Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisSpectroscopy and Computation of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems Comprehensive spectroscopic view of the state-of the-art in theoretical and experimental hydrogen bonding research Spectroscopy and Computation of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems includes diverse research efforts spanning the frontiers of hydrogen bonding as revealed through state-of-the-art spectroscopic and computational methods, covering a broad range of experimental and theoretical methodologies used to investigate and understand hydrogen bonding. The work explores the key quantitative relationships between fundamental vibrational frequencies and hydrogen-bond length/strength and provides an extensive reference for the advancement of scientific knowledge on hydrogen-bonded systems. Theoretical models of vibrational landscapes in hydrogen-bonded systems, as well as kindred studies designed to interpret intricate spectral features in gaseous complexes, liquids, crystals, ices, polymers, and nanocomposites, serve to elucidate the provenance of spectroscopic findings. Results of experimental and theoretical studies on multidimensional proton transfer are also presented. Edited by two highly qualified researchers in the field, sample topics covered in Spectroscopy and Computation of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems include: Quantum-mechanical treatments of tunneling-mediated pathways and molecular-dynamics simulations of structure and dynamics in hydrogen-bonded systems Mechanisms of multiple proton-transfer pathways in hydrogen-bonded clusters and modern spectroscopic tools with synergistic quantum-chemical analyses Mechanistic investigations of deuterium kinetic isotope effects, ab initio path integral methods, and molecular-dynamics simulations Key relationships that exist between fundamental vibrational frequencies and hydrogen-bond length/strength Analogous spectroscopic and semi-empirical computational techniques examining larger hydrogen-bonded systems Reflecting the polymorphic nature of hydrogen bonding and bringing together the latest experimental and computational work in the field, Spectroscopy and Computation of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems is an essential resource for chemists and other scientists involved in projects or research that intersects with the topics covered within.Table of ContentsFundamentals 1. Quantum statistical theory of the IR spectra band profiles of weak cyclic H-bonded systems 2. Dynamic Interactions Shaping Vibrational Spectra of Hydrogen-Bonded Systems 3. Vibrational fingerprints of weak interactions from fully anharmonic computations: success and challenges 4. Dynamics of proton motion in intramolecular hydrogen bonds studies by molecular dynamics 5. On the fly molecular dynamics approach to the tunneling splitting due to intramolecular proton transfer Spectroscopy 6. Imaging hydrogen-bond structure dynamics with MeV-UED 7. Spectroscopic Signatures of Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonding in Neutral Species 8. Excess spectroscopy of hydrogen bond 9. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in porphyrin isomers 10. Isotope effects in hydrogen bond research 11. Atomic and molecular complexes of noble gas hydrides 12. Relevance of intramolecular interactions in shaping the potential energy surfaces and the reactivity of a series of substituted aromatic molecules 13. Hydrogen bonding studies by overtones and combinations 14. Direct observation and kinetic mapping of point-to-point proton transfer of a hydroxy-photoacid to multiple (competing) intramolecular protonation sites 15. Stories that are encoded in vibrational spectra: Obtaining insights into the spectroscopy of water from studies of ion-water complexes 16. Molecular beam microwave spectroscopic investigation of hydrogen bonds in isolation 17. IR and NMR spectral diagnostics of hydrogen bond energy and geometry 18. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopy studies of hydrogen bonds 19. Water hydrogen bond network and hydrophobic effect 20. Hydrogen-bonded chains in foldamer structure and dynamics

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Book SynopsisExplore the cutting-edge of neuromorphic technologies with applications in Artificial Intelligence In Neuromorphic Devices for Brain-Inspired Computing: Artificial Intelligence, Perception, and Robotics, a team of expert engineers delivers a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of neuromorphic electronics designed to assist researchers and professionals to understand and apply all manner of brain-inspired computing and perception technologies. The book covers both memristic and neuromorphic devices, including spintronic, multi-terminal, and neuromorphic perceptual applications. Summarizing recent progress made in five distinct configurations of brain-inspired computing, the authors explore this promising technology’s potential applications in two specific areas: neuromorphic computing systems and neuromorphic perceptual systems. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to two-terminal neuromorphic memristors, including memristive devices and resistive switching mechanisms Comprehensive explorations of spintronic neuromorphic devices and multi-terminal neuromorphic devices with cognitive behaviors Practical discussions of neuromorphic devices based on chalcogenide and organic materials In-depth examinations of neuromorphic computing and perceptual systems with emerging devices Perfect for materials scientists, biochemists, and electronics engineers, Neuromorphic Devices for Brain-Inspired Computing: Artificial Intelligence, Perception, and Robotics will also earn a place in the libraries of neurochemists, neurobiologists, and neurophysiologists.Table of Contents1: Two-terminal Neuromorphic Memristors 2: Spintronic Neuromorphic Devices 3: Multi-terminal Neuromorphic Devices with Cognitive Behaviors 4: Neuromorphic Devices based on Chalcogenide materials 5: Neuromorphic Devices Based on Organic materials 6: Neuromorphic Computing Systems with Emerging Devices 7: Neuromorphic perceptual Systems with Emerging Devices

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Book SynopsisSuper Resolution Optical Imaging and Microscopy Extremely comprehensive resource containing cutting-edge and practical knowledge of super-resolution optical imaging This book covers both the basic principles and specific technical details of super-resolution microscopy techniques. It covers the criteria to choose different fluorophores for various SRM methods and critically assesses the nitty-gritty of associated problems that are often encountered in practical applications. A progressive guide to designing the next generation of advanced fluorophores to meet the goal of advanced SR imaging studies is also put forward. Written by two well-qualified authors, the book contains exclusive content to enhance readers’ understanding on innovation of newer SRM technologies. Sample topics covered in the book include: Optical techniques, fluorescent probe design, and algorithm development Recent highlight and breakthroughs in biology using SRM methods The overall success of SRM in biological inventions The future direction and scope of the field This book is an invaluable resource for chemists and researchers/scientists involved in designing newer fluorescent materials for SRM studies. It can also assist biologists engaged in advanced biological studies using SRM by guiding them through sample preparation, image processing, and precautions to be taken in practical imaging studies.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Super-Resolution Microscopy (SRM): Brief Introduction 1 Zhigang Yang, Soham Samanta, and Yingchao Liu 1.1 Optical Microscopy 1 1.1.1 History and Background 1 1.2 Specialized Optical Microscopes 3 1.2.1 Inverted Microscopes 4 1.2.2 Confocal Microscopes 4 1.3 Optical Diffraction Limit 5 1.4 Super-Resolution Microscopy: Overcoming the Diffraction Limit 6 1.5 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy 7 1.6 Far-Field Super-Resolution Microscopy 8 1.7 Fluorescent Probes for Super-Resolution Microscopy 9 1.8 Image Analysis Algorithms 10 1.9 Applications 11 1.10 Outline of the Content of Succeeding Chapters 11 Acknowledgment 11 References 12 2 Point Spread Function Engineering SRM 15 Wei Yan, Luwei Wang, Yinru Zhu, Jialin Wang, and Ruijie Xiang 2.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED) 15 2.1.1 Principles of STED 15 2.1.2 Three-Dimensional STED 16 2.1.3 Multi-Color and Multi-Photon STED 18 2.1.4 Strategies to Reduce STED Power 20 2.1.4.1 Time-Gated STED Technology 21 2.1.4.2 Offline Gated STED Technology 22 2.1.4.3 Phasor-Plot Analysis of STED-FLIM 23 2.1.4.4 STED Super-Resolution Imaging with Quantum Dots 24 2.1.4.5 Temporal and Spatial Modulation STED 26 2.1.4.6 STED Super-Resolution Imaging Based on Adaptive Optics 27 2.1.5 Live Cell Imaging 29 2.2 Ground State Depletion (GSD) Microscopy 32 2.2.1 Principles of GSD 32 2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of GSD 33 2.2.3 Applications of GSD 34 2.3 Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transition Microscopy 34 2.3.1 Improvement in the RESOLFT System 36 2.3.1.1 Parallelized RESOLFT Microscopy 36 2.3.1.2 Two-Photon RESOLFT 37 2.3.1.3 Dual-Channel RESOLFT Imaging 37 2.3.1.4 Three-Dimensional Imaging 37 2.3.2 Fluorescent Probe for RESOLFT Microscopy 38 2.3.2.1 Early-Stage: Fluorescent Protein 38 2.3.2.2 Improvement Based on Fluorescence Dynamics 39 2.3.2.3 Improvement in Other Properties 39 2.3.2.4 Organic Fluorophores 41 2.3.3 Advances in RESOLFT Application 42 2.3.3.1 Application in Life Science 42 2.3.3.2 Application in Writing and Manufacturing at the Nanoscale 43 2.4 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgment 44 References 45 3 Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) 51 Danying Lin, Yingying Jing, Pengfa Chen, Zekai Wu, Zhenquan Gong, Jiao Zhang, Arup Tarai, and Xuehua Wang 3.1 Main Idea of SMLM 51 3.2 Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 53 3.2.1 Implementation of STORM 53 3.2.1.1 Typical Optical Setup 53 3.2.1.2 Two Key Steps 54 3.2.1.3 Derivative Forms 56 3.2.2 Key Consideration in STORM 57 3.2.3 Multi-Color STORM 59 3.2.4 Three-Dimensional STORM 61 3.2.4.1 PSF Engineering 63 3.2.4.2 Multi-Focal Plane Imaging 67 3.2.4.3 Other Methods 68 3.2.5 Live Cell STORM Imaging 69 3.3 Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (PALM) 72 3.3.1 Basic Principle of PALM and Differences with STORM 72 3.3.2 Single-Particle Tracking PALM (sptPALM) 73 3.4 Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography (paint) 75 3.4.1 Basic Principle, Advantages, and Disadvantages of PAINT 75 3.4.2 Modifications of PAINT 76 3.4.2.1 uPAINT 76 3.4.2.2 DNA-PAINT and Exchange-PAINT 76 3.5 Single-Molecule Localization Algorithms 78 3.5.1 Algebraic Algorithms 78 3.5.2 Single-Emitter Fitting Algorithms 79 3.5.3 Multi-Emitter Fitting Algorithms 80 3.5.4 CS Algorithms 82 3.5.5 Other Methods 83 3.6 Minflux 84 3.7 Conclusion 84 Acknowledgment 85 References 85 4 Fluorescence Fluctuation-Based Super-Resolution Imaging 93 Xuehua Wang and Bin Yu 4.1 Stochastic Optical Fluctuation Imaging (SOFI) 94 4.1.1 XC-SOFI 95 4.1.2 bSOFI 96 4.1.3 fSOFI 96 4.1.4 Speckle SOFI 97 4.2 Other Techniques 99 4.2.1 VISion 99 4.2.2 Bayesian Analysis of Blinking and Bleaching (3B) 99 4.2.3 Super-resolution Radial Fluctuations (SRRF) 100 4.2.4 Entropy-Based Super-Resolution Imaging (ESI) 101 4.2.5 Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm for Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy (MUSICAL) 102 4.3 Applications of Fluorescence Fluctuation-Based SRM Methods 102 4.4 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 104 References 104 5 Structured Illumination Microscopy 107 Bin Yu, Siwei Li, Faiz Wali, and Rong Xu 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Wide-field SIM 107 5.2.1 Basics of SIM 108 5.2.2 SR-SIM 110 5.2.2.1 Conventional Grating-Based SIM 111 5.2.2.2 Blind SIM 113 5.2.2.3 Grazing Incidence SIM (GI–SIM) 116 5.2.2.4 Hessian-SIM 117 5.2.3 Summary 118 5.3 Point-Scanning SIM 118 5.3.1 Principle of PS-SIM 119 5.3.2 PS-SIM Based on the Digital Method 121 5.3.3 PS-SIM Based on the Optical Method 123 5.3.4 Special PS-SIM 126 5.3.5 Summary 127 5.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 128 Acknowledgement 129 References 129 6 Deep Learning-Based SR Microscopy 135 Jia Li and Jianhui Liao 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Fundamentals of Deep Networks 135 6.2.1 Neural Networks 136 6.2.2 Activation Function and Layers 137 6.2.2.1 Sigmoid 138 6.2.2.2 Softmax 139 6.2.2.3 Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) 139 6.2.2.4 Leaky ReLU 140 6.2.3 Training and Data 141 6.2.3.1 Gradient Descent 141 6.2.3.2 Backpropagation 142 6.2.3.3 Data 143 6.2.4 Loss Functions 144 6.3 Deep Learning for SR Image Reconstruction 144 6.3.1 2D Reconstruction Methods 145 6.3.1.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 145 6.3.1.2 Convolutional Layer 146 6.3.1.3 Pooling Layer 147 6.3.1.4 Properties 147 6.3.1.5 SR Image Reconstruction with CNN 148 6.3.1.6 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 149 6.3.1.7 Game Theory 150 6.3.1.8 Architecture 150 6.3.1.9 Training 150 6.3.1.10 SR Image Reconstruction with GAN 151 6.3.2 3D Reconstruction Methods 153 6.4 Challenges of Deep Learning-Based Methods 153 6.4.1 Data Limitations 154 6.4.2 Training Obstacles 154 6.4.3 Result Reliability 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 References 158 7 Fluorescent Materials for Super-Resolution Imaging 163 Zhigang Yang and Soham Samanta 7.1 Fluorescent Probes for Super-Resolution Imaging 163 7.2 Fluorescent Proteins 164 7.2.1 FPs for STED and RESOLFT Nanoscopy 164 7.2.2 FPs for SMLM-Based SRM 169 7.2.3 FPs for SIM and Other New SRM Techniques 176 7.3 Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes 176 7.3.1 Organic Fluorescent Probes for STED 176 7.3.1.1 Rhodamine-Based Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 177 7.3.1.2 Diverse Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 179 7.3.1.3 Phosphole-Based Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 183 7.3.2 Organic Fluorescent Probes for SMLM 185 7.3.2.1 Xanthene/Rhodamine Dyes 185 7.3.2.2 Cyanine Dyes 191 7.3.2.3 BODIPY and Oxazine/Spiropyran Dyes 194 7.3.2.4 Other Dyes (2-dithienylethenes and Cicyanodihydrofurans) 198 7.3.3 Organic Fluorescent Probes for SIM 199 7.4 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SRM 202 7.4.1 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for STED 202 7.4.2 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SMLM 203 7.4.3 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SIM 204 7.5 Fluorescent Nanomaterials (Nanoparticles/Quantum Dots/Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Dots (CDs)/Polymers Dots) for SRM 204 7.5.1 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for STED 205 7.5.2 Organic Nanoparticles 205 7.5.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 211 7.5.4 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for SMLM 213 7.5.5 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for SIM 216 Acknowledgment 218 References 219 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 229 Zhigang Yang, Soham Samanta, and Junle Qu Index 235

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Book SynopsisTwo-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Comprehensive resource covering rapid scientific and technological development of polymorphic two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) over a range of disciplines and applications Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides: Phase Engineering and Applications in Electronics and Optoelectronics provides a discussion on the history of phase engineering in 2D-TMDs as well as an in-depth treatment on the structural and electronic properties of 2D-TMDs in their respective polymorphic structures. The text addresses different forms of in-situ synthesis, phase transformation, and characterization methods for 2D-TMD materials and provides a comprehensive treatment of both the theoretical and experimental studies that have been conducted on 2D-TMDs in their respective phases. Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides includes further information on: Thermoelectric, fundamental spin-orbit structures, Weyl semi-metallic, and superconductive and related ferromagnetic properties that 2D-TMD materials possess Existing and prospective applications of 2D-TMDs in the field of electronics and optoelectronics as well as clean energy, catalysis, and memristors Magnetism and spin structures of polymorphic 2D-TMDs and further considerations on the challenges confronting the utilization of TMD-based systems Recent progress of mechanical exfoliation and the application in the study of 2D materials and other modern opportunities for progress in the field Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides provides in-depth review introducing the electronic properties of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides with updates to the phase engineering transition strategies and a diverse range of arising applications, making it an essential resource for scientists, chemists, physicists, and engineers across a wide range of disciplines.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: A General Overview 1 Chi Sin Tang and Xinmao Yin 1.1 Introduction to 2D-TMDs 1 1.2 Crystal Structures of 2D-TMDs in Different Phases 2 1.2.1 Other Structural Phases 3 1.2.2 Phase Stability 4 1.3 Electronic Band Structures of 2D-TMDs 7 1.3.1 Electronic Band Structures of the 1H, 1T, and 1T ′ Phase 8 1.3.2 Indirect-to-Direct Bandgap Transition 11 1.3.3 Spin-Orbit Coupling and Its Effects and Optical Selection Rules 13 1.4 Excitons (Coulomb-Bound Electron-Hole Pairs) 15 1.4.1 Exciton Binding Energy 16 1.4.2 Excitons and Other Complex Quasiparticles 18 1.4.3 Resonant Excitons in 2D-TMDs 19 1.5 Experimental Studies and Characterization of 2D-TMDs 20 1.5.1 Synthesis of 2D-TMDs 21 1.5.1.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition 21 1.5.1.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 22 1.5.2 Optical Characterization 23 1.5.2.1 Photoluminescence 23 1.5.2.2 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 25 1.5.2.3 Raman Characterization 29 1.5.3 Electronic Bandgap 35 1.5.3.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy 35 1.5.3.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) 37 1.5.4 Conclusions 40 References 40 2 Synthesis and Phase Engineering of Low-Dimensional TMDs and Related Material Structures 61 Bijun Tang, Jiefu Yang, and Zheng Liu 2.1 Introduction 61 2.2 Structure of 2D TMDs 62 2.3 Synthesis of 2D TMDs 64 2.3.1 Top-Down Method 65 2.3.2 Bottom-Up Method 66 2.4 Phase Engineering of 2D TMDs 66 2.4.1 Direct Synthesis of TMDs with Targeted Phases 68 2.4.1.1 Precursor Selection 68 2.4.1.2 Catalyst 70 2.4.1.3 Temperature Control 72 2.4.1.4 Alloying 74 2.4.2 External Factor-Induced Phase Transformation 79 2.4.2.1 Ion Intercalation 79 2.4.2.2 Thermal Treatment 81 2.5 Conclusion 82 References 83 3 Thermoelectric Properties of Polymorphic 2D-TMDs 87 H. K. Ng, Yunshan Zhao, Dongzhi Chi, and Jing Wu 3.1 Introduction to 2D Thermoelectrics 87 3.1.1 Why 2D over 3D? 88 3.1.2 Why 2D Semiconductors? 89 3.2 Thermoelectric Transport 89 3.2.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation 90 3.2.2 Scattering Parameter for Different Mechanism 92 3.2.2.1 Ionized/Charged Impurity Scattering 92 3.2.2.2 Phonons Scattering 93 3.2.2.3 Carrier–Carrier Scattering 94 3.2.2.4 Surface Roughness Scattering 95 3.3 Experimental Characterization TE in 2D 95 3.3.1 Electrical Measurements 95 3.3.1.1 FET Measurements 95 3.3.1.2 Hall Measurements 96 3.3.2 Seebeck Measurement 96 3.3.2.1 ΔT Calibration 97 3.3.2.2 V Tep Measurement 97 3.3.3 Thermal Conductivity 98 3.3.3.1 Raman Spectrometer 99 3.3.3.2 Tdtr (fdtr) 101 3.3.3.3 Thermal Bridge Method (Electron Beam Heating Technique) 102 3.3.3.4 Other Thermal Property Measurement Methods 104 3.4 Manipulation of TE Properties in 2D 106 3.4.1 Tuning of Carrier Concentration 107 3.4.2 Strain Engineering 107 3.4.3 Band Engineering 110 3.4.3.1 Layer Thickness and Band Convergence 110 3.4.4 Phase Transition 112 3.5 Future Outlook and Perspective 115 References 117 4 Emerging Electronic Properties of Polymorphic 2D-TMDs 127 Tong Yang, Zishen Wang, Jiaren Yuan, Jun Zhou, and Ming Yang 4.1 Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of 2D-TMDs 127 4.1.1 Electronic and Optical Properties of 1H-Phase 2D-TMDs 127 4.1.2 Electronic and Optical Properties of 1T-Phase 2D-TMDs 131 4.2 Polaron States of 2D-TMDs 133 4.2.1 Holstein Polarons in MoS 2 133 4.2.1.1 Experimental Characterizations of Holstein Polarons 133 4.2.1.2 Theoretical Simulations of the Spectral Functions 136 4.2.2 Asymmetric Intervalley Polaron Effects on Band Edges of 2D-TMDs 137 4.2.3 Polaron Effects on the Band Gap Size of 2D-TMDs 139 4.3 Valley Properties of 2D-TMDs 143 4.3.1 Circularly Polarized Light 147 4.3.2 External Field 148 4.3.3 Magnetic Metal Doping 148 4.3.4 Magnetic Substrate 149 4.4 Charge Density Waves of 2D-TMDs 151 4.4.1 Charge Density Waves in TMDs 151 4.4.2 Effects of CDW on Electronic Properties 154 4.4.3 Mechanisms in CDW Transitions 155 4.4.4 Manipulation of CDWs 158 4.5 Janus Structures of 2D-TMDs 159 4.5.1 Fabrication Approaches for Janus 2D TMDs 159 4.5.2 Emerging Properties of Janus 2D TMDs 160 4.5.3 Potential Applications of Janus 2D TMDs 160 4.6 Moiré Superlattices of 2D-TMDs 161 References 165 5 Magnetism and Spin Structures of Polymorphic 2D TMDs 181 Meizhuang Liu, Zuxin Chen, Jingbo Li, Yuli Huang, Kuan Eng Johnson Goh, and Andrew T. S. Wee 5.1 Two-dimensional Ferromagnetism 182 5.2 Cr-based Magnetic Materials and Device Applications 183 5.3 Polymorphic 2D Cr-based Magnetic TMDs 191 5.4 Magnetism in 2D Vanadium, Ion, Manganese Chalcogenides 200 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 204 Acknowledgements 204 References 205 6 Recent Progress of Mechanical Exfoliation and the Application in the Study of 2D Materials 211 Yunyun Dai, Xinyu Huang, Xu Han, Jiangang Guo, Xiangfan Xu, Lei Wang, Luqi Liu, Ningning Song, Yeliang Wang, and Yuan Huang 6.1 Introduction 211 6.2 Different Ways for Preparing 2D Materials 213 6.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 213 6.2.2 Mechanical Exfoliation (ME) 213 6.3 New Mechanical Exfoliation Methods 214 6.3.1 Oxygen Plasma Enhanced Exfoliation 214 6.3.2 Gold Film Enhanced Exfoliation 218 6.4 Application of Mechanical Exfoliation Method 222 6.4.1 Electrical Properties and Devices 222 6.4.1.1 Screening of Disorders 223 6.4.1.2 Electrical Contacts of 2D Materials 225 6.4.2 Optical Properties and Photonic Devices 227 6.4.2.1 Photodetectors 227 6.4.2.2 Optical Modulators 228 6.4.2.3 Single Photon Emitters 228 6.4.3 Moiré Superlattice and Devices 230 6.4.3.1 Graphene/h-BN Moiré Superlattice 230 6.4.3.2 Twisted Graphene Moiré Superlattice 231 6.4.3.3 Twisted TMD Moiré Superlattice 231 6.4.4 Magnetic Properties and Memory Devices 232 6.4.4.1 Ferromagnetism in 2D Materials 235 6.4.4.2 Antiferromagnetism in 2D Materials 237 6.4.5 Thermal Conduction 240 6.4.6 Superconductors 244 6.4.6.1 2D Superconductors and Their Characteristics 244 6.4.6.2 Regulation Methods 247 6.5 Summary and Outlook 249 Acknowledgments 249 References 250 7 Applications of Polymorphic Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Electronics and Optoelectronics 267 Yao Yao, Siyuan Li, Jiajia Zha, Zhuangchai Lai, Qiyuan He, Chaoliang Tan, and Hua Zhang 7.1 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) 268 7.1.1 Homojunction-based FETs Formed by Phase Transition 269 7.1.2 Homojunction-based FETs Formed by Direct Synthesis 270 7.2 Memory and Neuromorphic Computing 272 7.3 Energy Harvesting 275 7.4 Photodetectors 277 7.5 Solar Cells 282 7.6 Perspectives 284 References 285 8 Polymorphic Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Modern Challenges and Opportunities 293 Chi Sin Tang, Xinmao Yin, and Andrew T. S. Wee 8.1 Summing up the Chapters 293 8.2 Projecting the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 295 8.3 Global Challenges and Threats 296 8.3.1 Clean and Renewable Energy Sources 297 8.3.2 Water Treatment and Access to Clean Water 299 8.3.3 Healthcare and Pandemic Intervention 302 8.3.4 Food Safety and Security 305 8.3.4.1 Agricultural Production, Sustainability, Productivity, and Protection 306 8.3.4.2 Roles of 2D-TMDs in Food Packaging and Preservation 306 8.4 Exponential Growth in Demands for Modern Computation 307 8.4.1 Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence 307 8.4.2 Internet of Things and Data Overload 308 8.5 Conclusion 312 References 312 Index 325

