Mechanical engineering Books

Book SynopsisMicromechanics is a rich, diverse field that draws on many different disciplines and has potential applications in medicine, electronic interfaces to physical phenomena, military, industrial controls, consumer products, airplanes, microsatellites, and much more. Until now, papers written during the earlier stages of this field have been difficult to retrieve. The papers included in this volume have been thoughtfully arranged by topic, and are accompanied by section introductions written by renowned expert William Trimmer.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments and Dedication. Introduction. Comments on Writing an Article. EARLY PAPERS IN MICROMECHANICS. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom (R. Feynman). Infinitesimal Machinery (R. Feynman). The Resonant Gate Transistor (H. Nathanson, et al.). Silicon Micromechanical Devices (J. Angell, et al.). Anisotropic Etching of Silicon (K. Bean). Silicon as a Mechanical Materials (K. Petersen). Microrobots and Micromechanical Systems (W. Trimmer). Small Machines, Large Opportunities (K. Gabriel, et al.). SIDE DRIVE ACTUATORS. IC-Processed Electrostatic Micro-Motors (L.-S. Fan, et al.). IC-Processed Micro-Motors: Design, Technology, and Testing (Y.-C. Tai, et al.). Surface-Micromachining Processes for Electrostatic Microactuator Fabrication (T. Lober and R. Howe). A Study of Three Microfabricated Variable-Capacitance Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Friction and Wear in Microfabricated Harmonic Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Measurements of Electric Micromotor Dynamics (S. Bart, et al.). COMB DRIVE ACTUATORS. Laterally Driven Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatic-Comb Drive of Lateral Polysilicon Resonators (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatically Balanced Comb Drive for Controlled Levitation (W. Tang, et al.). Polysilicon Microgripper (C.-J. Kim, et al.). ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATORS. The Principle of an Electrostatic Linear Actuator Manufactured by Silicon Micromachining (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Design Considerations for a Practical Electrostatic Micro-Motor (W. Trimmer and K. Gabriel). SCOFSS: A Small Cantilevered Optical Fiber Servo System (J. Wood, et al.). Microactuators for Aligning Optical Fibers (R. Jebens, et al.). Large Displacement Linear Actuator (R. Brennen, et al.). Multi-Layered Electrostatic Film Actuator (S. Egawa and T. Higuchi). Movable Micromachined Silicon Plates With Integrated Position Sensing (M. Allen, et al.). Micro Electro Static Actuator With Three Degrees of Freedom (T. Fukuda and T. Tanaka). The Modelling of Electrostatic Forces in Small Electrostatic Actuators (R. Price. et al.). Silicon Electrostatic Motors (W. Trimmer, et al.). Electrostatic Actuators for Micromechatronics (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Electric Micromotors: Electromechanical Characteristics (J. Lang, et al.). Electroquasistatic Induction Micromotors (S. Bart and J. Lang) A Perturbation Method for Calculating the Capacitance of Electrostatic Motors (S. Kumar and D. Cho) MAGNETIC ACTUATORS. Magnetically Levitated Micro-Machines (R. Pelrine and I. Busch-Vishniac). Fabrication and Testing of a Micro Superconducting Actuator Using the Meissner Effect (Y.-K. Kim, et al.). Room Temperature, Open-Loop Levitation of Microdevices Using Diamagnetic Materials (R. Pelrine). HARMONIC MOTORS. An Operational Harmonic Electrostatic Motor (W. Trimmer and R. Jebens). The Wobble Motor: An Electrostatic Planetary-Armature, Microactuator (S. Jacobsen, et al.). An Electrostatic Top Motor and Its Characteristics (M. Sakata, et al.). Operation of Microfabricated Harmonic and Ordinary Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). OTHER ACTUATORS. Thermal. Micromechanical Silicon Actuators Based on Thermal Expansion Effects (W. Riethmüller, et al.). CMOS Electrothermal Microactuators (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Electrically-Activated, Micromachined Diaphragm Valves (H. Jerman). Study on Micro Engines—Miniaturizing Stirling Engines for Actuators and Heatpumps (N. Nakajima, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy. A Micro Rotary Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloys (K. Gabriel, et al.). Millimeter Size Joint Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloy (K. Kuribayashi). Reversible SMA Actuator for Micron Sized Robot (K. Kuribayashi & M. Yoshitake). Characteristics of Thin-Wire Shape Memory Actuators (P. Neukomm, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy Microactuators (M. Bergamasco, et al.). Impact, Micro Actuators Using Recoil of an Ejected Mass (T. Higuchi, et al.). Precise Positioning Mechanism Utilizing Rapid Deformations of Piezoelectric Elements (T. Higuchi, et al.). Tiny Silent Linear Cybernetic Actuator Driven by Piezoelectric Device With Electromagnetic Clamp (K. Ikuta, et al.). Experimental Model and IC-Process Design of a Nanometer Linear Piezoelectric Stepper Motor (J. Judy, et al.). Piezoelectric. Zinc-Oxide Thin Films for Integrated-Sensor Applications (D. Polla & R. Muller). A Micromachined Manipulator for Submicron Positioning of Optical Fibers (A. Feury, et al.). Ultrasonic Micromotors: Physics and Applications (R. Moroney, et al.). VALVES AND PUMPS. A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve (M. Zdeblick & J. Angell). The Fabrication of Integrated Mass Flow Controllers (M. Esashi, et al.). Normally Close Microvalve and Micropump Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer (M. Esashi, et al.). A Thermopneumatic Micropump Based on Micro-Engineering Techniques (F. Van de Pol, et al.). Variable-Flow Micro-Valve Structure Fabricated with Silicon Fusion Bonding (F. Pourahmadi, et al.). A Pressure-Balanced Electrostatically-Actuated Microvalve (M. Huff, et al.). Micromachined Silicon Microvalve (T. Ohnstein, et al.). FLUIDICS. Microminiature Fluidic Amplifier (M. Zdeblick, et al.). A Planar Air Levitated Electrostatic Actuator System (K. Pister, et al.). Liquid and Gas Transport in Small Channels (J. Pfahler, et al.). Squeeze-Film Damping in Solid-State Accelerometers (J. Starr). A Micromachined Floating-Element Shear Sensor (M. Schmidt, et al.). A Multi-Element Monolithic Mass Flowmeter with On-Chip CMOS Readout Electronics (E. Yoon & K. Wise). Environmentally Rugged, Wide Dynamic Range Microstructure Airflow Sensor (T. Ohnstein, et al.). SURFACE MICROMACHINING. Polycrystalline Silicon Micromechanical Beams (R. Howe & R. Muller). Integrate Fabrication of Polysilicon Mechanisms (M. Mehregany, et al.). Integrated Movable MicroMechanical Structures for Sensors and Actuators (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microbridge Fabrication Using Standard CMOS Technology (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Process Integration for Active Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (M. Putty, et al.). Fabrication of Micromechanical Devices From Polysilicon Films With Smooth Surfaces (H. Guckel, et al.). Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten for Microelectromechanical Structures (N. MacDonald, et al.). BULK MICROMACHINING. Fabrication of Hemispherical Structures Using Semiconductor Technology for Use in Thermonuclear Fusion Research (K. Wise, et al.). Micromachining of Silicon Mechanical Structures (G. Kaminsky). Strings, Loops, and Pyramids—Building Blocks for Microstructrures (H. Busta, et al.). Corner Compensation Structures for (110) Oriented Silicon (D. Ciarlo). A Study on Compensating Corner Undercutting in Anisotropic Etching of (100) Silicon (X.-P. Wu & W. Ko). A New Silicon-on-Glass Process for Integrated Sensors (L. Spangler and K. Wise). Mechanisms of Anodic Bonding of Silicon to Pyrex® Glass (K. Albaugh, et al.). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Pressure Sensors (K. Petersen, et al.). Low-Temperature Silicon-to-silicon Anodic Bonding With Intermediate Low Melting Point Glass (M. Esashi, et al.). Fusing Silicon Wafers With Low Melting Temperature Glass (L. Field & R. Muller). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Fabrication of Sensors, Actuators and Microstructures (P. Barth). Scaling and Dielectric Stress Compensation of Ultrasensitive Boron-Doped Silicon Microstructures (S. Cho, et al.). Field Oxide Microbridges, Cantilever Beams, Coils and Suspended Membranes in SACMOS Technology (D. Moser, et al.). Micromachining of Quartz and its Application to an Acceleration Sensor (J. Daniel, et al.). LIGA. Fabrication of Microstructures using the LIGA Process (W. Ehrfeld, et al.). Deep X-Ray and UV Lithographies for Micromechanics (H. Guckel, et al.). COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN. OYSTER, a 3D Structural Simulator for Micro Electromechanical Design (G. Koppelman). A CAD Architecture for Microelectromechanical Systems (F. Maseeh, et al.). CAEMEMS: An Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering Workbench for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (S. Crary and Y. Zhang). CAD for Silicon Anistropic Etching (R. Buser and N. de Rooij). METROLOGY. Can We Design Microbotic Devices Without Knowing the Mechanical Properties of Materials? (S. Senturia). The Use of Micromachined Structure for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Thin Films (M. Mehregany, et al.). Mechanical Property Measurement of Thin Films Using Load-Deflection of Composite Rectangular Membrane (O. Tabata, et al.). Fracture Toughness Characterization of Brittle Thin Films (L. Fan, et al.). Spiral Microstructures for the Measurement of Average Strain Gradients in Thin Films (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microstructures to Characterize Static Friction (M. Lim, et al.). Study of the Dynamic Force/Acceleration Measurement (A. Umeda and K. Ueda). Anomalous Emissivity from Periodic Micro Machined Silicon Surfaces (P. Hesketh, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author. Editor's Notes on the Second Printing.

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Book SynopsisGain an understanding of the inspection of large synchronous machines, generators, condensers, and motors! This text describes each component of the machine, operational functions, typical design features, and tell-tale signs that indicate each mode of failure. Compact with photos, graphs, commonly-used inspection forms, along with extensive references for each topic, INSPECTION OF LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES is an excellent tool for operators, inspectors, and student engineers. Sponsored by IEEE Power Engineering Society.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. PREPARATION. Site Preparation. Inspection Tools. Inspection Forms. INSPECTION. Description of Stator Items (Form 4). Description of Rotor Items (Form 5). Description of Excitation Items (Form 7). Description of Generator Auxiliaries. Standard Electrical and Mechanical Tests. Appendix: Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocuses on the direct design of buried precast concrete pipe using Standard Installations, and reviews the design and construction of the soil/pipe interaction system that is used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and drainage. This volume presents the SIDD method for buried precast concrete pipe.

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Book SynopsisFirst-line managers have to maintain the integrity of facilities, control manufacturing processes, and handle emergency situations, as well as respond to the pressures of production demand. This book offers these managers how-to information on process safety management program execution in the operations and maintenance departments.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Tables. List of Figures. Glossary. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Process Safety Management Activities of the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). 1.2 Process Safety Activities of Governmental Agencies and Trade Organizations. 1.3 Target Audience and Objective of This Document. 1.4 Use of This Document. 1.5 References. 2. ROLE OF OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE IN PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT. 2.1 Accountability. 2.2 Process Knowledge and Documentation. 2.3 Capital Project Review and Design Procedures. 2.4 Process Risk Management. 2.5 Process and Equipment Integrity. 2.6 Human Factors. 2.7 Training and Performance. 2.8 Incident Investigation. 2.9 Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 2.10 Audits and Corrective Action. 2.11 Enhancement of Process Safety Knowledge. 2.12 Management of Change. 2.12.1 Importance of Changes. 2.12.2 Examples of Lessons To Be Learned from the Failure to Manage Change. 2.12.3 What Constitute Change? 2.12.4 Process Change Authorization. 2.13 Summary. 2.14 References. 3. PLANT DESIGN. 3.1 Operations and Maintenance Departments’ Roles. 3.2 Documentation. 3.3 Process Hazard Reviews. 3.4 Designing for Inherent Process Safety. 3.4.1 Process Fluids. 3.4.2 Inventory Minimization. 3.4.3 Operating and Storage Conditions. 3.5 Controlling of Hazards to Reduce Risks. 3.6 Plant Layout. 3.6.1 Site Planning. 3.6.2 Process Area Layout. 3.7 Plant Standards and Practices. 3.8 Human Factors in Plant Design. 3.9 Maintenance Considerations. 3.10 Management of Change. 3.11 References. 4. PLANT CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 Roles of the Operations and Maintenance Department. 4.1.1 Communication and Coordination with Project Team. 4.1.2 Control of Specific Construction-Related Activities. 4.1.3 Inspection of Equipment Installation. 4.2 Materials of Construction. 4.3 Custom Equipment Fabrication and Inspection. 4.4 Field Installation. 4.4.1 Piping Installation. 4.4.2 Pressure-Relief/Vent Collection. 4.4.3 Other Safety Systems. 4.5 Equipment Recordkeeping. 4.6 Summary. 4.7 References. 5. PRE-STARTUP AND COMMISSIONING. 5.1 Organization and Roles. 5.1.1 Startup Team. 5.1.2 Role of Operations and Maintenance Departments. 5.2 Planning. 5.3 Preparation for Startup. 5.3.1 Staffing Operations and Maintenance Departments. 5.3.2 Training. 5.3.3 Maintenance Activities during Pre-startup. 5.3.4 Development of Operating Procedures. 5.4 Pre-startup Safety Review. 5.5 Commissioning. 5.5.1 Commissioning Utilities. 5.5.2 Commissioning Equipment. 5.5.3 Instruments, Computer, and Control. 5.6 Final Preparations for Startup. 5.7 References. 6. STARTUP. 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 6.2 Initial Startup. 6.2.1 Final Preparation. 6.2.2 Introduction of Process Chemicals and Materials. 6.2.3 Process and Process Equipment Monitoring. 6.2.4 Baseline Data. 6.2.5 Updating Startup Procedures. 6.3 Restart. 6.4 Startup after Turnaround. 6.5 Startup after Extended Outage. 6.6 Resources. 6.7 Summary. 6.8 References. 7. OPERATION. 7.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 7.2 Routine Operations. 7.2.1 Operating within Process and Equipment Limits. 7.2.2 Written Procedures. 7.2.3 Communication. 7.2.4 Communication During Shift Changes. 7.2.5 Special Safety Considerations of Batch Processes. 7.2.6 Process Control Software. 7.3 Nonroutine Operations. 7.3.1 Abnormal Operations. 7.3.2 Standby Operations. 7.4 Emergency Operations. 7.5 Management of Change. 7.6 Safety Protective Systems. 7.6.1 Safety Shutdown Systems. 7.6.2 Pressure Relief Equipment. 7.7 Operator Training. 7.7.1 Refresher Training. 7.7.2 Playing “What-If” Games. 7.8 Incident Investigation. 7.8.1 Recognizing and Reporting Incidents. 7.8.2 The Investigation. 7.8.3 Investigation Results and Followup. 7.9 Human Factors. 7.9.1 Human-Process Interfaces. 7.9.2 Behavioral Issues. 7.9.3 Spontaneous Response. 7.10 Audits, Inspections, Compliance Reviews. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 References. 8. MAINTENANCE. 8.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 8.2 Routine Maintenance. 8.2.1 Preventive Maintenance. 8.2.2 Predictive Maintenance. 8.2.3 Communication between the Maintenance and Operations Departments. 8.2.4 Communication at Shift Change. 8.3 Nonroutine Maintenance. 8.3.1 Breakdown Maintenance. 8.3.2 Troubleshooting Maintenance. 8.4 Management of Change. 8.5 Aging Equipment. 8.5.1 Corrosion, Erosion, and Fatigue. 8.5.2 Wear, Intermittent Operation, and Fouling. 8.6 Critical Instrumentation and Safety Interlocks. 8.6.1 Proof Testing. 8.6.2 Critical Instrumentation and Interlock Classification. 8.7 Maintenance Training. 8.7.1 Upgrade and Refresher Training. 8.7.2 Loss of Plant-Specific Maintenance Knowledge. 8.8 Work Permits. 8.9 Maintenance Management Information Systems. 8.9.1 Work Order Tracking. 8.9.2 Process Equipment Files. 8.9.3 Process and Equipment Drawings. 8.10 Quality Control. 8.10.1 Replacement Parts. 8.10.2 Inspection. 8.10.3 Certified Equipment. 8.10.4 Continuous Improvement. 8.11 Contractor Safety. 8.12 Incident Investigation. 8.13 Summary. 8.14 References. Addition References. 9. SHUTDOWN. 9.1 Normal Shutdown. 9.1.1 Pre-shutdown Planning. 9.1.2 Shutdown Sequence Steps. 9.1.3 Testing Safety Protective Systems. 9.1.4 Shutdown Period Maintenance Activities. 9.1.5 Unit Restart after Maintenance. 9.1.6 Formal Review of Shutdown. 9.2 Extended or Mothball Shutdown. 9.3 Sudden or Emergency Shutdown. 9.3.1 Preplanning for Student Shutdown. 9.3.2 Shutdown Sequences. 9.3.3 Safety Interlock Failures. 9.3.4 Investigation of Sudden Shutdown. 9.4 Emergency Response. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 References. 10. DECOMMISSIONING AND DEMOLITION. 10.1 Decommissioning/Demolition Plan. 10.2 Operation and Maintenance Roles. 10.3 Decommissioning Procedures. 10.4 Maintenance of Decommissioned Status. 10.5 Demolition Concerns. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 References. Appendix A. Summary of the Process Safety Management Rule Promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor. Appendix B. Example Management Guidelines for the Safe Dismantling and Demoliton of Process Plants. Appendix C. Examples of Site-Specific Demolition Checklist/Questionnaire. Index.

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Book SynopsisA revised edition of this guide on mechanical seal practice for improved performance. A PC disc is included in the package which covers material discussed in the section dealing with seal function and design. The disc facilitates the review of seal proposals.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. Editor's Comments. Part I. Mechanical Seal Design. Part II. Mechanical Seal Selection. Part III. Pump Considerations. Part IV. Verification of Seal Design. Part V. Practical Considerations in Using Mechanical Seals. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to remove the mystique surrounding reliability engineering techniques. It provides practical guidance to the practising engineer who may have a general knowledge of the concepts of reliability, but who lacks a sufficiently precise understanding of the language concerned.Table of ContentsPart One: The philosophy, principles, and concepts of reliability engineering The concept of mechanical reliability; Operational and cost implications; Summary. Part Two: Analysis of in-service reliability experience Analysis of in-service experience for mechanical components; Analysis of in-service experience for repairable systems Part Three: A basic approach to reliability assessment for mechanical process systems Uses of reliability assessment; The analysis of simple systems; Active parallel systems with partial redundancy and systems with standby units Part Four: Techniques for process plant reliability assessment Reliability prediction; Fault Tree Analysis; Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA); Complex systems: some further methods of analysis Part Five: Collection and processing of reliability data Introduction to data collection; Data requirements and reliability parameters; Reliability data collection systems Part Six: Case Studies.

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Book SynopsisAIChE manual updates and consolidates procedures for testing performance of distillation columns From classic distillation operations to air stripping to other separations processes, selecting the correct column for appropriate efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations can be an important step. The newest updated volume in AIChE's long-running Equipment Testing Procedures series, Trayed and Packed Columns: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure performance of a variety of distillation columns, including those that utilize bubble cap, sieve, valve trays, or packing material. The new book combines and updates into one user-friendly volume the best available field knowledge from previous publications on both types of distillation columns. Designed not as a single set of compulsory steps, but as a compilation of techniques, it wTable of Contents100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1 101.0 Purpose 1 102.0 Scope 1 200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2 201.0 Flow Quantities 2 202.0 Key Components 3 203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency 4 203.1 Theoretical Trays or Plates or Stages 4 203.2 Overall Column Efficiency 4 203.3 Apparent Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.4 Ideal Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.5 Murphree Point Efficiency 4 203.6 HETP 4 203.7 HTU 4 203.8 NTU 4 204.0 Operating Lines 5 205.0 Pinch 5 206.0 Maximum Throughput 5 206.1 Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 5 206.2 Maximum Operational Capacity 5 206.3 Maximum Efficient Capacity 5 207.0 Minimum Operating Rate 5 208.0 Operating Section 5 209.0 Hardware 6 209.1 Components of a Trayed Column 6 209.2 Components of a Packed Column 7 300.0 TEST PLANNING 9 301.0 Preliminary Preparation 9 301.1 Safety 10 301.2 Environmental Considerations 10 301.3 Test Objectives 10 301.4 Organizational Resources 10 301.5 Schedule 10 301.6 Review of Historic Operating Data 10 302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation 11 303.0 Peripheral Equipment 11 304.0 Pre-test Calculations 11 304.1 Process Simulation 11 304.2 Dry Run 11 305.0 Types of Tests 12 305.1 Performance Tests 12 305.2 Acceptance Tests 12 306.0 Specific Areas of Interest 12 306.1 Packing Efficiencies 12 306.2 Tray Efficiencies 12 306.3 Overall Column Efficiency 13 306.4 Capacity Limitations 13 307.0 Energy Consumption 14 308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions 15 309.0 Data Collection Requirements 15 309.1 Process Operating Data 15 309.2 Gamma Scan Data 15 310.0 Conditions of External Streams 18 310.1 Overall and Component Material Balances 18 310.2 Overall Enthalpy Balances 18 311.0 Internal Temperatures 18 311.1 Heat Balances 18 311.2 Internal Profiles 18 312.0 Internal Samples 20 312.1 Internal Samples for Efficiency Checks 20 312.2 Internal Samples for Overall Performance 20 313.0 Pressure Profiles 20 314.0 Data Requirements-Physical Properties 20 314.1 Test Mixtures 20 314.2 Essential Data 21 315.0 Auxiliary Data 21 316.0 Test Procedure Documentation 21 400.0 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 22 401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability 22 402.0 Measurement of Temperatures 22 402.1 Accuracy 22 402.2 Errors 22 403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates 24 403.1 Orifice Meters 24 403.2 Rotameters 25 403.3 Vortex Flow Meters 25 403.4 Coriolis Flow Meters 25 403.5 Magnetic Flow Meters 25 403.6 Pitot Tube (or Annubar) 25 403.7 Direct Volume or Weight Measurement 26 404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop 26 404.1 Instrument 26 404.2 Pressure Taps 26 404.3 Seal Pots 33 404.4 Leakage Check 33 404.5 Accuracy 33 405.0 Sampling Procedure 34 405.1 General 34 405.2 Selection of Sampling Points 34 405.3 Sample Connections 35 405.4 Containers 35 405.5 Sampling of High Boiling Materials 36 405.6 Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials 37 405.7 Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below -50°F (-46°C) 40 405.8 Leakage Check 41 405.9 Labeling and Handling the Samples 41 500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 43 501.0 Preliminary 43 502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 43 502.1 Flood Symptoms 44 502.2 Performing Capacity Tests 45 502.3 Optional Test Technique – Gamma Scanning 48 503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure 48 503.1 Rigorous Versus Shortcut Efficiency Tests 48 503.2 Strategy of Efficiency Testing 49 503.3 Early Preparation for Efficiency Tests 50 503.4 Last-minute Preparations for Efficiency Tests 53 503.5 Establishment of Steady State Conditions 55 503.6 The Test Day 56 503.7 Concluding Test 56 600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS 601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models 58 602.0 Material Balance 59 602.1 End Effects 59 603.0 Enthalpy Balance 59 603.1 Overall Balance 59 603.2 Internal Flow Rates 60 604.0 Hydraulic Performance 60 604.1 Trayed Column 60 604.2 Packed Column 61 605.0 Efficiency Performance 61 605.1 Trayed Column 62 605.2 Packed Column 69 700.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 76 701.0 Sources of Experimental Error 76 701.1 Material and Enthalpy Balances 77 702.0 Effects of Experimental Error 78 703.0 Design versus Performance 78 703.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 78 703.2 Process Conditions 78 704.0 Hydraulic Performance 79 704.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 79 704.2 Tray 79 704.3 Packing 80 704.4 Process Conditions 80 705.0 Mass Transfer Performance 81 705.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 81 705.2 Tray 81 705.3 Packing 82 705.4 Maldistribution 82 705.5 Process 84 706.0 Test Troubleshooting 85 706.1 Analysis Procedure 85 706.2 Sampling 85 706.3 Equilibrium Data 85 706.4 Temperature Measurements 85 706.5 Heat and Material Balances 86 706.6 Fluctuation of Process Conditions 86 706.7 Pressure Drop Measurements 86 706.8 Incorrect Prediction of Pressure Drop 86 706.9 Errors in Assumptions in Modeling Mass Transfer 86 706.10 Multicomponent Systems Deviate from Binary Data 87 706.11 High Purity Separation 87 706.12 Test and Design Conditions 87 800.0 APPENDIX 88 801.0 Notation 88 801.1 Greek Symbols 90 802.0 Sample Calculations 90 802.1 General Analysis of Test Data 90 802.2 Packed Column 91 802.3 Trayed Column 107 803.0 References 126

