.6 Application of CUSE onThyroid 561 36.7 CUSE on Clinical Ultrasound Scanner 561 36.8 Conclusion 563 Acknowledgments 564 References 564 Section IX Perspective on Ultrasound Elastography 567 37 Historical Growth of Ultrasound Elastography and Directions for the Future 569Armen Sarvazyan andMatthewW. Urban 37.1 Introduction 569 37.2 Elastography Publication Analysis 569 37.3 Future Investigations of Acoustic Radiation Force for Elastography 574 37.3.1 Nondissipative Acoustic Radiation Force 574 37.3.2 Nonlinear Enhancement of Acoustic Radiation Force 575 37.3.3 SpatialModulation of Acoustic Radiation Force Push Beams 575 37.4 Conclusions 576 Acknowledgments 577 References 577 Index 581

Read more less

Book SynopsisUltrasonic signals are increasingly being used for predicting material behavior, both in an engineering context (detecting anomalies in a variety of structures) and a biological context (examining human bones, body parts and unborn fetuses). Featuring contributions from authors who are specialists in their subject area, this book presents new developments in ultrasonic research in both these areas, including ultrasonic NDE and other areas which go beyond traditional imaging techniques of internal defects. As such, both those in the biological and physical science communities will find this an informative and stimulating read.Trade ReviewTribikram Kundu is a Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Arizona, USA.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. An Introduction to Failure Mechanisms and Ultrasonic Inspection 1Kumar V. JATA, Tribikram KUNDU and Triplicane A. PARTHASARATHY 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Issues in connecting failure mechanism, NDE and SHM 2 1.3. Physics of failure of metals 4 1.3.1. High level classification 4 1.3.1.1. Deformation 5 1.3.1.2. Fracture 5 1.3.1.3. Dynamic fatigue 6 1.3.1.4. Material loss 7 1.3.2. Second level classification 7 1.3.2.1. Deformation due to yield 7 1.3.2.2. Creep deformation and rupture 9 1.3.2.3. Static fracture 12 1.3.2.4. Fatigue 13 1.3.2.5. Corrosion 18 1.3.2.6. Oxidation 20 1.4. Physics of failure of ceramic matrix composites 21 1.4.1. Fracture 23 1.4.1.1. Mechanical loads and fatigue 23 1.4.1.2. Thermal gradients 24 1.4.1.3. Microstructural degradation 25 1.4.2. Material loss 25 1.5. Physics of failure and NDE 26 1.6. Elastic waves for NDE and SHM 26 1.6.1. Ultrasonic waves used for SHM 26 1.6.1.1. Bulk waves: longitudinal and shear waves 27 1.6.1.2. Guided waves: Rayleigh and Lamb waves, bar, plate and cylindrical guided waves 28 1.6.2. Active and passive ultrasonic inspection techniques 30 1.6.3. Transmitter-receiver arrangements for ultrasonic inspection 30 1.6.4. Different types of ultrasonic scanning 31 1.6.5. Guided wave inspection technique 32 1.6.5.1. One transmitter and one receiver arrangement 32 1.6.5.2. One transmitter and multiple receivers arrangement 35 1.6.5.3. Multiple transmitters and multiple receivers arrangement 36 1.6.6. Advanced techniques in ultrasonic NDE/SHM 36 1.6.6.1. Lazer ultrasonics 36 1.6.6.2. Measuring material non-linearity 37 1.7. Conclusion 38 1.8. Bibliography 38 Chapter 2. Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves 43Sauvik BANERJEE, Fabrizio RICCI, Frank SHIH and Ajit MAL 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Guided (Lamb) wave propagation in plates 46 2.2.1. Lamb waves in thin plates 51 2.2.2. Lamb waves in thick plates 55 2.3. Passive ultrasonic monitoring and characterization of low velocity impact damage in composite plates 60 2.3.1. Experimental set-up 60 2.3.2. Impact-acoustic emission test on a cross-ply composite plate 64 2.3.3. Impact test on a stringer stiffened composite panel 71 2.4. Autonomous active damage monitoring in composite plates 75 2.4.1. The damage index 76 2.4.2. Applications of the damage index approach 77 2.5. Conclusion 85 2.6. Bibliography 86 Chapter 3. Ultrasonic Measurement of Micro-acoustic Properties of the Biological Soft Materials 89Yoshifumi SAIJO 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. Materials and methods 91 3.2.1. Acoustic microscopy between 100 and 200 MHz 91 3.2.2. Sound speed acoustic microscopy 95 3.2.3. Acoustic microscopy at 1.1 GHz 98 3.3. Results 99 3.3.1. Gastric cancer 99 3.3.2. Renal cell carcinoma 103 3.3.3. Myocardial infarction 104 3.3.4. Heart transplantation 106 3.3.5. Atherosclerosis 107 3.4. Conclusion 112 3.5. Bibliography 112 Chapter 4. Corrosion and Erosion Monitoring of Pipes by an Ultrasonic Guided Wave Method 115Geir INSTANES, Mads TOPPE, Balachander LAKSHMINARAYAN, and Peter B. NAGY 4.1. Introduction 115 4.2. Ultrasonic guided wave monitoring of average wall thickness in pipes 118 4.2.1. Guided wave inspection with dispersive Lamb-type guided modes 119 4.2.2. Averaging in CGV inspection 123 4.2.3. The influence of gating, true phase angle 129 4.2.4. Temperature influence on CGV guided wave inspection 132 4.2.5. Inversion of the average wall thickness in CGV guided wave inspection 134 4.2.6. Additional miscellaneous effects in CGV guided wave inspection 136 4.2.6.1. Fluid loading effects on CGV inspection 136 4.2.6.2. Surface roughness effects on CGV