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Book SynopsisFunctional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries Unique and useful book covering fundamental knowledge and practical applications of polymer materials in energy storage systems In Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries, the recent development and achievements of polymer-based materials are comprehensively analyzed in four directions, including electrode materials, binders, separators, and solid electrolytes, highlighting the working mechanisms, classification, design strategies, and practical applications of these polymer materials in mental-ion batteries. Specific sample topics covered in Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries include: Prominent advantages of various solid-state electrolytes, such as low flammability, easy processability, more tolerance to vibration, shock, and mechanical deformation Why and how functional polymers present opportunities to maximize energy density and pursue the sustainability of the battery industry How the application of functional polymers in metal-ion batteries helps enhance the high energy density of energy storage devices and reduce carbon footprint during production How development of functional separators could significantly lower the cost of battery manufacturing Providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of polymers in the whole configuration of metal-ion batteries from electrodes to electrolytes, Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries is an ideal resource for materials scientists, electrochemists, and polymer, solid state, and physical chemists who wish to understand the latest developments of this technology.Table of Contents1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. POLYMER ELECTRODE MATERIALS IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of the polymer electrode materials 2.3 Energy Storage Mechanisms in polymer electrode materials 2.4 Molecular Engineering of polymer electrode materials 2.5 Morphological Engineering of polymer electrode Materials 2.6 Applications (LIBs, SIBs, KIBs,ZIBs, etc) 3. POLYMERIC BINDERS IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General Binding Mechanism 3.3 Classification of Binders 3.4 Binder Properties on Electrode Fabrication 3.5 Strategies in Functionalizing Binders 3.6 Application of Binders for Different Energy Materials 4. POLYMERIC SEPARATOR IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Functions and Requirements of Separators in a battery 4.3 Classifications of Separators 4.4 Application of Separator 5 POLYMERIC ELECTROLYTES IN MODERN METAL ION BATTERIES 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ion transport in polymeric electrolyte 5.3 Classifications of polymeric electrolyte 5.4 Strategies in designing solid-state electrolyte 5.5 Application of polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries 6 PERSPECTIVES 6.1 General advantages and challenges of polymers in modern metal ion batteries 6.2 Polymers in Lifting performance in full batteries

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Book SynopsisBiomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment Comprehensive resource covering fundamentals at the micro and nano scales, technical advances in micro- and nanorobots, and their biomedical applications Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications provides foundational knowledge on the subject in the fields of biomaterials, nanotechnology, and biomedicine, discusses the applications of micro- and nanorobots in the cardiovascular, cancer, ophthalmic, orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and nervous system disease treatment, and addresses their biosafety, autonomous motion behavior, and future development trends. The two highly qualified authors comprehensively and systematically introduces the concept source, definition, classification, autonomous movement behavior, and functionality of the technology, providing readers with new ideas, technologies, and methods for modern biomedical research, while also expanding new disease diagnosis, treatment principles, and possible application modes to paint a complete picture of the potential of the technology. Sample topics covered in Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications include: Substrate selection between metal, inorganic, organic, natural, and hybrid materials, as well as driving systems based on biological components, external fields, and chemical reactions In vivo tracking technologies, including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide and ultrasonic imaging, and other imaging methods Biosafety of micro- and nanorobot substrate through material composition, micro- and nanoscale influence, ultimate destiny, and genotoxicity Trending behavior mechanisms in magnetotactic, phototactic, and chemotaxis systems, and motion control through speed and direction control modes Study on therapeutic mechanism and application for various physiological diseases Summarizing research progress in the preparation, biosafety, functionality, and therapeutic effects of the technology, Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications is an important and timely resource for biochemists, materials scientists, medicinal chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, bioengineers, biotechnologists, and the greater biotechnological industry.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Concept, definition and classification of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 3. Design, preparation and characterization of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 4. Biosafety of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 5. Autonomous motion behavior of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 6. Function of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 7. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for cardiovascular disease treatment Chapter 8. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for cancer treatment Chapter 9. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for other diseases treatment Chapter 10. Future development trend of biomedical micro/nanorobots

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Book SynopsisPlasmonic Metal Nanostructures Firsthand insights on a unique class of optoelectronic materials, covering technologies and applications in catalysis, sensing, and spectroscopy Plasmonic Metal Nanostructures provides broad coverage of the field of plasmonic technologies, from fundamentals to real-world applications such as highly sensitive spectroscopy and surface analysis techniques, summarizing the recent progress in plasmonics and their applications, with a focus on comprehensive and authoritative discussions of fabrication and characterization of the materials and their technological uses. The text also addresses current trends and advances in materials for plasmonics, such as nanostructures with novel shapes, composite nanostructures, and thin films. Starting with an overview of optical properties in materials from macro- to micro- and nanoscale, the text then moves on to discuss the fundamentals and dielectric modifications and advanced characterization methods of plasmonic nanos

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Book SynopsisUntethered Miniature Soft Robots Reference on achieving contactless manipulation of soft robots, detailing high level concepts and perspectives and technical skills of soft robots Untethered Miniature Soft Robots: Materials, Fabrications, and Applications introduces the emerging field of miniature soft robots and summarizes the recent rapid development in the field to date, describing different types of functional materials to build miniature soft robots, such as silicone elastomer, carbon-based materials, hydrogels, liquid crystal polymer, flexible ferrofluid, and liquid metal, and covering the material properties, fabrication strategies, and functionalities in soft robots together with their underlying mechanisms. The book discusses magnetically, thermally, optically, and chemically actuated soft robots in depth, explores the many specific applications of miniature soft robots in biomedical, environmental, and electrical fields and summarizes the development of miniature soft robots based on soft matter, fabrication strategies, locomotion principles, sensing and actuation mechanisms. In closing, the text summarizes the opportunities and challenges faced by miniature soft robots, providing expert insight into the possible futures of this field. Written by four highly qualified academics, Untethered Miniature Soft Robots covers sample topics such as: Soft elastomer-based robots with programmable magnetization profiles and untethered soft robots based on template-aiding Working mechanisms of carbon-based materials, covering light-induced expansion and shrinkage, and humidity-induced deformation Designing microscale building blocks, modular assembly of building blocks based on Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) matrix, and inverse and forward design of modular morphing systems Material designs of magnetic liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) systems, multiple-stimuli responsiveness of magnetic LCE systems, and adaptive locomotion of magnetic LCE-based robots Controllable deformation and motion behaviors, as well as applications of ferrofluids droplet robots (FDRs), including cargo capturing, object sorting, liquid pumping/mixing, and liquid skin. Providing highly detailed and up-to-date coverage of the topic, Untethered Miniature Soft Robots serves as an invaluable and highly comprehensive reference for researchers working in this promising field across a variety of disciplines, including materials scientists, mechanical and electronics engineers, polymer chemists, and biochemists.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Untethered Miniature Soft Robots 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Working Mechanisms of Untethered Soft Robots 2 1.2.1 Magnetic Actuation 2 1.2.2 Light Actuation 4 1.2.3 Acoustic Actuation 5 1.2.4 Thermal Actuation 6 1.2.5 Chemical Actuation 6 1.2.6 Biohybrid Actuation 7 1.3 Fabrication Methods of Untethered Soft Robots 7 1.3.1 Molding 7 1.3.2 3D Printing Techniques 10 1.3.3 Semiconductor and Microelectronic Techniques 11 1.3.4 Modular Assembly Based on Bonding Agents 12 1.4 Applications of Miniature Soft Robots 12 1.4.1 Biomedical Application 12 1.4.2 Environmental and Proprioceptive Sensing 13 1.4.3 Intelligent Electronics 15 1.4.4 Micromanipulation 16 1.5 Scope and Layout of the Book 16 1.5.1 Scope of the Book 16 1.5.2 Layout of the Book 17 2 Silicone Elastomers-Based Miniature Soft Robots 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Soft Elastomer-Based Robots with Programmable Magnetization Profiles 28 2.2.1 Untethered Soft Robots Based on Template-Aided Magnetizing 28 2.2.2 Small-Scale Soft Machines Based on Buckling Instability-Encoded Magnetization 29 2.2.3 Small-Scale Soft Machines Based on 3D Printing of Ferromagnetic Materials 32 2.2.4 3D Miniature Soft Machines Based on Bottom-up Heterogeneous Assembly 34 2.2.4.1 Voxel Fabrication and Magnetization 35 2.2.4.2 Jig-Assisted Assembly Approach 36 2.2.4.3 Demonstration of Miniature Soft Machines Fabricated by the Jig-Assisted Assembly Approach 40 2.3 Reprogrammable Soft Machines 41 2.4 Multi-Stimuli Responsive Transformation of Magneto-Elastomer Based Soft Structures 43 2.4.1 Solvent and Magnetic-Responsive Behavior of Magneto-Elastomers 44 2.4.2 Investigation of the Dynamic Transformations of Cellular Structures 47 2.5 Multimodal and Bioinspired Locomotion Adopted for Elastomer-Based Robot 50 2.6 Potential Biomedical Applications of Miniature Magnetic Soft Machines 55 2.7 Fluidic Pumping by the Magneto-Elastomers 60 2.8 Other Potential Applications of the Magneto-Elastomers 64 2.9 Summary 66 3 Carbon-Based Miniature Soft Robots with Rolled-up Concept 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 The Choices of Carbon-Based Materials 74 3.3 TheWorking Mechanism of Carbon-Based Materials 76 3.3.1 Light-Induced Expansion 76 3.3.2 Light-Induced Shrinkage 81 3.3.3 Humidity-Induced Deformation 83 3.4 The Programming Shape Changes of Actuators and Their Applications 87 3.4.1 Light-Induced Local Modification 88 3.4.2 Non-light-Induced Local Modification 90 3.4.3 Self-Healing 93 3.4.4 Oriental Control of Elements in Actuators 97 3.5 Summary 99 4 Hydrogels-Based Miniature Soft Robots 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Fabrication of Reconfigurable Hydrogel Micromachines 109 4.2.1 Design and Characterization of Smart Hydrogel for 4D Printing 110 4.2.2 Reconfigurable Soft Microdevices Fabricated by Point-by-Point 4D Printing 113 4.2.3 Reconfigurable Soft Microdevices Fabricated by Asymmetric Bessel Beam 115 4.2.4 Reconfigurable Soft Microdevices Fabricated by Complex Laser Scanning Strategy 121 4.3 Modular Design of Reconfigurable Soft Robots Based on 4D Microscale Building Blocks 123 4.3.1 Designing Microscale Building Blocks 123 4.3.2 Modular Assembly of Building Blocks Based on DH Matrix 126 4.3.3 Inverse and Forward Design of Modular Morphing System 128 4.4 Application of Reconfigurable Soft Robots 130 4.4.1 pH-Responsive Microparticle and Cell Gripper 130 4.4.2 Localized Cancer Cell Treatment 132 4.5 Summary 134 5 Liquid Crystal Network and Elastomer-Based Miniature Soft Robots 141 5.1 Introduction 141 5.2 Stimuli-Responsiveness Based on Programmed Director Field 143 5.2.1 Programmed Voxelated Director Fields via Two Surface-Patterned Confining Glasses 143 5.2.2 Arbitrary Director Fields Formed via 3D Assembly 144 5.2.3 3DMicrostructures with Uniform and 2D Director Field Alignment 146 5.2.4 3D LCN Microstructures with Encoded 3D Director Field and their 3D-to-3D Shape Transformation 147 5.2.5 Thermal Shape Transformation of LCN Structures Based on 1D and 2D Voxels Assembly 149 5.2.6 Reversible 3D-to-3D Shape Transformation of the Assembled 3D LCE Structures 152 5.3 Magnetic Liquid Crystal Elastomer Composites for Miniature Machines 153 5.3.1 Material Designs of Magnetic LCE Systems 154 5.3.2 Multiple-Stimuli Responsiveness of Magnetic LCE Systems 158 5.3.3 Adaptive Locomotion of Magnetic LCE-Based Robots 161 5.4 Summary 165 6 Flexible Ferrofluid as Soft Robotic Agents 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Description of Ferrofluids 174 6.3 Deformation Behaviors of FDRs 174 6.3.1 The Influence of Magnetic Fields on the Deformation Behaviors of FDRs 175 6.3.1.1 Magnetic Fields Induced by Permanent Magnets 175 6.3.1.2 Magnetic Fields Induced by Electromagnetic Coils 181 6.3.2 The Influence of FDRs’ Parameters on their Deformation Behaviors 195 6.3.3 The Influence of Contacting Substrate on the Deformation Behaviors of FDR 197 6.4 Applications of FDRs 198 6.4.1 Cargo Capturing and Delivering 198 6.4.2 Objects Sorting 200 6.4.3 Liquid Pumping and Mixing 201 6.4.4 Liquid Skin of Soft Robots 203 6.4.5 Phase Transitional Metallic Ferrofluid-Based Gripper 206 6.5 Summary 206 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Other Functional Materials Used for Miniature Soft Robots 213 7.2.1 Shape-Memory Materials 213 7.2.2 Biohybrid Materials 215 7.3 Multi-Material Integration Strategies 216 7.4 Multifunctional Integration for Miniature Soft Robots with Perception Capabilities 218 7.5 Perspectives Toward Intelligent and Autonomous Soft Robots 220 Abbreviations 223 References 224 Index 229

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-Date Coverage of All Chemical Engineering Topicsâfrom the Fundamentals to the State of the ArtNow in its 85th Anniversary Edition, this industry-standard resource has equipped generations of engineers and chemists with vital information, data, and insights. Thoroughly revised to reflect the latest technological advances and processes, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ninth Edition, provides unsurpassed coverage of every aspect of chemical engineering. You will get comprehensive details on chemical processes, reactor modeling, biological processes, biochemical and membrane separation, process and chemical plant safety, and much more.This fully updated edition covers:Unit Conversi

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Book SynopsisThis pioneering textbook on the topic provides a clear and well-structured description of the fundamental chemistry involved in these systems, as well as an excellent overview of the real-life practical applications. Prof. Holze is a well-known researcher and an experienced author who guides the reader with his didactic style, and readers can test their understanding with questions and answers throughout the text. Written mainly for advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, this text is equally a valuable resource for scientists and engineers working in the field, both in academia and industry.Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii 1 Processes and Applications of Energy Conversion and Storage 1 2 Electrochemical Processes and Systems 21 2.1 Parasitic Reactions 30 2.2 Self-discharge 30 2.3 Device Deterioration 32 2.3.1 Aging 37 3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 39 4 Kinetics of Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes 55 4.1 Steps of Electrode Reactions and Overpotentials 56 4.2 Transport 56 4.3 Charge Transfer 59 4.4 Overpotentials 59 4.5 Diffusion 62 4.6 Further Overpotentials 63 5 Electrodes and Electrolytes 71 5.1 Recycling 84 6 Experimental Methods 87 6.1 Battery Tester 87 6.2 Current–Potential Measurements 88 6.3 Charge/Discharge Measurements 92 6.4 Battery Charging 100 6.5 Linear Scan and Cyclic Voltammetry 107 6.6 Impedance Measurements 111 6.7 Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) 117 6.8 Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT) 119 6.9 Step Potential Electrochemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) 120 6.10 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) 121 6.11 Non-electrochemical Methods 121 6.11.1 Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 121 6.11.2 Gas Adsorption Measurements 121 6.11.3 Microscopies 122 6.11.4 Thermal Measurements 122 6.11.5 Modeling 123 7 Primary Systems 127 7.1 Aqueous Systems 129 7.1.1 Zinc–Carbon Battery 129 7.1.2 Alkaline Zn//MnO2 Battery 131 7.1.3 Zn//HgO Battery 134 7.1.4 Zn//AgO Battery 136 7.1.5 Cd//AgO Batteries 138 7.1.6 Mg//MnO2 Batteries 140 7.2 Nonaqueous Systems 141 7.2.1 Primary Lithium Batteries 141 7.2.2 Li//MnO2 144 7.2.3 Li//Bi2O3 145 7.2.4 Li//CuO 146 7.2.5 Li//V2O5, Li//Ag2V4O11, and Li//CSVO 147 7.2.6 Li//CuS 148 7.2.7 Li//FeS2 149 7.2.8 Li//CFx Primary Battery 150 7.2.9 Li//I2 151 7.2.10 Li//SO2 151 7.2.11 Li//SOCl2 153 7.2.12 Li//SO2Cl2 156 7.2.13 Li//Oxyhalide Primary Battery 156 7.3 Metal–Air Systems 157 7.3.1 Aqueous Metal–Air Primary Batteries 157 7.3.2 Nonaqueous Metal–Air Batteries 168 7.4 Reserve Batteries 170 7.4.1 Seawater-activated Batteries 171 7.4.2 High Power Activated Batteries 173 8 Secondary Systems 175 8.1 Aqueous Systems 176 8.1.1 Lead–Acid 176 8.1.2 Lead Grid 181 8.1.3 Ni-based Secondary Batteries 189 8.1.4 Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 202 8.1.5 Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium Batteries 206 8.2 Nonaqueous Systems 208 8.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 208 8.2.2 Rechargeable Li//S Batteries 230 8.2.3 Rechargeable Na//S Batteries 233 8.2.4 Rechargeable Li//Se Batteries 234 8.2.5 Rechargeable Mg Batteries 235 8.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 235 8.3.1 Gel Lithium-Ion Batteries 236 8.3.2 Gel-Type Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries 238 8.4 Solid Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 238 8.4.1 Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries 239 8.4.2 Rechargeable Solid Lithium Batteries 240 8.5 Rechargeable Metal–Air Batteries 240 8.5.1 Rechargeable Li//Air Batteries 242 8.5.2 Rechargeable Na//Air Batteries 243 8.5.3 Rechargeable Zn//Air Batteries 245 8.6 High-Temperature Systems 246 8.6.1 Sodium–Sulfur Battery 247 8.6.2 Sodium–Nickel Chloride Battery 250 8.6.3 All Liquid Metal Accumalator 254 9 Fuel Cells 257 9.1 The Oxygen Electrode 261 9.2 The Hydrogen Electrode 267 9.3 Common Features of Fuel Cells 268 9.4 Classification of Fuel Cells 272 9.4.1 Ambient Temperature Fuel Cells 272 9.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 273 9.4.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 274 9.4.4 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 281 9.4.5 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 283 9.4.6 Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells 284 9.4.7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 284 9.4.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 285 9.4.9 High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 286 9.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 288 9.6 Fuel Cells in Energy Storage Systems 289 10 Flow Batteries 293 10.1 The Iron/Chromium System 298 10.2 The Iron/Vanadium System 299 10.3 The Iron/Cadmium System 299 10.4 The Bromine/Polysulfide System 300 10.5 The All-Vanadium System 300 10.6 The Vanadium/Bromine System 302 10.7 Actinide RFBs 302 10.8 All-Organic RFBs 303 10.9 Nonaqueous RFBs 303 10.10 Hybrid Systems 303 10.11 The Zinc/Cerium System 304 10.12 The Zinc/Bromine System 304 10.13 The Zinc/Organic System 305 10.14 The Cadmium/Organic System 305 10.15 The Lead/Lead Dioxide System 306 10.16 The Cadmium/Lead Dioxide System 307 10.17 The All-Copper System 307 10.18 The Zinc/Nickel System 307 10.19 The Lithium/LiFePO4 System 308 10.20 Vanadium Solid-Salt Battery 308 10.21 Vanadium-Dioxygen System 308 10.22 Electrochemical Flow Capacitor 310 10.23 Current State and Perspectives 310 11 Supercapacitors 313 11.1 Classification of Supercapacitors 314 11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors 316 11.2.1 Electrolytes for EDLCs 317 11.2.2 Electrode Materials for EDLCs 318 11.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of EDLCs 325 11.3 Pseudocapacitors 326 11.3.1 RuO2 327 11.3.2 MnO2 330 11.3.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3.4 Redox Couples 343 11.3.5 Electrochemical Performance of Pseudocapacitors 346 11.4 Hybrid Capacitors 351 11.4.1 Negative Electrode Materials 351 11.4.2 Positive Electrode Materials 359 11.4.3 Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Capacitors 370 11.5 Testing of Supercapacitors 376 11.6 Commercially Available Supercapacitors 377 11.7 Application of Supercapacitors 378 11.7.1 Uninterruptible Power Sources 379 11.7.2 Transportation 379 11.7.3 Smart Grids 380 11.7.4 Military Equipment 380 11.7.5 Other Civilian Applications 381 Appendix 383 Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions 387 Further Reading 401 Index 407