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Book SynopsisGet a complete understanding of aircraft control and simulation Aircraft Control and Simulation: Dynamics, Controls Design, and Autonomous Systems, Third Edition is a comprehensive guide to aircraft control and simulation. This updated text covers flight control systems, flight dynamics, aircraft modeling, and flight simulation from both classical design and modern perspectives, as well as two new chapters on the modeling, simulation, and adaptive control of unmanned aerial vehicles. With detailed examples, including relevant MATLAB calculations and FORTRAN codes, this approachable yet detailed reference also provides access to supplementary materials, including chapter problems and an instructor''s solution manual. Aircraft control, as a subject area, combines an understanding of aerodynamics with knowledge of the physical systems of an aircraft. The ability to analyze the performance of an aircraft both in the real world and in computer-simulated flight is essentiTrade ReviewThe book retains its original chapter subject skeleton with the titles slightly changed and as mentioned has two new chapters added, in total it is some 150 pages longer than the original. This is not however a simple graft of new material onto the original book. Many of the chapters have been rewritten so that even where much the same material is covered, it is more detailed and augmented, whilst at the same time maintaining a consistent uniform style across the whole book....In conclusion this new edition is a significant update of a popular text...(The Aeronautical Journal- January 2017)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 The Kinematics and Dynamics of Aircraft Motion 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Vector Operations 3 1.3 Matrix Operations on Vector Coordinates 7 1.4 Rotational Kinematics 16 1.5 Translational Kinematics 20 1.6 Geodesy, Coordinate Systems, Gravity 23 1.7 Rigid-Body Dynamics 34 1.8 Advanced Topics 44 References 58 Problems 59 2 Modeling the Aircraft 63 2.1 Introduction 63 2.2 Basic Aerodynamics 64 2.3 Aircraft Forces And Moments 75 2.4 Static Analysis 101 2.5 The Nonlinear Aircraft Model 108 2.6 Linear Models And The Stability Derivatives 116 2.7 Summary 137 References 138 Problems 139 3 Modeling, Design, and Simulation Tools 142 3.1 Introduction 142 3.2 State-Space Models 144 3.3 Transfer Function Models 155 3.4 Numerical Solution of The State Equations 170 3.5 Aircraft Models For Simulation 179 3.6 Steady-State Flight 185 3.7 Numerical Linearization 199 3.8 Aircraft Dynamic Behavior 205 3.9 Feedback Control 213 3.10 Summary 241 References 241 Problems 243 4 Aircraft Dynamics and Classical Control Design 250 4.1 Introduction 250 4.2 Aircraft Rigid-Body Modes 257 4.3 The Handling-Qualities Requirements 274 4.4 Stability Augmentation 287 4.5 Control Augmentation Systems 303 4.6 Autopilots 322 4.7 Nonlinear Simulation 344 4.8 Summary 371 References 372 Problems 374 5 Modern Design Techniques 377 5.1 Introduction 377 5.2 Assignment of Closed-Loop Dynamics 381 5.3 Linear Quadratic Regulator With Output Feedback 397 5.4 Tracking A Command 413 5.5 Modifying The Performance Index 428 5.6 Model-Following Design 455 5.7 Linear Quadratic Design with Full State Feedback 470 5.8 Dynamic Inversion Design 477 5.9 Summary 492 References 492 Problems 495 6 Robustness and Multivariable Frequency-Domain Techniques 500 6.1 Introduction 500 6.2 Multivariable Frequency-Domain Analysis 502 6.3 Robust Output-Feedback Design 525 6.4 Observers and The Kalman Filter 529 6.5 Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery 554 6.6 Summary 577 References 578 Problems 580 7 Digital Control 584 7.1 Introduction 584 7.2 Simulation of Digital Controllers 585 7.3 Discretization of Continuous Controllers 588 7.4 Modified Continuous Design 598 7.5 Implementation Considerations 611 7.6 Summary 619 References 620 Problems 620 8 Modeling and Simulation of Miniature Aerial Vehicles 623 8.1 Introduction 623 8.2 Propeller/Rotor Forces and Moments 630 8.3 Modeling Rotor Flapping 640 8.4 Motor Modeling 645 8.5 Small Aerobatic Airplane Model 648 8.6 Quadrotor Model 654 8.7 Small Helicopter Model 655 8.8 Summary 660 References 661 Problems 661 9 Adaptive Control with Application to Miniature Aerial Vehicles 664 9.1 Introduction 664 9.2 Model Reference Adaptive Control Based On Dynamic Inversion 665 9.3 Neural Network Adaptive Control 668 9.4 Limited Authority Adaptive Control 674 9.5 Neural Network Adaptive Control Example 680 9.6 Summary 709 References 709 Problems 711 Appendix A F-16 Model 714 Appendix B Software 723 Index 733

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Book SynopsisKinematics, Dynamics, and Design of Machinery, Third Edition, presents a fresh approach to kinematic design and analysis and is an ideal textbook for senior undergraduates and graduates in mechanical, automotive and production engineering Presents the traditional approach to the design and analysis of kinematic problems and shows how GCP can be used to solve the same problems more simply Provides a new and simpler approach to cam design Includes an increased number of exercise problems Accompanied by a website hosting a solutions manual, teaching slides and MATLAB programs Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspective, 1 1.2 Kinematics, 3 1.3 Design: Analysis and Synthesis, 4 1.4 Mechanisms, 4 1.5 Planar Linkages, 6 1.6 Visualization, 9 1.7 Constraint Analysis, 12 1.8 Constraint Analysis of Spatial Linkages, 18 1.9 Idle Degrees of Freedom, 22 1.10 Overconstrained Linkages, 24 1.11 Uses of the Mobility Criterion, 28 1.12 Inversion, 28 1.13 Reference Frames, 29 1.14 Motion Limits, 30 1.15 Continuously Rotatable Joints, 31 1.16 Coupler-Driven Linkages, 35 1.17 Motion Limits for Slider-Crank Mechanisms, 35 1.18 Interference, 38 1.19 Practical Design Considerations, 41 References, 44 Problems, 45 2 Techniques in Geometric Constraint Programming 59 2.1 Introduction, 59 2.2 Geometric Constraint Programming, 60 2.3 Constraints and Program Structure, 61 2.4 Initial Setup for a GCP Session, 64 2.5 Drawing a Basic Linkage Using GCP, 66 2.6 Troubleshooting Graphical Programs Developed Using GCP, 79 References, 80 Problems, 81 Appendix 2A Drawing Slider Lines, Pin Bushings, and Ground Pivots, 85 2A.1 Slider Lines, 85 2A.2 Pin Bushings and Ground Pivots, 87 Appendix 2B Useful Constructions When Equation Constraints Are Not Available, 88 2B.1 Constrain Two Angles to Be Integral Multiples of Another Angle, 89 2B.2 Constrain a Line to Be Half the Length of Another Line, 89 2B.3 Construction for Scaling, 90 2B.4 Construction for Square Ratio v2/r, 91 2B.5 Construction for Function x ˆ yz=r, 91 3 Planar Linkage Design 93 3.1 Introduction, 93 3.2 Two-Position Double-Rocker Design, 96 3.3 Synthesis of Crank-Rocker Linkages for Specified Rocker Amplitude, 100 3.4 Motion Generation, 114 3.5 Path Synthesis, 133 References, 148 Problems, 150 4 Graphical Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Analysis for Mechanisms with Revolute Joints or Fixed Slides 169 4.1 Introduction, 169 4.2 Graphical Position Analysis, 170 4.3 Planar Velocity Polygons, 171 4.4 Graphical Acceleration Analysis, 173 4.5 Graphical Analysis of a Four-Bar Mechanism, 175 4.6 Graphical Analysis of a Slider-Crank Mechanism, 183 4.7 Velocity Image Theorem, 186 4.8 Acceleration Image Theorem, 189 4.9 Solution by Geometric Constraint Programming, 194 References, 205 Problems, 205 5 Linkages with Rolling and Sliding Contacts, and Joints on Moving Sliders 221 5.1 Introduction, 221 5.2 Reference Frames, 222 5.3 General Velocity and Acceleration Equations, 223 5.4 Special Cases for the Velocity and Acceleration Equations, 228 5.5 Linkages with Rotating Sliding Joints, 230 5.6 Rolling Contact, 235 5.7 Cam Contact, 243 5.8 General Coincident Points, 250 5.9 Solution by Geometric Constraint Programming, 257 Problems, 263 6 Instant Centers of Velocity 279 6.1 Introduction, 279 6.2 Definition, 280 6.3 Existence Proof, 280 6.4 Location of an Instant Center from the Directions of Two Velocities, 281 6.5 Instant Center at a Revolute Joint, 282 6.6 Instant Center of a Curved Slider, 282 6.7 Instant Center of a Prismatic Joint, 282 6.8 Instant Center of a Rolling Contact Pair, 282 6.9 Instant Center of a General Cam-Pair Contact, 282 6.10 Centrodes, 283 6.11 The Kennedy-Aronhold Theorem, 285 6.12 Circle Diagram as a Strategy for Finding Instant Centers, 287 6.13 Using Instant Centers to Find Velocities: The Rotating-Radius Method, 287 6.14 Finding Instant Centers Using Geometric Constraint Programming, 295 References, 300 Problems, 300 7 Computational Analysis of Linkages 315 7.1 Introduction, 315 7.2 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Representations, 316 7.3 Analytical Closure Equations for Four-Bar Linkages, 319 7.4 Analytical Equations for a Rigid Body after the Kinematic Properties of Two Points Are Known, 326 7.5 Analytical Equations for Slider-Crank Mechanisms, 329 7.6 Other Four-Bar Mechanisms with Revolute and Prismatic Joints, 338 7.7 Closure or Loop Equation Approach for Compound Mechanisms, 341 7.8 Closure Equations for Mechanisms with Higher Pairs, 347 7.9 Notational Differences: Vectors and Complex Numbers, 352 Problems, 354 8 Special Mechanisms 361 8.1 Special Planar Mechanisms, 361 8.2 Spherical Mechanisms, 374 8.3 Constant-Velocity Couplings, 381 8.4 Automotive Steering and Suspension Mechanisms, 382 8.5 Indexing Mechanisms, 387 References, 392 Problems, 392 9 Computational Analysis of Spatial Linkages 395 9.1 Spatial Mechanisms, 395 9.2 Robotic Mechanisms, 401 9.3 Direct Position Kinematics of Serial Chains, 403 9.4 Inverse Position Kinematics, 410 9.5 Rate Kinematics, 410 9.6 Closed-Loop Linkages, 416 9.7 Lower-Pair Joints, 418 9.8 Motion Platforms, 421 References, 423 Problems, 423 10 Profile Cam Design 431 10.1 Introduction, 431 10.2 Cam-Follower Systems, 432 10.3 Synthesis of Motion Programs, 434 10.4 Analysis of Different Types of Follower-Displacement Functions, 436 10.5 Determining the Cam Profile, 448 References, 482 Problems, 482 11 Spur Gears 489 11.1 Introduction, 489 11.2 Spur Gears, 490 11.3 Condition for Constant-Velocity Ratio, 491 11.4 Involutes, 492 11.5 Gear Terminology and Standards, 494 11.6 Contact Ratio, 497 11.7 Involutometry, 501 11.8 Internal Gears, 504 11.9 Gear Manufacturing, 505 11.10 Interference and Undercutting, 508 11.11 Nonstandard Gearing, 510 11.12 Cartesian Coordinates of an Involute Tooth Generated with a Rack, 514 References, 520 Problems, 520 12 Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears 523 12.1 Helical Gears, 523 12.2 Worm Gears, 536 12.3 Involute Bevel Gears, 540 References, 547 Problems, 547 13 Gear Trains 549 13.1 General Gear Trains, 549 13.2 Direction of Rotation, 549 13.3 Simple Gear Trains, 550 13.4 Compound Gear Trains, 552 13.5 Planetary Gear Trains, 558 13.6 Harmonic Drive Speed Reducers, 570 References, 572 Problems, 572 14 Static Force Analysis of Mechanisms 579 14.1 Introduction, 579 14.2 Forces, Moments, and Couples, 580 14.3 Static Equilibrium, 581 14.4 Free-Body Diagrams, 582 14.5 Solution of Static Equilibrium Problems, 585 14.6 Transmission Angle in a Four-Bar Linkage, 587 14.7 Friction Considerations, 590 14.8 In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Force Systems, 597 14.9 Conservation of Energy and Power, 601 14.10 Virtual Work, 605 14.11 Gear Loads, 607 Problems, 613 15 Dynamic Force Analysis of Mechanisms 623 15.1 Introduction, 623 15.2 Problems Solvable Using Particle Kinetics, 625 15.3 Dynamic Equilibrium of Systems of Rigid Bodies, 633 15.4 Flywheels, 639 Problems, 641 16 Static and Dynamic Balancing 645 16.1 Introduction, 645 16.2 Single-Plane (Static) Balancing, 646 16.3 Multi-Plane (Dynamic) Balancing, 649 16.4 Balancing Reciprocating Masses, 654 16.5 Expressions for Inertial Forces, 661 16.6 Balancing Multi-Cylinder Machines, 663 16.7 Static Balancing of Mechanisms, 671 16.8 Reactionless Mechanisms, 675 References, 676 Problems, 676 17 Integration of Computer Controlled Actuators 685 17.1 Introduction, 685 17.2 Computer Control of the Linkage Motion, 686 17.3 The Basics of Feedback Control, 687 17.4 Actuator Selection and Types, 688 17.5 Hands-On Machine-Design Laboratory, 694 References, 696 Problems, 696 Index 699

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Book SynopsisOne of the first books to provide in-depth and systematic application of finite element methods to the field of stochastic structural dynamicsThe parallel developments of the Finite Element Methods in the 1950's and the engineering applications of stochastic processes in the 1940's provided a combined numerical analysis tool for the studies of dynamics of structures and structural systems under random loadings. In the open literature, there are books on statistical dynamics of structures and books on structural dynamics with chapters dealing with random response analysis. However, a systematic treatment of stochastic structural dynamics applying the finite element methods seems to be lacking. Aimed at advanced and specialist levels, the author presents and illustrates analytical and direct integration methods for analyzing the statistics of the response of structures to stochastic loads. The analysis methods are based on structural models represented via the Finite ElemTable of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Important Difference between Static and Dynamic Responses 1 1.2 Classification of Dynamic Systems 2 1.3 Applications of Control Theory 3 1.4 Organization of Presentation 4 References 5 2 Review of Laplace Transforms 7 2.1 Definition 8 2.2 First and Second Shifting Theorems 10 2.3 Dirac Delta Function (Unit Impulse Function) 10 2.4 Laplace Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals 11 2.5 Convolution Theorem 11 2.6 Initial and Final Value Theorems 13 2.7 Laplace Transforms of Periodic Functions 13 2.8 Partial Fraction Method 15 2.9 Questions and Solutions 16 2.10 Applications of MATLAB 22 Exercise Questions 26 References 27 3 Dynamic Behaviors of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 29 3.1 Basic Elements of Liquid and Gas Systems 29 3.1.1 Liquids 30 3.1.3 Remarks 31 3.2 Hydraulic Tank Systems 32 3.2.1 Non-interacting Hydraulic Tank Systems 32 3.2.2 Interacting Hydraulic Tank Systems 34 3.3 Nonlinear Hydraulic Tank and Linear Transfer Function 35 3.4 Pneumatically Actuated Valves 37 3.5 Questions and Solutions 39 Appendix 3A: Transfer Function of Two Interacting Hydraulic Tanks 49 Exercise Questions 52 4 Dynamic Behaviors of Oscillatory Systems 57 4.1 Elements of Oscillatory Systems 57 4.2 Free Vibration of Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems 59 4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems under Harmonic Forces 63 4.4 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems under Non-Harmonic Forces 65 4.5 Vibration Analysis of Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems 67 4.5.1 Formulation and Solution for Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems 67 4.5.2 Vibration Analysis of a System with a Dynamic Absorber 72 4.5.3 Normal Mode Analysis 73 4.6 Vibration of Continuous Systems 77 4.6.1 Vibrating Strings or Cables 78 4.6.2 Remarks 80 4.7 Questions and Solutions 81 Appendix 4A: Proof of Equation (4.19b) 97 Exercise Questions 99 References 104 5 Formulation and Dynamic Behavior of Thermal Systems 105 5.1 Elements of Thermal Systems 105 5.1.1 Thermal Resistance 105 5.1.2 Thermal Capacitance 106 5.1.3 Thermal Radiation 107 5.2 Thermal Systems 107 5.2.1 Process Control 107 5.2.2 Space Heating 108 5.2.3 Three-Capacitance Oven 109 5.3 Questions and Solutions 112 Exercise Questions 117 6 Formulation and Dynamic Behavior of Electrical Systems 121 6.1 Basic Electrical Elements 121 6.2 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits 122 6.2.1 Resistors Connected in Series 122 6.2.2 Resistors Connected in Parallel 123 6.2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 124 6.4 Electromechanical Systems 126 6.4.1 Armature-Controlled DC Motor 127 6.4.2 Field-Controlled DC Motor 129 6.4.3 DC Generator 130 6.5 Questions and Solutions 131 Exercise Questions 134 References 135 7 Dynamic Characteristics of Transducers 137 7.1 Basic Theory of the Tachometer 137 7.2 Principles and Applications of Oscillatory Motion Transducers 138 7.2.1 Equation of Motion 139 7.2.2 Design Considerations of Two Types of Transducer 140 7.3 Principles and Applications of Microphones 141 7.3.1 Moving-Coil Microphone 141 7.3.2 Condenser Microphone 144 7.4 Principles and Applications of the Piezoelectric Hydrophone 146 7.5 Questions and Solutions 148 Appendix 7A: Proof of Approximated Current Solution 150 Exercise Questions 153 References 154 8 Fundamentals of Control Systems 155 8.1 Classification of Control Systems 156 8.2 Representation of Control Systems 156 8.3 Transfer Functions 156 8.3.1 Transfer Function of Elements in Cascade Connection 157 8.3.2 Transfer Function of Elements in Parallel Connection 157 8.3.3 Remarks 158 8.4 Closed-Loop Control Systems 158 8.4.1 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions and System Response 159 8.4.2 Summary of Steps for Determination of Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 161 8.5 Block Diagram Reduction 161 8.5.1 Moving Starting Points of Signals 161 8.5.2 Moving Summing Points 162 8.5.3 System Transfer Function by Block Diagram Reduction 162 8.6 Questions and Solutions 164 Exercise Questions 170 References 172 9 Analysis and Performance of Control Systems 173 9.1 Response in the Time Domain 173 9.2 Transient Responses as Functions of Closed-Loop Poles 175 9.3 Control System Design Based on Transient Responses 177 9.4 Control Types 180 9.4.2 Integral Control 181 9.4.3 Derivative Control 181 9.5 Steady-State Errors 182 9.5.1 Unit Step Input 182 9.5.2 Unit Ramp Input 183 9.5.3 Unit Parabolic Input 183 9.6 Performance Indices and Sensitivity Functions 184 9.6.1 Performance Indices 184 9.6.2 Sensitivity Functions 185 9.7 Questions and Solutions 185 Exercise Questions 190 10 Stability Analysis of Control Systems 195 10.1 Concept of Stability in Linear Control Systems 195 10.2 Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion 195 10.3 Applications of Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion 197 10.4 Questions and Solutions 202 Exercise Questions 208 References 210 11 Graphical Methods for Control Systems 211 11.1 Root Locus Method and Root Locus Plots 211 11.1.1 Rules for Root Locus Plots of Negative Feedback Control Systems 212 11.1.2 Construction of Root Loci 213 11.2 Polar and Bode Plots 215 11.3 Nyquist Plots and Stability Criterion 221 11.3.1 Conformal Mapping and Cauchy’s Theorem 221 11.3.2 Nyquist Method and Stability Criterion 223 11.4 Gain Margin and Phase Margin 226 11.5 Lines of Constant Magnitude: M Circles 229 11.6 Lines of Constant Phase: N Circles 233 11.7 Nichols Charts 234 11.8 Applications of MATLAB for Graphical Constructions 236 11.8.1 Root Locus Plots 236 11.8.2 Bode Plots 243 11.8.3 Nyquist Plots 249 Exercise Questions 257 References 260 12 Modern Control System Analysis 261 12.1 State Space Method 261 12.2 State Transition Matrix 262 12.3 Relationship between Laplace Transformed State Equation and Transfer Function 264 12.4 Stability Based on Eigenvalues of the Coefficient Matrix 267 12.6 Stabilizability and Detectability 277 12.7 Applications of MATLAB 277 Appendix 12A: Solution of System of First-Order Differential Equations 286 Appendix 12B: Maclaurin’s Series 291 Appendix 12C: Rank of A Matrix 294 Exercise Questions 294 References 296 Index 297