inspection 139 4.2.6.3. Pipe curvature effects on CGV inspection 141 4.3. Experimental validation 145 4.3.1. Laboratory tests 145 4.3.2. Field tests 151 4.4. Conclusion 153 4.5. Bibliography 155 Chapter 5. Modeling of the Ultrasonic Field of Two Transducers Immersed in a Homogenous Fluid Using the Distributed Point Source Method 159Rais AHMAD, Tribikram KUNDU and Dominique PLACKO 5.1. Introduction 159 5.2. Theory 160 5.2.1. Planar transducer modeling by the distribution of point source method 160 5.2.2. Computation of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid using DPSM 161 5.2.3. Matrix formulation 163 5.2.4. Modeling of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid in the presence of a solid scatterer 165 5.2.5. Interaction between two transducers in a homogenous fluid 169 5.3. Numerical results and discussion 171 5.3.1. Interaction between two parallel transducers 172 5.3.2. Interaction between an inclined and a flat transducer 184 5.3.3. Interaction between two inclined transducers 185 5.4. Conclusion 186 5.5. Acknowledgments 186 5.6. Bibliography 187 Chapter 6. Ultrasonic Scattering in Textured Polycrystalline Materials 189Liyong YANG, Goutam GHOSHAL and Joseph A. TURNER 6.1. Introduction 189 6.2. Preliminary elastodynamics 191 6.2.1. Ensemble average response 191 6.2.2. Spatial correlation function 195 6.3. Cubic crystallites with orthorhombic texture 197 6.3.1. Orientation distribution function 197 6.3.2. Effective elastic stiffness for rolling texture 199 6.3.3. Christoffel equation 201 6.3.4. Wave velocity and polarization 202 6.3.5. Phase velocity during annealing 207 6.3.6. Attenuation 210 6.4. Attenuation in hexagonal polycrystals with texture 215 6.4.1. Effective elastic stiffness for fiber texture 216 6.4.2. Attenuation 220 6.4.3. Numerical simulation 223 6.5. Diffuse backscatter in hexagonal polycrystals 229 6.6. Conclusion 232 6.7. Acknowledgments 233 6.8. Bibliography 233 Chapter 7. Embedded Ultrasonic NDE with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors 237Victor GIURGIUTIU 7.1. Introduction to piezoelectric wafer active sensors 237 7.2. Guided-wave ultrasonic NDE and damage identification 240 7.3. PWAS ultrasonic transducers 242 7.4. Shear layer interaction between PWAS and structure 244 7.5. Tuned excitation of Lamb modes with PWAS transducers 246 7.6. PWAS phased arrays 249 7.7. Electromechanical impedance method for damage identification 255 7.8. Damage identification in aging aircraft panels 258 7.8.1. Classification of crack damage in the PWAS near-field 259 7.8.2. Classification of crack damage in the PWAS medium-field 260 7.8.2.1. Impact detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors 263 7.8.2.2. Acoustic emission detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors 266 7.9. PWAS Rayleigh waves NDE in rail tracks 268 7.10. Conclusion 268 7.11. Acknowledgments 269 7.12. Bibliography 269 Chapter 8. Mechanics Aspects of Non-linear Acoustic Signal Modulation due to Crack Damage 273Hwai-Chung WU and Kraig WARNEMUENDE 8.1. Introduction 273 8.1.1. Passive modulation spectrum 274 8.1.2. Active wave modulation 275 8.2. Damage in concrete 275 8.3. Stress wave modulation 280 8.3.1. Material non-linearity in concrete 281 8.3.2. Generation of non-linearity at crack interfaces 282 8.3.3. Unbonded planar crack interface in semi-infinite elastic media 289 8.3.4. Unbonded planar crack interface with multiple wave interaction 295 8.3.5. Plane crack with traction 301 8.3.6. Rough crack interface 307 8.4. Summary and conclusion 314 8.5. Bibliography 315 Chapter 9. Non-contact Mechanical Characterization and Testing of Drug Tablets 319Cetin CETINKAYA, Ilgaz AKSELI, Girindra N. MANI, Christopher F. LIBORDI and Ivin VARGHESE 9.1. Introduction 319 9.2. Drug tablet testing for mechanical properties and defects 321 9.2.1. Drug tablet as a composite structure: structure of a typical drug tablet 321 9.2.2. Basic manufacturing techniques: cores and coating layers 322 9.2.3. Tablet coating 323 9.2.4. Types and classifications of defects in tablets 325 9.2.5. Standard tablet testing methods 327 9.2.6. Review of other works 330 9.3. Non-contact excitation and detection of vibrational modes of drug tablets 332 9.3.1. Air-coupled excitation via transducers 334 9.3.2. LIP excitation via a pulsed lazer 336 9.3.3. Vibration plate excitation using direct pulsed lazer irradiation 338 9.3.4. Contact ultrasonic measurements 340 9.4. Mechanical quality monitoring and characterization 341 9.4.1. Basics of tablet integrity monitoring 341 9.4.2. Mechanical characterization of drug tablet materials 356 9.4.3. Numerical schemes for mechanical property determination 361 9.5. Conclusions, comments and discussions 365 9.6. Acknowledgments 367 9.7. Bibliography 367 Chapter 10. Split Hopkinson Bars for Dynamic Structural Testing 371Chul Jin SYN and Weinong W. CHEN 10.1. Introduction 371 10.2. Split Hopkinson bars 372 10.3. Using bar waves to determine fracture toughness 374 10.4. Determination of dynamic biaxial flexural strength 380 10.5. Dynamic response of micromachined structures 381 10.6. Conclusion 383 10.7. Bibliography 384 List of Authors 387 Index 391

Read more less