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Book SynopsisChemical Principles of Nanoengineering Understand the chemical properties of nanomaterials with this thorough introduction Nanomaterials, which possess at least one dimension lower than 100 nanometers, are increasingly at the forefront of technological and chemical innovation. The properties of these uniquely minute materials give them distinctive applications across a huge range of industries and research fields. It is therefore critical that the next generation of engineers and materials scientists understand these materials, their chemical properties, and how they form bonds. Chemical Principles of Nanoengineering answers this need with a thorough, detailed introduction to nanomaterials and their underlying chemistry. It particularly emphasizes the connection between nanomaterial properties and chemical bonds, which in turn allows readers to understand how these properties change at different scales. The result is a critical resource for understanding these increasingly vital materials. Chemical Principles of Nanoengineering readers will also find: Step-by-step arrangement of material to facilitate learning in sequence and gradual, self-guided progress End-of-chapter problems and key concept definitions to reinforce learning Detailed coverage of important nanomaterials like quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and more Chemical Principles of Nanoengineering is a must-have for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in materials science, chemical engineering, chemistry, and related fields.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 What is Nanoengineering? 1 What are Chemical Principles of Nanoengineering? 3 Who is this Book Intended for? 4 1 Intermolecular Forces 7 1.1 The Pairwise Potential 8 1.2 Electrostatic Interactions 11 1.3 Permanent Dipole Interactions and Hydrogen Bonding 18 1.4 van der Waals Forces 23 1.5 Hydrophobic Forces 32 1.6 Steric Forces 36 1.7 Particle Stability and Aggregation 39 Further Reading 42 Problems and Discussion Topics 43 2 Molecular Bonds 49 2.1 Atomic Orbitals 50 2.2 Valence Bond Theory 51 2.3 Molecular Orbital Theory 58 2.4 Frontier Orbitals and Chemical Reactions 71 2.5 Electronic Transitions 73 2.6 Functional Groups and Nomenclature 75 Further Reading 89 Problems and Discussion Topics 89 3 Extended Solids 95 3.1 Energy Bands 95 3.2 Conductivity 99 3.3 Tight-Binding Approximation 104 3.4 Density of States 116 3.5 Conducting Polymers 120 Further Reading 128 Problems and Discussion Topics 128 4 Nanocarbon 133 4.1 Hybridization 133 4.2 Graphene 137 4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 146 4.4 Fullerenes 154 4.5 Diamondoids 157 References 158 Further Reading 159 Problems and Discussion Topics 159 5 Descriptive Crystal Chemistry 163 5.1 Lattices and the Unit Cell 163 5.2 Hard-Sphere Packing 167 5.3 Coordination Geometries 173 5.4 Bravais Lattices 176 5.5 The Atomic Basis 183 5.6 Archetypes 186 5.7 Miller Indices and Crystal Planes 190 Further Reading 194 Problems and Discussion Topics 194 6 Surface Properties and Effects 199 6.1 Estimating the Surface 199 6.2 Adsorption 203 6.3 Surface Energy 208 6.4 Nearest-neighbor Broken-bond Model 212 6.5 Interfacial Energy 218 6.6 Curvature Effects 222 6.7 Stabilizing the Surface 226 Further Reading 232 Problems and Discussion Topics 232 Index 235

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Book SynopsisVan der Waals Heterostructures A comprehensive resource systematically detailing the developments and applications of van der Waals heterostructures and devices Van der Waals Heterostructures is essential reading to understand the developments made in van der Waals heterostructures and devices in all aspects, from basic synthesis to physical analysis and heterostructures assembling to devices applications, including demonstrated applications of van der Waals heterostructure on electronics, optoelectronics, and energy conversion, such as solar energy, hydrogen energy, batteries, catalysts, biotechnology, and more. This book starts from an in-depth introduction of van der Waals interactions in layered materials and the forming of mixed-dimensional heterostructures via van der Waals force. It then comprehensively summarizes the synthetic methods, devices building processes and physical mechanism of 2D van der Waals heterostructures, and devices including 2D-2D electronics, 2D-2D optoelectronics, and mixed dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. In Van der Waals Heterostructures, readers can expect to find specific information on: The current library of 2D semiconductors and the current synthesis and performances of 2D semiconductors Controllable synthesis and assemble van der Waals heterostructures, physics of the van der Waals interface, and multi-field coupling effects 2D-2D electronics, 2D-2D optoelectronics, mixed dimensional van der Waals heterostructures, and van der Waals heterostructure applications on energy conversion Insight into future perspectives of the van der Waals heterostructures and devices with the detailed effective role of 2D materials for integrated electrical and electronic equipment Table of Contents1 Introduction 2 The library of 2D semiconductors 3 Synthesis and performances of 2D semiconductors 4 The controllable synthesis and assemble van der waals heterostructures 5 The Physics of van der Waals interface 6 The multi-field coupling effects 7 2D-2D electronics 8 2D-2D optoelectronics 9 Mixed dimensional Van der Waals heterostructures 10 Van der waals heterostructure application on energy conversion 11 Perspective and outlook

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Book SynopsisMetal Oxide Semiconductors Up-to-date resource highlighting highlights emerging applications of metal oxide semiconductors in various areas and current challenges and directions in commercialization Metal Oxide Semiconductors provides a current understanding of oxide semiconductors, covering fundamentals, synthesizing methods, and applications in diodes, thin-film transistors, gas sensors, solar cells, and more. The text presents state-of-the-art information along with fundamental prerequisites for understanding and discusses the current challenges in pursuing commercialization and future directions of this field. Despite rapid advancements in the materials science and device physics of oxide semiconductors over the past decade, the understanding of science and technology in this field remains incomplete due to its relatively short research history; this book aims to bridge the gap between the rapidly advancing research progress in this field and the demand for relevant materials and devices by researchers, engineers, and students. Written by three highly qualified authors, Metal Oxide Semiconductors discusses sample topics such as: Fabrication techniques and principles, covering vacuum-based methods, including sputtering, atomic layer deposition and evaporation, and solution-based methods Fundamentals, progresses, and potentials of p–n heterojunction diodes, Schottky diodes, metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes, and self-switching diodes Applications in thin-film transistors, detailing the current progresses and challenges towards commercialization for n-type TFTs, p-type TFTs, and circuits Detailed discussions on the working mechanisms and representative devices of oxide-based gas sensors, pressure sensors, and PH sensors Applications in optoelectronics, both in solar cells and ultraviolet photodetectors, covering their parameters, materials, and performance Memory applications, including resistive random-access memory, transistor-structured memory devices, transistor-structured artificial synapse, and optical memory transistors A comprehensive monograph covering all aspects of oxide semiconductors, Metal Oxide Semiconductors is an essential resource for materials scientists, electronics engineers, semiconductor physicists, and professionals in the semiconductor and sensor industries who wish to understand all modern developments that have been made in the field.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Metal Oxide Semiconductors: State-of-the-Art and New Challenges 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 n-Type Metal Oxide Semiconductors 1 1.2.1 ZnO 1 1.2.2 SnO2 3 1.2.3 In2O3 3 1.2.4 TiO2 4 1.2.5 Ga2O3 5 1.3 p-Type Metal Oxide Semiconductors 5 1.3.1 Copper Oxides (CuO/Cu2O) 5 1.3.2 SnO 6 1.3.3 NiOx 7 2 Fabrication Techniques and Principles 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Vacuum-Based Methods 15 2.2.1 Sputtering 16 2.2.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 18 2.2.3 Evaporation 21 2.3 Solution-Based Methods 23 2.3.1 0D Oxide Semiconductors 23 2.3.2 1D Oxide Semiconductors 26 2.3.3 2D Oxide Semiconductors 29 2.3.4 3D Oxide Semiconductors 31 3 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Diodes 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 P–N Heterojunction Diodes 39 3.2.1 Representative Devices 40 3.2.2 Applications 42 3.3 Schottky Diodes 44 3.3.1 Working Mechanisms 45 3.3.2 ZnO Schottky Diodes 46 3.3.3 IGZO Schottky Diodes 49 3.3.4 Ga2O3 Schottky Diodes 51 3.4 Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Diodes 52 3.4.1 MIS Schottky Diodes 53 3.4.2 MIS Tunneling Diodes 56 3.4.3 Applications 57 3.5 Self-Switching Diodes 59 4 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Transistors 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Device Structures and Mechanisms 68 4.3 N-Type TFTs 72 4.3.1 History Overview 72 4.3.2 Composition 74 4.3.3 Low Power Consumption 76 4.3.4 Stability 81 4.3.5 Solution-Based TFTs 84 4.4 P-Type TFTs 89 4.4.1 Copper Oxides 89 4.4.2 Tin Monoxide 92 4.4.3 Nickel Oxide 96 4.5 Circuit Applications 98 4.5.1 Oxide NMOS/PMOS 98 4.5.2 Oxide CMOS 101 5 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Sensors 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Metal Oxide-Based Gas Sensors 115 5.2.1 Mechanisms of Gas Sensors 116 5.2.2 VOCs Detection 125 5.2.3 Environmental Pollution Gas Detection 131 5.2.4 Humidity Detection 139 5.2.5 Explosives Detection 141 5.2.6 ChemicalWarfare Agent Detection 146 5.3 Metal Oxide-Based Pressure Sensors 148 5.3.1 Working Mechanisms and Performance Characterizations 148 5.3.2 ZnO-Based Pressure Sensors 151 5.3.3 Other Pressure Sensors 152 5.4 Metal Oxide-Based pH Sensors 153 5.4.1 Working Mechanisms and Performance Characterizations 153 5.4.2 Potentiometric PH Sensors 154 5.4.3 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor PH Sensors 155 5.4.4 Chemiresistive/Conductimetric pH Sensors 156 6 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Cells 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Solar Cell Principles 172 6.3 Metal Oxide Solar Cells 173 6.3.1 Cu2O Solar Cells 173 6.3.2 CuO Solar Cells 179 6.3.3 Co3O4 Solar Cells 180 6.4 Metal Oxide Functional Layers in Solar Cells 181 6.4.1 Metal Oxide Photoelectrodes in DSSCs 181 6.4.1.1 TiO2 Electrodes 183 6.4.1.2 ZnO Electrodes 186 6.4.1.3 Nb2O5 Electrodes 189 6.4.2 Metal Oxide Carrier Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 191 6.4.2.1 TiO2 ETLs 193 6.4.2.2 SnO2 ETLs 194 6.4.2.3 ZnO ETLs 195 6.4.2.4 MOs HTLs 197 7 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Ultraviolet Photodetectors 211 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 Device Structures of UV Photodetectors 212 7.2.1 Photoconductors 212 7.2.2 Schottky Photodiodes 214 7.2.3 MSM Photodetectors 214 7.2.4 p-(i)-n Photodiodes 215 7.2.5 Avalanche Photodiodes 216 7.2.6 Phototransistors 216 7.3 Important Parameters of UV Photodetectors 217 7.4 Materials and Performance of UV Photodetectors 218 7.4.1 ZnO-Based UV Photodetectors 218 7.4.2 Ga2O3-Based UV Photodetectors 222 7.4.3 TiO2-Based UV Photodetectors 228 7.4.4 WO3-Based UV Photodetectors 231 7.4.5 SnO2-Based UV Photodetectors 232 7.4.6 Other Metal-Oxide UV Photodetectors 234 7.5 Conclusion and Outlooks 237 8 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Memory Applications 245 8.1 Introduction 245 8.2 Resistive Random-Access Memory 245 8.2.1 Resistive Switching Mechanisms 246 8.2.2 Performance Characterization 248 8.2.3 Representative Devices 249 8.3 Transistor-Structured Memory Devices 254 8.3.1 Working Mechanisms 254 8.3.2 Representative Devices 256 8.4 Other Memory Devices 262 References 267 Index 273

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Book SynopsisPerovskite Light Emitting Diodes An introduction to revolutionary display technology Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes, commonly referred to as Pe-LEDs, leverage a perovskite nanocrystal core to engender a luminous and efficient diode, holding the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in the realm of display technology. In recent times, Pe-LEDs have garnered substantial industrial interest due to their intrinsic capability to exhibit a diverse array of colors with exceptional fidelity, their operation at low voltage thresholds, and their straightforward structural composition. The prospective implications for enabling cost-effective, heightened-performance flat-panel displays as well as flexible display solutions remain notably profound. Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes: Materials and Devices presents a comprehensive and insightful overview of these diodes and their multifaceted applications. Commencing with an incisive exploration of the historical trajectory of this technology, alongside a delineation of its foundational materials and intricate device architectures, this compendium provides a gateway into both contemporaneous state-of-the-art deployments and the vanguard of ongoing research endeavors directed towards charting future advancements. Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes readers will also find: Stability analysis for different Pe-LED devices, a key aspect of creating physical displays Authorship by an established expert in organic electronics Detailed discussion of perovskite preparation methods including ultrasonic, solvent heat, thermal injection, and many more Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes is ideal for materials scientists, electrical engineers, solid state chemists, solid state physicists, inorganic chemists, and any researchers or engineers working with display technology.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Structure and Physical Properties of Metal Halide Perovskites 1 1.1 Crystal Structure of Perovskite Materials 1 1.2 Exciton Effects in Perovskite Materials 2 1.2.1 Definition of an Exciton 2 1.2.2 Self-Trapping Excitons in Perovskite Materials 3 1.3 Size Effect of Perovskite Materials 5 1.4 Luminescence Properties of Perovskite Materials 7 1.4.1 Photon Generation in Perovskite Materials 8 1.4.2 Photophysical Processes and Efficiency Calculations of Perovskite Luminescence 10 1.4.3 Non-radiative Combination Mechanisms at Surfaces and Interfaces 13 1.5 Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes 16 1.5.1 Device Structure of the Perovskite Light Emitting Diode 16 1.5.2 Physical Parameters of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 18 1.5.3 Device Performance Development of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 20 1.6 Summary 23 2 Synthesis and Preparation of Perovskite Materials 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Perovskite Materials Structures 36 2.2.1 3D Halide Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes 36 2.2.2 Layered Halide Perovskite Materials 36 2.2.3 Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots/Nanocrystals 40 2.2.4 Commercial Prospects of Perovskite Materials 43 2.3 Preparation of Perovskite Nanomaterials 46 2.3.1 Mechanochemical Method 46 2.3.2 Ultrasonic Method 47 2.3.3 Microwave Method 49 2.3.4 Solvent Heat Method 50 2.3.5 Thermal Injection Method 51 2.3.6 Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation 60 2.3.7 Ion Exchange Method 67 2.3.8 Laser Etching Method 68 2.4 Processing Technology for Large-Area Perovskite Films 69 2.4.1 Spin Coating Method 69 2.4.2 Vacuum Thermal Vapor Deposition Method 70 2.4.3 Printing Method 71 2.4.4 Vapor -Phase Deposition Method 71 2.4.5 Spraying Method 74 2.4.6 Template Method 75 2.4.7 Non-Template Method 75 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook 76 3 Near-Infrared Perovskite Light-Emitting Devices 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Progress in Near-Infrared Perovskite Luminescence Materials 84 3.3 Near-Infrared Perovskite Luminescent Materials 86 3.3.1 Methylamine Lead Iodide (MAPbI3) 86 3.3.2 NIR-Emitting Materials Based on Perovskite 88 3.4 Strategies to Improve the Performance of NIR Perovskite Devices 90 3.4.1 NIR Perovskite Material Optimization 91 3.4.1.1 Near-InfraredWavelength Adjustment 91 3.4.1.2 Multiple QuantumWell Structure 94 3.4.1.3 Molecular Passivation 95 3.4.2 Device Structure Optimization 96 3.5 Conclusion and Outlook 98 4 Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Materials and Devices 103 4.1 The Development History of Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Diodes 103 4.2 Red Emission Perovskite Materials 105 4.2.1 Typical Red Emission Perovskite Material CsPbI3 105 4.2.2 Other Red Emission Perovskite Materials 107 4.2.2.1 Other ABX3 and Hybridized ABX3-Type Materials 107 4.2.2.2 Double Perovskite 110 4.2.3 Red Emission Perovskite Synthesis 111 4.2.3.1 Synthesis of Nanocrystals 111 4.2.3.2 Synthesis of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Films 112 4.2.4 Optimization Strategies of Red Perovskite Materials 113 4.2.4.1 Doping 113 4.2.4.2 Surface Passivation 114 4.2.4.3 Multiple QuantumWell Structure 115 4.2.4.4 Ligand Engineering 116 4.2.4.5 Additive Engineering 117 4.3 Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Diodes 117 4.3.1 Device Structure and Common Materials for Each Functional Layer 117 4.3.2 Device Optimization Strategy 118 4.3.2.1 Energy Level Regulation 119 4.3.2.2 Light Extraction Technology 119 4.3.2.3 Interface Treatment Method 119 4.4 Conclusion and Outlook 120 5 Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Materials and Devices 129 5.1 History of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 129 5.2 Green Light Perovskite Materials 132 5.2.1 Pure Inorganic Perovskite Materials 134 5.2.2 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials 136 5.2.3 Synthesis of Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Materials 137 5.3 Development of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 140 5.3.1 Structure of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode Devices 140 5.3.2 Quantum Dot Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 141 5.3.3 Nanocrystalline Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 142 5.3.4 Quasi-2D Ruddlesden–Popper Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 146 5.4 Factors Affecting the External Quantum Efficiency of Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Diodes 146 5.4.1 Aspects of Materials 146 5.4.2 Aspects of the Device Structure 147 5.5 Strategies for Improving the External Quantum Efficiency of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 147 5.5.1 Ligand Engineering 147 5.5.2 Crystal Engineering 150 5.5.3 Surface Engineering 151 5.5.4 Passivation Engineering 153 5.5.5 Optimization of the Device Structure 155 5.6 Other Properties of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 158 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 161 6 Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Materials and Devices 169 6.1 Technology Development of Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 169 6.2 Blueshift Strategy 171 6.3 Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Materials 175 6.3.1 Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Materials with a Quasi-two-dimensional Structure 175 6.3.1.1 Development of New Bulky Cations 176 6.3.1.2 Mixing of Bulky Cations 181 6.3.1.3 Cationic Doping 181 6.3.2 Blue Light Perovskite Nanocrystals or Quantum Dot Materials 183 6.4 Synthesis and Use of New Long-Chain Ligands 183 6.5 Surface Modification of Nanostructures 184 6.6 Optimization of the Internal Structure 186 6.7 Process for the Preparation of Blue Light-Emitting Layers 190 6.7.1 Preparation of Three-Dimensional and Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite Films 190 6.7.2 Preparation of Nano-Microcrystalline Precursors 191 6.8 Device Performance Optimization and Interface Engineering 191 6.8.1 Passivation of Film Defects 191 6.8.2 Selection and Optimization of Hole and Electron Injection Layers 192 6.8.3 Interface Engineering 193 6.9 Optimization of Device Stability 195 6.9.1 Lifetime of Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Diodes 195 6.9.2 Optimization of Efficiency Stability in Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 196 6.9.3 Light Color Stability Optimization 198 6.10 Conclusion and Outlook 199 7 Effect of Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Light-Emitting Materials 205 7.1 Metal Ion Doping Effect 207 7.1.1 Effect of A-site Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Materials 208 7.1.2 Effect of B-site Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Materials 210 7.2 Metal Ion-Doped Materials and Devices 212 7.2.1 Near-infrared Optical Perovskite Materials 212 7.2.2 Red Light Perovskite Materials 214 7.2.3 Green Light Perovskite Materials 216 7.2.4 Blue-Light Perovskite Materials 218 7.3 Metal Ion Doping Methods 220 7.3.1 Post-synthesis Ion Exchange Methods 220 7.3.2 Colloidal Synthesis Methods 221 7.3.3 The Thermal Injection Methods 223 7.3.4 High Temperature Solid-state Synthesis Methods 223 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 224 8 Non-lead Metal Halide Perovskite Materials 231 8.1 Development History of Non-lead Blue Perovskite Materials 231 8.2 Preparation of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 234 8.3 Types of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 236 8.3.1 Tin-Based Perovskites Materials 236 8.3.2 Bismuth-Based Metal Halide Materials 238 8.3.3 Antimony-Based Metal Halide Materials 241 8.3.4 Copper-Based Metal Halide Materials 241 8.3.5 Europium-Based Metal Halide Materials 243 8.3.6 Bimetallic Cationic Halide Perovskites Materials 243 8.4 Methods for Optimizing the Fluorescence Quantum Efficiency of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 247 8.4.1 Surface Passivation 247 8.4.2 Selection of Solvents and Undesirable Solvents 248 8.4.3 Doping 248 8.5 Conclusion and Outlook 251 9 Perovskite White Light-emitting Materials and Devices 255 9.1 Background ofWPeLED 255 9.2 Down-conversion Method 257 9.3 Full Electroluminescent PeLEDs 261 9.3.1 Yellow Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 261 9.3.1.1 Zero-dimensional Sn-doped Halide Perovskites 261 9.3.1.2 2D (C18H35NH3)2SnBr4 Perovskite 263 9.3.1.3 Colloidal Undoped and Double-doped Cs2AgInCl6 Nanocrystals 263 9.3.1.4 Introducing Separated Emitting Centers 264 9.3.2 Progress in the Research of Sky-Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 266 9.4 Single White Light Perovskite Materials and Self-trapped Excitons 271 9.4.1 Single White Light Perovskite Materials 271 9.4.1.1 (110) Perovskite with Corrugated Inorganic Layers 271 9.4.1.2 (001) Perovskite with Flat Inorganic Layers 274 9.4.2 Self-trapped Excitons 274 9.5 Perovskite–Organic Coupling White PeLEDs 278 9.6 Others 281 9.7 Conclusion and Outlook 281 10 Electron and Hole Transport Materials 285 10.1 Background of Charge Transport Materials 285 10.1.1 Charge Transport of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials 286 10.1.2 Charge Transport Materials in PeLED 288 10.2 Electron Transport Materials in PeLEDs 289 10.2.1 Inorganic Oxides Electron Transport Materials 289 10.2.2 Inorganically Doped Electron Transport Materials 292 10.2.3 Organic Monolayer Electron Transport Materials 292 10.2.4 Organic Multilayer Electron Transport Materials 292 10.2.5 Doped Organic Electron Transport Materials 293 10.2.6 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Electron Transport Materials 294 10.3 Hole Transport Materials in PeLEDs 294 10.4 Progress in the Study of Hole Transport Layers and Hole Injection Layers n Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes 295 10.4.1 PVK-Doped TPD, TCTA 296 10.4.2 PEDOT:PSS After Methanol Treatment 297 10.4.3 TB(MA) Instead of PEDOT:PSS 299 10.4.4 PSS-Doped Na 300 10.4.5 PVK-Doped NiOx 300 10.4.6 Quantum Dot Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes: PVK-Doped PTAA 300 10.4.7 PVK Blended with PBD 301 10.4.8 Double HTLs with PVK and TFB 302 10.4.9 Polyfluorenylbenzene Anion-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Counter Ions 303 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 305 11 Stability of Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 311 11.1 Sources of Instability in Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 311 11.1.1 Intrinsic Instability of PeLEDs 312 11.1.2 Extrinsic Instability of PeLEDs 313 11.2 Analysis of the Current Stability of Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 314 11.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency Roll-off 315 11.4 Strategies for Dealing with Efficiency Roll-off 319 11.4.1 Perovskite Structure Modulation 319 11.4.2 Hole Injection Layer Modulation 321 11.4.3 Electron Injection Layer Modulation 323 11.5 Conclusion and Outlook 326 12 Perovskite Materials for Laser Applications 331 12.1 Physics Principles of Laser 331 12.2 Perovskite Laser for Different Morphologies 335 12.2.1 Laser of Perovskite Films 335 12.2.2 Laser of Perovskite Nanowires 337 12.2.3 Laser of Perovskite Nanoplates and Microplates 339 12.2.4 Laser of Perovskite Nanocrystals or Quantum Dots 341 12.3 Conclusion and Outlook 342 References 343 Index 349