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Book SynopsisThis introductory book covers the most fundamental aspects of linear vibration analysis for mechanical engineering students and engineers. Consisting of five major topics, each has its own chapter and is aligned with five major objectives of the book.Table of ContentsSeries Preface ix Preface xi 1 A Crash Course on Lagrangian Dynamics 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Concept of "Equation of Motion" 1 1.3 Generalized Coordinates 5 1.4 Admissible Variations 13 1.5 Degrees of Freedom 16 1.6 Virtual Work and Generalized Forces 17 1.7 Lagrangian 24 1.8 Lagrange’s Equation 24 1.9 Procedure for Deriving Equation(s) of Motion 24 1.10 Worked Examples 25 1.10.1 Systems Containing Only Particles 25 1.10.2 Systems Containing Rigid Bodies 38 1.11 Linearization of Equations of Motion 57 1.11.1 Equilibrium Position(s) 58 1.11.2 Linearization 59 1.11.3 Observations and Further Discussions 62 1.12 Chapter Summary 63 2 Vibrations of Single-DOF Systems 81 2.1 Objectives 81 2.2 Types of Vibration Analyses 81 2.3 Free Vibrations of Undamped System 83 2.3.1 General Solution for Homogeneous Differential Equation 83 2.3.2 Basic Vibration Terminologies 85 2.3.3 Determining Constants via Initial Conditions 87 2.4 Free Vibrations of Damped Systems 93 2.5 Using Normalized Equation of Motion 94 2.5.1 Normalization of Equation of Motion 94 2.5.2 Classification of Vibration Systems 95 2.5.3 Free Vibration of Underdamped Systems 96 2.5.4 Free Vibration of Critically Damped System 100 2.5.5 Free Vibration of Overdamped System 102 2.6 Forced Vibrations I: Steady-State Responses 108 2.6.1 Harmonic Loading 108 2.6.2 Mechanical Significance of Steady-State Solution 110 2.6.3 Other Examples of Harmonic Loading 115 2.6.4 General Periodic Loading 124 2.7 Forced Vibrations II: Transient Responses 133 2.7.1 Transient Response to Periodic Loading 134 2.7.2 General Loading: Direct Analytical Method 139 2.7.3 Laplace Transform Method 146 2.7.4 Decomposition Method 150 2.7.5 Convolution Integral Method 158 2.8 Chapter Summary 172 2.8.1 Free Vibrations of Single-DOF Systems 172 2.8.2 Steady-State Responses of Single-DOF Systems 173 2.8.3 Transient Responses of Single-DOF Systems 174 3 Lumped-Parameter Modeling 186 3.1 Objectives 186 3.2 Modeling 186 3.3 Idealized Elements 187 3.3.1 Mass Elements 187 3.3.2 Spring Elements 188 3.3.3 Damping Elements 189 3.4 Lumped-Parameter Modeling of Simple Components and Structures 190 3.4.1 Equivalent Spring Constants 191 3.4.2 Equivalent Masses 204 3.4.3 Damping Models 212 3.5 Alternative Methods 218 3.5.1 Castigliano Method for Equivalent Spring Constants 218 3.5.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Equivalent Masses 223 3.5.3 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Equivalent Spring Constants 227 3.5.4 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Natural Frequencies 230 3.5.5 Determining Lumped Parameters Through Experimental Measurements 231 3.6 Examples with Lumped-Parameter Models 233 3.7 Chapter Summary 252 4 Vibrations of Multi-DOF Systems 269 4.1 Objectives 269 4.2 Matrix Equation of Motion 269 4.3 Modal Analysis: Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 273 4.4 Free Vibrations 284 4.4.1 Free Vibrations of Undamped Systems 284 4.4.2 Free Vibrations of Undamped Unconstrained Systems 293 4.4.3 Free Vibrations of Systems of Many DOFs 296 4.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 305 4.5.1 Standard Eigenvalue Problem 305 4.5.2 Generalized Eigenvalue Problem 306 4.6 Coupling, Decoupling, and Principal Coordinates 307 4.6.1 Types of Coupling 307 4.6.2 Principal Coordinates 307 4.6.3 Decoupling Method for Free-Vibration Analysis 310 4.7 Forced Vibrations I: Steady-State Responses 319 4.8 Forced Vibrations II: Transient Responses 328 4.8.1 Direct Analytical Method 328 4.8.2 Decoupling Method 331 4.8.3 Laplace Transform Method 347 4.8.4 Convolution Integral Method 349 4.9 Chapter Summary 357 4.9.1 Modal Analyses 357 4.9.2 Free Vibrations of Multi-DOF Systems 357 4.9.3 Steady-State Responses of Multi-DOF Systems 359 4.9.4 Transient Responses of Multi-DOF Systems 359 5 Vibration Analyses Using Finite Element Method 370 5.1 Objectives 370 5.2 Introduction to Finite Element Method 370 5.2.1 Lagrangian Dynamics Formulation of FEM Model 371 5.2.2 Matrix Formulation 374 5.3 Finite Element Analyses of Beams 378 5.3.1 Formulation of Beam Element 379 5.3.2 Implementation Using MATLAB 383 5.3.3 Generalization: Large-Scale Finite Element Simulations 392 5.3.4 Damping Models in Finite Element Modeling 394 5.4 Vibration Analyses Using SOLIDWORKS 395 5.4.1 Introduction to SOLIDWORKS Simulation 396 5.4.2 Static Analysis 398 5.4.3 Modal Analysis 415 5.4.4 Harmonic Vibration Analysis 419 5.4.5 Transient Vibration Analysis 425 5.5 Chapter Summary 428 5.5.1 Finite Element Formulation 428 5.5.2 Using Commercial Finite Element Analysis Software 429 Appendix A Review of Newtonian Dynamics 433 A.1 Kinematics 433 A.1.1 Kinematics of a Point or a Particle 433 A.1.2 Relative Motions 435 A.1.3 Kinematics of a Rigid Body 436 A.2 Kinetics 437 A.2.1 Newton–Euler Equations 437 A.2.2 Energy Principles 438 A.2.3 Momentum Principles 439 Appendix B A Primer on MATLAB 440 B.1 Matrix Computations 440 B.1.1 Commands and Statements 440 B.1.2 Matrix Generation 441 B.1.3 Accessing Matrix Elements and Submatrices 442 B.1.4 Operators and Elementary Functions 444 B.1.5 Flow Controls 446 B.1.6 M-Files, Scripts, and Functions 449 B.1.7 Linear Algebra 452 B.2 Plotting 454 B.2.1 Two-Dimensional Curve Plots 454 B.2.2 Three-Dimensional Curve Plots 456 B.2.3 Three-Dimensional Surface Plots 457 Appendix C Tables of Laplace Transform 459 C.1 Properties of Laplace Transform 459 C.2 Function Transformations 459 Index 461

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Book SynopsisAn advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamics Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to The Third Edition xxv Preface xxix Acknowledgments xxxvii 1 The First Law 1 1.1 Terminology 1 1.2 Closed Systems 4 1.3 Work Transfer 7 1.4 Heat Transfer 12 1.5 Energy Change 16 1.6 Open Systems 18 1.7 History 23 References 31 Problems 33 2 The Second Law 39 2.1 Closed Systems 39 2.1.1 Cycle in Contact with One Temperature Reservoir 39 2.1.2 Cycle in Contact with Two Temperature Reservoirs 41 2.1.3 Cycle in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 49 2.1.4 Process in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 51 2.2 Open Systems 54 2.3 Local Equilibrium 56 2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum 57 2.5 Carathéodory’s Two Axioms 62 2.6 A Heat Transfer Man’s Two Axioms 71 2.7 History 77 References 78 Problems 80 3 Entropy Generation, Or Exergy Destruction 95 3.1 Lost Available Work 96 3.2 Cycles 102 3.2.1 Heat Engine Cycles 103 3.2.2 Refrigeration Cycles 104 3.2.3 Heat Pump Cycles 107 3.3 Nonflow Processes 109 3.4 Steady-Flow Processes 113 3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation 119 3.5.1 Heat Transfer across a Temperature Difference 119 3.5.2 Flow with Friction 122 3.5.3 Mixing 124 3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization 126 3.6.1 The Method 126 3.6.2 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow 127 3.6.3 Entropy Generation Number 130 References 132 Problems 133 4 Single-Phase Systems 140 4.1 Simple System 140 4.2 Equilibrium Conditions 141 4.3 The Fundamental Relation 146 4.3.1 Energy Representation 147 4.3.2 Entropy Representation 148 4.3.3 Extensive Properties versus Intensive Properties 149 4.3.4 The Euler Equation 150 4.3.5 The Gibbs–Duhem Relation 151 4.4 Legendre Transforms 154 4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties 163 4.5.1 Maxwell’s Relations 163 4.5.2 Relations Measured during Special Processes 166 4.5.3 Bridgman’s Table 173 4.5.4 Jacobians in Thermodynamics 176 4.6 Partial Molal Properties 179 4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures 183 4.8 Real Gas Mixtures 186 References 189 Problems 190 5 Exergy Analysis 195 5.1 Nonflow Systems 195 5.2 Flow Systems 198 5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis 201 5.4 Air Conditioning 203 5.4.1 Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor 203 5.4.2 Total Flow Exergy of Humid Air 205 5.4.3 Total Flow Exergy of Liquid Water 207 5.4.4 Evaporative Cooling 208 References 210 Problems 210 6 Multiphase Systems 213 6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle 213 6.1.1 The Energy Minimum 214 6.1.2 The Enthalpy Minimum 215 6.1.3 The Helmholtz Free-Energy Minimum 216 6.1.4 The Gibbs Free-Energy Minimum 217 6.1.5 The Star Diagram 217 6.2 The Stability of a Simple System 219 6.2.1 Thermal Stability 219 6.2.2 Mechanical Stability 221 6.2.3 Chemical Stability 222 6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States 224 6.3.1 The Andrews Diagram and J. Thomson’s Theory 224 6.3.2 The van der Waals Equation of State 226 6.3.3 Maxwell’s Equal-Area Rule 233 6.3.4 The Clapeyron Relation 235 6.4 Phase Diagrams 236 6.4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule 236 6.4.2 Single-Component Substances 237 6.4.3 Two-Component Mixtures 239 6.5 Corresponding States 247 6.5.1 Compressibility Factor 247 6.5.2 Analytical P(v, T) Equations of State 253 6.5.3 Calculation of Properties Based on P(v, T) and Specific Heat 257 6.5.4 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 259 6.5.5 Metastable States 261 References 264 Problems 266 7 Chemically Reactive Systems 271 7.1 Equilibrium 271 7.1.1 Chemical Reactions 271 7.1.2 Affinity 274 7.1.3 Le Chatelier–Braun Principle 277 7.1.4 Ideal Gas Mixtures 280 7.2 Irreversible Reactions 287 7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion 295 7.3.1 Combustion Stoichiometry 295 7.3.2 The First Law 297 7.3.3 The Second Law 303 7.3.4 Maximum Power Output 306 7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels 316 7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume 320 7.5.1 The First Law 320 7.5.2 The Second Law 322 7.5.3 Maximum Work Output 323 References 324 Problems 325 8 Power Generation 328 8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint 328 8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream 332 8.3 External Irreversibilities 338 8.4 Internal Irreversibilities 344 8.4.1 Heater 344 8.4.2 Expander 346 8.4.3 Cooler 346 8.4.4 Pump 348 8.4.5 Relative Importance of Internal Irreversibilities 348 8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants 352 8.5.1 Superheater, Reheater, and Partial Condenser Vacuum 352 8.5.2 Regenerative Feed Heating 355 8.5.3 Combined Feed Heating and Reheating 362 8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants 366 8.6.1 External and Internal Irreversibilities 366 8.6.2 Regenerative Heat Exchanger, Reheaters, and Intercoolers 371 8.6.3 Cooled Turbines 374 8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants 376 References 379 Problems 381 9 Solar Power 394 9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation 394 9.1.1 Photons 395 9.1.2 Temperature 396 9.1.3 Energy 397 9.1.4 Pressure 399 9.1.5 Entropy 400 9.2 Reversible Processes 403 9.2.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Expansion or Compression 403 9.2.2 Reversible and Isothermal Expansion or Compression 403 9.2.3 Carnot Cycle 404 9.3 Irreversible Processes 404 9.3.1 Adiabatic Free Expansion 404 9.3.2 Transformation of Monochromatic Radiation into Blackbody Radiation 405 9.3.3 Scattering 407 9.3.4 Net Radiative Heat Transfer 408 9.3.5 Kirchhoff’s Law 412 9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation 413 9.4.1 Petela’s Theory 413 9.4.2 Unifying Theory 416 9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area 424 9.5.1 Ideal Concentrators 424 9.5.2 Omnicolor Series of Ideal Concentrators 427 9.5.3 Unconcentrated Solar Radiation 428 9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors 431 9.6.1 Linear Convective Heat Loss Model 432 9.6.2 Effect of Collector–Engine Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 433 9.6.3 Combined Convective and Radiative Heat Loss 434 9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant 436 9.8 Climate 438 9.9 Self-Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation 449 References 453 Problems 455 10 Refrigeration 461 10.1 Joule–Thomson Expansion 461 10.2 Work-Producing Expansion 468 10.3 Brayton Cycle 471 10.4 Intermediate Cooling 477 10.4.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger 477 10.4.2 Bioheat Transfer 479 10.4.3 Distribution of Expanders 480 10.4.4 Insulation 484 10.5 Liquefaction 492 10.5.1 Liquefiers versus Refrigerators 492 10.5.2 Heylandt Nitrogen Liquefier 494 10.5.3 Efficiency of Liquefiers and Refrigerators 498 10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak 502 10.6.1 Heat Leak in Parallel with Reversible Compartment 502 10.6.2 Time-Dependent Operation 505 10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration 509 10.7.1 Fundamental Relations 509 10.7.2 Adiabatic Demagnetization 513 10.7.3 Paramagnetic Thermometry 514 10.7.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 517 References 518 Problems 521 11 Entropy Generation Minimization 531 11.1 Competing Irreversibilities 531 11.1.1 Internal Flow and Heat Transfer 531 11.1.2 Heat Transfer Augmentation 536 11.1.3 External Flow and Heat Transfer 538 11.1.4 Convective Heat Transfer in General 541 11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers 543 11.2.1 The Ideal Limit 545 11.2.2 Area Constraint 548 11.2.3 Volume Constraint 550 11.2.4 Combined Area and Volume Constraint 551 11.2.5 Negligible Pressure Drop Irreversibility 551 11.2.6 The Structure of Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 553 11.3 Storage Systems 555 11.3.1 Sensible-Heat Storage 555 11.3.2 Storage Time Interval 556 11.3.3 Heat Exchanger Size 558 11.3.4 Storage Followed by Removal of Exergy 561 11.3.5 Heating and Cooling Subject to Time Constraint 564 11.3.6 Latent-Heat Storage 567 11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization 570 11.4.1 Heat Transfer Irreversible Power Plant Models 571 11.4.2 Minimum Entropy Generation Rate 573 11.4.3 Fluid Flow Systems 577 11.4.4 Electrical Machines 581 11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law 583 11.5.1 The Generation-of-Configuration Phenomenon 583 11.5.2 Organ Size 586 References 592 Problems 595 12 Irreversible Thermodynamics 601 12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces 602 12.2 Linearized Relations 606 12.3 Reciprocity Relations 607 12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena 610 12.4.1 Formulations 610 12.4.2 The Peltier Effect 613 12.4.3 The Seebeck Effect 615 12.4.4 The Thomson Effect 616 12.4.5 Power Generation 618 12.4.6 Refrigeration 623 12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media 625 12.5.1 Formulation in Two Dimensions 626 12.5.2 Principal Directions and Conductivities 628 12.5.3 The Concentrated Heat Source Experiment 631 12.5.4 Three-Dimensional Conduction 633 12.6 Mass Diffusion 635 12.6.1 Nonisothermal Diffusion of a Single Component 635 12.6.2 Nonisothermal Binary Mixtures 637 12.6.3 Isothermal Diffusion 639 References 640 Problems 642 13 The Constructal Law 646 13.1 Evolution 646 13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law 649 13.2.1 Properties of Flow Systems with Configuration 649 13.2.2 Evolution by Increasing Global Performance 651 13.2.3 Evolution by Increasing Compactness 652 13.2.4 Evolution by Increasing Flow Territory 652 13.2.5 Freedom Is Good for Evolution and Survival (Persistence) 654 13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems 655 13.3.1 Duct Cross Sections 655 13.3.2 Open-Channel Cross Sections 657 13.3.3 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow and River Basins 658 13.3.4 Turbulent Flow Structure 664 13.3.5 Coalescence of Flowing Solid Packets 668 13.3.6 Cracks, Splashes, and Splats 669 13.3.7 Dendritic Solidification 669 13.3.8 Global Circulation and Climate 671 13.4 Animate Flow Systems 673 13.4.1 Body Heat Loss 673 13.4.2 Branches, Diameters, and Lengths 678 13.4.3 Breathing and Heartbeating 680 13.4.4 Flying, Running, and Swimming 681 13.4.5 Life Span and Life Travel 687 13.4.6 Athletics Evolution 688 13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale 689 13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting 691 13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization 693 13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes 697 13.9 The Arrow of Time 699 References 702 Problems 706 Appendix 725 Constants 725 Mathematical Formulas 726 Variational Calculus 727 Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States 728 Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States 729 Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum 729 References 730 Symbols 731 Index 741

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Book SynopsisThe Practice of Engineering Dynamics is a textbook that takes a systematic approach to understanding dynamic analysis of mechanical systems. It comprehensively covers dynamic analysis of systems from equilibrium states to non-linear simulations and presents frequency analysis of experimental data. It divides the practice of engineering dynamics into three parts: Part 1 - Modelling: Deriving Equations of Motion; Part 2 - Simulation: Using the Equations of Motion; and Part 3- Experimental Frequency Domain Analysis. This approach fulfils the need to be able to derive the equations governing the motion of a system, to then use the equations to provide useful design information, and finally to be able to analyze experimental data measured on dynamic systems. The Practice of Engineering Dynamics includes end of chapter exercises and is accompanied by a website hosting a solutions manual.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xv Part I Modeling: Deriving Equations of Motion 1 1 Kinematics 3 1.1 Derivatives of Vectors 3 1.2 Performing Kinematic Analysis 5 1.3 Two Dimensional Motion with Constant Length 6 1.4 Two Dimensional Motion with Variable Length 8 1.5 Three Dimensional Kinematics 10 1.6 Absolute Angular Velocity and Acceleration 13 1.7 The General Acceleration Expression 14 Exercises 16 2 Newton’s Equations of Motion 19 2.1 The Study of Motion 19 2.2 Newton’s Laws 19 2.3 Newton’s Second Law for a Particle 20 2.4 Deriving Equations of Motion for Particles 21 2.5 Working with Rigid Bodies 25 2.6 Using F = ma in the Rigid Body Force Balance 26 2.7 Using F = dG/dt in the Rigid Body Force Balance 28 2.8 Moment Balance for a Rigid Body 30 2.9 The Angular Momentum Vector – HO 33 2.10 A Physical Interpretation of Moments and Products of Inertia 36 2.11 Euler’s Moment Equations 40 2.12 Throwing a Spiral 41 2.13 A Two Body System 42 2.14 Gyroscopic Motion 48 Exercises 52 3 Lagrange’s Equations of Motion 55 3.1 An Example to Start 55 3.2 Lagrange’s Equation for a Single Particle 58 3.3 Generalized Forces 62 3.4 Generalized Forces as Derivatives of Potential Energy 64 3.5 Dampers – Rayleigh’s Dissipation Function 65 3.6 Kinetic Energy of a Free Rigid Body 67 3.7 A Two Dimensional Example using Lagrange’s Equation 70 3.7.1 The Kinetic Energy 70 3.7.2 The Potential Energy 71 3.7.3 The 𝜃 Equation 72 3.7.4 The 𝜙 Equation 73 3.8 Standard Form of the Equations of Motion 73 Exercises 74 Part II Simulation: Using the Equations of Motion 77 4 Equilibrium Solutions 79 4.1 The Simple Pendulum 79 4.2 Equilibrium with Two Degrees of Freedom 80 4.3 Equilibrium with Steady Motion 81 4.4 The General Equilibrium Solution 84 Exercises 85 5 Stability 87 5.1 Analytical Stability 87 5.2 Linearization of Functions 92 5.3 Example: A System with Two Degrees of Freedom 95 5.4 Routh Stability Criterion 99 5.5 Standard Procedure for Stability Analysis 103 Exercises 105 6 Mode Shapes 107 6.1 Eigenvectors 107 6.2 Comparing Translational and Rotational Degrees of Freedom 111 6.3 Nodal Points in Mode Shapes 115 6.4 Mode Shapes with Damping 116 6.5 Modal Damping 118 Exercises 122 7 Frequency Domain Analysis 125 7.1 Modeling Frequency Response 125 7.2 Seismic Disturbances 132 7.3 Power Spectral Density 133 7.3.1 Units of the PSD 138 7.3.2 Simulation using the PSD 139 Exercises 143 8 Time Domain Solutions 145 8.1 Getting the Equations of Motion Ready for Time Domain Simulation 146 8.2 A Time Domain Example 147 8.3 Numerical Schemes for Solving the Equations of Motion 149 8.4 Euler Integration 149 8.5 An Example Using the Euler Integrator 151 8.6 The Central Difference Method: An (h2) Method 153 8.7 Variable Time Step Methods 155 8.8 Methods with Higher Order Truncation Error 157 8.9 The Structure of a Simulation Program 159 Exercises 163 Part III Working with Experimental Data 165 9 Experimental Data – Frequency Domain Analysis 167 9.1 Typical Test Data 167 9.2 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The CFT 169 9.3 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The DFT 172 9.4 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – A Faster DFT 174 9.5 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The FFT 175 9.6 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – An Example 176 9.7 Sampling and Aliasing 179 9.8 Leakage and Windowing 184 9.9 Decimating Data 187 9.10 Averaging DFTs 189 Exercises 189 A Representative Dynamic Systems 193 A.1 System 1 193 A.2 System 2 193 A.3 System 3 194 A.4 System 4 194 A.5 System 5 195 A.6 System 6 195 A.7 System 7 196 A.8 System 8 197 A.9 System 9 197 A.10 System 10 198 A.11 System 11 198 A.12 System 12 199 A.13 System 13 200 A.14 System 14 200 A.15 System 15 201 A.16 System 16 201 A.17 System 17 202 A.18 System 18 202 A.19 System 19 203 A.20 System 20 203 A.21 System 21 204 A.22 System 22 204 A.23 System 23 205 B Moments and Products of Inertia 207 B.1 Moments of Inertia 207 B.2 Parallel Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 208 B.3 Parallel Axis Theorem for Products of Inertia 210 B.4 Moments of Inertia for Commonly Encountered Bodies 210 C Dimensions and Units 213 D Least Squares Curve Fitting 215 Index 219

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Book SynopsisThe practical, clear, and concise guide for conducting experimental modal tests Modal Testing: A Practitioner''s Guide outlines the basic information necessary to conduct an experimental modal test. The text draws on the author's extensive experience to cover the practical side of the concerns that may arise when performing an experimental modal test. Taking a hands-on approach, the book explores the issues related to conducting a test from start to finish. It covers the cornerstones of the basic information needed and summarizes all the pertinent theory related to experimental modal testing. Designed to be accessible, Modal Testing presents the most common excitation techniques used for modal testing today and is filled with illustrative examples related to impact testing which is the most widely used excitation technique for traditional experimental modal tests. This practical text is not about developing the details of the theory but rathTable of ContentsPreface xv About the CompanionWebsite xix Part I Overview of Experimental Modal Analysis using the Frequency Response Method 1 1 Introduction to ExperimentalModal Analysis: A Simple Non-mathematical Presentation 3 1.1 Could you Explain Modal Analysis to Me? 6 1.2 Just what are these Measurements called FRFs? 10 1.2.1 Why is Only One Row or Column of the FRF Matrix Needed? 13 1.3 What’s the Difference between a Shaker Test and an Impact Test? 17 1.3.1 What Measurements do we Actually make to Compute the FRF? 18 1.4 What’s the Most ImportantThing toThink about when Impact Testing? 21 1.5 What’s the Most ImportantThing toThink about when Shaker Testing? 22 1.6 Tell me More AboutWindows; They Seem Pretty Important! 24 1.7 So how do we get Mode Shapes from the Plate FRFs? 25 1.8 Modal Data and Operating Data 29 1.8.1 What is Operating Data? 29 1.8.2 So what Good is Modal Data? 33 1.8.3 So Should I Collect Modal Data or Operating Data? 34 1.9 Closing Remarks 36 2 General Theory of Experimental Modal Analysis 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Basic Modal AnalysisTheory – SDOF 38 2.2.1 Single Degree of Freedom System Equation 38 2.2.2 Single Degree of Freedom System Response due to Harmonic Excitation 40 2.2.3 Damping Estimation for Single Degree of Freedom System 42 2.2.4 Response Assessment with Varying Damping 43 2.2.5 Laplace Domain Approach for Single Degree of Freedom System 46 2.2.6 System Transfer Function 47 2.2.7 Different Forms of the Transfer Function 48 2.2.8 Residue of the SDOF System 49 2.2.9 Frequency Response Function for a Single Degree of Freedom System 49 2.2.10 Transfer Function/Frequency Response Function/S-plane for a Single Degree of Freedom System 51 2.2.11 Frequency Response Function Regions for a Single Degree of Freedom System 51 2.2.12 Different Forms of the Frequency Response Function 53 2.2.13 Complex Frequency Response Function 53 2.3 Basic Modal AnalysisTheory – MDOF 56 2.3.1 Multiple Degree of Freedom System Equations 57 2.3.2 Laplace Domain for Multiple Degree of Freedom System 66 2.3.3 The Frequency Response Function 68 2.3.4 Mode Shapes from Frequency Response Equations 68 2.3.5 Point-to-Point Frequency Response Function 71 2.3.6 Response of Multiple Degree of Freedom System to Harmonic Excitations 72 2.3.7 Example: Cantilever Beam Model with Three Measured DOFs 75 2.3.8 Summary of Time, Frequency, and Modal Domains 83 2.3.9 Response due to Forced Excitation using Mode Superposition 87 2.4 Summary 89 3 General Signal Processing andMeasurements Related to Experimental Modal Analysis 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Time and Frequency Domain 93 3.3 Some General Information Regarding Data Acquisition 96 3.4 Digitization of Time Signals 97 3.5 Quantization 97 3.5.1 ADC Underload 98 3.5.2 ADC Overload 100 3.6 AC Coupling 100 3.7 SamplingTheory 101 3.8 Aliasing 103 3.9 What is the Fourier Transform? 105 3.9.1 Fourier Transform and Discrete Fourier Transform 107 3.9.2 FFT: Periodic Signal 108 3.9.3 FFT: Non-periodic Signal 108 3.10 Leakage and Minimization of Leakage 109 3.10.1 Minimization of Leakage 111 3.11 Windows and Leakage 111 3.11.1 RectangularWindow 112 3.11.2 HanningWindow 116 3.11.3 Flat TopWindow 116 3.11.4 Comparison ofWindows withWorst Leakage Distortion Possible 116 3.11.5 Comparison of Rectangular, Hanning and Flat TopWindow 119 3.11.6 ForceWindow 119 3.11.7 ExponentialWindow 119 3.11.8 Convolution of theWindow in the Frequency Domain 119 3.12 Frequency Response Function Formulation 119 3.13 TypicalMeasurements 123 3.13.1 Time Signal and Auto-power Functions 123 3.13.2 TypicalMeasurement: Cross Power Function 124 3.13.3 TypicalMeasurement: Frequency Response Function 124 3.13.4 TypicalMeasurement: Coherence Function 124 3.14 Time and Frequency Relationship Definition 126 3.15 Input–Output Model with Noise 127 3.15.1 H1 Formulation: Output Noise Only 127 3.15.2 H2 Formulation: Output Noise Only 128 3.15.3 H1 Formulation: Input Noise Only 128 3.15.4 H2 Formulation: Input Noise Only 128 3.16 Summary 129 4 Excitation Techniques 131 4.1 Introduction 131 4.2 Impact Excitation Technique 132 4.2.1 Impact Hammer 132 4.2.2 Hammer Impact Tip Selection 136 4.2.3 Useful Frequency Range for Impact Excitation 137 4.2.4 ForceWindow for Impact Excitation 137 4.2.5 Pre-trigger Delay 137 4.2.6 Double Impact 140 4.2.7 Response due to Impact 140 4.2.8 Roving Hammer vs Stationary Hammer and Reciprocity 143 4.2.9 Impact Testing: an Example Set of Measurements 147 4.3 Shaker Excitation 159 4.3.1 Modal Shaker Setup 161 4.3.2 Historical Development of Shaker Excitation Techniques 162 4.3.3 Swept Sine Excitation 163 4.3.4 Pure Random Excitation 163 4.3.5 Pure Random Excitation withWindows Applied 165 4.3.6 Pure Random Excitation with Overlap Processing 165 4.3.7 Pseudo-random Excitation 167 4.3.8 Periodic Random Excitation 167 4.3.9 Burst Random Excitation 168 4.3.10 Sine Chirp Excitation 170 4.3.11 Digital Stepped Sine Excitation 170 4.4 Comparison of Different Excitations for aWeldment Structure 172 4.4.1 Random Excitation with NoWindow 172 4.4.2 Random Excitation with HanningWindow 173 4.4.3 Burst Random Excitation with NoWindow 173 4.4.4 Sine Chirp Excitation with NoWindow 174 4.4.5 Comparison of Random, Burst Random and Sine Chirp 175 4.4.6 Comparison of Random and Burst Random at Resonant Peaks 175 4.4.7 Linearity Check Using Sine Chirp 175 4.5 Multiple-input,Multiple-outputMeasurement 175 4.5.1 Multiple Input vs Single Input Testing 177 4.5.2 Multiple Input vs Single Input for aWeldment Structure 181 4.5.3 Multiple Input vs Single Input Testing 181 4.5.4 Comparison of Multiple Input and Single Input forWeldment Structure 182 4.5.5 MIMO Measurements on a Multi-component Structure 182 4.6 Summary 187 5 Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 ExperimentalModal Analysis 190 5.2.1 Least Squares Approximation of Data 190 5.2.2 Classification of Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 193 5.3 Extraction of Modal Parameters 198 5.3.1 Peak Picking Technique 198 5.3.2 Circle Fitting – Kennedy and Pancu 199 5.3.3 SDOF Polynomial 200 5.3.4 Residual Effects of Out of Band Modes 200 5.3.5 MDOF Polynomial 201 5.3.6 Least Squares Complex Exponential 201 5.3.7 Advanced Forms of Time and Frequency Domain Estimators 203 5.3.8 General Time Domain Techniques 203 5.3.9 General Frequency Domain Techniques 203 5.3.10 General Consideration for Time vs Frequency Representation 204 5.3.11 Additional Remarks on Modal Parameter Estimation 204 5.3.12 Two Step Process for Modal Parameter Estimation 205 5.4 Mode Identification Tools 206 5.4.1 Summation Function 206 5.4.2 Mode Indicator Function 206 5.4.3 Complex Mode Indicator Function 207 5.4.4 Stability Diagram 208 5.4.5 PolyMAX 210 5.5 Modal Model Validation Tools 212 5.5.1 Synthesis of Frequency Response Functions using Extracted Parameters 212 5.5.2 Modal Assurance Criterion 213 5.5.3 Mode Participation Factors 215 5.5.4 Mode Overcomplexity 215 5.5.5 Mean Phase Co-linearity and Mean Phase Deviation 216 5.6 Operating Modal Analysis 216 5.7 Summary 219 Part II Practical Considerations for ExperimentalModal Testing 221 6 Test Setup Considerations 223 6.1 Test Plan? 224 6.2 How Many Modes Required? 225 6.3 Frequency Range of Interest? 228 6.4 Transducer Possibilities? 232 6.5 Test Configurations? 232 6.6 How Many Measurement Points Needed? 235 6.7 Excitation Techniques 238 6.8 Miscellaneous Items to Consider 238 6.9 Summary 245 7 Impact Testing Considerations 247 7.1 Hammer Impact Location 247 7.2 Hammer Tip and Frequency Range 248 7.3 Hammers for Different Size Structures 249 7.4 How Does Impact Skew and Deviation of Input Point Affect theMeasurement? 256 7.4.1 Skewed Impact Force 256 7.4.2 Inconsistent Impact Force Location 256 7.5 Impact Hammer Frequency Bandwidth 256 7.6 Accelerometer ICP Considerations for Low Frequency Measurements 264 7.7 Considerations for Reciprocity Measurements 264 7.8 Roving Hammer vs Roving Accelerometer 267 7.9 Picking a Good Reference Location 268 7.10 Multiple Impact Difficulties and Considerations 268 7.10.1 Academic Structure 269 7.10.2 LargeWind Turbine Blade 271 7.11 What is “Filter Ring” during an Impact Measurement? 274 7.12 Test Bandwidth MuchWider than Desired Frequency Range 275 7.13 Why Does the Structure Response Need to Come to Zero at the End of the Sample Time? 279 7.14 Measurements with no Overload but Transducers are Saturated 282 7.14.1 Case 1: Sensitive Accelerometer with ExponentialWindow 282 7.14.2 Case 2: Sensitive Accelerometer with NoWindow 283 7.14.3 Case 3: Less Sensitive Accelerometer with NoWindow 283 7.15 How much Roll Off in the Input Hammer Force Spectrum is Acceptable? 286 7.16 Can the Hammer be Switched in the Middle of a Test to Avoid Double Impacts? 289 7.17 Closing Remarks 292 8 Shaker Testing Considerations 293 8.1 General Hardware Related Issues 293 8.1.1 General Information about Shakers and Amplifiers 293 8.1.2 What is the Difference between the Constant Current and Constant Voltage Settings on the Shaker Amplifier? 294 8.1.3 Some Shakers have a Trunnion: Is it Really Needed andWhy Do You Have It? 294 8.1.4 Where is the Best Location to Place a Shaker for a Modal Test? 295 8.1.5 How Should the Shaker be Constrained when Testing? 296 8.1.6 What’s the BestWay to Support a Shaker for Lateral Vibration When it is Hung? 296 8.1.7 What are the Most Common Practical Failures with Shaker Setup? 297 8.1.8 What is the Correct Level of Shaker Excitation for Modal Testing? 297 8.1.9 How many Shakers should I use in my Modal Test? 297 8.1.10 Shaker and Stinger Alignment Issues 297 8.1.11 When should the Shaker be Attached to the Structure? 298 8.1.12 Should I Disconnect the Stingers while not Testing? 298 8.1.13 Force Gage or Impedance Head must be Mounted on Structure Side of Stinger? 300 8.1.14 What’s an Impedance Head? Why use it?Where does it go? 301 8.2 Stinger Related Issues 302 8.2.1 Why should Stingers be used? 302 8.2.2 Can a Poorly Designed Shaker/Stinger Setup Produce Incorrect Results? 303 8.2.3 Stingers and their Effect on Measured Frequency Response Functions 306 8.2.3.1 Stinger Location 307 8.2.3.2 Stinger Alignment 307 8.2.3.3 Stinger Length 308 8.2.3.4 Stinger Type 310 8.2.3.5 Sleeved Stingers 310 8.2.3.6 How do PianoWire StingersWork? How are they Pretensioned?? 314 8.3 Shaker Related Issues 314 8.3.1 Is MIMO needed for Structures with DirectionalModes? 314 8.3.2 Shaker Force Levels and SISO vs MIMO Considerations 316 8.3.2.1 High Shaker Force Levels 316 8.3.2.2 High Shaker Force Levels 318 8.3.2.3 Effects of FRF Measurements in the Modal Parameter Estimation Process 320 8.4 Concluding Remarks 325 9 Insight intoModal Parameter Estimation 327 9.1 Introductory Remarks 327 9.2 Mode Indicator Tools Help Identify Modes 328 9.3 SDOF vsMDOF for a Simple System 330 9.4 Local vs Global: MACL Frame 332 9.5 Repeated Root: Composite Spar 334 9.6 Wind Turbine Blade: Same Geometry but Very Different Modes 335 9.7 Stability Diagram Demystified 337 9.8 Curvefitting Demystified 340 9.9 Curvefitting Different Bands for the Poles and Residues 343 9.10 Synthesizing the FRF from Parameters from Several Bands Stitched Together 344 9.11 A Large Multiple Reference Modal Test Parameter Estimation 346 9.11.1 Case 1: Use of All Measured FRFs 346 9.11.2 Case 2: Use of Selected Sets of Measured FRFs 350 9.11.3 Case 3: Use of PolyMAX 352 9.12 Operating Modal Analysis 357 9.13 Concluding Remarks 363 10 General Considerations 365 10.1 An ExperimentalModal Test: a Thought Process Divulged 369 10.2 FFT Analyzer Setup 377 10.2.1 General FFT Analyzer Setup 377 10.2.2 Setup for Impact Testing 378 10.2.3 Setup for Shaker Testing 379 10.3 Log Sheets 379 10.4 Practical Considerations: Checklists 379 10.4.1 Checklist for Analyzer Setup 380 10.4.2 Checklist for Impact Testing 382 10.4.3 Checklist for Shaker Testing 384 10.4.4 Checklist for Measurement Adequacy 386 10.4.5 Checklist for Miscellaneous 388 10.5 Summary 391 Appendix: Logbook Forms 392 11 Tips, Tricks, and Other Stuff 395 11.1 Modal Testing Primer 396 11.1.1 Impact Setup 396 11.1.2 Shaker Setup 397 11.1.3 Drive Point Measurements 398 11.1.4 Reciprocity 398 11.1.5 Inappropriate Reference Location 399 11.1.6 Multiple-input,Multiple-output Testing 399 11.1.7 Multiple Reference Testing 400 11.2 Impact Hammer and Impulsive Excitation 400 11.2.1 The Right Hammer for the Test 400 11.2.2 Hammer – Get the Swing of it 401 11.2.3 Hammer Tripod 401 11.2.4 Hammer tip selection 401 11.2.5 No Hammer: Improvise 402 11.2.6 Pete’s Hammer Test Impact Ritual 402 11.3 Accelerometer Issues 403 11.3.1 Mass Loading 403 11.3.2 Mass Loading Effects from Tri-axial Accelerometers 404 11.3.3 Accelerometer Sensitivity Selection 407 11.3.4 Tri-axial Accelerometers 408 11.4 Curvefitting Considerations 411 11.4.1 Should all Measurements be used when Curvefitting 412 11.5 Blue Frame with Three Plate Subsystem 414 11.6 Miscellaneous Issues 422 11.6.1 Modal Test Axis Labels 422 11.6.2 Testing Does Not Need to Start at point 1 423 11.6.3 Test to aWider Frequency Range 423 11.6.4 Ui times Uj; the key to many questions 423 11.7 Summary 425 A Linear Algebra: Basic Operations Needed forModal Analysis Operations 427 A.1 Define a Matrix 427 A.2 Define a Column Vector 427 A.3 Define a Row Vector 428 A.4 Define a Diagonal Matrix 428 A.5 Define Matrix Addition 428 A.6 Define Matrix Scalar Multiply 428 A.7 Define Matrix Multiply 429 A.8 Matrix Multiplication Rules 429 A.9 Transpose of a Matrix 430 A.10 Transposition Rules 430 A.11 Symmetric Matrix Rules 430 A.12 Define a Matrix Inverse 431 A.13 Matrix Inverse Properties 431 A.14 Define an Eigenvalue Problem 431 A.15 Generalized Inverse 431 A.16 Singular Value Decomposition 432 B Example Using Two Degree of Freedom System: Eigenproblem 433 C Pole, Residue, and FRF Problem for 2-DOF System 437 D Example using Three Degree of Freedom System 443 E DYNSYSWebsite Materials 451 E.1 Technical Materials Developed 451 E.1.1 Theoretical Aspects of First and Second Order Systems 452 E.1.2 First Order Systems: Modeling Step with ODE and Block Diagram 452 E.1.3 Second Order Systems: Modeling Step, Impulse, IC with ODE and Block Diagram 452 E.1.4 MathematicalModeling Considerations 452 E.1.5 Simulink and MATLAB Primer Materials 453 E.1.6 Miscellaneous Materials 453 E.2 DYNSYS.UML.EDUWebsite 453 F Basic Modal Analysis Information 463 F.1 SDOF Definitions 463 F.1.1 Damping Estimates 463 F.1.2 System Transfer Function 464 F.1.3 Different Forms of the System Transfer Function 464 F.1.4 Frequency Response Function 465 F.2 MDOF Definitions 466 Part III Collection of Sets of Modal Data Collected for Processing 467 G Repeated Root Frame: Boundary Condition Effects 469 G.1 Corner Supports Set #1 470 G.2 Midlength Supports Set #2 474 G.3 Modal Correlation between Set #1 and Set #2 474 H Radarsat Satellite Testing 479 H.1 Data Reduction Set 1: Reference BUS:109:Z, BUS:118:Z, PMS:217:X and PMS:1211:Y 479 H.2 Data Reduction Set 2: Reference PMS:217:X and PMS:1211:Y 479 I Demo Airplane Testing 487 I.1 Impact Testing 487 I.2 SIMO Testing with Skewed Shaker 487 I.3 MIMO Testing with Two Vertical Modal Shakers 493 J Whirlpool Dryer Cabinet Modal Testing 497 K GM MTU Automobile Round Robin Modal Testing 501 L UML Composite Spar Modal Testing 505 M UML BUHModal Testing 509 N Nomenclature 515 Index 519

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Book SynopsisAn illustrative guide to the analysis needed to achieve a safe design in ASME Pressure Vessels, Boilers, and Nuclear Components Stress in ASME Pressure Vessels, Boilers, and Nuclear Componentsoffers a revised and updatededition of the text, Design of Plate and Shell Structures. This important resource offers engineers and students a text that covers the complexities involved in stress loads and design of plates and shell components in compliance with pressure vessel, boiler, and nuclear standards. The author covers the basic theories and includes a wealth of illustrative examples for the design of components that address the internal and external loads as well as other loads such as wind and dead loads. The text keeps the various derivations relatively simple and the resulting equations are revised to a level so that they can be applied directly to real-world design problems. The many examples clearly show the level of analysis needed to achieve a safe design based on a given required Table of ContentsSeries Preface ix Acknowledgment xi 1 Membrane Theory of Shells of Revolution 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Equations of Equilibrium 1 1.3 Spherical and Ellipsoidal Shells Subjected to Axisymmetric Loads 6 1.4 Conical Shells 18 1.5 Cylindrical Shells 20 1.6 Cylindrical Shells with Elliptical Cross Section 22 1.7 Design of Shells of Revolution 23 Problems 23 2 Various Applications of the Membrane Theory 27 2.1 Analysis of Multicomponent Structures 27 2.2 Pressure–Area Method of Analysis 35 2.3 Deflection Due to Axisymmetric Loads 42 Problems 47 3 Analysis of Cylindrical Shells 51 3.1 Elastic Analysis of Thick-Wall Cylinders 51 3.2 Thick Cylinders with Off-center Bore 56 3.3 Stress Categories and Equivalent Stress Limits for Design and Operating Conditions 57 3.4 Plastic Analysis of Thick Wall Cylinders 63 3.5 Creep Analysis of Thick-Wall Cylinders 65 3.6 Shell Equations in the ASME Code 69 3.7 Bending of Thin-Wall Cylinders Due to Axisymmetric Loads 71 3.8 Thermal Stress 89 3.9 Discontinuity Stresses 98 Problems 100 4 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Basic Equations 103 4.3 Lateral Pressure 108 4.4 Lateral and End Pressure 114 4.5 Axial Compression 117 4.6 Design Equations 120 Problems 136 5 Stress in Shells of Revolution Due to Axisymmetric Loads 141 5.1 Elastic Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure 141 5.2 Spherical Shells in the ASME Code 142 5.3 Stress in Ellipsoidal Shells Due to Pressure Using Elastic Analysis 145 5.4 Ellipsoidal (Dished) Heads in the ASME Code 146 5.5 Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure Using Plastic Analysis 150 5.6 Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure Using Creep Analysis 150 5.7 Bending of Shells of Revolution Due to Axisymmetric Loads 151 5.8 Spherical Shells 156 5.9 Conical Shells 165 Problems 174 6 Buckling of Shells of Revolution 175 6.1 Elastic Buckling of Spherical Shells 175 6.2 ASME Procedure for External Pressure 179 6.3 Buckling of Stiffened Spherical Shells 180 6.4 Ellipsoidal Shells 181 6.5 Buckling of Conical Shells 181 6.6 Various Shapes 184 Problems 184 7 Bending of Rectangular Plates 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Strain–Deflection Equations 189 7.3 Stress–Deflection Expressions 194 7.4 Force–Stress Expressions 196 7.5 Governing Differential Equations 197 7.6 Boundary Conditions 200 7.7 Double Series Solution of Simply Supported Plates 204 7.8 Single Series Solution of Simply Supported Plates 206 7.9 Rectangular Plates with Fixed Edges 211 7.10 Plate Equations in the ASME Code 212 Problems 213 8 Bending of Circular Plates 215 8.1 Plates Subjected to Uniform Loads in the θ-Direction 215 8.2 Circular Plates in the ASME Code 225 8.3 Plates on an Elastic Foundation 227 8.4 Plates with Variable Boundary Conditions 231 8.5 Design of Circular Plates 234 Problems 235 9 Approximate Analysis of Plates 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Yield Line Theory 239 9.3 Further Application of the Yield Line Theory 247 9.4 Design Concepts 253 Problems 255 10 Buckling of Plates 259 10.1 Circular Plates 259 10.2 Rectangular Plates 263 10.3 Rectangular Plates with Various Boundary Conditions 271 10.4 Finite Difference Equations for Buckling 275 10.5 Other Aspects of Buckling 277 10.6 Application of Buckling Expressions to Design Problems 279 Problems 282 11 Finite Element Analysis 283 11.1 Definitions 283 11.2 One-Dimensional Elements 287 11.3 Linear Triangular Elements 295 11.4 Axisymmetric Triangular Linear Elements 302 11.5 Higher-Order Elements 305 11.6 Nonlinear Analysis 307 Appendix A: Fourier Series 309 A.1 General Equations 309 A.2 Interval Change 313 A.3 Half-Range Expansions 314 A.4 Double Fourier Series 316 Appendix B: Bessel Functions 319 B.1 General Equations 319 B.2 Some Bessel Identities 323 B.3 Simplified Bessel Functions 325 Appendix C: Conversion Factors 327 References 329 Answers to Selected Problems 333 Index 335