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive understanding of a wide range of systems and topics in electrochemistry This book offers complete coverage of electrochemical theories as they pertain to the understanding of electrochemical systems. It describes the foundations of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and transport phenomenaincluding the electrical potential and charged species. It also shows how to apply electrochemical principles to systems analysis and mathematical modeling. Using these tools, the reader will be able to model mathematically any system of interest and realize quantitative descriptions of the processes involved. This brand new edition of Electrochemical Systems updates all chapters while adding content on lithium battery electrolyte characterization and polymer electrolytes. It also includes a new chapter on impedance spectroscopy. Presented in 4 sections, the book covers: Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells, Electrode Kinetics and Other InterfTable of ContentsPreface To The Fourth Edition xv Preface To The Third Edition xvii Preface To The Second Edition xix Preface To The First Edition xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 2 1.2 Thermodynamics and Potential 3 1.3 Kinetics and Rates of Reaction 6 1.4 Transport 8 1.5 Concentration Overpotential and the Diffusion Potential 15 1.6 Overall Cell Potential 18 Problems 20 Notation 21 Part A Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells 23 2 Thermodynamics In Terms of Electrochemical Potentials 25 2.1 Phase Equilibrium 25 2.2 Chemical Potential and Electrochemical Potential 27 2.3 Definition of Some Thermodynamic Functions 30 2.4 Cell with Solution of Uniform Concentration 36 2.5 Transport Processes in Junction Regions 39 2.6 Cell with a Single Electrolyte of Varying Concentration 40 2.7 Cell with Two Electrolytes, One of Nearly Uniform Concentration 44 2.8 Cell with Two Electrolytes, Both of Varying Concentration 47 2.9 Lithium–Lithium Cell With Two Polymer Electrolytes 49 2.10 Standard Cell Potential and Activity Coefficients 50 2.11 Pressure Dependence of Activity Coefficients 58 2.12 Temperature Dependence of Cell Potentials 59 Problems 61 Notation 68 References 70 3 The Electric Potential 71 3.1 The Electrostatic Potential 71 3.2 Intermolecular Forces 74 3.3 Outer and Inner Potentials 76 3.4 Potentials of Reference Electrodes 77 3.5 The Electric Potential in Thermodynamics 78 Notation 79 References 80 4 Activity Coefficients 81 4.1 Ionic Distributions in Dilute Solutions 81 4.2 Electrical Contribution to the Free Energy 84 4.3 Shortcomings of the Debye–Hückel Model 87 4.4 Binary Solutions 89 4.5 Multicomponent Solutions 92 4.6 Measurement of Activity Coefficients 94 4.7 Weak Electrolytes 96 Problems 99 Notation 103 References 104 5 Reference Electrodes 107 5.1 Criteria for Reference Electrodes 107 5.2 Experimental Factors Affecting Selection of Reference Electrodes 109 5.3 The Hydrogen Electrode 110 5.4 The Calomel Electrode and Other Mercury–Mercurous Salt Electrodes 112 5.5 The Mercury–Mercuric Oxide Electrode 114 5.6 Silver–Silver Halide Electrodes 114 5.7 Potentials Relative to a Given Reference Electrode 116 Notation 119 References 120 6 Potentials of Cells With Junctions 121 6.1 Nernst Equation 121 6.2 Types of Liquid Junctions 122 6.3 Formulas for Liquid-Junction Potentials 123 6.4 Determination of Concentration Profiles 124 6.5 Numerical Results 124 6.6 Cells with Liquid Junction 128 6.7 Error in the Nernst Equation 129 6.8 Potentials Across Membranes 131 6.9 Charged Membranes Immersed in an Electrolytic Solution 131 Problems 135 Notation 138 References 138 Part B Electrode Kinetics and Other Interfacial Phenomena 141 7 Structure of The Electric Double Layer 143 7.1 Qualitative Description of Double Layers 143 7.2 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 148 7.3 The Lippmann Equation 151 7.4 The Diffuse Part of the Double Layer 155 7.5 Capacity of the Double Layer in the Absence of Specific Adsorption 160 7.6 Specific Adsorption at an Electrode–Solution Interface 161 Problems 161 Notation 164 References 165 8 Electrode Kinetics 167 8.1 Heterogeneous Electrode Reactions 167 8.2 Dependence of Current Density on Surface Overpotential 169 8.3 Models for Electrode Kinetics 170 8.4 Effect of Double-Layer Structure 185 8.5 The Oxygen Electrode 187 8.6 Methods of Measurement 192 8.7 Simultaneous Reactions 193 Problems 195 Notation 199 References 200 9 Electrokinetic Phenomena 203 9.1 Discontinuous Velocity at an Interface 203 9.2 Electro-Osmosis and the Streaming Potential 205 9.3 Electrophoresis 213 9.4 Sedimentation Potential 215 Problems 216 Notation 218 References 219 10 Electrocapillary Phenomena 221 10.1 Dynamics of Interfaces 221 10.2 Electrocapillary Motion of Mercury Drops 222 10.3 Sedimentation Potentials for Falling Mercury Drops 224 Notation 224 References 225 Part C Transport Processes In Electrolytic Solutions 227 11 Infinitely Dilute Solutions 229 11.1 Transport Laws 229 11.2 Conductivity, Diffusion Potentials, and Transference Numbers 232 11.3 Conservation of Charge 233 11.4 The Binary Electrolyte 233 11.5 Supporting Electrolyte 236 11.6 Multicomponent Diffusion by Elimination of the Electric Field 237 11.7 Mobilities and Diffusion Coefficients 238 11.8 Electroneutrality and Laplace’S Equation 240 11.9 Moderately Dilute Solutions 242 Problems 244 Notation 247 References 247 12 Concentrated Solutions 249 12.1 Transport Laws 249 12.2 The Binary Electrolyte 251 12.3 Reference Velocities 252 12.4 The Potential 253 12.5 Connection with Dilute-Solution Theory 256 12.6 Example Calculation Using Concentrated Solution Theory 257 12.7 Multicomponent Transport 259 12.8 Liquid-Junction Potentials 262 Problems 263 Notation 264 References 266 13 Thermal Effects 267 13.1 Thermal Diffusion 268 13.2 Heat Generation, Conservation, and Transfer 270 13.3 Heat Generation at an Interface 272 13.4 Thermogalvanic Cells 274 13.5 Concluding Statements 276 Problems 277 Notation 279 References 280 14 Transport Properties 283 14.1 Infinitely Dilute Solutions 283 14.2 Solutions of a Single Salt 283 14.3 Mixtures of Polymers and Salts 286 14.4 Types of Transport Properties and Their Number 295 14.5 Integral Diffusion Coefficients for Mass Transfer 296 Problem 298 Notation 298 References 299 15 Fluid Mechanics 301 15.1 Mass and Momentum Balances 301 15.2 Stress in a Newtonian Fluid 302 15.3 Boundary Conditions 303 15.4 Fluid Flow to a Rotating Disk 304 15.5 Magnitude of Electrical Forces 307 15.6 Turbulent Flow 310 15.7 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 314 15.8 Dissipation Theorem for Turbulent Pipe Flow 316 Problem 318 Notation 319 References 321 Part D Current Distribution and Mass Transfer In Electrochemical Systems 323 16 Fundamental Equations 327 16.1 Transport in Dilute Solutions 327 16.2 Electrode Kinetics 328 Notation 329 17 Convective-Transport Problems 331 17.1 Simplifications for Convective Transport 331 17.2 The Rotating Disk 332 17.3 The Graetz Problem 335 17.4 The Annulus 340 17.5 Two-Dimensional Diffusion Layers in Laminar Forced Convection 344 17.6 Axisymmetric Diffusion Layers in Laminar Forced Convection 345 17.7 A Flat Plate in a Free Stream 346 17.8 Rotating Cylinders 347 17.9 Growing Mercury Drops 349 17.10 Free Convection 349 17.11 Combined Free and Forced Convection 351 17.12 Limitations of Surface Reactions 352 17.13 Binary and Concentrated Solutions 353 Problems 354 Notation 359 References 360 18 Applications of Potential Theory 365 18.1 Simplifications For Potential-Theory Problems 366 18.2 Primary Current Distribution 367 18.3 Secondary Current Distribution 370 18.4 Numerical Solution by Finite Differences 374 18.5 Principles of Cathodic Protection 375 Problems 389 Notation 396 References 397 19 Effect of Migration On Limiting Currents 399 19.1 Analysis 400 19.2 Correction Factor for Limiting Currents 402 19.3 Concentration Variation of Supporting Electrolyte 404 19.4 Role of Bisulfate Ions 409 19.5 Paradoxes with Supporting Electrolyte 413 19.6 Limiting Currents for Free Convection 417 Problems 423 Notation 424 References 426 20 Concentration Overpotential 427 20.1 Definition 427 20.2 Binary Electrolyte 429 20.3 Supporting Electrolyte 430 20.4 Calculated Values 430 Problems 431 Notation 432 References 433 21 Currents Below The Limiting Current 435 21.1 The Bulk Medium 436 21.2 The Diffusion Layers 437 21.3 Boundary Conditions and Method of Solution 438 21.4 Results for the Rotating Disk 440 Problems 444 Notation 446 References 447 22 Porous Electrodes 449 22.1 Macroscopic Description of Porous Electrodes 450 22.2 Nonuniform Reaction Rates 457 22.3 Mass Transfer 462 22.4 Battery Simulation 463 22.5 Double-Layer Charging and Adsorption 477 22.6 Flow-Through Electrochemical Reactors 478 Problems 482 Notation 484 References 486 23 Semiconductor Electrodes 489 23.1 Nature of Semiconductors 490 23.2 Electric Capacitance at the Semiconductor–Solution Interface 499 23.3 Liquid-Junction Solar Cell 502 23.4 Generalized Interfacial Kinetics 506 23.5 Additional Aspects 509 Problems 513 Notation 514 References 516 24 Impedance 517 24.1 Frequency Dispersion at a Disk Electrode 519 24.2 Modulated Flow With a Disk Electrode 522 24.3 Porous Electrodes for Batteries 526 24.4 Kramers–Kronig Relation 528 Problems 530 Notation 531 References 532 Appendix A Partial Molar Volumes 535 Appendix B Vectors and Tensors 537 Appendix C Numerical Solution of Coupled, Ordinary Differential Equations 543 Index 567

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Book SynopsisA fully updated new edition of the bible of model rocketry and the official handbook of the National Association of Rocketry G. Harry Stine was one of the founders of model rocketry and one of its most accomplished and respected figures. His Handbook of Model Rocketry has long been recognized as the most authoritative and reliable resource in the field. Now fully updated and expanded by Harry''s son Bill Stine, who inherited his father''s passion for model rockets, the new Seventh Edition includes the many changes in the hobby that have occurred since the last edition was published, such as new types of rockets, motors, and electronic payloads, plus computer software and Internet resources. This new edition also includes new photos and a new chapter on high-power rocketry. G. Harry Stine, founder and one-time president of the National Association of Rocketry, started the world''s first model rocket company, whose kits are now in the Smithsonian. Bill Stine, also a model rocket exTable of ContentsPreface to the Seventh Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. This Is Model Rocketry. 2. Getting Started. 3. Tools and Techniques in the Workshop. 4. Model Rocket Construction. 5. Model Rocket Motors. 6. Ignition and Ignition Systems. 7. Launchers and Launching Techniques. 8. How High Will It Go? 9. Stability. 10. Model Rocket Aerodynamics. 11. Multistage Model Rockets. 12. Recovery Devices. 13. Glide Recovery. 14. Building and Flying Large Models. 15. Payloads. 16. Scale Models. 17. Altitude Determination. 18. Model Rocket Ranges. 19. Clubs and Contests. 20. Where Do I Go from Here? Epilogue. Bibliography. Appendix I: Important Addresses. Appendix II: Model Rocket CP Calculation. Appendix III: Rocket Altitude Simulation: Computer Program RASP-93. Appendix IV: Static Stability Calculation: Computer Program STABCAL-2. Appendix V: The Triple-T rack Tracker. Appendix VI: Two-Station Alt-Azimuth Tracking Data Reduction Program MRDR-2. Appendix VII: Three-Station Elevation-Angle-Only Tracking Data Reduction Tables. Appendix VIII: Sample NAR Section Bylaws. Index.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Write powerful, custom macros for CATIA V5CATIA V5 Macro Programming with Visual Basic Script shows you, step by step, how to create your own macros that automate repetitive tasks, accelerate design procedures, and automatically generate complex geometries. Filled with full-color screenshots and illustrations, this practical guide walks you through the entire process of writing, storing, and executing reusable macros for CATIA V5. Sample Visual Basic Script code accompanies the bookâs hands-on exercises and real-world case studies demonstrate key concepts and best practices. Coverage includes: CATIA V5 macro programming basics Communication with the environment Elements of CATParts and CATProducts 2D wireframTable of ContentsCh 1. BasicsCh 2. Communication with the EnvironmentCh 3. Elements of CATPartsCh 4. Elements of CATProductsCh 5. 2D Wireframe (Sketches)Ch 6. 3D Wireframe Geometry and SurfacesCh 7. Solid FeaturesCh 8. Description of Object ClassesCh 9. Description of VBScript Commands

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Book SynopsisMore energy from the sun strikes Earth in an hour than is consumed by humans in an entire year. Efficiently harnessing solar power for sustainable generation of hydrogen requires low-cost, purpose-built, functional materials combined with inexpensive large-scale manufacturing methods. These issues are comprehensively addressed in On Solar Hydrogen & Nanotechnology an authoritative, interdisciplinary source of fundamental and applied knowledge in all areas related to solar hydrogen. Written by leading experts, the book emphasizes state-of-the-art materials and characterization techniques as well as the impact of nanotechnology on this cutting edge field. Addresses the current status and prospects of solar hydrogen, including major achievements, performance benchmarks, technological limitations, and crucial remaining challenges Covers the latest advances in fundamental understanding and development in photocatalytic reactions, semiconductor nanostructures and hTrade Review"I find that this work contains solid in-depth science, and goes far beyond "trendy" issues. I can recommend this collection to interested readers." (Angewandte Chemie, 2010) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Editor Biography. PART ONE-FUNDAMENTALS, MODELING, AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS FOR DIRECT SOLAR HYDROGEN GENERATION. 1 Solar Hydrogen Production by Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: The Promise and Challenge (Eric L. Miller). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Hydrogen or Hype? 1.3 Solar Pathways to Hydrogen. 1.4 Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting. 1.5 The Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface. 1.6 Photoelectrode Implementations. 1.7 The PEC Challenge. 1.8 Facing the Challenge: Current PEC Materials Research. Acknowledgments. References. 2 Modeling and Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactions at TiO2 Surfaces (Hideyuki Kamisaka and Koichi Yamashita). 2.1 Importance of Theoretical Studies on TiO2 Systems. 2.2 Doped TiO2 Systems: Carbon and Niobium Doping. 2.3 Surface Hydroxyl Groups and the Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of TiO2. Conversion. 2.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. 2.5 Future Directions: Ab Initio Simulations and the Local Excited States on TiO2. Acknowledgments. References. 3 Photocatalytic Reactions on Model Single Crystal TiO2 Surfaces (G.I.N. Waterhouse and H. Idriss). 3.1 TiO2 Single-Crystal Surfaces. 3.2 Photoreactions Over Semiconductor Surfaces. 3.3 Ethanol Reactions Over TiO2(110) Surface. 3.4 Photocatalysis and Structure Sensitivity. 3.5 Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Over Au/TiO2 Catalysts. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Fundamental Reactions on Rutile TiO2(110) Model Photocatalysts Studied by High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Stefan Wendt, Ronnie T. Vang, and Flemming Besenbacher). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Geometric Structure and Defects of the Rutile TiO2 (110) Surface. 4.3 Reactions of Water with Oxygen Vacancies. 4.4 Splitting of Paired H Adatoms and Other Reactions Observed on Partly Water Covered TiO2(110). 4.5 O2 Dissociation and the Role of Ti Interstitials. 4.6 Intermediate Steps of the Reaction Between O2 and H Adatoms and the Role of Coadsorbed Water. 4.7 Bonding of Gold Nanoparticles on TiO2(110) in Different Oxidation States. 4.8 Summary and Outlook. References. PART TWO-ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ENERGETICS, AND TRANSPORT DYNAMICS OF PHOTOCATALYST NANOSTRUCTURES. 5 Electronic Structure Study of Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxides Using Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy (Jinghua Guo, Per-Anders Glans, Yi-Sheng Liu, and Chinglin Chang). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. 5.3 Experiment Set-Up. 5.4 Results and Discussion. Acknowledgments. References. 6 X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Oxide Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production (Clemens Heske, Lothar Weinhardt, and Marcus B€ar). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Soft X-Ray and Electron Spectroscopies. 6.3 Electronic Surface-Level Positions of WO3 Thin Films. 6.4 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy of ZnO:Zn3N2 Thin Films. 6.5 In Situ Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Brief Outlook. 6.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Applications of X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Photocatalysis for Hydrogen Generation (Lin X. Chen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (XTA). 7.3 Tracking Electronic and Nuclear Configurations in Photoexcited Metalloporphyrins. 7.4 Tracking Metal-Center Oxidation States in the MLCT State of Metal Complexes. 7.5 Tracking Transient Metal Oxidation States During Hydrogen Generation. 7.6 Prospects and Challenges in Future Studies. Acknowledgments. References. 8 Fourier-Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts (Lars Osterlund). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy on TiO2 Photocatalysts: Experimental Considerations. 8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. 8.4 Gas-Solid Photocatalytic Reactions Probed by FTIR Spectroscopy. 8.5 Model Gas-Solid Reactions on Pure and Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy. 8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 9 Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions in CdS Quantum Dot Sensitized TiO2 Nanocrystalline Electrodes (Yasuhiro Tachibana). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Nanomaterials. 9.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. 9.4 Controlling Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions by Nanomaterial Design. 9.5 Application of QD-Sensitized Metal-Oxide Semiconductors to Solar Hydrogen Production. 9.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. PART THREE-DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED NANOSTRUCTURES FOR EFFICIENT SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM CLASSICAL .LARGE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS. 10 Ordered Titanium Dioxide Nanotubular Arrays as Photoanodes for Hydrogen Generation (M. Misra and K.S. Raja). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Crystal Structure of TiO2. References. 11 Electrodeposition of Nanostructured ZnO Films and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties (Torsten Oekermann). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition. 11.3 Electrodeposition of Metal Oxides and Other Compounds. 11.4 Electrodeposition of Zinc Oxide. 11.5 Electrodeposition of One- and Two-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures. 11.6 Use of Additives in ZnO Electrodeposition. 11.7 Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties. 11.8 Photocatalytic Properties. 11.9 Outlook. References. 12 Nanostructured Thin-Film WO3 Photoanodes for Solar Water and Sea-Water Splitting (Bruce D. Alexander and Jan Augustynski). 12.1 Historical Context. 12.2 Macrocrystalline WO3 Films. 12.3 Limitations of Macroscopic WO3. 12.4 Nanostructured Films. 12.5 Tailoring WO3 Films Through a Modified Chimie Douce Synthetic Route. 12.6 Surface Reactions at Nanocrystalline WO3 Electrodes. 12.7 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 13 Nanostructured a-Fe2O3 in PEC Generation of Hydrogen (Vibha R. Satsangi, Sahab Dass, and Rohit Shrivastav). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 a-Fe2O3. 13.3 Nanostructured a-Fe2O3 Photoelectrodes. 13.5 Efficiency and Hydrogen Production. 13.6 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. PART FOUR-NEW DESIGN AND APPROACHES TO BANDGAP PROFILING AND VISIBLE-LIGHT-ACTIVE NANOSTRUCTURES. 14 Photoelectrocatalyst Discovery Using High-Throughput Methods and Combinatorial Chemistry (Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein, Peng Zhang, Yongsheng Hu, and Eric W. McFarland). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Use of High-Throughput and Combinatorial Methods for the Discovery and Optimization of Photoelectrocatalyst Material Systems. 14.3 Practical Methods of High-Throughput Synthesis of Photoelectrocatalysts. 14.4 Photocatalyst Screening and Characterization. 14.5 Specific Examples of High-Throughput Methodology Applied to Photoelectrocatalysts. 14.6 Summary and Outlook. References. 15 Multidimensional Nanostructures for Solar Water Splitting: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications (Abraham Wolcott and Jin Z. Zhang). 15.1 Motivation for Developing Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.2 Colloidal Methods for 0D Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis. 15.3 1D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.4 2D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 16 Nanoparticle-Assembled Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting (Frank E. Osterloh). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Two-Component Catalysts. 16.3 CdSe Nanoribbons as a Quantum-Confined Water-Splitting Catalyst. 16.4 Conclusion and Outlook. Acknowledgment. References. 17 Quantum-Confined Visible-Light-Active Metal-Oxide Nanostructures for Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Generation (Lionel Vayssieres). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Design of Advanced Semiconductor Nanostructures by Cost-Effective Technique. 17.3 Quantum Confinement Effects for Photovoltaics and Solar Hydrogen Generation. 17.4 Novel Cost-Effective Visible-Light-Active (Hetero)Nanostructures for Solar Hydrogen Generation. 17.5 Conclusion and Perspectives. References. 18 Effects of Metal-Ion Doping, Removal and Exchange on Photocatalytic Activity of Metal Oxides and Nitrides for Overall Water Splitting (Yasunobu Inoue). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Experimental Procedures. 18.3 Effects of Metal Ion Doping. 18.4 Effects of Metal-Ion Removal. 18.5 Effects of Metal-Ion Exchange on Photocatalysis. 18.6 Effects of Zn Addition to Indate and Stannate. 18.7 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 19 Supramolecular Complexes as Photoinitiated Electron Collectors: Applications in Solar Hydrogen Production (Shamindri M. Arachchige and Karen J. Brewer). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Supramolecular Complexes for Photoinitiated Electron Collection. 19.3 Conclusions. List of Abbreviations. Acknowledgments. References. PART FIVE-NEW DEVICES FOR SOLAR THERMAL HYDROGEN GENERATION. 20 Novel Monolithic Reactors for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting (Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos and Souzana Lorentzou). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Solar Hydrogen Production. 20.3 HYDROSOL Reactor. 20.4 HYDROSOL Process. 20.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 21 Solar Thermal and Efficient Solar Thermal/Electrochemical Photo Hydrogen Generation (Stuart Licht). 21.1 Comparison of Solar Hydrogen Processes. 21.2 STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of H2. 21.3 STEP Theory. 21.4 STEP Experiment: Efficient Solar Water Splitting. 21.5 NonHybrid Solar Thermal Processes. 21.6 Conclusions. References. Index