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Book SynopsisAn introductory textbook covering the fundamentals of linear finite element analysis (FEA) This book constitutes the first volume in a two-volume set that introduces readers to the theoretical foundations and the implementation of the finite element method (FEM). The first volume focuses on the use of the method for linear problems. A general procedure is presented for the finite element analysis (FEA) of a physical problem, where the goal is to specify the values of a field function. First, the strong form of the problem (governing differential equations and boundary conditions) is formulated. Subsequently, a weak form of the governing equations is established. Finally, a finite element approximation is introduced, transforming the weak form into a system of equations where the only unknowns are nodal values of the field function. The procedure is applied to one-dimensional elasticity and heat conduction, multi-dimensional steady-state scalar field problems (heat condTable of ContentsPreface xiv About the Companion Website xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Physical Processes and Mathematical Models 1 1.2 Approximation, Error, and Convergence 3 1.3 Finite Element Method for Differential Equations 5 1.4 Brief History of the Finite Element Method 6 1.5 Finite Element Software 8 1.6 Significance of Finite Element Analysis for Engineering 8 1.7 Typical Process for Obtaining a Finite Element Solution for a Physical Problem 12 1.8 A Note on Linearity and the Principle of Superposition 14 References 16 2 Strong and Weak Form for One-Dimensional Problems 17 2.1 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 17 2.2 General Expressions for Essential and Natural B.C. in One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 23 2.3 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 24 2.4 Equivalence of Weak Form and Strong Form 28 2.5 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 32 2.6 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 37 Problems 44 References 46 3 Finite Element Formulation for One-Dimensional Problems 47 3.1 Introduction—Piecewise Approximation 47 3.2 Shape (Interpolation) Functions 51 3.3 Discrete Equations for Piecewise Finite Element Approximation 59 3.4 Finite Element Equations for Heat Conduction 66 3.5 Accounting for Nodes with Prescribed Solution Value (“Fixed” Nodes) 67 3.6 Examples on One-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis 68 3.7 Numerical Integration—Gauss Quadrature 91 3.8 Convergence of One-Dimensional Finite Element Method 100 3.9 Effect of Concentrated Forces in One-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis 106 Problems 108 References 111 4 Multidimensional Problems: Mathematical Preliminaries 112 4.1 Introduction 112 4.2 Basic Definitions 113 4.3 Green’s Theorem—Divergence Theorem and Green’s Formula 118 4.4 Procedure for Multidimensional Problems 121 Problems 122 References 122 5 Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction and Other Scalar Field Problems 123 5.1 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction 123 5.2 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction 129 5.3 Equivalence of Strong Form and Weak Form 131 5.4 Other Scalar Field Problems 133 Problems 139 6 Finite Element Formulation for Two-Dimensional Scalar Field Problems 141 6.1 Finite Element Discretization and Piecewise Approximation 141 6.2 Three-Node Triangular Finite Element 148 6.3 Four-Node Rectangular Element 153 6.4 Isoparametric Finite Elements and the Four-Node Quadrilateral (4Q) Element 158 6.5 Numerical Integration for Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements 165 6.6 Higher-Order Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements 176 6.7 Isoparametric Triangular Elements 178 6.8 Continuity and Completeness of Isoparametric Elements 181 6.9 Concluding Remarks: Finite Element Analysis for Other Scalar Field Problems 183 Problems 183 References 188 7 Multidimensional Elasticity 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Definition of Strain Tensor 189 7.3 Definition of Stress Tensor 191 7.4 Representing Stress and Strain as Column Vectors—The Voigt Notation 193 7.5 Constitutive Law (Stress-Strain Relation) for Multidimensional Linear Elasticity 194 7.6 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Stress, Strain, and Material Stiffness Matrix 199 7.7 Stress, Strain, and Constitutive Models for Two-Dimensional (Planar) Elasticity 202 7.8 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 208 7.9 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 212 7.10 Equivalence between the Strong Form and the Weak Form 215 7.11 Strong Form for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 218 7.12 Using Polar (Cylindrical) Coordinates 220 References 225 8 Finite Element Formulation for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 226 8.1 Piecewise Finite Element Approximation—Assembly Equations 226 8.2 Accounting for Restrained (Fixed) Displacements 231 8.3 Postprocessing 232 8.4 Continuity—Completeness Requirements 232 8.5 Finite Elements for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 232 Problems 251 9 Finite Element Formulation for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 257 9.1 Weak Form for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 257 9.2 Piecewise Finite Element Approximation—Assembly Equations 258 9.3 Isoparametric Finite Elements for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 264 Problems 287 Reference 288 10 Topics in Applied Finite Element Analysis 289 10.1 Concentrated Loads in Multidimensional Analysis 289 10.2 Effect of Autogenous (Self-Induced) Strains—The Special Case of Thermal Strains 291 10.3 The Patch Test for Verification of Finite Element Analysis Software 294 10.4 Subparametric and Superparametric Elements 295 10.5 Field-Dependent Natural Boundary Conditions: Emission Conditions and Compliant Supports 296 10.6 Treatment of Nodal Constraints 302 10.7 Treatment of Compliant (Spring) Connections Between Nodal Points 309 10.8 Symmetry in Analysis 311 10.9 Axisymmetric Problems and Finite Element Analysis 316 10.10 A Brief Discussion on Efficient Mesh Refinement 319 Problems 321 References 323 11 Convergence of Multidimensional Finite Element Analysis, Locking Phenomena in Multidimensional Solids and Reduced Integration 324 11.1 Convergence of Multidimensional Finite Elements 324 11.2 Effect of Element Shape in Multidimensional Analysis 327 11.3 Incompatible Modes for Quadrilateral Finite Elements 328 11.4 Volumetric Locking in Continuum Elements 333 11.5 Uniform Reduced Integration and Spurious Zero-Energy (Hourglass) Modes 337 11.6 Resolving the Problem of Hourglass Modes: Hourglass Stiffness 339 11.7 Selective-Reduced Integration 346 11.8 The B-bar Method for Resolving Locking 348 Problems 351 References 352 12 Multifield (Mixed) Finite Elements 353 12.1 Multifield Weak Forms for Elasticity 354 12.2 Mixed (Multifield) Finite Element Formulations 359 12.3 Two-Field (Stress-Displacement) Formulations and the Pian-Sumihara Quadrilateral Element 367 12.4 Displacement-Pressure (u-p) Formulations and Finite Element Approximations 370 12.5 Stability of Mixed u-p Formulations—the inf-sup Condition 374 12.6 Assumed (Enhanced)-Strain Methods and the B-bar Method as a Special Case 377 12.7 A Concluding Remark for Multifield Elements 381 References 381 13 Finite Element Analysis of Beams 383 13.1 Basic Definitions for Beams 383 13.2 Differential Equations and Boundary Conditions for 2D Beams 385 13.3 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory 388 13.4 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Euler-Bernoulli Beams 392 13.5 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Euler-Bernoulli Beams 394 13.6 Finite Element Formulation: Two-Node Euler-Bernoulli Beam Element 397 13.7 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Two-Dimensional Beam Elements 404 13.8 Timoshenko Beam Theory 408 13.9 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Timoshenko Beam Theory 411 13.10 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Timoshenko Beam Theory 411 13.11 Two-Node Timoshenko Beam Finite Element 415 13.12 Continuum-Based Beam Elements 418 13.13 Extension of Continuum-Based Beam Elements to General Curved Beams 424 13.14 Shear Locking and Selective-Reduced Integration for Thin Timoshenko Beam Elements 440 Problems 443 References 446 14 Finite Element Analysis of Shells 447 14.1 Introduction 447 14.2 Stress Resultants for Shells 451 14.3 Differential Equations of Equilibrium and Boundary Conditions for Flat Shells 452 14.4 Constitutive Law for Linear Elasticity in Terms of Stress Resultants and Generalized Strains 456 14.5 Weak Form of Shell Equations 464 14.6 Finite Element Formulation for Shell Structures 472 14.7 Four-Node Planar (Flat) Shell Finite Element 480 14.8 Coordinate Transformations for Shell Elements 485 14.9 A “Clever” Way to Approximately Satisfy C1 Continuity Requirements for Thin Shells—The Discrete Kirchhoff Formulation 500 14.10 Continuum-Based Formulation for Nonplanar (Curved) Shells 510 Problems 521 References 522 15 Finite Elements for Elastodynamics, Structural Dynamics, and Time-Dependent Scalar Field Problems 523 15.1 Introduction 523 15.2 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Elastodynamics 525 15.3 Strong Form in the Presence of Material Damping 527 15.4 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Elastodynamics 529 15.5 Finite Element Approximation and Semi-Discrete Equations of Motion 530 15.6 Three-Dimensional Elastodynamics 536 15.7 Semi-Discrete Equations of Motion for Three-Dimensional Elastodynamics 539 15.8 Structural Dynamics Problems 539 15.9 Diagonal (Lumped) Mass Matrices and Mass Lumping Techniques 546 15.10 Strong and Weak Form for Time-Dependent Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 549 15.11 Semi-Discrete Finite Element Equations for Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 555 15.12 Solid and Structural Dynamics as a “Parabolic” Problem: The State-Space Formulation 557 Problems 558 References 559 16 Analysis of Time-Dependent Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 560 16.1 Introduction 560 16.2 Single-Step Algorithms 562 16.3 Linear Multistep Algorithms 568 16.4 Predictor-Corrector Algorithms—Runge-Kutta (RK) Methods 569 16.5 Convergence of a Time-Stepping Algorithm 572 16.6 Modal Analysis and Its Use for Determining the Stability for Systems with Many Degrees of Freedom 583 Problems 587 References 587 17 Solution Procedures for Elastodynamics and Structural Dynamics 588 17.1 Introduction 588 17.2 Modal Analysis: What Will NOT Be Presented in Detail 589 17.3 Step-by-Step Algorithms for Direct Integration of Equations of Motion 594 17.4 Application of Step-By-Step Algorithms for Discrete Systems with More than One Degrees of Freedom 608 17.4 Problems 613 References 613 18 Verification and Validation for the Finite Element Method 615 18.1 Introduction 615 18.2 Code Verification 615 18.3 Solution Verification 622 18.4 Numerical Uncertainty 627 18.5 Sources and Types of Uncertainty 629 18.6 Validation Experiments 630 18.7 Validation Metrics 631 18.8 Extrapolation of Model Prediction Uncertainty 633 18.9 Predictive Capability 634 References 634 19 Numerical Solution of Linear Systems of Equations 637 19.1 Introduction 637 19.2 Direct Methods 638 19.3 Iterative Methods 640 19.4 Parallel Computing and the Finite Element Method 644 19.5 Parallel Conjugate Gradient Method 649 References 653 Appendix A: Concise Review of Vector and Matrix Algebra 654 A.1 Preliminary Definitions 654 A.2 Matrix Mathematical Operations 656 A.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 660 A.4 Rank of a Matrix 662 Appendix B: Review of Matrix Analysis for Discrete Systems 664 B.1 Truss Elements 664 B.2 One-Dimensional Truss Analysis 666 B.3 Solving the Global Stiffness Equations of a Discrete System and Postprocessing 671 B.4 The ID Array Concept (for Equation Assembly) 673 B.5 Fully Automated Assembly: The Connectivity (LM) Array Concept 680 B.6 Advanced Interlude—Programming of Assembly When the Restrained Degrees of Freedom Have Nonzero Values 682 B.7 Advanced Interlude 2: Algorithms for Postprocessing 683 B.8 Two-Dimensional Truss Analysis—Coordinate Transformation Equations 684 B.9 Extension to Three-Dimensional Truss Analysis 693 Problem 694 Appendix C: Minimum Potential Energy for Elasticity—Variational Principles 695 Appendix D: Calculation of Displacement and Force Transformations for Rigid-Body Connections 700 Index 706

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of fluid dynamic models and experimental results that can help solve problems in centrifugal compressors and modern techniques for a more efficient aerodynamic design. Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors isacomprehensive overview of the theoretical fluid dynamic models describing the flow in centrifugal compressors and the modern techniques for the design of more efficient centrifugal compressors. The author a noted expert in the field, with over 40 years of experience evaluates relevant numerical and analytical prediction models for centrifugal compressors with special attention to their accuracy and limitations. Relevant knowledge from the last century is linked with new insights obtained from modern CFD. Emphasis is to link the flow structure, performance and stability to the geometry of the different compressor components. Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors is an accessible resource that combines theory with experimental data andTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Application of Centrifugal Compressors 2 1.2 Achievable Efficiency 5 1.3 Diabatic Flows 14 1.4 Transformation of Energy in Radial Compressors 19 1.5 Performance Map 25 1.5.1 Theoretical Performance Curve 25 1.5.2 Finite Number of Blades 26 1.5.3 Real Performance Curve 28 1.6 Degree of Reaction 29 1.7 Operating Conditions 32 2 Compressor Inlets 37 2.1 Inlet Guide Vanes 37 2.1.1 Influence of Prerotation on Pressure Ratio 40 2.1.2 Design of IGVs 41 2.2 The Inducer 49 2.2.1 Calculation of the Inlet 50 2.2.1.1 Determination of the Inducer Shroud Radius 51 2.2.2 Optimum Incidence Angle 53 2.2.3 Inducer Choking Mass Flow 56 3 Radial Impeller Flow Calculation 61 3.1 Inviscid Impeller Flow Calculation 63 3.1.1 Meridional Velocity Calculation 63 3.1.2 Blade to Blade Velocity Calculation 66 3.1.3 Optimal Velocity Distribution 68 3.2 3D Impeller Flow 73 3.2.1 3D Inviscid Flow 73 3.2.2 Boundary Layers 76 3.2.3 Secondary Flows 78 3.2.3.1 Shrouded–unshrouded 82 3.2.4 Full 3D Geometries 84 3.3 Performance Predictions 88 3.3.1 Flow in Divergent Channels 88 3.3.2 Impeller Diffusion Model 90 3.3.3 Two-zone Flow Model 94 3.3.4 Calculation of Average Flow Conditions 101 3.3.5 Influence of the Wake/Jet Velocity Ratio 𝜈 on Impeller Performance 102 3.4 Slip Factor 104 3.5 Disk Friction 108 4 The Diffuser 113 4.1 Vaneless Diffusers 116 4.1.1 One-dimensional Calculation 117 4.1.2 Circumferential Distortion 122 4.1.3 Three-dimensional Flow Calculation 125 4.2 Vaned Diffusers 131 4.2.1 Curved Vane Diffusers 131 4.2.2 Channel Diffusers 135 4.2.3 The Vaneless and Semi-vaneless Space 136 4.2.4 The Diffuser Channel 143 5 Detailed Geometry Design 147 5.1 Inverse Design Methods 147 5.1.1 Analytical Inverse Design Methods 148 5.1.2 Inverse Design by CFD 152 5.2 Optimization Systems 156 5.2.1 Parameterized Definition of the Impeller Geometry 157 5.2.2 Search Mechanisms 159 5.2.2.1 Gradient Methods 160 5.2.2.2 Zero-order Search Mechanisms 161 5.2.2.3 Evolutionary Methods 161 5.2.3 Metamodel Assisted Optimization 164 5.2.4 Multiobjective and Constraint Optimization 170 5.2.4.1 Multiobjective Ranking 170 5.2.4.2 Constraints 172 5.2.4.3 Multiobjective Design of Centrifugal Impellers 173 5.2.5 Multipoint Optimization 175 5.2.5.1 Design of a Low Solidity Diffuser 175 5.2.5.2 Multipoint Impeller Design 177 5.2.6 Robust Optimization 181 6 Volutes 185 6.1 Inlet Volutes 185 6.1.1 Inlet Bends 186 6.1.2 Inlet Volutes 190 6.1.3 Vaned Inlet Volutes 193 6.1.4 Tangential Inlet Volute 194 6.2 Outlet Volutes 196 6.2.1 Volute Flow Model 196 6.2.2 Main Geometrical Parameters 197 6.2.3 Detailed 3D Flow Structure in Volutes 200 6.2.3.1 Design Mass Flow Operation 201 6.2.3.2 Lower than Design Mass Flow 204 6.2.3.3 Higher than Design Mass Flow 205 6.2.4 Central Elliptic Volutes 208 6.2.4.1 High Mass Flow Measurements 210 6.2.4.2 Medium and Low Mass Flow Measurements 215 6.2.4.3 Volute Outlet Measurements 215 6.2.5 Internal Rectangular Volutes 215 6.2.5.1 High Mass Flow Measurements 216 6.2.5.2 Medium Mass Flow Measurements 218 6.2.5.3 Low Mass Flow Measurements 219 6.2.6 Volute Cross Sectional Shape 221 6.2.7 Volute Performance 222 6.2.7.1 Experimental Results 224 6.2.7.2 Performance Predictions 225 6.2.7.3 Detailed Evaluation of Volute Loss Model 228 6.2.8 3D analysis of Volute Flow 230 6.3 Volute-diffuser Optimization 231 6.3.1 Non-axisymmetric Diffuser 233 6.3.2 Increased Diffuser Exit Width 234 7 Impeller Response to Outlet Distortion 237 7.1 Experimental Observations 238 7.2 Theoretical Predictions 242 7.2.1 1D Model 244 7.2.2 CFD: Mixing Plane Approach 245 7.2.3 3D Unsteady Flow Calculations 247 7.2.3.1 Impeller with 20 Full Blades 248 7.2.3.2 Impeller with Splitter Vanes 249 7.2.4 Inlet and Outlet Flow Distortion 249 7.2.4.1 Parametric Study 253 7.2.5 Frozen Rotor Approach 254 7.3 Radial Forces 258 7.3.1 Experimental Observations 258 7.3.2 Computation of Radial Forces 263 7.4 Off-design Performance Prediction 267 7.4.1 Impeller Response Model 268 7.4.2 Diffuser Response Model 269 7.4.3 Volute Flow Calculation 269 7.4.4 Impeller Outlet Pressure Distribution 272 7.4.5 Evaluation and Conclusion 273 8 Stability and Range 275 8.1 Distinction Between Different Types of Rotating Stall 276 8.2 Vaneless Diffuser Rotating Stall 280 8.2.1 Theoretical Stability Calculation 284 8.2.2 Comparison with Experiments 287 8.2.3 Influence of the Diffuser Inlet Shape and Pinching 289 8.3 Abrupt Impeller Rotating Stall 296 8.3.1 Theoretical Prediction Models 297 8.3.2 Comparison with Experimental Results 300 8.4 Progressive Impeller Rotating Stall 301 8.4.1 Experimental Observations 301 8.5 Vaned Diffuser Rotating Stall 307 8.5.1 Return Channel Rotating Stall 314 8.6 Surge 314 8.6.1 Lumped Parameter Surge Model 316 8.6.2 Mild Versus Deep Surge 321 8.6.3 An Alternative Surge Prediction Model 325 9 Operating Range 329 9.1 Active Surge Control 330 9.1.1 Throttle Valve Control 331 9.1.2 Variable Plenum Control 333 9.1.3 Active Magnetic Bearings 335 9.1.4 Close-coupled Resistance 336 9.2 Bypass Valves 337 9.3 Increased Impeller Stability 340 9.3.1 Dual Entry Compressors 342 9.3.2 Casing Treatment 344 9.4 Enhanced Vaned Diffuser Stability 347 9.5 Impeller–diffuser Matching 351 9.6 Enhanced Vaneless Diffuser Stability 354 9.6.1 Low Solidity Vaned Diffusers 356 9.6.2 Half-height Vanes 359 9.6.3 Rotating Vaneless Diffusers 359 Bibliography 363 Index 385

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Book SynopsisA revised and up-to-date guide to advanced vibration analysis written by a noted expert The revised and updated second edition of Vibration of Continuous Systemsoffers a guide to all aspects of vibration of continuous systems including: derivation of equations of motion, exact and approximate solutions and computational aspects. The authora noted expert in the fieldreviews all possible types of continuous structural members and systems including strings, shafts, beams, membranes, plates, shells, three-dimensional bodies, and composite structural members. Designed to be a useful aid in the understanding of the vibration of continuous systems, the book contains exact analytical solutions, approximate analytical solutions, and numerical solutions. All the methods are presented in clear and simple terms and the second edition offers a more detailed explanation of the fundamentals and basic concepts. Vibration of Continuous Systemsrevised second editionTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Terminology 1 1.1 Concept of Vibration 1 1.2 Importance of Vibration 4 1.3 Origins and Developments in Mechanics and Vibration 5 1.4 History of Vibration of Continuous Systems 7 1.5 Discrete and Continuous Systems 12 1.6 Vibration Problems 15 1.7 Vibration Analysis 16 1.8 Excitations 17 1.9 Harmonic Functions 17 1.10 Periodic Functions and Fourier Series 24 1.11 Non periodic Functions and Fourier Integrals 25 1.12 Literature on Vibration of Continuous Systems 28 References 29 Problems 31 2 Vibration of Discrete Systems: Brief Review 33 2.1 Vibration of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom System 33 2.2 Vibration of Multi degree-of-Freedom Systems 43 2.3 Recent Contributions 60 References 61 Problems 62 3 Derivation of Equations: Equilibrium Approach 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 69 3.3 D’Alembert’s Principle 70 3.4 Equation of Motion of a Bar in Axial Vibration 70 3.5 Equation of Motion of a Beam in Transverse Vibration 72 3.6 Equation of Motion of a Plate in Transverse Vibration 74 3.7 Additional Contributions 81 References 81 Problems 82 4 Derivation of Equations: Variational Approach 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Calculus of a Single Variable 87 4.3 Calculus of Variations 88 4.4 Variation Operator 91 4.5 Functional with Higher-Order Derivatives 93 4.6 Functional with Several Dependent Variables 95 4.7 Functional with Several Independent Variables 96 4.8 Extremization of a Functional with Constraints 98 4.9 Boundary Conditions 102 4.10 Variational Methods in Solid Mechanics 106 4.11 Applications of Hamilton’s Principle 116 4.12 Recent Contributions 121 Notes 121 References 122 Problems 122 5 Derivation of Equations: Integral Equation Approach 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Classification of Integral Equations 125 5.3 Derivation of Integral Equations 127 5.4 General Formulation of the Eigenvalue Problem 132 5.6 Recent Contributions 149 References 150 Problems 151 6 Solution Procedure: Eigenvalue and Modal Analysis Approach 153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 General Problem 153 6.3 Solution of Homogeneous Equations: Separation-of-Variables Technique 155 6.4 Sturm–Liouville Problem 156 6.5 General Eigenvalue Problem 165 6.6 Solution of Nonhomogeneous Equations 169 6.7 Forced Response of Viscously Damped Systems 171 6.8 Recent Contributions 173 References 174 Problems 175 7 Solution Procedure: Integral Transform Methods 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Fourier Transforms 178 7.3 Free Vibration of a Finite String 184 7.4 Forced Vibration of a Finite String 186 7.5 Free Vibration of a Beam 188 7.6 Laplace Transforms 191 7.7 Free Vibration of a String of Finite Length 197 7.8 Free Vibration of a Beam of Finite Length 200 7.9 Forced Vibration of a Beam of Finite Length 201 7.10 Recent Contributions 204 References 205 Problems 206 8 Transverse Vibration of Strings 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Equation of Motion 209 8.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 213 8.4 Free Vibration of an Infinite String 215 8.5 Free Vibration of a String of Finite Length 221 8.6 Forced Vibration 231 8.7 Recent Contributions 235 Note 236 References 236 Problems 237 9 Longitudinal Vibration of Bars 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Equation of Motion Using Simple Theory 239 9.3 Free Vibration Solution and Natural Frequencies 241 9.4 Forced Vibration 259 9.5 Response of a Bar Subjected to Longitudinal Support Motion 262 9.6 Rayleigh Theory 263 9.7 Bishop’s Theory 265 9.8 Recent Contributions 272 References 273 Problems 273 10 Torsional Vibration of Shafts 277 10.1 Introduction 277 10.2 Elementary Theory: Equation of Motion 277 10.3 Free Vibration of Uniform Shafts 282 10.4 Free Vibration Response due to Initial Conditions: Modal Analysis 295 10.5 Forced Vibration of a Uniform Shaft: Modal Analysis 298 10.6 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts: Saint-Venant’s Theory 301 10.7 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts, Including Axial Inertia 305 10.8 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts: The Timoshenko–Gere Theory 306 10.9 Torsional Rigidity of Noncircular Shafts 309 10.10 Prandtl’s Membrane Analogy 314 10.11 Recent Contributions 319 References 320 Problems 321 11 Transverse Vibration of Beams 323 11.1 Introduction 323 11.2 Equation of Motion: The Euler–Bernoulli Theory 323 11.3 Free Vibration Equations 331 11.4 Free Vibration Solution 331 11.5 Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Uniform Beams 332 11.6 Orthogonality of Normal Modes 345 11.7 Free Vibration Response due to Initial Conditions 347 11.8 Forced Vibration 350 11.9 Response of Beams under Moving Loads 356 11.10 Transverse Vibration of Beams Subjected to Axial Force 358 11.11 Vibration of a Rotating Beam 363 11.12 Natural Frequencies of Continuous Beams on Many Supports 365 11.13 Beam on an Elastic Foundation 370 11.14 Rayleigh’s Theory 375 11.15 Timoshenko’s Theory 377 11.16 Coupled Bending–Torsional Vibration of Beams 386 11.17 Transform Methods: Free Vibration of an Infinite Beam 391 11.18 Recent Contributions 393 References 395 Problems 396 12 Vibration of Circular Rings and Curved Beams 399 12.1 Introduction 399 12.2 Equations of Motion of a Circular Ring 399 12.3 In-Plane Flexural Vibrations of Rings 404 12.4 Flexural Vibrations at Right Angles to the Plane of a Ring 408 12.5 Torsional Vibrations 413 12.6 Extensional Vibrations 413 12.7 Vibration of a Curved Beam with Variable Curvature 414 12.8 Recent Contributions 423 References 424 Problems 425 13 Vibration of Membranes 427 13.1 Introduction 427 13.2 Equation of Motion 427 13.3 Wave Solution 432 13.4 Free Vibration of Rectangular Membranes 433 13.5 Forced Vibration of Rectangular Membranes 444 13.6 Free Vibration of Circular Membranes 450 13.7 Forced Vibration of Circular Membranes 454 13.8 Membranes with Irregular Shapes 459 13.9 Partial Circular Membranes 459 13.10 Recent Contributions 460 Notes 461 References 462 Problems 463 14 Transverse Vibration of Plates 465 14.1 Introduction 465 14.2 Equation of Motion: Classical Plate Theory 465 14.3 Boundary Conditions 473 14.4 Free Vibration of Rectangular Plates 479 14.5 Forced Vibration of Rectangular Plates 489 14.6 Circular Plates 493 14.7 Free Vibration of Circular Plates 498 14.8 Forced Vibration of Circular Plates 503 14.9 Effects of Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation 507 14.10 Plate on an Elastic Foundation 529 14.11 Transverse Vibration of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Loads 531 14.12 Vibration of Plates with Variable Thickness 537 14.13 Recent Contributions 543 References 545 Problems 547 15 Vibration of Shells 549 15.1 Introduction and Shell Coordinates 549 15.2 Strain–Displacement Relations 560 15.3 Love’s Approximations 564 15.4 Stress–Strain Relations 570 15.5 Force and Moment Resultants 571 15.6 Strain Energy, Kinetic Energy, and Work Done by External Forces 579 15.7 Equations of Motion from Hamilton’s Principle 582 15.8 Circular Cylindrical Shells 590 15.9 Equations of Motion of Conical and Spherical Shells 599 15.10 Effect of Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation 600 15.11 Recent Contributions 611 Notes 612 References 612 Problems 614 16 Vibration of Composite Structures 617 16.1 Introduction 617 16.2 Characterization of a Unidirectional Lamina with Loading Parallel to the Fibers 617 16.3 Different Types of Material Behavior 619 16.4 Constitutive Equations or Stress–Strain Relations 620 16.5 Coordinate Transformations for Stresses and Strains 626 16.6 Lamina with Fibers Oriented at an Angle 632 16.7 Composite Lamina in Plane Stress 634 16.8 Laminated Composite Structures 641 16.9 Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates 659 16.10 Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composte Beams 663 16.11 Recent Contributions 666 References 667 Problems 668 17 Approximate Analytical Methods 671 17.1 Introduction 671 17.2 Rayleigh’s Quotient 672 17.3 Rayleigh’s Method 674 17.4 Rayleigh–Ritz Method 685 17.5 Assumed Modes Method 695 17.6 Weighted Residual Methods 697 17.7 Galerkin’s Method 698 17.8 Collocation Method 704 17.9 Subdomain Method 709 17.10 Least Squares Method 711 17.11 Recent Contributions 718 References 719 Problems 721 18 Numerical Methods: Finite Element Method 725 18.1 Introduction 725 18.2 Finite Element Procedure 725 18.3 Element Matrices of Different Structural Problems 739 18.4 Dynamic Response Using the Finite Element Method 753 18.5 Additional and Recent Contributions 760 Note 763 References 763 Problems 765 A Basic Equations of Elasticity 769 A.1 Stress 769 A.2 Strain–Displacement Relations 769 A.3 Rotations 771 A.4 Stress–Strain Relations 772 A.5 Equations of Motion in Terms of Stresses 774 A.6 Equations of Motion in Terms of Displacements 774 B Laplace and Fourier Transforms 777 Index 783

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Nomenclature xix About the Companion Website xxxi 1 Heat Exchangers: Semantics 1 1.1 Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger 1 1.2 Modeling a Heat Exchanger 5 1.3 Irreversibilities in Heat Exchangers 20 1.4 Thermodynamic Irreversibility and Temperature Cross Phenomena 27 1.5 Heuristic Approach to an Assessment of Heat Exchanger Effectiveness 35 1.6 Energy, Exergy, and Cost Balances in the Analysis of Heat Exchangers 39 1.7 Performance Evaluation Criteria Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics 58 2 Overview of Heat Exchanger Design Methodology: The Art 63 2.1 Heat Exchanger Design Methodology 63 2.2 Interactions Among Design Considerations 77 2.3 Heat Exchanger Design for Manufacturing 78 3 Thermal Design for Recuperators 91 3.1 Heat Flow and Thermal Resistance 91 3.2 Heat Exchanger Design Variables/Parameters 93 3.3 The ε-NTU Method 105 3.4 Effectiveness-NTU Relationships 112 3.5 The P-NTU Method 128 3.6 P-NTU Relationships 131 3.7 The Mean Temperature Difference Method 157 3.8 F Factors for Various Flow Arrangements 161 3.9 Comparison of the ε-NTU, P-NTU, and MTD Methods 176 3.10 The υ-P and P1-P2 Methods 179 3.11 Solution Methods for Determining Exchanger Effectiveness 181 3.12 Heat Exchanger Design Problems 185 4 Relaxation of Design Assumptions. Extended Surfaces 189 4.1 Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction Effects 189 4.2 Nonuniform Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 200 4.3 Extended Surface Exchangers 213 4.4 Additional Considerations for Shell-and-Tube Exchangers 243 4.5 Flow Maldistribution 248 5 Thermal Design of Regenerators 283 5.1 Heat Transfer Analysis 283 5.2 The (ε-NTUo) Method 290 5.3 The Λ-Π Method 309 5.4 Influence of Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction 319 5.5 Influence of Transverse Wall Heat Conduction 326 5.6 Influence of Pressure and Carryover Leakages 330 5.7 Influence of Matrix Material, Size, and Arrangement 336 6 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop Analysis 341 6.1 Introduction 341 6.2 Extended Surface Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 344 6.3 Regenerator Pressure Drop 354 6.4 Tubular Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 354 6.5 Plate Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 357 6.6 Pressure Drop Associated with Fluid Distribution Elements 359 6.7 Pressure Drop Presentation 371 6.8 Pressure Drop Dependence on Geometry and Fluid Properties 377 7 Surface Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics 379 7.1 Basic Concepts 379 7.2 Dimensionless Groups 394 7.3 Experimental Techniques for Determining Surface Characteristics 402 7.4 Analytical and Semiempirical Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Simple Geometries 423 7.5 Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Complex Geometries 458 7.6 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties 474 7.7 Influence of Superimposed Free Convection 477 7.8 Influence of Superimposed Radiation 482 8 Geometry of Heat Exchangers' Surfaces 489 8.1 Tubular Heat Exchangers 489 8.2 Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers 494 8.3 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 499 8.4 Regenerators With Continuous Cylindrical Passages 508 8.5 Shell-and-Tube Exchangers with Segmental Baffles 511 8.6 Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers 519 9 Heat Exchanger Design Procedures 521 9.1 Fluid Mean Temperatures 521 9.2 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 524 9.3 Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers 547 9.4 Plate Heat Exchangers 548 9.5 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 560 9.6 Note on Heat Exchanger Optimization 578 10 Selection of Heat Exchangers and Their Components 581 10.1 Selection Criteria Based on Operating Parameters 581 10.2 General Selection Guidelines for Major Exchanger Types 587 10.3 Some Quantitative Considerations 606 Appendix A Classification of Heat Exchangers 631 Appendix B P-NTU Relationships 699 References 713 Index 725

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Book SynopsisHeating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning The authoritative resource providing coverage of all aspects of HVAC, fully updated to align with the latest HVAC technologies and methods Now in its Seventh Edition, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning has been fully updated to align with the latest technologies and industry developments while maintaining the balance of theoretical information with practical applications that has prepared many generations of students for their careers. As they work through the book, students will become familiar with different types of heating and air conditioning systems and equipment, understand processes and concepts involving moist atmospheric air, learn how to provide comfort to occupants in controlled spaces, and gain practice calculating probable heat loss/gain and energy requirements. A companion website includes additional multiple-choice questions, tutorial videos showing problem-solving for R-value calculationTable of ContentsAbout the Companion Website xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Notes 2 1.2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 3 1.3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 6 1.4 Additional Comments 18 References 19 Problems 19 2. Air-Conditioning Systems 22 2.1 The Complete System 22 2.2 System Selection and Arrangement 24 2.3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 27 2.4 Types of All-Air Systems 28 2.5 Air-and-Water Systems 35 2.6 All-Water Systems 37 2.7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 38 2.8 Heat Pump Systems 41 2.9 Heat Recovery Systems 43 2.10 Thermal Energy Storage 44 References 45 Problems 46 3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 49 3.1 Moist Air and The Standard Atmosphere 49 3.2 Fundamental Parameters 51 3.3 Adiabatic Saturation 53 3.4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 55 3.5 Classic Moist Air Processes 57 3.6 Space Air Conditioning—Design Conditions 66 3.7 Space Air Conditioning—Off-Design Conditions 77 References 81 Problems 81 4. Comfort and Health—Indoor Environmental Quality 86 4.1 Comfort—Physiological Considerations 87 4.2 Environmental Comfort Indices 87 4.3 Comfort Conditions 91 4.4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 93 4.5 Common Contaminants 94 4.6 Methods to Control Humidity 96 4.7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98 References 116 Problems 116 5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 120 5.1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 120 5.2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 139 5.3 Moisture Transmission 154 References 155 Problems 155 6. Space Heating Load 159 6.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 159 6.2 Indoor Design Conditions 160 6.3 Transmission Heat Losses 161 6.4 Infiltration 161 6.5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 174 6.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 176 6.7 Intermittently Heated Structures 176 6.8 Supply Air for Space Heating 176 6.9 Source Media for Space Heating 177 6.10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 178 References 179 Problems 180 7. Solar Radiation 182 7.1 Thermal Radiation 182 7.2 The Earth’s Motion About the Sun 185 7.3 Time 186 7.4 Solar Angles 188 7.5 Solar Irradiation 191 7.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 198 7.7 Energy Calculations 213 References 214 Problems 214 8. The Cooling Load 217 8.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 217 8.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 220 8.3 Design Conditions 221 8.4 Internal Heat Gains 222 8.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226 8.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228 8.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 232 8.8 Fenestration—Transmitted Solar Radiation 238 8.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 240 8.10 Surface Heat Balance—Transparent Surfaces 246 8.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 250 8.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 255 8.13 Radiant Time Series Method 256 8.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266 8.15 Supply Air Quantities 273 References 273 Problems 275 9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279 9.1 Degree-Day Procedure 279 9.2 Bin Method 282 9.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 287 9.4 Energy Calculation Tools 293 9.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294 References 294 Problems 297 10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 298 10.1 Fluid Flow Basics 298 10.2 Centrifugal Pumps 309 10.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 313 10.4 Piping System Fundamentals 317 10.5 System Design 335 10.6 Steam Heating Systems 343 References 356 Problems 357 11. Space Air Diffusion 363 11.1 Behavior of Jets 363 11.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371 References 388 Problems 388 12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 391 12.1 Fans 391 12.2 Fan Relations 391 12.3 Fan Performance and Selection 396 12.4 Fan Installation 403 12.5 Field Performance Testing 410 12.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 412 12.7 Air Flow in Ducts 414 12.8 Air Flow in Fittings 421 12.9 Accessories 434 12.10 Duct Design—General 435 12.11 Duct Design—Sizing 440 References 450 Problems 450 13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.2 Spray Chambers 459 13.3 Cooling Towers 467 References 474 Problems 475 14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 477 14.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 478 14.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 479 14.3 Heat Transfer—Single-Component Fluids 480 14.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 487 14.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 492 14.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 498 14.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509 References 520 Problems 520 15. Refrigeration 524 15.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 524 15.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 526 15.3 Refrigerants 529 15.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 535 15.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 549 15.6 Absorption Refrigeration 555 15.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 565 15.8 The Aqua–Ammonia Absorption System 567 15.9 The Lithium Bromide–Water System 571 References 574 Problems 574 Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577 Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—English Units 578 Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—SI Units 579 Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane)—English Units 580 Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)—SI Units 582 Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—English Units 584 Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—SI Units 586 Table A.4a Air—English Units 588 Table A.4b Air—SI Units 589 Appendix B. Weather Data 590 Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and the World—English Units 591 Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and World—SI Units 594 Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597 Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597 Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598 Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598 Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599 Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions—English and SI Units 600 Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions—English and SI Units 601 Appendix D. Useful Data 602 Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603 Appendix E. Charts 605 Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606 Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607 Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608 Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609 Chart 2 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia–water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright © 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610 Chart 3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611 Chart 4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by permission.) 612 Chart 5 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide–water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613 Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614 Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615 Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616 Index 617

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Book SynopsisAn introductory reference covering the devices, simulations and limitations in the control of servo systems Linking theoretical material with real-world applications, this book provides a valuable introduction to motion system design. The book begins with an overview of classic theory, its advantages and limitations, before showing how classic limitations can be overcome with complete system simulation. The ability to efficiently vary system parameters (such as inertia, friction, dead-band, damping), and quickly determine their effect on performance, stability, efficiency, is also described. The author presents a detailed review of major component characteristics and limitations as they relate to system design and simulation. The use of computer simulation throughout the book will familiarize the reader as to how this contributes to efficient system design, how it avoids potential design flaws and saves both time and expense throughout the design process.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Targeted Readership 2 1.2 Motion System History 2 1.3 Suggested Library for Motion System Design 5 Reference 6 2 Control Theory Overview 7 2.1 Classic Differential/Integral Equation Approach 7 2.2 LaPlace Transform-the S Domain 10 2.3 The Transfer Function 13 2.4 Open versus Closed Loop Control 15 2.5 Stability 22 2.6 Basic Mechanical and Electrical Systems 23 2.7 Sampled Data Systems/Digital Control 28 References 34 3 System Components 35 3.1 Motors and Amplifiers 35 3.2 Gearheads 107 3.3 Leadscrews and Ballscrews 119 3.4 Belt and Pulley 126 3.5 Rack and Pinion 129 3.6 Clutches and Brakes 132 3.7 Servo Couplings 140 3.8 Feedback Devices 146 References 164 Additional Readings 165 4 System Design 167 4.1 Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk, Resolution, Accuracy, Repeatability 167 4.2 Three Basic Loops – Current/Voltage, Velocity, Position 170 4.3 The Velocity Profile 182 4.4 Feed Forward 195 4.5 Inertia 200 4.6 Shaft Compliance 210 4.7 Compensation 216 4.8 Nonlinear Effects 224 4.9 The Eight Basic Building Blocks 230 References 253 5 System Examples – Design and Simulation 255 5.1 Linear Motor Drive 255 5.2 Print Cylinder Control 257 5.3 Conveyor System – Clutch/Brake Control 261 5.4 Bang-Bang Servo (Slack Loop System) 267 5.5 Wafer Spinner 272 Appendix 275 A.1 Brushless Motor Speed/Torque Curves 275 A.2 Inertia Calculation – Excel Program 277 A.3 Time Constants versus Viscous Damping Constant 277 A.4 Current Drive Review 279 A.5 Conversion Factors 285 A.6 Work and Power 286 A.7 I2R Losses 287 A.8 Copper Resistivity 290 Index 291

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Book SynopsisHowever, the very rst useful results of this research became ava- able a considerable length of time after the aviation pioneers had made their rst ights. Only after the rst motorized ights had been successfully made did researchers become more interested in the science of aviation, which from then on began to take shape.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “This book was translated from the Dutch textbook Aeronautiek (2002) and then edited by the translators, one of whom is the senior author of the current work. It is an expansion of lecture material used by both Torenbeek and Wittenberg to instruct freshmen aerospace engineers at the Technical University of Delft from 1970 to 2000. … The work is useful to aeronautical engineering students as a good reference and as an adjunct to their course textbooks. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and graduate students.” (A. M. Strauss, Choice, Vol. 47 (5), January, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface; 1 History of Aviation; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Early history and the invention of ballooning; 1.3 The period between 1799 and 1870; 1.4 The decades between 1870 and 1890; 1.5 From 1890 until the Wright Flyer III; 1.6 European aviation between 1906 and 1918; 1.7 Aviation between the world wars; 1.8 Development after 1940; Bibliography; 2 Introduction to Atmospheric Flight; 2.1 Flying – How is that possible?; 2.2 Static and dynamic aviation; 2.3 Forces on the aeroplane; 2.4 Lift, drag and thrust; 2.5 Properties of air; 2.6 The earth’s atmosphere; 2.7 The standard atmosphere; 2.8 Atmospheric flight; Bibliography ; 3 Low-Speed Aerodynamics ; 3.1 Speed domains and compressibility; 3.2 Basic concepts; 3.3 Equations for steady flow; 3.4 Viscous flows; 3.5 The boundary layer; 3.6 Flow separation and drag; 3.7 Shape and scale effects on drag ; Bibliography; 4 Lift and Drag at Low Speeds; 4.1 Function and shape of aeroplane wings; 4.2 Aerofoil sections; 4.3 Circulation and lift; 4.4 Aerofoil section properties; 4.5 Wing geometry; 4.6 High-aspect ratio straight wings; 4.7 Low-aspect ratio wings ; 4.8 The whole aircraft; Bibliography; 5 Aircraft Engines and Propulsion; 5.1 History of engine development; 5.2 Fundamentals of reaction propulsion; 5.3 Engine efficiency and fuel consumption; 5.4 Piston engines in aviation; 5.5 Gas turbine engine components ; 5.6 Non-reheated turbojet and turbofan engines ; 5.7 Turboprop and turboshaft engines; 5.8 Gas turbine engine operation ; 5.9 Propeller performance; Bibliography; 6 Aeroplane Performance; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Airspeed and altitude; 6.3 Equations of motion for symmetric flight; 6.4 Steady straight and level flight; 6.5 Climb and descent ; 6.6 Gliding flight; 6.7 Cruising flight; 6.8 Take-off and landing; 6.9 Horizontal steady turn; 6.10 Manoeuvre and gust loads; Bibliography; 7 Stability and Control; 7.1 Flying qualities; 7.2 Elementary concepts and definitions; 7.3 Tail surfaces and flight control; 7.4 Pitchingmoment of aerofoils; 7.5 Static longitudinal stability; 7.6 Dynamic longitudinal stability; 7.7 Longitudinal control; 7.8 Static lateral stability; 7.9 Dynamic lateral stability; 7.10 Lateral control; 7.11 Stalling and spinning ; Bibliography ; 8 Helicopter Flight Mechanics; 8.1 Helicopter general arrangements; 8.2 Hovering flight ; 8.3 The rotor in level flight; 8.4 Flight performance; 8.5 Stability and control; Bibliography; 9 High-Speed Flight; 9.1 Complications due to the compressibility of air; 9.2 Compressible flow relationships; 9.3 Speed of sound and Mach number; 9.4 Flow in a channel; 9.5 Shock waves and expansion flows; 9.6 High-subsonic speed; 9.7 Transonic speed; 9.8 Supersonic speed; 9.9 Supersonic propulsion; 9.10 Performance and operation; Bibliography; A Units and Dimensions; B Principles of Aerostatics; Index

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Book SynopsisPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems. Table of ContentsPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems.

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Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. It includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Injection Molds opens up the entire subject of injection mold technology, including numerous special procedures, in a well-grounded and practical way. It is specifically intended for beginners, young professionals, business owners, and engineering students. The chapters are clearly structured and easy to understand. The book is designed so that it provides a complete basic knowledge of injection molds in chronological order as well as day-to-day guidance and advice.The numerous colour figures facilitate a rapid understanding of the content, which is especially helpful to the beginner who wants to learn about injection molds quickly. In the forefront of the description are thermoplastic molds. Divergent processes for thermoset or elastomer molds are explained at the end of each chapter. This book captures the current state of the art, and is written by authors who are specialists in the field. The second edition has been updated and improved throughout.

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Book SynopsisThe book focuses on the introduction of the basic concepts, processes, and tools used in Lean Six Sigma. A unique feature is the detailed discussion on Design for Six Sigma aided by computer modeling and simulation. The authors present several sample projects in which Lean Six Sigma and Design for Six Sigma were used to solve engineering problems or improve processes based on their own research and development experiences in engineering design and analysis. This book is intended to be a textbook for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students in engineering, and mid-career engineering professionals. It can also be a reference book, or be used to prepare for the Six Sigma Green Belt and Black Belt certifications by organizations such as American Society for Quality.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume set has been written primarily for engineers, technicians, and scientists who are contemplating the unknown but attractive world of technological entrepreneurship, a key driver of economic growth in developed countries and critical in stimulating growth in developing countries. The purpose is to prepare these professionals as members of teams focusing on commercializing new technology-based products. The material has also been used to introduce engineering students to the processes involved in technological entrepreneurship. Volume one provides a background of fundamentals and theory to prepare the reader for the venture launch. Topics include the entrepreneurial process, the venture team, developing and marketing high tech products, and launching the new venture. Volume two goes into detail in critical areas such as intellectual property protection, legal forms of organization, financial projections, and business plan preparation and delivery. The primary emphasis is focused on creating lean and agile organizations capable of recognizing opportunities, quickly developing introductory products for small test markets to better define the opportunities, and using the results of those test markets to arrive at a product with wide acceptance capable of driving growth.

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Book SynopsisDesign, within the context of engineering, is a term that is sometimes difficult to define. Design can be innovative, impressive, and earthshattering, but it can also be observed in the building of simple devices using everyday materials in a classroom environment. This text examines the concept of design, where success means that the designers fulfilled the established requirements, stayed within the specified constraints, and met the evaluation criteria as optimally as possible. Along the way, the reader will walk through an example design process (no, there is not a single, universally accepted design process) that presents relevant terminology and will examine design in a broader context through means of the product life cycle, where a product is followed from its initial definition to the end of its life. Finally, the text attempts to the question of what is good design by exploring some of the fundamental principles associated with design.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise practical treatise for the student or experienced professional aircraft designer. This volume comprises key fundamental subjects for aerodynamic performance analysis: the basics of flight mechanics bridging both engineering and piloting perspectives, propulsion system performance attributes, practical drag prediction methods, aircraft ""up and away"" flight performance and aircraft mission performance.This book may serve as a textbook for an undergraduate aircraft performance course or as a reference for the classically trained practicing engineer.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise practical treatise for the student or experienced professional aircraft designer. This volume comprises key applied subjects for performance based aircraft design: systems engineering principles; aircraft mass properties estimation; the aerodynamic design of transonic wings; aircraft stability and control; takeoff and landing runway performance.This book may serve as a textbook for an undergraduate aircraft design course or as a reference for the classically trained practicing engineer.