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Book SynopsisIn Sound Propagation: An Impedance Based Approach, Professor Yang-Hann Kim introduces acoustics and sound fields by using the concept of impedance. Kim starts with vibrations and waves, demonstrating how vibration can be envisaged as a kind of wave, mathematically and physically. One-dimensional waves are used to convey the fundamental concepts. Readers can then understand wave propagation in terms of characteristic and driving point impedance. The essential measures for acoustic waves, such as dB scale, octave scale, acoustic pressure, energy, and intensity, are explained. These measures are all realized by one-dimensional examples, which provide mathematically simplest but clear enough physical insights. Kim then moves on to explaining waves on a flat surface of discontinuity, demonstrating how propagation characteristics of waves change in space when there is a distributed impedance mismatch. Next is a chapter on radiation, scattering, and diffraction, where Kim shows how Trade Review"These measures are all illustrated by one-dimensional examples, which provide mathematically simplest but clear enough physical insights.... The bulk of the book is concerned with introducing fundamental concepts, but the appendices cover some additional topics to extend the learning." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Vibration and Waves. 1.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 1.2 From String Vibration to Wave. 1.3 One-dimensional Wave Equation. 1.4 Specific Impedance (Reflection and Transmission). 1.5 The Governing Equation of a String. 1.6 Forced Response of a String: Driving Point Impedance. 1.7 Wave Energy Propagation along a String. 1.8 Chapter Summary. 1.9 Essentials of Vibration and Waves. 1.9.1 Single- and Two-degree of Freedom Vibration Systems. 1.9.2 Fourier Series and Fourier Integral. 1.9.3 Wave Phenomena of Bar, Beam, Membrane, and Plate. Exercises. 2 Acoustic Wave Equation and Its Basic Physical Measures. 2.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 2.2 One-dimensional Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.3 Acoustic Intensity and Energy. 2.4 The Units of Sound. 2.5 Analysis Methods of Linear Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.6 Solutions of the Wave Equation. 2.7 Chapter Summary. 2.8 Essentials of Wave Equations and Basic Physical Measures. 2.8.1 Three-dimensional Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.8.2 Velocity Potential Function. 2.8.3 Complex Intensity. 2.8.4 Singular Sources. Exercises. 3 Waves on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 3.2 Normal Incidence on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.3 The Mass Law (Reflection and Transmission due to a Limp Wall). 3.4 Transmission Loss at a Partition. 3.5 Oblique Incidence (Snell’s Law). 3.6 Transmission and Reflection of an Infinite Plate. 3.7 The Reflection and Transmission of a Finite Structure. 3.8 Chapter Summary. 3.9 Essentials of Sound Waves on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.9.1 Locally Reacting Surface. 3.9.2 Transmission Loss by a Partition. 3.9.3 Transmission and Reflection in Layers. 3.9.4 Snell's Law When the Incidence Angle is Larger than the Critical Angle. 3.9.5 Transmission Coefficient of a Finite Plate. Exercises. 4 Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction. 4.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 4.2 Radiation of a Breathing Sphere and a Trembling Sphere. 4.3 Radiation from a Baffled Piston. 4.4 Radiation from a Finite Vibrating Plate. 4.5 Diffraction and Scattering. 4.6 Chapter Summary. 4.7 Essentials of Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction. 4.7.1 Definitions of Physical Quantities Representing Directivity. 4.7.2 The Radiated Sound Field from an Infinitely Baffled Circular Piston. 4.7.3 Sound Field at an Arbitrary Position Radiated by an Infinitely Baffled Circular Piston. 4.7.4 Understanding Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction Using the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz Integral Equation. 4.7.5 Scattered Sound Field Using the Rayleigh Integral Equation. 4.7.6 Theoretical Approach to Diffraction Phenomenon. Exercises. 5 Acoustics in a Closed Space. 5.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 5.2 Acoustic Characteristics of a Closed Space. 5.3 Theory for Acoustically Large Space (Sabine's theory). 5.4 Direct and Reverberant Field. 5.5 Analysis Methods for a Closed Space. 5.6 Characteristics of Sound in a Small Space. 5.7 Duct Acoustics. 5.8 Chapter Summary. 5.9 Essentials of Acoustics in a Closed Space. 5.9.1 Methods for Measuring Absorption Coefficient. 5.9.2 Various Reverberation Time Prediction Formulae. 5.9.3 Sound Pressure Distribution in Closed 3D Space Using Mode Function. 5.9.4 Analytic Solution of 1D Cavity Interior Field with Any Boundary Condition. 5.9.5 Helmholtz Resonator Array Panels. Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom the earliest days of aviation where the pilot would drop simple bombs by hand, to the highly agile, stealthy aircraft of today that can deliver smart ordnance with extreme accuracy, engineers have striven to develop the capability to deliver weapons against targets reliably, safely and with precision. Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons introduces the various aspects of weapons integration, primarily from the aircraft systems integration viewpoint, but also considers key parts of the weapon and the desired interactions with the aircraft required for successful target engagement. Key features: Addresses the broad range of subjects that relate directly to the systems integration of air-launched weapons with aircraft, such as the integration process, system and subsystemarchitectures, the essential contribution that open, international standards have onimproving interoperability and reducing integration costs and timescales <Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction to Weapons Integration 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Chapter Summaries 2 1.2.1 The Systems Integration Process 2 1.2.2 Stores Management System Design 2 1.2.3 The Global Positioning System 3 1.2.4 Weapon Initialisation and Targeting 3 1.2.5 The Role of Standardisation in Weapons Integration 3 1.2.6 Interface Management 4 1.2.7 A Weapons Integration Scenario 4 1.2.8 ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 5 1.2.9 Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 5 1.2.10 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration 6 1.3 Weapons 6 1.3.1 Types of Weapon 6 1.3.2 Targets 6 1.3.3 Weapon Requirements 7 1.3.4 Lethality 7 1.3.5 Precision 8 1.3.6 Stand-Off Range 10 1.3.7 Typical Weapon Configurations 11 1.3.8 Implications for the Launch Aircraft 11 1.4 Carriage Systems 14 1.4.1 Mechanical Attachments 14 1.4.2 Downward Ejection 14 1.4.3 Forward Firing 15 1.4.4 Multi-weapon Carriage Systems 15 Further Reading 16 2 An Introduction to the Integration Process 17 2.1 Chapter Summary 17 2.2 Introduction 17 2.3 The V-Diagram 18 2.4 Responsibilities 18 2.5 Safety 20 2.6 The Use of Requirements Management Tools in the Systems Engineering Process 24 2.7 Weapons Integration Requirements Capture 24 2.8 The Need for Unambiguous, Clear and Appropriate Requirements 26 2.9 Minimising Requirements 29 Further Reading 30 3 Requirements Analysis, Partitioning, Implementation in Aircraft Subsystems 31 3.1 Chapter Summary 31 3.2 Introduction 31 3.3 System Architecture 33 3.4 Requirements Decomposition 34 3.5 Requirements Partitioning 35 3.6 Subsystem Implementation 36 3.7 Maturity Reviews 37 3.8 Right-Hand Side of the V-Diagram 38 3.9 Proving Methods 38 3.10 Integration 41 3.11 Verification 42 3.12 Validation 42 3.13 The Safety Case and Certification 42 Further Reading 45 4 Armament Control System and Global Positioning System Design Issues 47 4.1 Chapter Summary 47 4.2 Stores Management System Design 48 4.2.1 SMS Design Requirements 48 4.2.2 Other System Components 50 4.2.3 Typical System Architectures 53 4.2.4 Training System 55 4.3 GPS: Aircraft System Design Issues 59 4.3.1 GPS Overview 59 4.3.2 Satellite Acquisition Concepts 64 4.3.3 Acquisition Strategies 65 4.3.4 GPS Signal Distribution 65 4.3.5 Aircraft Requirements 67 4.3.6 Aircraft Implementation Concepts 68 4.3.7 Cost of Complexity 70 Further Reading 70 5 Weapon Initialisation and Targeting 71 5.1 Chapter Summary 71 5.2 Targeting 71 5.3 Aiming of Ballistic Bombs 72 5.4 Aircraft/Weapon Alignment 73 5.5 Aiming of Smart Air-to-Ground Weapons 74 5.6 Air-to-Air Missiles 76 5.6.1 Sensors 76 5.6.2 Engagement Modes 77 5.6.3 Air-to-Air Weapons Training 78 Further Reading 79 6 Weapon Interface Standards 81 6.1 Chapter Summary 81 6.2 Benefits of Standardisation 81 6.3 MIL-STD-1760 AEIS 82 6.3.1 MIL-STD-1760 Interface Points 83 6.3.2 Connectors 83 6.3.3 Signal Sets 85 6.3.4 GPS RF Signal Distribution 85 6.3.5 Data Protocols 90 6.3.6 Data Entities 94 6.3.7 Time Tagging 94 6.3.8 Mass Data Transfer 95 6.3.9 High-Speed 1760 96 6.4 Standardisation Conclusions 96 Further Reading 97 7 Other Weapons Integration Standards 99 7.1 Chapter Summary 99 7.2 AS5725 Miniature Mission Store Interface 99 7.2.1 Interface Points 99 7.2.2 Connector 101 7.2.3 Signal Set 101 7.3 AS5726 Interface for Micro Munitions 103 7.3.1 Interface Points 103 7.3.2 Connectors 104 7.3.3 Signal Set 104 7.4 Other Weapons Integration Standards 106 7.4.1 Generic Aircraft–Store Interface Framework 106 7.4.2 Mission Data Exchange Format 108 7.4.3 Common Launch Acceptability Region Approach 109 Further Reading 110 8 Interface Management 111 8.1 Chapter Summary 111 8.2 Introduction 111 8.3 Management of the Aircraft/Store Interface 112 8.4 Approaches to Interface Documentation 114 8.5 Interfaces Documented in the ICD 115 8.6 Controlling the Interface of Store Variants 119 8.7 Information Exchange between Design Organisations 120 8.8 Process for Managing Integration Risk 120 Further Reading 124 9 A Weapons Integration Scenario 125 9.1 Chapter Summary 125 9.2 Introduction 125 9.3 The Weapons Integration Scenario 126 9.4 The V-Diagram Revisited 129 9.5 Systems Integration Activities 130 9.6 Safety 132 9.6.1 Aircraft/System Hazards 136 9.6.2 Weapon Hazards 139 9.7 Systems Requirements Decomposition, Design and Implementation 140 9.7.1 Weapon System Integration Requirement 140 9.7.2 Functional Definition and Development/Interface Definition 140 9.7.3 Weapon Interfacing 141 9.7.4 Data Flows between Aircraft Subsystems 143 9.8 Loading to Dispersion Sequence 143 9.8.1 Weapon Loading 145 9.8.2 System Power-Up/Store Discovery 145 9.8.3 Build Inventory 146 9.8.4 Weapon BIT/System Power-Down 147 9.8.5 Download Target Data/Power-Down Weapons 148 9.8.6 Taxi/Take-Off/On-Route Phase 149 9.8.7 Weapon Selection and Priming 149 9.8.8 Update Target Data 150 9.8.9 Steer to Target LAR/Confirm in LAR 151 9.8.10 Initiate Release Sequence 151 9.8.11 Weapon Release Phase 153 9.8.12 Selective/Emergency Jettison 154 9.8.13 Carriage Store Control 155 9.8.14 Training Capability 156 9.8.15 Implications of Aeromechanical Aspects – Weapon Physical Alignment 156 Further Reading 158 10 A Weapons Integration Scenario: System Proving and Certification 159 10.1 Chapter Summary 159 10.2 Introduction 159 10.3 Simulators and Emulators 160 10.4 Avionic Weapons 160 10.5 Interface Proving 160 10.6 Rig Trials 161 10.7 Avionic Trials 162 10.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility 162 10.9 Airworthiness and Certification 163 10.10 Declaration of Design and Performance/Statement of Design 164 10.11 Certificate of Design 164 10.12 Safety Case 165 10.13 Airworthiness Flight Limitations 165 10.14 Release to Service 165 10.15 User Documentation 165 10.16 Weapon System Evaluation 166 10.17 Conclusion 167 Further Reading 167 11 Introduction to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 169 11.1 Chapter Summary 169 11.2 Systems Integration Considerations 169 11.3 The Journey to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 171 11.4 ‘Plug and Play’ Technologies 172 11.5 Adoption of ‘Plug and Play’ Technology 172 11.6 Introduction to Aircraft, Launcher and Weapons Interoperability 173 11.7 ALWI Study 174 11.8 ALWI-2 Study 176 11.9 ALWI Common Interface Study 179 11.9.1 Technical Architecture 180 11.9.2 Greater Interoperability through a Common ICD Approach 181 11.9.3 Common Store Control Service 181 11.9.4 Model-Driven Architecture Approach 183 11.9.5 Implementation Considerations 185 11.10 ALWI Conclusions 186 Further Reading 187 12 Open Systems 189 12.1 Chapter Summary 189 12.2 Introduction 189 12.3 The Contracting and Industry Environment 190 12.4 Current Systems 191 12.5 A Typical Mission Systems Upgrade Programme 192 12.6 ASAAC Architecture 193 12.7 ASAAC and ‘Plug and Play’ 195 12.8 Certification Issues 198 12.9 Easing the Upgrade Programme 200 Further Reading 201 13 The Universal Armament Interface 203 13.1 Chapter Summary 203 13.2 Introduction 203 13.3 Objectives of UAI 204 13.4 Fundamental Principles of UAI 207 13.5 Platform/Store Interface 209 13.6 Mission Planning 210 13.7 Launch Acceptability Region 211 13.8 Integration Work Flow 211 13.9 UAI Interface Management 213 13.10 Certification Tools 214 13.11 Benefits 215 13.12 NATO UAI 216 13.13 ‘Plug and Play’ Conclusions 216 Further Reading 217 14 Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 219 14.1 Chapter Summary 219 14.2 Introduction 219 14.3 Distributed Weapon System 220 14.4 System Architecture Partitioning 222 14.5 Conclusions 226 Further Reading 226 15 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration 227 15.1 Chapter Summary 227 15.2 Introduction 227 15.3 The Cost Landscape 229 15.4 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration – Other Initiatives 231 15.4.1 Streamlined Integration Processes 232 15.4.2 Common Goals for the ADO and WDO 232 15.4.3 Employment of New Technology Which Eases Integration 233 15.4.4 The Need for Exports 233 15.4.5 Spiral Introduction of Capability 234 15.4.6 Organisational Re-structuring 234 15.4.7 Adoption of International Standards 234 15.5 Conclusions 234 15.6 The Future 236 Further Reading 237 Index 239

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding and analysing the complex phenomena related to elastic wave propagation has been the subject of intense research for many years and has enabled application in numerous fields of technology, including structural health monitoring (SHM). In the course of the rapid advancement of diagnostic methods utilising elastic wave propagation, it has become clear that existing methods of elastic wave modeling and analysis are not always very useful; developing numerical methods aimed at modeling and analysing these phenomena has become a necessity. Furthermore, any methods developed need to be verified experimentally, which has become achievable with the advancement of measurement methods utilising laser vibrometry. Guided Waves in Structures for SHMreports on the simulation, analysis and experimental investigation related propagation of elastic waves in isotropic or laminated structures. The full spectrum of theoretical and practical issues associated with propagation of eTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to the Theory of Elastic Waves 1 1.1 Elastic Waves 1 1.1.1 Longitudinal Waves (Compressional/Pressure/Primary/P Waves) 2 1.1.2 Shear Waves (Transverse/Secondary/S Waves) 2 1.1.3 Rayleigh Waves 3 1.1.4 Love Waves 4 1.1.5 Lamb Waves 4 1.2 Basic Definitions 5 1.3 Bulk Waves in Three-Dimensional Media 10 1.3.1 Isotropic Media 10 1.3.2 Christoffel Equations for Anisotropic Media 12 1.3.3 Potential Method 14 1.4 Plane Waves 15 1.4.1 Surface Waves 16 1.4.2 Derivation of Lamb Wave Equations 17 1.4.3 Numerical Solution of Rayleigh–Lamb Frequency Equations 26 1.4.4 Distribution of Displacements and Stresses for Various Frequencies of Lamb Waves 29 1.4.5 Shear Horizontal Waves 32 1.5 Wave Propagation in One-Dimensional Bodies of Circular Cross-Section 35 1.5.1 Equations of Motion 35 1.5.2 Longitudinal Waves 36 1.5.3 Solution of Pochhammer Frequency Equation 39 1.5.4 Torsional Waves 42 1.5.5 Flexural Waves 43 References 45 2 Spectral Finite Element Method 47 2.1 Shape Functions in the Spectral Finite Element Method 53 2.1.1 Lobatto Polynomials 54 2.1.2 Chebyshev Polynomials 56 2.1.3 Laguerre Polynomials 60 2.2 Approximating Displacement, Strain and Stress Fields 62 2.3 Equations of Motion of a Body Discretised Using Spectral Finite Elements 67 2.4 Computing Characteristic Matrices of Spectral Finite Elements 72 2.4.1 Lobatto Quadrature 75 2.4.2 Gauss Quadrature 76 2.4.3 Gauss–Laguerre Quadrature 78 2.5 Solving Equations of Motion of a Body Discretised Using Spectral Finite Elements 81 2.5.1 Forcing with an Harmonic Signal 82 2.5.2 Forcing with a Periodic Signal 83 2.5.3 Forcing with a Nonperiodic Signal 84 References 92 3 Three-Dimensional Laser Vibrometry 93 3.1 Review of Elastic Wave Generation Methods 94 3.1.1 Force Impulse Methods 94 3.1.2 Ultrasonic Methods 94 3.1.3 Methods Based on the Electromagnetic Effect 97 3.1.4 Methods Based on the Piezoelectric Effect 98 3.1.5 Methods Based on the Magnetostrictive Effect 102 3.1.6 Photothermal Methods 103 3.2 Review of Elastic Wave Registration Methods 104 3.2.1 Optical Methods 106 3.3 Laser Vibrometry 109 3.4 Analysis of Methods of Elastic Wave Generation and Registration 114 3.5 Exemplary Results of Research on Elastic Wave Propagation Using 3D Laser Scanning Vibrometry 116 References 121 4 One-Dimensional Structural Elements 125 4.1 Theories of Rods 125 4.2 Displacement Fields of Structural Rod Elements 127 4.3 Theories of Beams 133 4.4 Displacement Fields of Structural Beam Elements 135 4.5 Dispersion Curves 141 4.6 Certain Numerical Considerations 143 4.6.1 Natural Frequencies 144 4.6.2 Wave Propagation 147 4.7 Examples of Numerical Calculations 155 4.7.1 Propagation of Longitudinal Elastic Waves in a Cracked Rod 156 4.7.2 Propagation of Flexural Elastic Waves in a Rod 158 4.7.3 Propagation of Coupled Longitudinal and Flexural Elastic Waves in a Rod 162 References 164 5 Two-Dimensional Structural Elements 167 5.1 Theories of Membranes, Plates and Shells 167 5.2 Displacement Fields of Structural Membrane Elements 169 5.3 Displacement Fields of Structural Plate Elements 175 5.4 Displacement Fields of Structural Shell Elements 181 5.5 Certain Numerical Considerations 184 5.6 Examples of Numerical Calculations 189 5.6.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Angle Bar 189 5.6.2 Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Half-Pipe Aluminium Shell 192 5.6.3 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Aluminium Plate 195 References 198 6 Three-Dimensional Structural Elements 201 6.1 Solid Spectral Elements 202 6.2 Displacement Fields of Solid Structural Elements 202 6.2.1 Six-Mode Theory 202 6.2.2 Nine-Mode Theory 203 6.3 Certain Numerical Considerations 204 6.4 Modelling Electromechanical Coupling 208 6.4.1 Assumptions 213 6.4.2 Linear Constitutive Equations 213 6.4.3 Basic Equations of Motion 214 6.4.4 Static Condensation 215 6.4.5 Inducing Waves 216 6.4.6 Recording Waves 216 6.4.7 Electrical Boundary Conditions 216 6.5 Examples of Numerical Calculations 220 6.5.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Half-Pipe Aluminium Shell 220 6.5.2 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Isotropic Plate – Experimental Verification 222 6.6 Modelling the Bonding Layer 227 References 230 7 Detection, Localisation and Identification of Damage by ElasticWave Propagation 233 7.1 Elastic Waves in Structural Health Monitoring 235 7.2 Methods of Damage Detection, Localisation and Identification 247 7.2.1 Energy Addition Method 253 7.2.2 Phased Array Method 255 7.2.3 Methods Employing Continuous Registration of Elastic Waves within the Analysed Area 263 7.2.4 Damage Identification Algorithms 266 7.3 Examples of Damage Localisation Methods 269 7.3.1 Localisation Algorithms Employing Sensor Networks 269 7.3.2 Algorithms Based on Full Field Measurements of Elastic Wave Propagation 275 References 288 Appendix: EWavePro Software 295 A.1 Introduction 295 A.2 Theoretical Background and Scope of Applicability (Computation Module) 296 A.3 Functional Structure and Software Environment (Pre- and Post-Processors) 298 A.4 Elastic Wave Propagation in aWing Skin of an Unmanned Plane (UAV) 312 A.5 Elastic Wave Propagation in a Composite Panel 320 References 333 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete continues to be the most comprehensive text for engineering students, instructors and practising engineers. Theoretical and practical aspects of analysis and design are presented in a clear, easy-to-follow manner and are complemented by numerous illustrative and design examples to aid students'' comprehension of complex concepts. This edition has been fully updated to reflect recent amendments and addenda to the Australian Standard for Concrete Structures AS36002009 and allied standards. Two new chapters, covering T-beams, irregular-shaped sections and continuous beams, and strut-and-tie modelling have been added as discrete modules to enhance the progression of topics. Additional information is provided on fire resistance, detailing and covering, long-term deflection and design for torsion. An expanded collection of end-of-chapter tutorial problems consolidate student learning and develop problem-solving skills. Reinforced and PTable of ContentsPart I. Reinforced Concrete: 1. Introduction; 2. Design properties of materials; 3. Analysis and design of rectangular beams for bending; 4. T-beams and irregular-shaped sections; 5. Deflection of beams and crack control; 6. Ultimate strength design for shear; 7. Ultimate strength design for torsion; 8. Bond and stress development; 9. Slabs; 10. Columns; 11. Walls; 12. Footings, pile caps and retaining walls; 13. Strut-and-tie modelling of concrete structures; Part II. Prestressed Concrete: 14. Introduction to prestressed concrete; 15. Critical stress stat analysis of beams; 16. Critical stress state design of beams; 17. Ultimate strength analysis of beams; 18. End blocks for prestressing anchorages; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisComputational Intelligence: Synergies of Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Evolutionary Computing presents an introduction to some of the cutting edge technological paradigms under the umbrella of computational intelligence. Computational intelligence schemes are investigated with the development of a suitable framework for fuzzy logic, neural networks and evolutionary computing, neuro-fuzzy systems, evolutionary-fuzzy systems and evolutionary neural systems. Applications to linear and non-linear systems are discussed with examples. Key features: Covers all the aspects of fuzzy, neural and evolutionary approaches with worked out examples, MATLAB exercises and applications in each chapter Presents the synergies of technologies of computational intelligence such as evolutionary fuzzy neural fuzzy and evolutionary neural systems Considers real world problems in the domain of systems modelling, control and optimization Contains a foreTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction to Computational Intelligence 1 1.1 Computational Intelligence 1 1.2 Paradigms of Computational Intelligence 2 1.3 Approaches to Computational Intelligence 3 1.4 Synergies of Computational Intelligence Techniques 11 1.5 Applications of Computational Intelligence 12 1.6 Grand Challenges of Computational Intelligence 13 1.7 Overview of the Book 13 1.8 MATLAB R _ Basics 14 References 15 2 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Fuzzy Logic 20 2.3 Fuzzy Sets 21 2.4 Membership Functions 22 2.5 Features of MFs 27 2.6 Operations on Fuzzy Sets 29 2.7 Linguistic Variables 33 2.8 Linguistic Hedges 35 2.9 Fuzzy Relations 37 2.10 Fuzzy If–Then Rules 39 2.11 Fuzzification 43 2.12 Defuzzification 44 2.13 Inference Mechanism 48 2.14 Worked Examples 54 2.15 MATLAB R _ Programs 61 References 61 3 Fuzzy Systems and Applications 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Fuzzy System 66 3.3 Fuzzy Modelling 67 3.4 Fuzzy Control 75 3.5 Design of Fuzzy Controller 81 3.6 Modular Fuzzy Controller 97 3.7 MATLAB R _ Programs 99 References 100 4 Neural Networks 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Artificial Neuron Model 106 4.3 Activation Functions 107 4.4 Network Architecture 108 4.5 Learning in Neural Networks 124 4.6 Recurrent Neural Networks 149 4.7 MATLAB R _ Programs 155 References 156 5 Neural Systems and Applications 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 System Identification and Control 160 5.3 Neural Networks for Control 163 5.4 MATLAB R _ Programs 179 References 180 6 Evolutionary Computing 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Evolutionary Computing 183 6.3 Terminologies of Evolutionary Computing 185 6.4 Genetic Operators 194 6.5 Performance Measures of EA 208 6.6 Evolutionary Algorithms 209 6.7 MATLAB R _ Programs 234 References 235 7 Evolutionary Systems 239 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Multi-objective Optimization 243 7.3 Co-evolution 250 7.4 Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm 256 References 262 8 Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems 265 8.1 Introduction 265 8.2 Evolutionary Adaptive Fuzzy Systems 267 8.3 Objective Functions and Evaluation 287 8.4 Fuzzy Adaptive Evolutionary Algorithms 290 References 303 9 Evolutionary Neural Networks 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 Supportive Combinations 309 9.3 Collaborative Combinations 318 9.4 Amalgamated Combination 343 9.5 Competing Conventions 345 References 351 10 Neural Fuzzy Systems 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Combination of Neural and Fuzzy Systems 359 10.3 Cooperative Neuro-Fuzzy Systems 360 10.4 Concurrent Neuro-Fuzzy Systems 369 10.5 Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy Systems 369 10.6 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System 404 10.7 Fuzzy Neurons 409 10.8 MATLAB R _ Programs 411 References 412 Appendix A: MATLAB R _ Basics 415 Appendix B: MATLAB R _ Programs for Fuzzy Logic 433 Appendix C: MATLAB R _ Programs for Fuzzy Systems 443 Appendix D: MATLAB R _ Programs for Neural Systems 461 Appendix E: MATLAB R _ Programs for Neural Control Design 473 Appendix F: MATLAB R _ Programs for Evolutionary Algorithms 489 Appendix G: MATLAB R _ Programs for Neuro-Fuzzy Systems 497 Index 507

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Computational Nanomechanics is a state-of-the-art publication on computational nanomechanics and contains eleven chapters prepared by world experts in this field.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Series Preface xiii Preface xv 1 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene and Its Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review 1Yingyan Zhang, Yu Wang, Chien Ming Wang and Yuantong Gu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Graphene 1 1.2.1 Introduction of Graphene 1 1.2.2 Properties of Graphene 6 1.2.3 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene 7 1.3 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposites 9 1.3.1 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Nanocomposites 9 1.3.2 Modelling of Thermal Conductivity of Nanocomposites 9 1.3.3 Progress and Challenge for Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposites 14 1.3.4 Interfacial Thermal Resistance 16 1.3.5 Approaches for Reduction of Interfacial Thermal Resistance 19 1.4 Concluding Remarks 22 References 22 2 Mechanics of CNT Network Materials 29Mesut Kirca and Albert C. To 2.1 Introduction 29 2.1.1 Types of CNT Network Materials 30 2.1.2 Synthesis of CNT Network Materials 31 2.1.3 Applications 35 2.2 Experimental Studies on Mechanical Characterization of CNT Network Materials 39 2.2.1 Non-covalent CNT Network Materials 40 2.2.2 Covalently Bonded CNT Network Materials 45 2.3 Theoretical Approaches Toward CNT Network Modeling 48 2.3.1 Ordered CNT Networks 48 2.3.2 Randomly Organized CNT Networks 50 2.4 Molecular Dynamics Study of Heat-Welded CNT Network Materials 55 2.4.1 A Stochastic Algorithm for Modeling Heat-Welded Random CNT Network 56 2.4.2 Tensile Behavior of Heat-Welded CNT Networks 60 References 65 3 Mechanics of Helical Carbon Nanomaterials 71Hiroyuki Shima and Yoshiyuki Suda 3.1 Introduction 71 3.1.1 Historical Background 71 3.1.2 Classification: Helical “Tube” or “Fiber”? 73 3.1.3 Fabrication and Characterization 74 3.2 Theory of HN-Tubes 76 3.2.1 Microscopic Model 76 3.2.2 Elastic Elongation 79 3.2.3 Giant Stretchability 80 3.2.4 Thermal Transport 82 3.3 Experiment of HN-Fibers 84 3.3.1 Axial Elongation 84 3.3.2 Axial Compression 87 3.3.3 Resonant Vibration 89 3.3.4 Fracture Measurement 92 3.4 Perspective and Possible Applications 93 3.4.1 Reinforcement Fiber for Composites 93 3.4.2 Morphology Control in Synthesis 93 References 94 4 Computational Nanomechanics Investigation Techniques 99Ghasem Ghadyani and Moones Rahmandoust 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Fundamentals of the Nanomechanics 100 4.2.1 Molecular Mechanics 101 4.2.2 Newtonian Mechanics 101 4.2.3 Lagrangian Equations of Motion 102 4.2.4 Hamilton Equations of a Γ-Space 104 4.3 Molecular Dynamics Method 106 4.3.1 Interatomic Potentials 106 4.3.2 Link Between Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanics 112 4.3.3 Limitations of Molecular Dynamics Simulations 114 4.4 Tight Binding Method 115 4.5 Hartree–Fock and Related Methods 116 4.6 Density Functional Theory 118 4.7 Multiscale Simulation Methods 120 4.8 Conclusion 120 References 120 5 Probabilistic Strength Theory of Carbon Nanotubes and Fibers 123Xi F. Xu and Irene J. Beyerlein 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 A Probabilistic Strength Theory of CNTs 124 5.2.1 Asymptotic Strength Distribution of CNTs 124 5.2.2 Nonasymptotic Strength Distribution of CNTs 127 5.2.3 Incorporation of Physical and Virtual Testing Data 130 5.3 Strength Upscaling from CNTs to CNT Fibers 135 5.3.1 A Local Load Sharing Model 136 5.3.2 Interpretation of CNT Bundle Tensile Testing 139 5.3.3 Strength Upscaling Across CNT-Bundle-Fiber Scales 141 5.4 Conclusion 145 References 145 6 Numerical Nanomechanics of Perfect and Defective Hetero-junction CNTs 147Ali Ghavamian, Moones Rahmandoust and Andreas Öchsner 6.1 Introduction 147 6.1.1 Literature Review: Mechanical Properties of Homogeneous CNTs 147 6.1.2 Literature Review: Mechanical Properties of Hetero-junction CNTs 150 6.2 Theory and Simulation 152 6.2.1 Atomic Geometry and Finite Element Simulation of Homogeneous CNTs 152 6.2.2 Atomic Geometry and Finite Element Simulation of Hetero-junction CNTs 153 6.2.3 Finite Element Simulation of Atomically Defective Hetero-junction CNTs 155 6.3 Results and Discussion 156 6.3.1 Linear Elastic Properties of Perfect Hetero-junction CNTs 156 6.3.2 Linear Elastic Properties of Atomically Defective Hetero-junction CNTs 162 6.4 Conclusion 164 References 171 7 A Methodology for the Prediction of Fracture Properties in Polymer Nanocomposites 175Samit Roy and Avinash Akepati 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Literature Review 175 7.3 Atomistic J-Integral Evaluation Methodology 176 7.4 Atomistic J-Integral at Finite Temperature 181 7.5 Cohesive Contour-based Approach for J-Integral 184 7.6 Numerical Evaluation of Atomistic J-Integral 185 7.7 Atomistic J-Integral Calculation for a Center-Cracked Nanographene Platelet 187 7.8 Atomistic J-Integral Calculation for a Center-Cracked Nanographene Platelet at Finite Temperature (T = 300 K) 190 7.9 Atomistic J-Integral Calculation for a Center-Cracked Nanographene Platelet Using ReaxFF 192 7.10 Atomistic J-Integral Calculation for a Center-Cracked EPON 862 Model 194 7.11 Conclusions and Future Work 197 Acknowledgment 198 References 199 8 Mechanical Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials and Composites 201Ruth E. Roman, Nicola M. Pugno and Steven W. Cranford 8.1 Discovering 2D in a 3D World 201 8.2 2D Nanostructures 203 8.2.1 Graphene 203 8.2.2 Graphynes and Graphene Allotropes 204 8.2.3 Silicene 205 8.2.4 Boron Nitride 206 8.2.5 Molybdenum Disulfide 207 8.2.6 Germanene, Stanene, and Phosphorene 208 8.3 Mechanical Assays 210 8.3.1 Experimental 210 8.3.2 Computational 211 8.4 Mechanical Properties and Characterization 212 8.4.1 Defining Stress 213 8.4.2 Uniaxial Stress, Plane Stress, and Plane Strain 214 8.4.3 Stiffness 216 8.4.4 Effect of Bond Density 218 8.4.5 Bending Rigidity 219 8.4.6 Adhesion 222 8.4.7 Self-Adhesion and Folding 225 8.5 Failure 227 8.5.1 Quantized Fracture Mechanics 228 8.5.2 Nanoscale Weibull Statistics 231 8.6 Multilayers and Composites 233 8.7 Conclusion 236 Acknowledgment 236 References 237 9 The Effect of Chirality on the Mechanical Properties of Defective Carbon Nanotubes 243Keka Talukdar 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Carbon Nanotubes, Their Molecular Structure and Bonding 245 9.2.1 Diameter and Chiral Angle 245 9.2.2 Bonding Speciality in CNTs 246 9.2.3 Defects in CNT Structure 246 9.3 Methods and Modelling 247 9.3.1 Simulation Method 247 9.3.2 Berendsen Thermostat 248 9.3.3 Second-Generation REBO Potential 249 9.3.4 C–C Non-bonding Potential 251 9.3.5 Method of Calculation 251 9.4 Results and Discussions 251 9.4.1 Results for SWCNTs 251 9.4.2 Results for SWCNT Bundle and MWCNTs 255 9.4.3 Chirality Dependence 260 9.5 Conclusions 262 References 263 10 Mechanics of Thermal Transport in Mass-Disordered Nanostructures 265Ganesh Balasubramanian 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics to Understand Vibrational Spectra 266 10.3 Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics for Property Prediction 268 10.4 Quantum Mechanical Calculations for Phonon Dispersion Features 270 10.5 Mean-Field Approximation Model for Binary Mixtures 272 10.6 Materials Informatics for Design of Mass-Disordered Structures 275 10.7 Future Directions in Mass-Disordered Nanomaterials 278 References 279 11 Thermal Boundary Resistance Effects in Carbon Nanotube Composites 281Dimitrios V. Papavassiliou, Khoa Bui and Huong Nguyen 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Background 282 11.3 Techniques to Enhance the Thermal Conductivity of CNT Nanocomposites 285 11.4 Dual-Walled CNTs and Composites with CNTs Encapsulated in Silica 286 11.4.1 Simulation Setup 287 11.4.2 Results 289 11.5 Discussion and Conclusions 291 Acknowledgment 291 References 291 Index 295