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Book SynopsisThe Revised 8th Edition of Steel Designers’ Handbook is an invaluable tool for all practising structural, civil and mechanical engineers as well as engineering students at university and TAFE in Australia and New Zealand. It has been prepared in response to changes in the design Standard AS 4100, the structural Design Actions Standards, AS /ANZ 1170, other processing Standards such as welding and coatings, updated research as well as feedback from users. This edition is based on Australian Standard (AS) 4100: 1998 and subsequent amendments. The worked numerical examples in the book have been extensively revised with further examples added. The worked examples are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in AS 4100: 1998.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present in detail several recent methodologies and algorithms that we have developed during the last fifteen years. The deterministic methods account for uncertainties through empirical safety factors, which implies that the actual uncertainties in materials, geometry and loading are not truly considered. This problem becomes much more complicated when considering biomechanical applications where a number of uncertainties are encountered in the design of prosthesis systems. This book implements improved numerical strategies and algorithms that can be applied only in biomechanical studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Basic Tools for Reliability Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Advantages of numerical simulation and optimization 2 1.3. Numerical simulation by finite elements 3 1.3.1. Use 3 1.3.2. Principle 4 1.3.3. General approach 5 1.4. Optimization process 6 1.4.1. Basic concepts 7 1.4.2. Problem classification 10 1.4.3. Optimization methods 22 1.4.4. Unconstrained methods 23 1.4.5. Constrained methods 43 1.5. Sensitivity analysis 56 1.5.1. Importance of sensitivity 56 1.5.2. Sensitivity methods 57 1.6. Conclusion 61 Chapter 2. Reliability Concept 63 2.1. Introduction 63 2.1.1. Preamble 63 2.1.2. Reliability history 63 2.1.3. Reliability definition 65 2.1.4. Importance of reliability 66 2.2. Basic functions and concepts for reliability analysis 66 2.2.1. Failure concept 67 2.2.2. Uncertainty concept 67 2.2.3. Random variables 68 2.2.4. Probability density function 69 2.2.5. Cumulative distribution function 69 2.2.6. Reliability function 70 2.3. System reliability 71 2.3.1. Series conjunction 71 2.3.2. Parallel conjunction 72 2.3.3. Mixed conjunction 73 2.3.4. Delta-star conjunction 74 2.4. Statistical measures 77 2.5. Probability distributions 81 2.5.1. Uniform distribution 82 2.5.2. Normal distribution 86 2.5.3. Lognormal distribution 91 2.6. Reliability analysis 97 2.6.1. Definitions 97 2.6.2. Algorithms 105 2.6.3. Reliability analysis methods 106 2.6.4. Optimality criteria 110 2.7. Conclusion 112 Chapter 3. Integration of Reliability Concept into Biomechanics 113 3.1. Introduction 113 3.2. Origin and categories of uncertainties 115 3.3. Uncertainties in biomechanics 116 3.3.1. Uncertainty in loading 117 3.3.2. Uncertainty in geometry 118 3.3.3. Uncertainty in materials 118 3.4. Bone-related uncertainty 119 3.4.1. Bone behavior law 120 3.4.2. Contribution to the characterization of the bone’s mechanical properties 125 3.5. Bone developments and formulations 126 3.5.1. Current formulation 126 3.5.2. Generalized formulation 127 3.5.3. Optimized formulation 128 3.5.4. Extension to orthotropic behavior formulation 130 3.6. Characterization by experimentation of the bone’s mechanical properties 133 3.6.1. Characterization by bending test 134 3.6.2. Characterization by compression test 135 3.7. Conclusion 136 Chapter 4. Reliability Analysis of Orthopedic Prostheses 137 4.1. Introduction to orthopedic prostheses 137 4.1.1. History of prostheses 139 4.1.2. Evolution of prostheses 139 4.1.3. Examples of orthopedic prostheses 140 4.2. Reliability analysis of the intervertebral disk 140 4.2.1. Functional anatomy 140 4.2.2. The lumbar functional spinal unit 141 4.2.3. Intervertebral disk prosthesis 145 4.2.4. Numerical application on the intervertebral disk 147 4.3. Reliability analysis of the hip prosthesis 154 4.3.1. Anatomy 154 4.3.2. Presentation of the total hip prosthesis 158 4.3.3. Numerical application of the hip prosthesis 161 4.3.4. Boundary conditions 164 4.3.5. Direct simulation 164 4.3.6. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis 166 4.3.7. Integration of reliability analysis 167 4.4. Conclusion 173 Chapter 5. Reliability Analysis of Orthodontic Prostheses 175 5.1. Introduction to orthodontic prostheses 175 5.2. Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 176 5.2.1. Articular bone regions and meniscus 177 5.2.2. Ligaments 179 5.2.3. Myology, elevator muscles and depressor muscles 179 5.3. Numerical simulation of a non-fractured mandible 183 5.3.1. Description of the studied mandible 183 5.3.2. Numerical results 185 5.4. Reliability analysis of the fixation system of the fractured mandible 188 5.4.1. Description of a fractured mandible 188 5.4.2. Fixation strategy using mini-plates 189 5.4.3. Study of a homogeneous and isotropic structure 190 5.4.4. Study of a composite and orthotropic structure 198 5.4.5. Result discussion 207 5.5. Conclusion 208 Appendices 209 Appendix 1: Matrix Calculation 211 Appendix 2: ANSYS Code for the Disk Implant 217 Appendix 3: ANSYS Code for the Stem Implant 221 Appendix 4: Probability of Failure/Reliability Index 235 Bibliography 237 Index 245

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to clarify the issues related to the environment of mechanical vibrations in the material life profile. In particular, through their simulation testing laboratory, through a better understanding of the physical phenomenon, means to implement to simulate, measurements and interpretations associated results. It is aimed at development of technical consultants, quality and services primarily to those testing laboratories, as well as to all those who are faced with supply reference to the environmental test calls and particularly here, vibration tests. Furthermore it should also interest students of engineering schools in the areas of competence of their future professions affected by vibration.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Vibration Theory 1 1.1 Problem 1 1.2 Different types of mechanical signals 4 1.3 Theory of vibration - reminders 19 1.4 Concept of mechanical impedance 46 1.5 Electromechanical analogies 68 1.6 Analog and logic computer simulation 78 1.7 Conclusion 80 Chapter 2 Signal Analysis 81 2.1 Overview 81 2.2 Spectra density of power 85 2.3 FS-Fourier Integral 103 Chapter 3 Test Preparation 109 3.1 Test demand analysis and associated test specifications 109 3.2 Test initiation 111 3.3 Test fixtures 112 3.4 Test execution 125 3.5 Test reporting 126 Chapter 4 Testing 129 4.1 Sine vibration tests 129 4.2 Vibration testing in noise or random 146 4.3 Specific tests 158 Chapter 5 Equipment Applications 163 5.1 Vibration sources and effects 163 5.2 Electronic equipment 167 5.3 Design of electronic equipment to vibrations 170 5.4 Study of a particular case - example of analysis of an electronic bay 191 Chapter 6 Controlling Generations of Vibrations and Shocks 197 6.1 General principles 197 6.2 Typical configuration of the equipment used 199 6.3 Traceability of tests 199 6.4 Control in sinusoidal mode 200 6.5 Random control 207 6.6 Shock and transient control 215 6.7 Combined vibrations control 223 6.8 Control: a few essential rules 227 Chapter 7 Metrology of Measurement and Testing Methods 229 7.1 Introduction to accelerometer sensors 229 7.2 Measurement amplifiers 239 7.3 Validation and verification of the testing means 245 7.4 Control of metrology in a testing laboratory 246 Chapter 8 Testing Means for Vibrations 253 8.1 Electrodynamic exciters 253 8.2 Hydraulic exciters 281 Conclusion 297 Appendices 299 Bibliography 403 Index 407

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Book SynopsisInteroperability of enterprises is one of the main requirements for economical and industrial collaborative networks. Enterprise interoperability (EI) is based on the three domains: architectures and platforms, ontologies and enterprise modeling. This book presents the EI vision of the “Grand Sud-Ouest” pole (PGSO) of the European International Virtual Laboratory for Enterprise Interoperability (INTEROP-VLab). It includes the limitations, concerns and approaches of EI, as well as a proposed framework which aims to define and delimit the concept of an EI domain. The authors present the basic concepts and principles of decisional interoperability as well as concept and techniques for interoperability measurement. The use of these previous concepts in a healthcare ecosystem and in an extended administration is also presented. Table of ContentsForeword ix Gérald SANTUCCI Introduction xv Bernard ARCHIMÈDE, Jean-Paul BOURRIÈRES, Guy DOUMEINGTS and Bruno VALLESPIR Chapter 1 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability 1 David CHEN 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Enterprise interoperability concepts 2 1.2.1 Interoperability barriers 2 1.2.2 Interoperability concerns 4 1.2.3 Interoperability approaches 7 1.3 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability 10 1.3.1 Problem space versus solution space 10 1.3.2 The two basic dimensions 10 1.3.3 The third dimension 11 1.3.4 Complementary dimensions 13 1.4 Conclusion and prospects 16 1.5 Bibliography 17 Chapter 2 Networked Companies and a Typology of Collaborations 19 Séverine BLANC SERRIER, Yves DUCQ and Bruno VALLESPIR 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Various types of collaboration between companies 19 2.2.1 Strategic alliances 20 2.2.2 Integrated logistics management 21 2.2.3 Network enterprise 23 2.2.4 Virtual organizations and clusters 30 2.2.5 Virtual communities 35 2.3 Classification of the various types of collaboration and interoperability 37 2.3.1 Long-term strategic collaboration 37 2.4 Conclusion 40 2.5 Bibliography 40 Chapter 3 Designing Natively Interoperable Complex Systems: An Interface Design Pattern Proposal 43 Vincent CHAPURLAT and Nicolas DACLIN 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Work program: context, problematic, hypothesis and expected contributions 45 3.3 Concepts 47 3.4 Interface design pattern model 55 3.5 Conclusion and further work 60 3.6 Appendix 62 3.7 Bibliography 63 Chapter 4 Software Development and Interoperability: A Metric-based Approach 67 Mamadou Samba CAMARA, Rémy DUPAS and Yves DUCQ 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Literature review 68 4.2.1 Literature of software requirements’ verification and validation 68 4.2.2 System state evolution 68 4.2.3 Interoperability literature review 69 4.2.4 The method for the validation and verification of interoperability requirements 70 4.2.5 Calculation of business process performance indicators from event logs 74 4.2.6 Event logs 75 4.3 Metric-based approach for software development and interoperability 78 4.3.1 Data collection framework for the validation and verification of interoperability requirements 78 4.3.2 Evaluation and improvement of available data 80 4.4 Application 81 4.4.1 Example 1 81 4.4.2 Example 2 82 4.5 Conclusion 82 4.6 Bibliography 82 Chapter 5 Decisional Interoperability 87 Nicolas DACLIN, David CHEN and Bruno VALLESPIR 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Decision-making 88 5.2.1 Definition 88 5.2.2 Decision-making in the GRAI model 90 5.2.3 Formal characterization of decision-making in the GRAI model 92 5.3 Decisional interoperability 95 5.3.1 Basic concepts 97 5.3.2 Design principles for decisional interoperability 98 5.3.3 Formal characterization of decisional interoperability 100 5.4 Conclusion 104 5.5 Bibliography 104 Chapter 6 The Interoperability Measurement 107 Nicolas DACLIN, David CHEN and Bruno VALLESPIR 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Models for evaluation of interoperability 109 6.3 Interoperability measurement 111 6.3.1 The potentiality measurement 111 6.3.2 Interoperability degree measurement 113 6.3.3 Performance measurement 116 6.4 Taking it further 125 6.5 Conclusion and prospects 126 6.6 Bibliography 127 Chapter 7 Interoperability and Supply Chain Management 131 Matthieu LAURAS, Sébastien TRUPTIL, Aurélie CHARLES, Yacine OUZROUT and Jacques LAMOTHE 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Supply chains interoperability needs 133 7.3 Various types of supply chain interoperability 134 7.4 The main logistic Information Systems to support interoperability 138 7.5 Main architectures to support logistic interoperability 143 7.6 SaaS applications revolutionize logistic interoperability 145 7.7 Conclusion 149 7.8 Bibliography 149 Chapter 8 Organizational Interoperability Between Public and Private Actors in an Extended Administration 151 Yacine BOUALLOUCHE, Raphaël CHENOUARD, Catherine DA CUNHA and Alain BERNARD 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Public–private network 152 8.3 Inter-organizational interoperability 154 8.4 Management framework for extended administration 157 8.5 Application to the “public clothing” function 159 8.6 Conclusion 161 8.7 Acknowledgments 161 8.8 Bibliography 162 Chapter 9 An Inventory of Interoperability in Healthcare Ecosystems: Characterization and Challenges 167 Elyes LAMINE, Wided GUÉDRIA, Ariadna RIUS SOLER, Jordi AYZA GRAELLS, Franck FONTANILI, Léonard JANER-GARCÍA and Hervé PINGAUD 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 eHealth interoperability 170 9.3 Levels of interoperability in eHealth ecosystems 174 9.3.1 Technical interoperability 175 9.3.2 Semantic interoperability 177 9.3.3 Organizational interoperability 180 9.4 Survey of interoperability frameworks 184 9.4.1 eHealth European Interoperability Framework (eHeath EIF) 185 9.4.2 Health Information Systems Interoperability Framework (HIS-IF) 186 9.4.3 eHealth Interoperability Framework (eHealth IF) 187 9.4.4 Personal Health Systems framework 188 9.5 Discussion 190 9.5.1 Interoperability levels 192 9.5.2 Interoperability concerns 192 9.5.3 Interoperability approaches 193 9.5.4 Discussion 193 9.6 Conclusion and future work 194 9.7 Bibliography 195 9.8 Glossary 198 List of Authors 199 Index 203

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Book SynopsisThe aim of the second edition of this book is to provide a comprehensive survey of the different algorithms and data structures useful for triangulation and meshing construction. In addition, several aspects are given full coverage, such as mesh modification tools, mesh evaluation criteria, mesh optimization, adaptive mesh construction and parallel meshing techniques. This new edition has been comprehensively updated and also includes a new chapter on mobile or deformable meshes.Table of ContentsChapter 1. General definitions. Chapter 2. Basic structures and algorithms. Chapter 3. A comprehensive survey of mesh generation methods. Chapter 4. Algebraic, PDE and multibloc methods. Chapter 5. Quadtree-octree-based methods. Chapter 6. Advancing front technique for mesh generation. Chapter 7. Delaunay-based mesh generation methods. Chapter 8. Other types of mesh generation methods. Chapter 9. Delaunay admissibility, media axis, mid-surface and other applications. Chapter 10. Quadratic forms and metrics. Chapter 11. Differential geometry. Chapter 12. Curve modeling. Chapter 13. Surface modeling. Chapter 14. Surface meshing and re-meshing. Chapter 15. Meshing implicit curves and surfaces. Chapter 16. Mesh modifications. Chapter 17. Mesh optimization. Chapter 18. Surface mesh optimization. Chapter 19. A touch of finite elements. Chapter 20. Mesh adaptation and h-methods. Chapter 21. Mesh adaptation and p or hp-methods. Chapter 22. Mobile or deformable meshes. Chapter 23. Parallel computing and meshing issues.

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Book SynopsisThe growing occurrence of heterogeneous materials such as composites or coated substrates in structural parts makes it necessary for designers and scientists to deal with the specific features of the mechanical behavior of solid interfaces.This book introduces basic concepts on mechanical problems related to the presence of solid/solid interfaces and their practical applications. The various topics discussed here are the mechanical characterization of interfaces, the initiation and growth of cracks along interfaces, the origin and control of interface adhesion, focusing in particular on thin films on substrate systems. It is designed and structured to provide a solid background in the mechanics of heterogeneous materials to help students in materials science, as well as scientists and engineers.Table of ContentsForeword xi Muriel BRACCINI and Michel DUPEUX PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 Chapter 1 Interfaces: the Physics, Chemistry and Mechanics of Heterogeneous Continua 3 Michel DUPEUX and Muriel BRACCINI 1.1 Definition and terminology 3 1.2 Energy considerations 5 1.3 Elastic behavior of an interface 8 1.4 Experimental stress analysis techniques 18 1.5 Conclusion 24 1.6 Bibliography 25 Chapter 2 Structure and Defects of Crystalline Interfaces 27 Louisette PRIESTER 2.1 What is a crystalline interface? 27 2.2 Definitions and geometric tools to describe interfaces 29 2.3 Structure of interfaces: intrinsic dislocations and structural units 34 2.4 Linear interface defects: extrinsic dislocations 46 2.5 Interaction between dislocations and interfaces: relaxation of interfacial stresses 47 2.6 Conclusion 59 2.7 Bibliography 60 PART 2 SINGULARITIES, NOTCHES AND INTERFACIAL CRACKS 65 Chapter 3 Singularities and Interfacial Cracks 67 Dominique LEGUILLON 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Singularities 69 3.3 Modal mixity 78 3.4 Brittle fracture mechanics 80 3.5 Nucleation of cracks 85 3.6 Deflection of a crack at an interface 91 3.7 Conclusion 96 3.8 Bibliography 97 Chapter 4 Interface Adherence 101 Muriel BRACCINI 4.1 Adhesion and adherence 101 4.2 Mode mixity 104 4.3 Measurement of adherence 107 4.4 Conclusion: choosing a test 126 4.5 Bibliography 127 PART 3 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 135 Chapter 5 Controlling Adherence 137 Thomas PARDOEN, Olivier DEZELLUS and Muriel BRACCINI 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Multiscale adherence modeling 140 5.3 Nature and control of interface bonds 145 5.4 Dissipative mechanisms 163 5.5.The effect of interface geometry 173 5.6 Conclusion 178 5.7 Bibliography 180 Chapter 6 Crack–interface Interaction 189 Eric MARTIN 6.1 Propagation of a crack near an interface 191 6.2 Criterion of crack deviation by an interface 194 6.3 Propagation of an interfacial crack 202 6.4 Branching criterion of a crack outside an interface 204 6.5 Conclusion 205 6.6 Bibliography 206 Chapter 7 Shock Mechanics and Interfaces 211 Michel ARRIGONI, Michel BOUSTIE, Cyril BOLIS, Sophie BARRADAS, Laurent BERTHE and Michel JEANDIN 7.1 Introduction to shock wave mechanics 211 7.2 Damage under shock 227 7.3 Application to the shock adhesion test 230 7.4 Retrospective: recent advances made in shock adherence testing 240 7.5 Perspectives 243 7.6 Bibliography 243 PART 4 THIN FILMS 249 Chapter 8 Coating–Substrate Interfaces 251 Michel DUPEUX 8.1 Thin films on massive substrates: a typical case 251 8.2 State of stress in a thin film–substrate specimen 252 8.3 Residual strains in thin films 262 8.4 Determination of stresses in thin films 266 8.5 Conclusions 269 8.6 Bibliography 270 Chapter 9 Damage in Thin Films on Substrates 273 Michel DUPEUX, Muriel BRACCINI and Guillaume PARRY 9.1 Overview 273 9.2 Layers in tension 277 9.3 Films in compression 284 9.4 Conclusion 291 9.5 Bibliography 292 List of Authors 295 Index 297

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on a particular class of models (namely Multi-Mechanism models) and their applications to extensive experimental data base related to different kind of materials. These models (i) are able to describe the main mechanical effects in plasticity, creep, creep/plasticity interaction, ratcheting extra-hardening under non-proportional loading (ii) provide local information (such us local stress/strain fields, damage, ….). A particular attention is paid to the identification process of material parameters. Moreover, finite element implementation of the Multi-Mechanism models is detailed.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. State of the Art 1 1.1. Motivation from the microstructure 1 1.2. Building bricks 6 1.2.1. Criteria 7 1.2.2. Isotropic hardening rules 12 1.2.3. Kinematic hardening rules (KHR) 17 1.2.4. Plastic modulus 19 1.2.5. Viscosity 24 1.3. Scale transition rules 27 1.3.1. General remarks on scale transition rules 27 1.3.2. Scale transition rules for the MM model 29 1.4. Large deformation 30 1.5. Brief history of the MM models 32 Chapter 2. Model Formulation 35 2.1. Thermodynamic framework 35 2.2. Model with various mechanisms and various criteria: the 2M2C model 37 2.3. Model with various mechanisms and one criterion: the 2M1C model 39 2.4. Comparison with the unified model 40 2.5. Isotropic hardening rules 41 2.5.1. Isotropic hardening for models with various mechanisms and one criterion 41 2.5.2. Isotropic hardening for models with various mechanisms and various criteria 43 2.6. Kinematic hardening rules 45 2.6.1. KHR: models with various mechanisms and various criteria 45 2.6.2. KHR: models with various mechanisms and one criterion 46 2.7. Computation of the inelastic multipliers 46 2.7.1. Flow rate for the 2M1C model 47 2.7.2. Flow rates for the 2M2C model 47 Chapter 3. Typical MM Responses 51 3.1. Some MM model variants 51 3.1.1. Initial MM models 51 3.1.2. Updated 2M1C models after [TAL 06] 53 3.1.3. Updated MM models after [SAÏ 07] 53 3.1.4. A general nMnC model 54 3.1.5. Generalization of the 2M1C model 56 3.2. Creep–plasticity interaction 56 3.3. Rate sensitivity for the 2M2C model 58 3.4. Stabilized behavior of viscoplastic 2M1C model 59 3.5. Closed-form solution for ratcheting behavior of the 2M2C model: case of linear kinematic hardening rules 60 3.6. Ratcheting for 2M1C model 64 3.7. Ratcheting behavior of the 10M10C model 67 3.8. Extra-hardening under non-proportional loading 69 3.9. Static recovery effect 72 Chapter 4. Comparison with Experimental Databases 77 4.1. Inconel 718 79 4.1.1. Context of the case study 79 4.1.2. Particular model features 79 4.1.3. Numerical results 79 4.2. Deformation mechanisms of Ni–Ti shape memory alloy 80 4.2.1. Context of the case study 80 4.2.2. Particular model features 82 4.2.3. Numerical results 82 4.3. N18 alloy 83 4.3.1. Context of the case study 83 4.3.2. Particular model features 84 4.3.3. Numerical results 85 4.4. Carbon steel CS1026 87 4.4.1. Context of the case study 87 4.4.2. Particular model features 87 4.4.3. Numerical results 88 4.5. Thermo-mechanical behavior of 55NiCrMoV7 89 4.5.1. Context of the case study 89 4.5.2. Particular model features 90 4.5.3. Numerical results 91 4.6. 2017 Aluminum alloy 94 4.6.1. 2017A, [SAÏ 12] 94 4.6.2. 2017A, [TAL 15] 97 4.7. 304 austenitic stainless steel 101 4.7.1. 304SS at room temperature [HAS 08] 101 4.7.2. 304SS at room temperature [TAL 11] 102 4.7.3. 304SS at 350◦C [TAL 14] 105 4.7.4. 304SS at room temperature [HAS 94a], 2M1C-3M1C 107 4.7.5. 304SS at room temperature [HAS 08, TAL 10], 2M1C-3M1C 112 4.8. 316 austenitic stainless steel 116 4.8.1. 316SS at room temperature [POR 00] 116 4.8.2. 316SS at room temperature [TAL 15] 119 4.8.3. 316SS at 350◦C [TAL 13b, TAL 14] 121 4.8.4. 316SS at room temperature [POR 00], 3M1C model 123 4.9. Recrystallized Zirconium alloy 4 [PRI 08] 124 4.9.1. Context of the case study 124 4.9.2. Particular model features 125 4.9.3. Numerical results 126 4.10. Semi-crystalline polymers [REG 09b] 126 4.10.1. Context of the case study 126 4.10.2. Particular model features 128 4.10.3. Numerical results 128 4.11. Glassy polymers [JER 14] 131 4.11.1. Context of the case study 131 4.11.2. Particular model features 132 4.11.3. Numerical results 133 4.12. Copper-zinc alloy CuZn27 [TAL 15] 136 4.12.1. Context of the case study 136 4.12.2. Numerical results 136 4.13. Ferritic steel 35NiCrMo16 [TAL 15] 139 4.13.1. Context of the case study 139 4.13.2. Numerical results 139 4.14. Ferritic steel XC18 [TAL 13a] 141 4.14.1. Context of the case study 141 4.14.2. Numerical results 141 4.15. Phase transformation in titanium alloys Ti6Al4V [LON 09] 143 4.15.1. Context of the case study 143 4.15.2. Particular model features 143 4.15.3. Numerical results 144 Chapter 5. MM Damage-Plasticity Models 147 5.1. MM models based on the GTN approach 148 5.1.1. Damage in the 2M1C model based on the GTN approach 149 5.1.2. Damage in the 2M2C model based on the GTN approach 150 5.2. MM models coupled with CDM theory 151 5.2.1. 2M1C model “Strain Equivalence” 153 5.2.2. 2M2C model “Strain Equivalence” 154 5.2.3. 2M1C model “Energy Equivalence” 156 5.2.4. 2M2C model “Energy Equivalence” 157 5.3. Two plastic mechanisms combined with a damage mechanism 159 5.4. MM models taking into account volume change (CDM theory) 162 5.4.1. 2M2C model for compressible materials, CDM theory 165 5.4.2. MM models for compressible materials, CDM theory, two damage variables 167 5.5. Damage behavior of mortar-rubber aggregate mixtures 167 Chapter 6. Finite Element Implementation 171 6.1. Implementations of particular models 171 6.1.1. Basic version of the 2M1C model 172 6.1.2. β models 175 6.2. Creep–plasticity interaction in a notched specimen 183 6.3. FE analysis of plane forging of polycarbonate specimens 184 6.4. FE simulation of bulging of a 304SS sheet 188 6.5. FE simulation of PA6 notched specimens 189 6.6. Finite Element codes 198 6.6.1. ZeBuLoN: explicit integration 198 6.6.2. ABAQUS: explicit integration 199 6.6.3. ANSYS: explicit integration 206 6.6.4. ZeBuLoN: implicit integration 214 6.6.5. ABAQUS: implicit integration 216 6.6.6. ANSYS: implicit integration 233 Bibliography 253 Index 265