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Book SynopsisINTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL AND MATHEMATICAL FLUID DYNAMICS A practical treatment of mathematical fluid dynamics In Introduction to Theoretical and Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, distinguished researcher Dr. Bhimsen K. Shivamoggi delivers a comprehensive and insightful exploration of fluid dynamics from a mathematical point of view. The book introduces readers to the mathematical study of fluid behavior and highlights areas of active research in fluid dynamics. With coverage of advances in the field over the last 15 years, this book provides in-depth examinations of theoretical and mathematical fluid dynamics with a particular focus on incompressible and compressible fluid flows. Introduction to Theoretical and Mathematical Fluid Dynamics includes practical applications and exercises to illustrate the concepts discussed within, and real-world examples are explained throughout the text. Clear and explanatory material accompanies the rigorous maTable of ContentsContents Preface to the Third Edition xv Acknowledgments xvii Part I Basic Concepts and Equations of Fluid Dynamics 1 1 Introduction to the Fluid Model 3 1.1 The Fluid State 4 1.2 Description of the Flow-Field 5 1.3 Volume Forces and Surface Forces 7 1.4 Relative Motion Near a Point 10 1.5 Stress–Strain Relations 13 2 Equations of Fluid Flows 15 2.1 The Transport Theorem 16 2.2 The Material Derivative 18 2.3 The Law of Conservation of Mass 18 2.4 Equation of Motion 19 2.5 The Energy Equation 19 2.6 The Equation of Vorticity 22 2.7 The Incompressible Fluid 23 2.8 Boundary Conditions 24 2.9 A Program for Analysis of the Governing Equations 25 3 Hamiltonian Formulation of Fluid-Flow Problems 27 3.1 Hamiltonian Dynamics of Continuous Systems 28 3.2 Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows 32 3.3 Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows 35 4 Surface Tension Effects 39 4.1 Shape of the Interface between Two Fluids 39 4.2 Capillary Rises in Liquids 41 Part II Dynamics of Incompressible Fluid Flows 45 5 Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics 47 5.1 Stream Function 47 5.2 Equations of Motion 50 5.3 Integrals of Motion 50 5.4 Capillary Waves on a Spherical Drop 51 5.5 Cavitation 54 5.6 Rates of Change of Material Integrals 55 5.7 The Kelvin Circulation Theorem 57 5.8 The Irrotational Flow 58 5.9 Simple-Flow Patterns 62 (i) The Source Flow 62 (ii) The Doublet Flow 63 (iii) The Vortex Flow 66 (iv) Doublet in a Uniform Stream 66 (v) Uniform Flow Past a Circular Cylinder with Circulation 67 6 The Complex-Variable Method 71 6.1 The Complex Potential 71 6.2 Conformal Mapping of Flows 74 6.3 Hydrodynamic Images 82 6.4 Principles of Free-Streamline Flow 84 (i) Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation 84 (ii) Hodograph Method 93 7 Three-Dimensional Irrotational Flows 99 7.1 Special Singular Solutions 99 (i) The Source Flow 99 (ii) The Doublet Flow 101 7.2 d’Alembert’s Paradox 104 7.3 Image of a Source in a Sphere 105 7.4 Flow Past an Arbitrary Body 107 7.5 Unsteady Flows 109 7.6 Renormalized (or Added) Mass of Bodies Moving through a Fluid 111 8 Vortex Flows 115 8.1 Vortex Tubes 115 8.2 Induced Velocity Field 117 8.3 Biot-Savart’s Law 117 8.4 von Kármán Vortex Street 121 8.5 Vortex Ring 124 8.6 Hill’s Spherical Vortex 129 8.7 Vortex Sheet 131 8.8 Vortex Breakdown: Brooke Benjamin’s Theory 135 9 Rotating Flows 143 9.1 Governing Equations and Elementary Results 143 9.2 Taylor-Proudman Theorem 144 9.3 Propagation of Inertial Waves in a Rotating Fluid 146 9.4 Plane Inertial Waves 147 9.5 Forced Wavemotion in a Rotating Fluid 150 (i) The Elliptic Case 153 (ii) The Hyperbolic Case 154 9.6 Slow Motion along the Axis of Rotation 155 9.7 Rossby Waves 160 10 Water Waves 167 10.1 Governing Equations 168 10.2 A Variational Principle for Surface Waves 169 10.3 Water Waves in a Semi-Infinite Fluid 171 10.4 Water Waves in a Fluid Layer of Finite Depth 172 10.5 Shallow-Water Waves 174 (i) Analogy with Gas Dynamics 175 (ii) Breaking of Waves 176 10.6 Water Waves Generated by an Initial Displacement over a Localized Region 176 10.7 Waves on a Steady Stream 182 (i) One-Dimensional Gravity Waves 183 (ii) One-Dimensional Capillary-Gravity Waves 184 (iii) Ship Waves 185 10.8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid 188 10.9 Theory of Tides 193 10.10 Hydraulic Jump 195 (i) Tidal Bores 195 (ii) The Dam-Break Problem 199 10.11 Nonlinear Shallow-Water Waves 202 (i) Solitary Waves 206 (ii) Periodic Cnoidal Waves 208 (iii) Interacting Solitary Waves 214 (iv) Stokes Waves 219 (v) Modulational Instability and Envelope Solutions 220 10.12 Nonlinear Capillary-Gravity Waves 230 (i) Resonant Three-Wave Interactions 230 (ii) Second-Harmonic Resonance 235 11 Applications to Aerodynamics 241 11.1 Airfoil Theory: Method of Complex Variables 242 (i) Force and Moments on an Arbitrary Body 242 (ii) Flow Past an Arbitrary Cylinder 245 (iii) Flow Around a Flat Plate 248 (iv) Flow Past an Airfoil 250 (v) The Joukowski Transformation 253 11.2 Thin Airfoil Theory 259 (i) Thickness Problem 262 (ii) Camber Problem 264 (iii) Flat Plate at an Angle of Attack 269 (iv) Combined Aerodynamic Characteristics 271 (v) The Leading-Edge Problem of a Thin Airfoil 271 11.3 Slender-Body Theory 275 11.4 Prandtl’s Lifting-Line Theory for Wings 277 11.5 Oscillating Thin-Airfoil Problem: Theodorsen’s Theory 282 Part III Dynamics of Compressible Fluid Flows 297 12 Review of Thermodynamics 299 12.1 Thermodynamic System and Variables of State 299 12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Reversible and Irreversible Processes 300 12.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 303 12.4 Entropy 304 12.5 Liquid and Gaseous Phases 307 13 Isentropic Fluid Flows 309 13.1 Applications of Thermodynamics to Fluid Flows 309 13.2 Linear Sound Wave Propagation 310 13.3 The Energy Equation 310 13.4 Stream-Tube Area and Flow Velocity Relations 312 14 Potential Flows 317 14.1 Governing Equations 317 14.2 Streamline Coordinates 319 14.3 Conical Flows: Prandtl-Meyer Flow 320 14.4 Small Perturbation Theory 324 14.5 Characteristics 326 (i) Compatibility Conditions in Streamline Coordinates 328 (ii) A Singular-Perturbation Problem for Hyperbolic Systems 331 15 Nonlinear Theory of Plane Sound Waves 343 15.1 Riemann Invariants 343 15.2 Simple Wave Solutions 344 15.3 Nonlinear Propagation of a Sound Wave 352 15.4 Nonlinear Resonant Three-Wave Interactions of Sound Waves 355 15.5 Burgers Equation 361 16 Shock Waves 371 16.1 The Normal Shock Wave 371 16.2 The Oblique Shock Wave 384 16.3 Blast Waves: Taylor’s Self-similarity and Sedov’s Exact Solution 387 17 The Hodograph Method 393 17.1 The Hodograph Transformation of Potential Flow Equations 393 17.2 The Chaplygin Equation 394 17.3 The Tangent-Gas Approximation 396 17.4 The Lost Solution 401 17.5 The Limit Line 402 18 Applications to Aerodynamics 411 18.1 Thin Airfoil Theory 411 (i) Thin Airfoil in Linearized Supersonic Flows 411 (ii) Far-Field Behavior of Supersonic Flow Past a Thin Airfoil 414 (iii) Thin Airfoil in Transonic Flows 417 18.2 Slender Bodies of Revolution 420 18.3 Oscillating Thin Airfoil in Subsonic Flows: Possio’s Theory 427 18.4 Oscillating Thin Airfoils in Supersonic Flows: Stewartson’s Theory 435 Part IV Dynamics of Viscous Fluid Flows 439 19 Exact Solutions to Equations of Viscous Fluid Flows 441 19.1 Channel Flows 442 19.2 Decay of a Line Vortex: The Lamb-Oseen Vortex 443 19.3 Line Vortex in a Uniform Stream 446 19.4 Diffusion of a Localized Vorticity Distribution 446 19.5 Burgers Vortex 451 19.6 Flow Due to a Suddenly Accelerated Plane 453 19.7 The Round Laminar Jet: Landau-Squire Solution 456 19.8 Ekman Layer at a Free Surface in a Rotating Fluid 459 19.9 Centrifugal Flow Due to a Rotating Disk: von Kármán Solution 462 19.10 Shock Structure: Becker’s Solution 464 19.11 Couette Flow of a Gas 467 20 Flows at Low Reynolds Numbers 469 20.1 Dimensional Analysis 469 20.2 Stokes’ Flow Past a Rigid Sphere: Stokes’ Formula 470 20.3 Stokes’ Flow Past a Spherical Drop 474 20.4 Stokes’ Flow Past a Rigid Circular Cylinder: Stokes’ Paradox 478 20.5 Oseen’s Flow Past a Rigid Sphere 479 20.6 Oseen’s Approximation for Periodically Oscillating Wakes 483 21 Flows at High Reynolds Numbers 489 21.1 Prandtl’s Boundary-Layer Concept 489 21.2 The Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions 490 21.3 Location and Nature of the Boundary Layers 497 21.4 Incompressible Flow Past a Flat Plate 500 (i) The Outer Expansion 501 (ii) The Inner Expansion 502 (iii) Flow Due to Displacement Thickness 507 21.5 Separation of Flow in a Boundary Layer: Landau’s Theory 509 21.6 Boundary Layers in Compressible Flows 512 (i) Crocco’s Integral 514 (ii) Flow Past a Flat Plate: Howarth-Dorodnitsyn Transformation 516 21.7 Flow in a Mixing Layer between Two Parallel Streams 517 (i) Geometrical Characteristics of the Mixing Flow 520 21.8 Narrow Jet: Bickley’s Solution 521 21.9 Wakes 524 21.10 Periodic Boundary Layer Flows 524 22 Jeffrey-Hamel Flow 529 22.1 The Exact Solution 529 (i) Only 𝑒1 Is Real and Positive 531 (ii) 𝑒1, 𝑒2, and 𝑒3 Are Real and Distinct 532 22.2 Flows at Low Reynolds Numbers 535 22.3 Flows at High Reynolds Numbers 541 References 545 Bibliography 549 Index 551

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Book SynopsisThe Book The behaviour of helicopters and tiltrotor aircraft is so complex that understanding the physical mechanisms at work in trim, stability and response, and thus the prediction of Flying Qualities, requires a framework of analytical and numerical modelling and simulation. Good Flying Qualities are vital for ensuring that mission performance is achievable with safety and, in the first and second editions of Helicopter Flight Dynamics, a comprehensive treatment of design criteria was presented, relating to both normal and degraded Flying Qualities. Fully embracing the consequences of Degraded Flying Qualities during the design phase will contribute positively to safety. In this third edition, two new Chapters are included. Chapter 9 takes the reader on a journey from the origins of the story of Flying Qualities, tracing key contributions to the developing maturity and to the current position. Chapter 10 provides a comprehensive treatment of the Flight Dynamics of tTable of ContentsSeries Preface xv Preface to Third Edition xvii Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Notation xxix List of Abbreviations xxxix Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Simulation Modelling 2 1.2 Flying Qualities 3 1.3 Missing Topics 4 1.4 Simple Guide to the Book 5 Chapter 2 Helicopter and Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics – An Introductory Tour 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Four Reference Points 9 2.2.1 The Mission and Piloting Tasks 9 2.2.2 The Operational Environment 12 2.2.3 The Vehicle Configuration, Dynamics, and Flight Envelope 13 2.2.4 The Pilot and Pilot–Vehicle Interface 19 2.2.5 Résumé of the Four Reference Points 20 2.3 Modelling Helicopter/Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics 21 2.3.1 The Problem Domain 21 2.3.2 Multiple Interacting Subsystems 22 2.3.3 Trim, Stability, and Response 24 2.3.4 The Flapping Rotor in a Vacuum 25 2.3.5 The Flapping Rotor in Air – Aerodynamic Damping 28 2.3.6 Flapping Derivatives 31 2.3.7 The Fundamental 90∘ Phase Shift 31 2.3.8 Hub Moments and Rotor/Fuselage Coupling 32 2.3.9 Linearization in General 35 2.3.10 Stability and Control Résumé 36 2.3.11 The Static Stability Derivative Mw 37 2.3.12 Rotor Thrust, Inflow, Zw, and Vertical Gust Response in Hover 39 2.3.13 Gust Response in Forward Flight 41 2.3.14 Vector-Differential Form of Equations of Motion 42 2.3.15 Validation 45 2.3.16 Inverse Simulation 48 2.3.17 Modelling Review 49 2.4 Flying Qualities 50 2.4.1 Pilot Opinion 50 2.4.2 Quantifying Quality Objectively 51 2.4.3 Frequency and Amplitude – Exposing the Natural Dimensions 52 2.4.4 Stability – Early Surprises Compared with Aeroplanes 53 2.4.5 Pilot-in-the-Loop Control; Attacking a Manoeuvre 56 2.4.6 Bandwidth – A Parameter for All Seasons? 57 2.4.7 Flying a Mission Task Element 59 2.4.8 The Cliff Edge and Carefree Handling 60 2.4.9 Agility Factor 60 2.4.10 Pilot’s Workload 61 2.4.11 Inceptors and Displays 63 2.4.12 Operational Benefits of Flying Qualities 63 2.4.13 Flying Qualities Review 65 2.5 Design for Flying Qualities; Stability and Control Augmentation 66 2.5.1 Impurity of Primary Response 67 2.5.2 Strong Cross-Couplings 67 2.5.3 Response Degradation at Flight Envelope Limits 67 2.5.4 Poor Stability 68 2.5.5 The Rotor as a Control Filter 68 2.5.6 Artificial Stability 69 2.6 Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics 71 2.7 Chapter Review 71 Chapter 3 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Building a Simulation Model 3.1 Introduction and Scope 74 3.2 The Formulation of Helicopter Forces and Moments in Level 1 Modelling 78 3.2.1 Main Rotor 79 3.2.2 The Tail Rotor 120 3.2.3 Fuselage and Empennage 122 3.2.4 Powerplant and Rotor Governor 127 3.2.5 Flight Control System 129 3.3 Integrated Equations of Motion of the Helicopter 134 3.4 Beyond Level 1 Modelling 136 3.4.1 Rotor Aerodynamics and Dynamics 137 3.4.2 Interactional Aerodynamics 143 3.5 Chapter 3 Epilogue 147 Appendix 3A Frames of Reference and Coordinate Transformations 153 3A.1 The Inertial Motion of the Aircraft 153 3A.2 The Orientation Problem – Angular Coordinates of the Aircraft 156 3A.3 Components of Gravitational Acceleration along the Aircraft Axes 158 3A.4 The Rotor System – Kinematics of a Blade Element 158 3A.5 Rotor Reference Planes – Hub, Tip Path, and No-Feathering 161 Chapter 4 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Trim and Stability Analysis 4.1 Introduction and Scope 164 4.2 Trim Analysis 168 4.2.1 The General Trim Problem 170 4.2.2 Longitudinal Partial Trim 171 4.2.3 Lateral/Directional Partial Trim 176 4.2.4 Rotorspeed/Torque Partial Trim 178 4.2.5 Balance of Forces and Moments 178 4.2.6 Control Angles to Support the Forces and Moments 179 4.3 Stability Analysis 181 4.3.1 Linearization 183 4.3.2 The Derivatives 187 4.3.3 The Natural Modes of Motion 205 Appendix 4A The Analysis of Linear Dynamic Systems (with Special Reference to 6-Dof Helicopter Flight) 218 Appendix 4B The Three Case Helicopters: Lynx, Bo105 and Puma 227 4B.1 Aircraft Configuration Parameters 227 The RAE (DRA) Research Lynx, ZD559 227 The DLR Research Bo105, S123 229 The RAE (DRA) Research Puma, XW241 231 Fuselage Aerodynamic Characteristics 233 Lynx 233 Bo105 233 Puma 233 Empennage Aerodynamic Characteristics 234 Lynx 234 Bo105 234 Puma 234 4B.2 Stability and Control Derivatives 234 4B.3 Tables of Stability and Control Derivatives and System Eigenvalues 242 Appendix 4C The Trim Orientation Problem 258 Chapter 5 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Stability Under Constraint and Response Analysis 5.1 Introduction and Scope 262 5.2 Stability Under Constraint 263 5.2.1 Attitude Constraint 264 5.2.2 Flight Path Constraint 275 5.3 Analysis of Response to Controls 283 5.3.1 General 283 5.3.2 Heave Response to Collective Control Inputs 284 5.3.3 Pitch and Roll Response to Cyclic Pitch Control Inputs 291 5.3.4 Yaw/Roll Response to Pedal Control Inputs 301 5.4 Response to Atmospheric Disturbances 309 Appendix 5A Speed Stability Below Minimum Power; A Forgotten Problem? 315 Chapter 6 Flying Qualities: Objective Assessment and Criteria Development 6.1 General Introduction to Flying Qualities 334 6.2 Introduction and Scope: The Objective Measurement of Quality 338 6.3 Roll Axis Response Criteria 341 6.3.1 Task Margin and Manoeuvre Quickness 341 6.3.2 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 347 6.3.3 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 353 6.3.4 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 371 6.3.5 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 372 6.4 Pitch Axis Response Criteria 374 6.4.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 374 6.4.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 377 6.4.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 378 6.4.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 381 6.5 Heave Axis Response Criteria 385 6.5.1 Criteria for Hover and Low-Speed Flight 388 6.5.2 Criteria for Torque and Rotorspeed During Vertical Axis Manoeuvres 391 6.5.3 Heave Response Criteria in Forward Flight 392 6.5.4 Heave Response Characteristics in Steep Descent 393 6.6 Yaw Axis Response Criteria 395 6.6.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 396 6.6.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 398 6.6.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 398 6.6.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 401 6.7 Cross-Coupling Criteria 402 6.7.1 Pitch-to-Roll and Roll-to-Pitch Couplings 402 6.7.2 Collective to Yaw Coupling 404 6.7.3 Sideslip to Pitch and Roll Coupling 405 6.8 Multi-Axis Response Criteria and Novel-Response Types 406 6.8.1 Multi-Axis Response Criteria 406 6.8.2 Novel Response Types 407 6.9 Objective Criteria Revisited 410 Chapter 7 Flying Qualities: Subjective Assessment and Other Topics 7.1 Introduction and Scope 418 7.2 The Subjective Assessment of Flying Quality 419 7.2.1 Pilot Handling Qualities Ratings – HQRs 420 7.2.2 Conducting a Handling Qualities Experiment 425 7.3 Special Flying Qualities 438 7.3.1 Agility 438 7.3.2 The Integration of Controls and Displays for Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 445 7.3.3 Carefree Flying Qualities 455 7.4 Pilot’s Controllers 462 7.5 The Contribution of Flying Qualities to Operational Effectiveness and the Safety of Flight 464 Chapter 8 Flying Qualities: Forms of Degradation 8.1 Introduction and Scope 470 8.2 Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 472 8.2.1 Recapping the Usable Cue Environment 472 8.2.2 Visual Perception in Flight Control – Optical Flow and Motion Parallax 475 8.2.3 Time to Contact; Optical Tau, 𝜏 483 8.2.4 𝜏 Control in the Deceleration-to-Stop Manoeuvre 486 8.2.5 Tau-Coupling – A Paradigm for Safety in Action 487 8.2.6 Terrain-Following Flight in Degraded Visibility 494 8.2.7 What Now for Tau? 507 8.3 Handling Qualities Degradation through Flight System Failures 511 8.3.1 Methodology for Quantifying Flying Qualities Following Flight Function Failures 512 8.3.2 Loss of Control Function 514 8.3.3 Malfunction of Control – Hard-Over Failures 517 8.3.4 Degradation of Control Function – Actuator Rate Limiting 522 8.4 Encounters with Atmospheric Disturbances 524 8.4.1 Helicopter Response to Aircraft Vortex Wakes 525 8.4.2 Severity of Transient Response 538 8.5 Chapter Review 542 Appendix 8A HELIFLIGHT, HELIFLIGHT-R, and FLIGHTLAB at the University of Liverpool 545 8A.1 FLIGHTLAB 545 8A.2 Immersive Cockpit Environment 547 8A.3 HELIFLIGHT-R 551 Chapter 9 Flying Qualities: The Story of an Idea 9.1 Introduction and Scope 554 9.2 Historical Context of Rotorcraft Flying Qualities 557 9.2.1 The Early Years; Some Highlights from the 1940s–1950s 557 9.2.2 The Middle Years – Some Highlights from the 1960s–1970s 564 9.3 Handling Qualities as a Performance Metric – The Development of ADS-33 577 9.3.1 The Evolution of a Design Standard – The Importance of Process 578 9.3.2 Some Critical Innovations in ADS-33 579 9.4 The UK MoD Approach 579 9.5 Roll Control; A Driver for Rotor Design 580 9.6 Helicopter Agility 583 9.6.1 ADS-33 Tailoring and Applications 585 9.6.2 Handling Qualities as a Safety Net; The Pilot as a System Component 587 9.7 The Future Challenges for Rotorcraft Handling Qualities Engineering 593 Chapter 10 Tiltrotor Aircraft: Modelling and Flying Qualities 10.1 Introduction and Scope 598 10.2 Modelling and Simulation of Tiltrotor Aircraft Flight Dynamics 604 10.2.1 Building a Simulation Model 605 10.2.2 Interactional Aerodynamics in Low-Speed Flight 620 10.2.3 Vortex Ring State and the Consequences for Tiltrotor Aircraft 621 10.2.4 Trim, Linearisation, and Stability 626 10.2.5 Response Analysis 632 10.3 The Flying Qualities of Tiltrotor Aircraft 635 10.3.1 General 635 10.3.2 Developing Tiltrotor Mission Task Elements 638 10.3.3 Flying Qualities of Tiltrotors; Clues from the Eigenvalues 644 10.3.4 Agility and Closed-Loop Stability of Tiltrotors 652 10.3.5 Flying Qualities during the Conversion 670 10.3.6 Improving Tiltrotor Flying Qualities with Stability and Control Augmentation 673 10.4 Load Alleviation versus Flying Qualities for Tiltrotor Aircraft 686 10.4.1 Drawing on the V-22 Experience 686 10.4.2 Load Alleviation for the European Civil Tiltrotor 688 10.5 Chapter Epilogue; Tempus Fugit for Tiltrotors 698 Appendix 10A Flightlab Axes Systems and Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 700 10A.1 FLIGHTLAB Axes Systems 700 10A.2 Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 703 Appendix 10B The XV-15 Tiltrotor 705 Aircraft Configuration Parameters 705 XV-15 3-view 707 XV-15 Control Ranges and Gearings 707 Appendix 10C The FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivatives 710 10C.1 Graphical Forms 710 10C.2 FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivative and Eigenvalue Tables 725 Helicopter Mode (Matrices Shown with and without (nointf) Aerodynamic Interactions) 725 Conversion Mode 733 Airplane Mode 737 Appendix 10D Proprotor Gimbal Dynamics in Airplane Mode 742 Appendix 10E Tiltrotor Directional Instability Through Constrained Roll Motion: An Elusive, Paradoxical Dynamic 746 10E.1 Background and the Effective Directional Stability 746 10E.2 Application to Tiltrotors 747 References 753 Index 789