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Book SynopsisA porous medium is composed of a solid matrix and its geometrical complement: the pore space. This pore space can be occupied by one or more fluids. The understanding of transport phenomena in porous media is a challenging intellectual task. This book provides a detailed analysis of the aspects required for the understanding of many experimental techniques in the field of porous media transport phenomena. It is aimed at students or engineers who may not be looking specifically to become theoreticians in porous media, but wish to integrate knowledge of porous media with their previous scientific culture, or who may have encountered them when dealing with a technological problem. While avoiding the details of the more mathematical and abstract developments of the theories of macroscopization, the author gives as accurate and rigorous an idea as possible of the methods used to establish the major laws of macroscopic behavior in porous media. He also illustrates the constitutive laws and equations by demonstrating some of their classical applications. Priority is to put forward the constitutive laws in concrete circumstances without going into technical detail. This second volume in the three-volume series focuses on transport and transfer from homogeneous phases to porous media, and isothermal transport in the pore space.Table of ContentsNomenclature vii Chapter 1. Transport and Transfer: from Homogeneous Phases to Porous Media 1 1.1. Transfer phenomena: complementary approaches 1 1.1.1. Transfer processes and couplings 1 1.1.2. Continuums and molecular aspect 3 1.2. Usual formulations for homogeneous phases 6 1.2.1. FLOW of a viscous fluid 6 1.2.2. Isothermal diffusion 8 1.2.3. Thermal conduction. Fourier’s law 12 1.3. Transfers in porous media, macroscopization 13 1.3.1. General approach of macroscopization 14 1.3.2. Fundamental concepts of macroscopization 17 1.3.3. Conditions of validity of macroscopization 20 1.3.4. Obtaining the macroscopic transfer laws 25 1.4. Porous media: elementary balances and transfer laws 28 1.4.1. Rules of play 28 1.4.2. Filtration of a fluid saturating the pore space: Darcy’s law 32 1.4.3. Isothermal molecular diffusion in the gaseous or liquid phase saturating the pore space 36 1.4.4. Thermal conduction in a composite medium 40 1.5. Appendices 41 1.5.1. Mechanics and thermodynamics of homogeneous phases: the continuum approach 41 1.5.2. Thermodynamic balances. Overview of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) 49 1.5.3. Transfers in porous media: the TIP approach 56 1.5.4. Three examples of macroscopization by spatial averaging 62 1.5.5. Inertial flows: the Dupuit-Forchheimer law 72 1.5.6. Transfer of dissolved matter. Hydrodynamic dispersion 76 1.5.7. Composites and mixing laws 79 1.5.8. Transfers and percolation theory 85 1.5.9. Viscous stress. Poiseuille’s law 88 1.5.10. A look at non-equilibrium transfers 90 Chapter 2. Isothermal Transport in the Pore Space 99 2.1. Laws of transport in the pore space occupied by one or two phases: additional points 99 2.1.1. Diffusion and filtration in porous media occupied by two immiscible fluids. 100 2.1.2. Porometric distribution and transport in the gaseous phase Knudsen and Klinkenberg effects 106 2.1.3. Transport with phase-change isothermal transport of a volatile liquid 115 2.2. A classification of Isothermal transport processes constitutive equations boundary conditions 123 2.2.1. General definitions vocabulary 123 2.2.2. Filtration under an isobaric atmosphere of a capillary liquid, which may be volatile 129 2.2.3. Filtration of a volatile liquid and of its pure vapor 139 2.2.4. Linearized constitutive equations 141 2.2.5. Transport of a gas or a non-condensible gaseous component 142 2.2.6. Transport in porous media of matter dissolved in the liquid phase 144 2.2.7. Other isothermal transport processes 147 2.3. Appendices and exercises 147 2.3.1. Two-phase filtration macroscopization 147 2.3.2. Transport in the gaseous phase and kinetic theory of gases 149 2.3.3. Isothermal transport of a volatile liquid: proportion of each of the PHASEs 162 2.3.4. Isothermal transport of a volatile liquid: illumination of the effective medium theory (EMT) 173 2.3.5. Illumination of the self-consistent theory (SCT) 180 2.3.6. Percolation theory, conductivity, permeability 192 Glossary 195 Bibliography 203 Index 207 Summary of other Volumes in the Series 209

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Book SynopsisThis Series provides the necessary elements to the development and validation of numerical prediction models for hydrodynamic bearings. This book describes the rheological models and the equations of lubrication. It also presents the numerical approaches used to solve the above equations by finite differences, finite volumes and finite elements methods.Table of ContentsForeword by J.F. Booker ix Foreword by Jean Frêne xiii Preface xvii Nomenclature xxiii Chapter 1 The Lubricant 1 1.1 Description of lubricants 1 1.2 The viscosity 2 1.3 Other lubriciant properties 12 1.4 Lubricant classification and notation 14 1.5 Bibliography 15 Chapter 2 Equations of Hydrodynamic Lubrication 17 2.1 Hypothesis 17 2.2 Equation of generalized viscous thin films 18 2.3 Equations of hydrodynamic for journal and thrust bearings 20 2.4 Film rupture; second form of Reynolds equation 26 2.5 Particular form of the viscous thin film equation in the case of wall slipping 32 2.6 Boundary conditions; lubricant supply 35 2.7 Flow rate computation 43 2.8 Computation of efforts exerted by the pressure field and the shear stress field: journal bearing case 51 2.9 Computation of efforts exerted by the pressure field and the shear stress field: thrust bearing case 54 2.10 Computation of viscous dissipation energy: journal bearing case 57 2.11 Computation of viscous dissipation energy: thrust bearing case 59 2.12 Different flow regimes 59 2.13 Bibliography 61 Chapter 3 Numerical Resolution of the Reynolds Equation 673 3.1 Definition of the problem to be solved 64 3.2 The finite difference method 70 3.3 The finite volume method 82 3.4 The finite element method 90 3.5 Discretization of time derivatives 108 3.6 Comparativ analysis of the different methods 114 3.7 Accounting of film thickness discontinuities 146 3.8 Numerical algorithm for computing bearing axial flow rate 149 3.9 Bibliography 155 Chapter 4 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 159 4.1 Bearings with elastic structure 160 4.2 Elasticity accounting: compliance matrices 163 4.3 Accounting of shaft elasticity 178 4.4 Particular case of non-conformal meshes 180 4.5 Bibliography 184 Appendix 185 Index 189

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Book SynopsisThis Series provides the necessary elements to the development and validation of numerical prediction models for hydrodynamic bearings. This book is dedicated to the mixed lubrication.Table of ContentsPreface ix Nomenclature xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Lubrication regimes - Stribeck curve 1 1.2 Topography of rough surfaces 3 1.3 Bibliography 18 Chapter 2 Computing the Hydrodynamic Pressure 19 2.1 Patir and Cheng stochastic model 20 2.2 Model based on a direct computation of the flow factors 34 2.3 Homogenization method 66 2.4 Comparison between the flow factors obtained with Patir and Cheng computation and homogenization models 87 2.5 Example of pressure profiles obtained from flow factors calculated with Patir and Cheng, direct computation and homogenization models 90 2.6 Comparison with deterministic computations 94 2.7 Bibliography 99 Chapter 3 Computing the Contact Pressure 103 3.1 Concept of sum surface 104 3.2 Elastic contact model proposed by Greenwood and Williamson 105 3.3 Elasto-plastic contact model proposed by Robbe-Valloire el al 108 3.4 Elasto-plastic double-layer contact model proposed by Progri et al 115 3.5 Model based discrete Fourier transformation 119 3.6 Deterministic model based on finite elements 124 3.7 Using the contact models 128 3.8 Influence of the roughness deformation generated by the contact pressure on the flow factors 149 3.9 Using the contact models in an industrial context 151 3.10 Bibliography 153 Chapter 4 Wear 155 4.1 General concepts about wear 156 4.2 Running-in 163 4.3 Experimental determination of the Archard coefficient 165 4.4 Numerical modeling of the wear 168 4.5 Bibliography 182 Index 183

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Book SynopsisThis Series provides the necessary elements to the development and validation of numerical prediction models for hydrodynamic bearings. This book describes the thermo-hydrodynamic and the thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication. The algorithms are methodically detailed and each section is thoroughly illustrated.Table of ContentsPERFACE ix NOMENCLATURE xi CHAPTER 1. THERMO-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 1 1.1. Global thermal balance 1 1.2. Energy equation for the lubricant film 4 1.2.1. Particular case of non-filled film zones 5 1.3. Fourier equation inside the solids 6 1.4. Boundary conditions 7 1.4.1. Supply ducts 7 1.4.2. External walls of solids 8 1.4.3. Surfaces at solid truncations 9 1.4.4. Interfaces between film and solids 9 1.4.5. Supply orifices and grooves 11 1.4.6. Axial extremities of the lubricant film 17 1.5. Bibliography 17 CHAPTER 2. THREE-DIMENSIONAL THERMO-HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL 19 2.1. Model description 19 2.2. Discretization of the film energy equation 20 2.2.1. Stationary case 20 2.2.2. Transient case 27 2.3. Discretization of Fourier equation in the solids 38 2.4. Assembly of discretized equations for the film and the solids 40 2.5. Numerical behavior of the THD finite element model 43 2.5.1. Definition of reference problems 43 2.5.2. Behavior for a stationary case 45 2.5.3. Behavior for a transient case 57 2.5.4. Behavior in the case of a variation in the axial direction of the film thickness 69 2.5.5. Evaluation of the global thermal method (GTM) 70 2.6. Bibliography 71 CHAPTER 3. SIMPLIFIED THERMO-HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS 73 3.1. Simplified THD model based on the Rhode and Li assumptions 73 3.1.1. Expression of the pressure and reduced Reynolds equation 73 3.1.2. Velocity components 75 3.1.3. Energy and Fourier equations 76 3.1.4. Discretization of equations 77 3.1.5. Evaluation of the method based on Rhode and Li assumptions 82 3.2. Simplified models for cyclic regimes 85 3.2.1. Model with the temperature averaged on the film thickness (ATM) 87 3.2.2. Model with a parabolic temperature profile across the film thickness (PTM) 95 3.3. Bibliography 101 CHAPTER 4. COMPUTING THE THERMOELASTIC DEPENDENCY MATRICES 103 4.1. Computing the thermoelastic dependency matrices to be used for the three-dimensional and Rhode and Li models 104 4.2. Computing the thermoelastic dependency matrices to be used for the simplified models 105 4.2.1. Equation setting for compliance matrices when the thermal boundary layer is modeled by a transfer coefficient 106 4.2.2. Equation setting for compliance matrices when the thermal boundary layer is modeled by a Fourier series 107 4.3. Bibliography 110 CHAPTER 5. GENERAL ALGORITHM AND SOFTWARE FOR SOLVING BEARING LUBRICATION PROBLEMS 111 5.1. Parameters and equations 111 5.1.1. The parameters that must be known before computing 111 5.1.2. The unknown parameters, objective of the computation 113 5.1.3. The equations to be solved 114 5.2. General algorithm 115 5.3. Solving finite element discretized EHD problem with the Newton–Raphson method 117 5.3.1. Constitutive equations for the EHD problem 117 5.3.2. Discretized equations for the EHD problem 119 5.3.3. Solving algorithm for the EHD problem 129 5.4. Techniques for reducing the computation time 131 5.4.1. Non-systematic evaluation of the Jacobian matrix 131 5.4.2. Decomposition of the hydrodynamic pressure 132 5.5. Mesh refinement 138 5.5.1. Principle of the refinement method 138 5.5.2. Computation of the local compliance matrix 140 5.5.3. Expression of the shell surface deformation 141 5.6. Architecture of software for bearing lubrication computation 143 5.7. An example of TEHD computation software: ACCEL 145 5.8. Bibliography 147 APPENDIX 149 INDEX 153

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Book SynopsisThis book is the result of lessons, tutorials and other laboratories dealing with applied mechanical design in the universities and colleges. In the classical literature of the mechanical design, there are quite a few books that deal directly and theory and case studies, with their solutions. All schools, engineering colleges (technical) industrial and research laboratories and design offices serve design works. However, the books on the market remain tight in the sense that they are often works of mechanical constructions. This is certainly beneficial to the ordinary user, but the organizational part of the functional specification items is also indispensable.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 Case Study-based Design Methodology 1 1.1 Methodology for designing a project product 1 1.2 Main players involved in the design process 2 1.3 Conceptualization and creativity 4 1.4 Functional analysis in design: the FAST method 4 1.4.1 Decision-support tools in design 5 1.5 Functional specifications (FS) 7 1.5.1 Operational functions, using the APTE method or octopus diagram 8 1.5.2 Linguistic (or syntactical) writing of the functional specifications 10 1.6 Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis 10 1.7 PERT method 13 1.7.1 Logic of construction of the graph per level of operations 14 1.7.2 Statistical approach to the PERT diagram using the Gamma distribution 16 1.8 The Gantt method (Henry Gantt’s graph, devised 1910) 17 1.9 Principal functions of a product 20 1.10 Functional analysis in mechanical design 21 1.10.1 Product cost in mechanical design 22 1.10.2 Creation- and monitoring sheets in mechanical design 22 1.11 Scientific writing on a project 28 1.11.1 Project process 28 1.11.2 Development of the conceptual model 29 1.11.3 Development (recap) on a spiral model 30 1.12 Esthetics of materials in mechanical design 30 1.13 Conclusion 31 Chapter 2 Materials and Geometry in Applied Mechanical Design, Followed by Case Studies 33 2.1 Introduction to materials in design 33 2.2 Optimization of mass in mechanical design 38 2.3 Case study of modeling based on the material–geometry couple 39 2.4 Geometry by standard sections in strength of materials 42 2.4.1 Choice of materials in design (airplanes and bikes) 46 2.4.2 Form factors ψ of some usual cross-sections 49 2.4.3 Form factors in mechanical design 50 2.5 Case study of design of multi-purpose items 51 2.6 Case study of superposed bimetallic materials 55 2.7 Curving and incurvate elements by sweeping of sheet metals 58 2.7.1 Sensible choice of optimizing materials in Palmer micrometers 59 2.8 Conclusion 60 Chapter 3 Geometrical Specification of GPS and ISO Products: Case Studies of Hertzian Contacts 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances in design 65 3.2.1 Case study of a bicycle wheel hub 67 3.3 Envelopes and cylinders under pressure (for R/e < 20) 72 3.4 Case study 76 3.5 Rotating cylinders with a full round cross-section: flywheel 76 3.5.1 Materials used for flywheels with centrifugal effects 78 3.6 Press fit and thermal effects through bracing 80 3.7 Case study applied to bolted tanks 83 3.8 Case studies applied to contact stresses (Hertz) in design 89 3.8.1 First case: sphere-to-sphere contact 90 3.8.2 Second case: contact between two parallel cylinders 93 3.9 Conclusion 96 Chapter 4 Design of Incurvate Geometries by Sweeping 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Case studies 99 4.2.1 Case study 1: frame sweeping 99 4.2.2 Case study 2: frame sweeping 101 4.2.3 Case study 3: frame sweeping 104 4.2.4 Case study 4: frame sweeping 106 4.2.5 Case study 5: example of a connecting rod of SAE 8650 109 4.2.6 Case study 6: swept double elbow 111 4.2.7 Case study 7: frame sweeping 113 4.3 Conclusion 115 Chapter 5 Principles for Calculations in Mechanical Design: Theory and Problems Strength of Materials in Constructions 117 5.1 Essential criteria of constructions in design 117 5.1.1 Stress intensification in shafts and beams 118 5.1.2 Homogeneous, solid, round sections 119 5.1.3 Homogeneous, solid, square sections with recessed section 119 5.1.4 Homogeneous, hollow, square sections, with no external variation 120 5.1.5 Homogeneous, solid, round sections with a shoulder (shouldered shaft) 121 5.1.6 Homogeneous, solid, rectangular or square sections, with a groove 121 5.1.7 Homogeneous, hollow, round and flat sections (pierced flat piece with an axle) 122 5.1.8 Homogeneous, hollow, round sections (shaft with groove) 122 5.2 Principles of calculations for constructions in design 123 5.2.1 Example on stress intensifications 124 5.2.2 Case study on torsion angles 126 5.2.3 Case study: Tresca and von Mises yield criteria 130 5.3 Pressurized recipients and/or containers 133 5.4 Calculation principles and solution method for compound loading 135 5.4.1 Case study: mechanical fit 138 5.4.2 Case study of a profiled piece stressed under conditions of elasticity 143 5.5 Buckling of elements of machines, beams, bars, shafts and stems 144 5.5.1 Case study: buckling of an I-beam according to AISI specifications 147 5.5.2 Case study: I-beams and U-beams, homogeneous and isotropic 149 5.6 Design of stationary and rotating shafts 152 5.6.1 Design (dimensioning) of shafts subjected to rigidity 154 5.6.2 Case study 1, solution 1 156 5.6.3 Case study 2 with solution: shear, moments, slope, elasticity deflection Applied SOM in mechanics and civil engineering 156 5.7 Power transmission elements: gear systems and pulleys 159 5.7.1 Case study 159 5.7.2 Case study: statement of problem 2 161 5.7.3 Case study: statement of problem 3 163 5.8 Sizing and design of couplings 165 5.8.1 Design of a universal coupling, known as a Hooke coupling 167 5.9 Design of beams and columns 170 5.9.1 Solved case study: bending and torsion of a shaft 172 5.9.2 Case study 3: equivalent bending moment and ideal moment on a shaft 176 5.9.3 Case studies: maximum performance of pre-stressed bi-materials 177 5.9.4 Case study: deflection and buckling of elements of machines 178 5.10 Case studies using the Castigliano method 180 5.11 Conclusion 183 Chapter 6 Noise and Vibration in Machine Parts 185 6.1 Noise and vibration in mechanical systems 185 6.1.1 Aerodynamism of moving mechanical bodies 188 6.2 Case study 1 189 6.2.1 Lightweight vehicles and trucks 189 6.2.2 Case study 1 191 6.2.3 Case study of the rotor blade of a fire brigade helicopter 194 6.3 Vibration of machines in mechanical design 195 6.4 Case studies with a numerical solution 201 6.4.1 Case study: input parameters: M = 1; k = 1; φ0 = 1 and c = 2.25 201 6.4.2 Case study: system with free vibrations 202 6.4.3 Case study: problem with solution and discussion 204 6.4.4 Case study: problem 3 with solution 206 6.4.5 Case study: problem 2 Engine represented on two springs 207 6.4.6 Case study based on a concrete problem with solution 212 6.5 Critical speeds of shafts in mechanical systems 215 6.5.1 Case study with solution and discussion 218 6.5.2 Method of approximation using the Dunkerley equations 222 6.5.3 Method of approximation using the Rayleigh–Ritz equation 223 6.5.4 Method of approximation using the equations of the rotation frequencies 224 6.5.5 Method for solving the function F(ωc): roots → (r0 and r1) 224 6.6 Conclusion 225 Chapter 7 Principles of Calculations for Fatigue and Failure 227 7.1 Mechanical elements of failure through fatigue 227 7.2 Analysis of materials and sizing in applied design 229 7.3 Sizing of pivot joints with bearings 232 7.3.1 Basic formulae for calculating lifetime 233 7.3.2 Determination of the minimum viscosity necessary 238 7.4 Faults of form and position of ranges on the operating clearance fit 239 7.5 Friction and speed of bearings 240 7.6 Sizing of bearing pivot joints and lifetime 241 7.7 Case study: statement of the problem 243 7.7.1 Internal clearance fit of bearings 244 7.8 Biaxial stresses combined with shear for ductile materials in concrete application 246 7.9 Fundaments of sizing in mechanical design Soderberg equations in fatigue of ductile materials 248 7.9.1 Application of Soderberg equations 248 7.9.2 Stress intensification factors (SIFs) 249 7.9.3 Case study 250 7.10 Welding and fatigue 253 7.10.1 Case study: calculation of resistance of weld joints in design 254 7.10.2 Real-world case study: welded cross-shaped structure 256 7.10.3 Case study: fracture mechanics and stresses 261 7.10.4 Case study in fatigue fracture mechanics 262 7.11 Limits of performance and of strength in the elastic domain 267 7.12 Proposed project: outboard motor for a small boat 269 7.13 Conclusion 270 Chapter 8 Friction, Brakes and Gear Systems 271 8.1 Friction, materials and design of assembled systems 271 8.2 Buttressing of mechanical connections 274 8.3 Case study: principles of calculations for brakes 279 8.3.1 Design of a double brake block by calculation 281 8.3.2 Design of inner double-shoe block brake 282 8.3.3 Design of a band brake block 284 8.3.4 Examples of principles of calculations for brake design, with solutions 287 8.3.5 Case study: hypothesis of the design of a double-shoe brake 289 8.3.6 Case study: hypothesis of the band brake whose drum has a radius R (mm and in) 291 8.3.7 Case study: differential brake using a roller pressed against a drum 292 8.3.8 Symmetrical shoe brake pressed against a drum with radius R 294 8.4 Principles of calculations of a gear system or gear disc 298 8.4.1 Case study: principles of calculations for gear systems 299 8.4.2 Analysis and choice of the dimensions of the cam gear system 300 8.4.3 Sizing of a cam gear system and case study 301 8.4.4 Case study: principles of calculations for gear systems in design 304 8.4.5 Conical gear system 307 8.5 Flywheels and rims (discs and rims) 309 8.5.1 Flywheel for a solid disc 311 8.5.2 Flywheel system with rim and discs (internal and external) made of cast iron 312 8.5.3 Flywheel: numerical applications Hypothesis II 314 8.6 Conclusion 315 Chapter 9 Sizing of Creations 317 9.1 Elastic machine elements and bolted assemblies 317 9.2 Dimensions (sizing) of bolted assemblies 321 9.3 Fatigue, shocks and endurance of bolted assemblies 324 9.4 Springs in mechanical design 325 9.4.1 Materials and geometry of compression springs 326 9.4.2 Case study of helical springs in mechanical design 338 9.4.3 Case study of a spring in a rocker switch 340 9.4.4 Verification of buckling of compression spring 344 9.5 Simple blade and spiral blade springs 345 9.6 Main expressions of design calculations for Belleville washers 346 9.7 Power transmission Case study: hoist 347 9.7.1 Power transmission and simple drum brake 348 9.8 Case study on couplings 350 9.8.1 Case study: analysis in design of brake elements 351 9.9 Case study on power transmission: external spring clutch 352 9.9.1 Case studies: power transmission Bolted assembly 353 9.9.2 Computer-assisted design of a hub (bolted assembly) 355 9.10 Couplings and machine elements subjected to stress at high speeds 356 9.10.1 Determination of the error in position of the shaft 357 9.10.2 Determination of the output velocity of the shaft 358 9.11 Design of spring rings 359 9.12 Principle of calculations for a Belleville washer: case study 361 9.13 Determination of the pressing moment for a bolted assembly 362 9.14 Power transmission by epicyclic gear system 363 9.15 Conclusion 365 Chapter 10 Design of Plastic Products 367 10.1 Calculations for the design of plastic parts 367 10.1.1 Mechanical parameters used during traction tests 368 10.2 Jointing of a ball bearing in a metal casing 370 10.3 Cylindrical clip of PP (e.g blinds): force exerted 371 10.3.1 Spherical clip of a PP: force exerted 374 10.4 Types of clip fitting: counter-cylindrical cantilever 376 10.4.1 Conical cantilever 378 10.4.2 Short cantilever 378 10.5 Configuration of strips: two-dimensional spline interpolation 381 10.5.1 Graphs of the model of the original surface 383 10.6 Press assembly 383 10.7 Reduction of stress relaxation: bolts and self-tapping screws 385 10.8 Case study: piping link 386 10.9 Assembly by forced jointing 388 10.10 Stress and thermal swelling in assembled materials 391 10.10.1 Stress intensifications 393 10.11 Capacity and reliability of roller bearings (plastic and otherwise) 395 10.12 Safe stress of the appropriate material for a plastic clutch system 396 10.13 Case study: plastic ball bearings 398 10.13.1 Calculation of the lifetime of roller bearings 401 10.14 Limits of performances of polymer design 401 10.15 Case study: fan with plastic blades 402 10.16 Conclusion 404 Chapter 11 Mechanical Design Projects 405 11.1 Proposed projects in mechanical design 405 11.2 Case studies of hoisting and handling devices 405 11.3 Projects design proposal for a lifting winch 406 11.3.1 Case study: parameters in sketching a lifting hook 408 11.3.2 Principles of calculations of the resistance of a lifting hook 409 11.3.3 Calculation and design (choice) of the round-wire coil spring 412 11.4 Calculation and design of a bolted assembly 414 11.5 Yield of power transmission of a screw mechanism 417 11.5.1 Calculations of stresses on the threads of a screw mechanism 419 11.5.2 Calculations of stresses at the root of the thread in a screw mechanism 420 11.5.3 Case study: numerical applications 420 11.6 Project 2: case studies: scooter 424 11.6.1 Presentation of the main parts 426 11.7 Project 3: dental hygiene dummy 428 11.7.1 Support clamped to the lab bench in the dental hygiene department 435 11.7.2 Case studies of a complete block and crank link 438 11.7.3 Explanatory photographic definition of the final product 439 Conclusion 443 Appendix 445 Bibliography 467 Index 471

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