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Book SynopsisValuable insights into the extraction, production, and properties of a large number of natural and synthetic oxides utilized in applications worldwide from ceramics, electronic components, and coatings This handbook describes each of the major oxides chronologicallystarting from the processes of extraction of ores containing oxides, their purification and transformations into pure alloyed powders, and their appropriate characterization up to the processes of formation of 2D films by such methods as PVD, CVD, and coatings by thermal spraying or complicated 3D objects by sintering and rapid prototyping. The selection of oxides has been guided by the current context of industrial applications. An important point that is considered in the book concerns the strategic aspects of oxides. Some oxides (e.g. rare earth ones) become more expensive due to the growing demand for them, others, because of the strategic importance of countries producing raw materials and the countries that are using tTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations and Symbols xix 1 Technical and Economic Importance of Oxides 1Lech Pawowski 1.1 Industrial Sectors in Development 1 1.1.1 Mechanical Applications of Oxides 1 1.1.1.1 Al2O3 3 1.1.1.2 ZrO2 3 1.1.2 Application of Oxides in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 1.1.3 Oxides for High-temperature Applications 7 1.1.4 Biomedical applications of oxides 9 1.2 Reserves, Availability and Economic Aspects of Oxides and their Ores 10 1.2.1 Al2O3 10 1.2.2 ZrO2 11 1.2.3 TiO2 12 1.2.4 Rare earth oxides: Y2O3 and CeO2 13 1.2.5 BaO 17 1.2.6 Cu2O 17 1.2.7 CaO 18 1.2.8 P2O5 19 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Oxide Manufacturing 25Lech Paw³owski 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Principal Manufacturing Processes 25 2.1.2 Oxide Powders 27 2.1.3 Major Phenomena in Manufacturing 27 2.2 Fundamentals of Selected Processes related to Oxide Manufacturing 28 2.2.1 Introduction 28 2.2.2 Fundamentals of Reactions in Gaseous Phase 28 2.2.2.1 Types of Reaction 28 2.2.2.2 Thermodynamic Calculations 29 2.2.2.3 Gas in Motion 30 2.2.2.4 Thermodynamics of Condensation 34 2.2.3 Fundamental Phenomena in Solutions 36 2.2.3.1 Introduction 36 2.2.3.2 Diffusion 36 2.2.3.3 Brownian Motion and Stokes’ Law 37 2.2.4 Fundamental Phenomena in Suspensions 38 2.2.4.1 Introduction 38 2.2.4.2 Forces and Energies in Suspension 39 2.2.4.3 Characterization of Suspensions 43 2.2.4.4 Gelation 47 2.2.5 Characterization of Powders 48 2.2.5.1 Size and Shape 48 2.2.5.2 Chemical and Phase Composition 49 2.2.5.3 External and InternalMorphology 53 2.2.5.4 Apparent Density and Flowability 53 2.3 Selected Oxide Powder Production Methods 54 2.3.1 Introduction 54 2.3.2 Granulation of Powders 55 2.3.2.1 Direct Granulation 55 2.3.2.2 Spray Drying 56 2.3.3 High-temperature Synthesis of Powders 60 2.3.3.1 Sintering and Melting 60 2.3.3.2 Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis 61 2.3.3.3 Mechanofusion 63 2.3.4 Synthesis of Powders from Solutions 63 2.3.4.1 Sol–Gel 64 2.3.4.2 Synthesis by Reaction of Liquids (Wet Precipitation) 64 2.3.5 Powder Synthesis by CVD 64 2.4 Manufacturing Objects in 2D: Films and Coatings 70 2.4.1 Introduction 70 2.4.2 Chemical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 71 2.4.2.1 Sol–Gel 71 2.4.2.2 Electrolytic anodization 74 2.4.3 Physical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 76 2.4.3.1 CVD Methods 76 2.4.3.2 PVD Methods 79 2.4.4 Methods of Coating Deposition 86 2.4.4.1 Thermal Spraying 86 2.4.4.2 Bulk Coatings Methods 96 2.5 Manufacturing Objects in 3D 102 2.5.1 Introduction 102 2.5.2 Forming 103 2.5.3 Sintering 106 2.5.4 Rapid Prototyping 114 3 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Alumina 125Lech Paw³owski 3.1 Introduction 125 3.2 Reserves of Bauxite and Mining 125 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Alumina 127 3.3.1 Bayer Process 127 3.3.1.1 Chemical Backgrounds 128 3.3.1.2 Technology of the Bayer Process 128 3.3.1.3 Waste Management 130 3.3.2 Pure Alumina Powder Synthesis 131 3.3.3 Alumina Recovery from Coal Ashes 132 3.3.3.1 Sintering Process 134 3.3.3.2 Leaching Process 135 3.4 Properties of Alumina 135 3.4.1 Thermodynamical and Chemical Properties of Monocristalline Alumina 137 3.4.2 Properties of Alumina 137 3.4.2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Alumina 138 3.4.2.2 Self-diffusion Data of Alumina 139 3.4.2.3 Electrical Properties of Alumina 139 3.4.2.4 Dielectric Properties of Alumina 140 3.4.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Alumina 142 3.5 Methods of Alumina Functionalizing 145 3.5.1 Introduction 145 3.5.2 Alumina in 2D: Films and Coatings 145 3.5.2.1 Chemical Methods of Alumina Film Deposition 145 3.5.2.2 Atomistic Methods of Alumina Films Deposition 146 3.5.2.3 Granular Methods of Alumina Coating Deposition 147 3.5.3 Alumina in 3D 147 3.5.3.1 Forming 147 3.5.3.2 Sintering 147 3.5.3.3 Laser Machining 149 3.6 Applications of Alumina in Different Industries 150 3.6.1 Mechanical Engineering 150 3.6.1.1 Thread Guides in Textile Industries 150 3.6.1.2 Armor 151 3.6.1.3 Cutting Tools 151 3.6.2 Electronic and Electrical Applications 152 3.6.2.1 Substrates for Microelectronics 153 3.6.2.2 Corona Rolls 153 3.6.3 Biomedical 154 3.6.3.1 Hip Prosthesis 154 3.6.3.2 Dental Prostheses 155 3.6.3.3 Other Biomedical Applications 155 3.6.4 Chemical and Thermal Industries 155 3.6.4.1 Catalyst Supports 156 3.6.4.2 Heat Exchanger 156 3.6.5 Emerging Applications 156 Questions 157 References 158 4 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Zirconia 165Philippe Blanchart 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 World Reserves of Ores and Mining Industry 165 4.3 Metallurgy of Zirconia 167 4.3.1 Chlorination andThermal Decomposition 167 4.3.2 Alkaline Oxide Decomposition 168 4.3.3 Lime Fusion 168 4.3.4 Thermal Decomposition of Zircon in a Plasma 168 4.4 Properties of Zirconia 169 4.4.1 Monocrystal 169 4.4.2 Partially and Fully Stabilized Zirconia Powders 170 4.4.3 Binary System ZrO2–MgO 171 4.4.4 Binary System ZrO2–CaO 172 4.4.5 Binary System ZrO2–Y2O3 173 4.4.6 Binary system ZrO2–CeO2 174 4.5 Physical Properties of Zirconia 175 4.5.1 Dilatation Coefficient with Temperature 175 4.5.2 Ionic Conductivity 176 4.5.3 Mechanical Properties and Toughness 177 4.5.4 Corrosion Resistance inWater Environment 179 4.5.5 Zirconia Composite Ceramics 181 4.6 Ceramic Sintering 182 4.6.1 Zirconia Sintering 182 4.6.2 Sintering of Alumina–Zirconia Composite Ceramics: 186 4.7 Industrial Applications of Zirconia 189 4.7.1 Biomedical 189 4.7.2 Solid Electrolyte 194 4.7.3 Zirconia Sensor 197 4.7.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings 199 4.8 Future Trends of Zirconia Materials 204 Questions 206 References 206 5 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of YBa2Cu3O7−x 211Lech Paw³owski 5.1 Introduction 211 5.2 Phase Diagram 212 5.3 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7−x Powder Manufacturing 213 5.3.1 Reactive Sintering 214 5.3.2 Synthesis of Powder from Solutions 215 5.3.2.1 Sol–gel 215 5.3.2.2 Wet PrecipitationMethods 215 5.3.2.3 Freeze-dryingMethod 216 5.4 Superconductivity of YBa2Cu3O7−x 216 5.4.1 Fundamentals of Superconductivity 217 5.4.2 High-temperature Superconductors 220 5.5 Properties of YBCO 221 5.6 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7−x Functionalizing 221 5.6.1 Introduction 221 5.6.2 YBCO in 2D: Films and Coatings 221 5.6.2.1 Thin Films 222 5.6.2.2 Thick Coatings byThermal Spraying 229 5.6.3 YBCO in 3D 232 5.6.3.1 Manufacturing ofWires 235 5.6.3.2 Manufacturing of Discs, Rings and Parallelepipeds 235 5.7 Industrial Applications of YBa2Cu3O7−X 239 5.7.1 Superconducting Cables 239 5.7.2 Fault Current Limiter 242 5.7.3 Magnetic Levitation Devices 243 5.7.4 High-power Superconducting Synchronous Generators 244 5.7.5 Magnetic Energy Storage Systems 245 5.7.6 Superconducting Transformers 246 5.7.7 YBCO Superconductors for Magnets in Tokamak Devices 246 5.7.8 Other Applications 247 References 247 6 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Titania 255Philippe Blanchart 6.1 Introduction 255 6.2 World Reserves and Mining Industry 255 6.3 Structural Characteristics of Titania 259 6.3.1 Anatase 259 6.3.2 Rutile 259 6.3.3 Brookite 260 6.3.4 TiOx phases 261 6.3.5 Structural Transformation of Anatase to Rutile 261 6.3.6 Synthesis of TiO2 263 6.4 Properties of Titanium Dioxide 265 6.4.1 General Physical Properties 265 6.4.2 General Chemical Properties 265 6.4.3 Structural Properties 266 6.4.4 Defect Chemistry of TiO2 268 6.4.5 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Phases 269 6.4.6 Dielectric Properties vs. Microstructure of Ceramics 272 6.4.7 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Films 274 6.4.8 TiO2 Sintering 276 6.4.9 TiO2 Coating Processing Methods 279 6.4.10 Optical Properties ofThin Films 282 6.4.11 Catalytic Properties 284 6.5 Industrial Applications of Titania 289 6.5.1 Titania Pigment 289 6.5.2 Industrial Uses of TiO2 Pigments 291 6.5.2.1 Vitreous Enamels on Steel and Aluminum 291 6.5.2.2 Paints 293 6.5.2.3 Paper 294 6.5.2.4 Textiles 295 6.5.3 Photocatalysts 296 6.6 Future Perspectives 300 6.6.1 Pigments 300 6.6.2 Photocatalysis 301 6.6.3 Solar Energy 302 6.6.4 TiO2 Nanotubes 302 Questions 303 References 303 7 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Hydroxyapatite 311Lech Paw³owski 7.1 Introduction 311 7.2 Phase Diagram 311 7.3 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Powder Manufacturing 313 7.3.1 Solid-state Synthesis 315 7.3.2 Wet-route Methods 316 7.3.2.1 Wet PrecipitationMethod 317 7.3.2.2 Sol–Gel Method 317 7.3.2.3 HA Synthesis by Atomization 318 7.3.3 Powder Synthesis using Natural Precursors 320 7.3.4 Synthesis of Nanopowders 321 7.3.5 Composite Powder Synthesis 322 7.4 Properties of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 324 7.4.1 Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of HA 324 7.4.2 Mechanical Properties of HA 325 7.4.2.1 Single Crystals 326 7.4.2.2 Coatings 326 7.4.2.3 3D Objects 326 7.4.2.4 Electric Properties 328 7.4.3 Biochemical Properties 328 7.5 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Functionalizing 330 7.5.1 Introduction 330 7.5.2 HA in 2D: Films and Coatings 330 7.5.2.1 Physical Methods of Film and Coatings Deposition 330 7.5.2.2 Chemical Methods of Film and Coating Deposition 336 7.5.3 HA in 3D 337 7.5.3.1 Conventional Sintering 337 7.5.3.2 Activated Sintering 338 7.6 Practical Applications of HA 340 7.6.1 Medical Applications 340 7.6.1.1 Hip Prostheses 340 7.6.1.2 Knee Prostheses 342 7.6.1.3 Dental Prostheses 343 7.6.1.4 Possible Future Applications 344 7.6.2 Catalysis 345 7.6.3 Biosensors 345 7.6.4 Other Possible Applications 345 Questions 345 References 346 Answers to Questions 353 Index 367

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Book SynopsisFLEXIBLE SUPERCAPACITORS Comprehensive coverage of the latest advancements in flexible supercapacitors In Flexible Supercapacitors: Materials and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the foundational principles and real-world applications of flexible supercapacitors. This edited volume includes contributions from leading scientists working in the field of flexible supercapacitors. The book systematically summarizes the most recent research in the area, and covers fundamental concepts of electrode materials and devices, including on-chip microsupercapacitors and fiber supercapacitors. The latest progress and advancements in stretchable supercapacitors and healable supercapacitors are also discussed, as are problems and challenges commonly encountered in the development of flexible supercapacitors. The book concludes with suggestions and fresh perspectives on future research in this rapidly dTable of ContentsPreface 1 Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Design, Progress and ChallengesDun Lin, Xiyue Zhang, and Xihong Lu 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Configurations of AFSCs Device 1.3 Progress of Flexible AFSCs 1.3.1 Sandwich-type AFSCs 1.3.2 Fiber-type ASCs 1.4 Summary 2 Stretchable SupercapacitorsLa Li and Guozhen Shen 2.1 Overview of Stretchable Supercapacitors 2.2 Fabrication of Stretchable Supercapacitors 2.2.1 Structures of Stretchable Fiber-shaped SCs 2.2.2 Planar Stretchable SCs 2.2.3 3D Stretchable SCs 2.3 Multifunctional Supercapacitor 2.3.1 Compressible SCs 2.3.2 Self-healable SCs 2.3.3 Stretchable Integrated System 2.3.4 Perspective 3 Fiber-shaped SupercapacitorsMengmeng Hu, Qingjiang Liu, Yao Liu, Jiaqi Wang, Jie Liu, Panpan Wang, Hua Wang, and Yan Huang Introduction 3.1 Structure of FSSCs 3.2 Electrolyte 3.3 Electrode 3.3.1 Carbon-based Materials 3.3.2 Conducting Polymers 3.3.3 Metal-based Materials 3.3.4 Mxenes 3.3.5 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 3.3.6 Polyoxometalates (POMs) 3.3.7. Black Phosphorus (BP) 3.4 Electrode Design of FSSCs 3.4.1 Metal-fiber Supported Electrode 3.4.2 Carbon Materials Based Fiber Supported Electrode 3.5 Functionalized FSSCs 3.5.1 Self-healable FSSCs 3.5.2 Stretchable FSSCs 3.5.3 Electrochromic FSSCs 3.5.4 Shape-memory FSSCs 3.5.5 Photodetectable FSSCs 3.6 Conclusion 4 Flexible Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors: Fabrication, Design, and ApplicationsMuhammad S. Javed, Peng Sun, Muhammad Imran, and Wenjie Mai 4.1 Introduction to Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.2 Emerging Techniques for the Fabrication of Fiber-shaped Electrodes 4.2.1 Wet spinning Method 4.2.2 Spray/Cast-coating Method 4.2.3 Hydrothermal Method 4.3 Structures and Design/Configuration of Fiver-shaped Electrodes 4.3.1 Parallel-fiber Electrodes 4.3.2 Twisted-fiber Electrodes 4.3.3 Coaxial-fiber Electrodes 4.3.4 Rolled-fiber Electrodes 4.4 Materials for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.4.1 Carbon-based Materials for FFSC 4.4.2 Metal Oxides and their Composite-based Materials for FFSC 4.5 Electrolytes for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.6 Performance evaluation Metrics for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.7 Applications 4.8 Conclusion and Future Prospectus 5 Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Ternary Metal Oxide (Sulfide, Selenide) NanostructuresQiufan Wang, Daohong Zhang, and Guozhen Shen 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Background of Electrochemical Capacitors 5.1.2 Performance Evaluation of SCs 5.2 Ternary Metal Oxide 5.2.1 1D Ternary Metal Oxide Nanostructural Electrodes 5.2.2 2D Ternary Metal Oxide Nanostructural Electrodes 5.2.3 3D Ternary Oxide Electrodes 5.2.4 Cire-shell Ternary Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 5.3 Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.1 1D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.2 2D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.3 3D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.4 Metal Sulfide Composite Electrodes 5.4 Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.1 1D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.2 2D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.3 3D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.5 Fiber-shaped SCs 5.6 Summary and Perspectives 6 Transition Metal oxide-based Electrode Materials for SupercapacitorsXiang Wu 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Co3O4 Electrode Materials 6.3 NiO Electrode Materials 6.4 Fe2O3 Electrode Materials 6.5 MnO2 Electrode Materials 6.6 V2O5 Electrode Materials 7 Three-Dimensional Nanoarrays for Flexible SupercapacitorsJing Xu 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fabrication of 3D Nanoarrays 7.2.1 Selection of substrates 7.2.2 Synthesis Methods of Flexible 3D Nanoarrays 7.3 Typical Structural Engineering of 3D Nanoarrays 7.3.1 Basic 3D Nanoarrays for Flexible Supercapacitors 7.3.2 Hybrid 3D Nanoarrays for Flexible Supercapacitors 7.4 Evaluation of Flexible Supercapacitors 7.4.1 Bending Deformation 7.4.2 Stretching Deformation 7.4.3 Twisting Deformation 7.5 Conclusion 8 Metal Oxides Nanoarray Electrodes for Flexible SupercapacitorsTing Meng and Cao Guan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Synthesis Techniques of Metal Oxide Nanoarrays 8.2.1 Solution-based Route 8.2.2 Electrodeposition Growth 8.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 8.3 The Flexible Support Substrate for Loading Nanoarrays 8.3.1 3D Porous Graphene Foam 8.3.2 Carbon Cloth Current Collectors 8.3.3 Metal Conductive Substrates 8.4 The Geometry of Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.1 The 1D Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.2 The 2D Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.3 The Integration of 1D@2D Nanoarrays 8.5 Conclusions and Prospects 9 Printed Flexible SupercapacitorsYizhou Zhang and Wen-Yong Lai 9.1 Overview of Printed Flexible Supercapacitor 9.2 Devices Structure of Printed SCs 9.3 Printable Materials for SCs 9.3.1 Carbon-based Materials 9.3.2 Electrolytes 9.3.3 Flexible substrates 9.4 Fabrication of Flexible SCs Using Various Printing Methods 9.4.1 Inkjet Printing 9.4.2 Screen Printing 9.4.3 Transfer Printing 9.4.4 3D Printing 9.5 Printed Integrated System 9.6 Perspective 10 Printing Flexible On-chip Micro-SupercapacitorsGuozhen Shen 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Printable Materials for On-chip MSCs 10.2.1 Printable Electrode Materials 10.2.2 Printable Current Collector 10.2.3 Printable Electrolyte 10.3 Printing Techniques 10.3.1 Inkjet Printing 10.3.2 Spray Printing 10.3.3 Screen Printing 10.4 Summary 11 Recent advances of flexible micro-supercapacitorsZhiqiang Niu 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General Features of Flexible MSCs 11.3 Active Materials of Flexible MSCs 11.3.1 Graphene-based Materials 11.3.2 CNT-based Materials 11.3.3 Other Carbon-based Materials 11.3.4 Transition Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 11.3.5 MXenes 11.3.6 Conductive Polymer 11.4 Integration of Flexible MSCs 11.4.1 Flexible Self-charging MSCs 11.4.2 Flexible Self-powering MSCs 11.5 Flexible Smart MSCs 11.5.1 Flexible Self-healing MSCs 11.5.2 Flexible Electrochromic MSCs 11.5.3 Flexible Photodetectable MSCs 11.5.4 Flexible Thermoreversible Self-protecting MSCs 11.6 Summary and Prospects

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Book SynopsisIntroductory Mathematics for Engineering Applications, 2nd Edition, provides first-year engineering students with a practical, applications-based approach to the subject. This comprehensive textbook covers pre-calculus, trigonometry, calculus, and differential equations in the context of various discipline-specific engineering applications. The text offers numerous worked examples and problems representing a wide range of real-world uses, from determining hydrostatic pressure on a retaining wall to measuring current, voltage, and energy stored in an electrical capacitor. Rather than focusing on derivations and theory, clear and accessible chapters deliver the hands-on mathematical knowledge necessary to solve the engineering problems students will encounter in their careers. The textbook is designed for courses that complement traditional math prerequisites for introductory engineering courses enabling students to advance in their engineering curriculum witTable of ContentsPreface vi Acknowledgement viii 1 Straight Lines In Engineering 1 1.1 Vehicle during Braking 1 1.2 Voltage–Current Relationship in a Resistive Circuit 3 1.3 Force–Displacement in a Preloaded Tension Spring 6 1.4 Further Examples of Lines in Engineering 7 Problems 18 2 Quadratic Equations In Engineering 31 2.1 A Projectile in a Vertical Plane 31 2.2 Current in a Lamp 35 2.3 Equivalent Resistance 36 2.4 Further Examples of Quadratic Equations in Engineering 38 Problems 50 3 Trigonometry In Engineering 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 One-Link Planar Robot 61 3.2.1 Kinematics of One-Link Robot 61 3.2.2 Inverse Kinematics of One-Link Robot 69 3.3 Two-Link Planar Robot 73 3.3.1 Direct Kinematics of Two-Link Robot 74 3.3.2 Inverse Kinematics of Two-Link Robot 76 3.3.3 Further Examples of Two-Link Planar Robot 81 3.4 Further Examples of Trigonometry in Engineering 91 Problems 99 4 Two-Dimensional Vectors In Engineering 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Position Vector in Rectangular Form 108 4.3 Position Vector in Polar Form 108 4.4 Vector Addition 111 4.4.1 Examples of Vector Addition in Engineering 112 Problems 124 5 Complex Numbers In Engineering 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Position of One-Link Robot as a Complex Number 135 5.3 Impedance of R, L, and C as a Complex Number 136 5.3.1 Impedance of a Resistor R 136 5.3.2 Impedance of an Inductor L 136 5.3.3 Impedance of a Capacitor C 137 5.4 Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit 137 5.5 Impedance of R and L Connected in Parallel 139 5.6 Armature Current in a DC Motor 141 5.7 Further Examples of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits 143 5.8 Complex Conjugate 148 Problems 149 6 Sinusoids In Engineering 160 6.1 One-Link Planar Robot as a Sinusoid 160 6.2 Angular Motion of the One-Link Planar Robot 163 6.2.1 Relations between Frequency and Period 164 6.3 Phase Angle, Phase Shift, and Time Shift 165 6.4 General Form of a Sinusoid 167 6.5 Addition of Sinusoids of the Same Frequency 169 Problems 176 7 Systems of Equations In Engineering 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Solution of a Two-Loop Circuit 188 7.3 Tension in Cables 193 7.4 Further Examples of Systems of Equations in Engineering 196 Problems 210 8 Derivatives In Engineering 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.1.1 What Is a Derivative? 223 8.2 Maxima and Minima 226 8.3 Applications of Derivatives in Dynamics 230 8.3.1 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 230 8.4 Applications of Derivatives in Electric Circuits 245 8.4.1 Current and Voltage in an Inductor 248 8.4.2 Current and Voltage in a Capacitor 252 8.5 Applications of Derivatives in Strength of Materials 255 8.5.1 Maximum Stress under Axial Loading 261 8.6 Further Examples of Derivatives in Engineering 265 Problems 270 9 Integrals In Engineering 282 9.1 Introduction: The Asphalt Problem 282 9.2 Concept of Work 287 9.3 Application of Integrals in Statics 290 9.3.1 Center of Gravity (Centroid) 290 9.3.2 Alternate Definition of the Centroid 298 9.4 Distributed Loads 300 9.4.1 Hydrostatic Pressure on a Retaining Wall 301 9.4.2 Distributed Loads on Beams: Statically Equivalent Loading 302 9.5 Applications of Integrals in Dynamics 307 9.5.1 Graphical Interpretation 313 9.6 Applications of Integrals in Electric Circuits 319 9.6.1 Current, Voltage, and Energy Stored in a Capacitor 319 9.7 Current and Voltage in an Inductor 328 9.8 Further Examples of Integrals in Engineering 333 Problems 342 10 Differential Equations In Engineering 354 10.1 Introduction: The Leaking Bucket 354 10.2 Differential Equations 355 10.3 Solution of Linear DEQ with Constant Coefficients 356 10.4 First-Order Differential Equations 357 10.5 Second-Order Differential Equations 383 10.5.1 Free Vibration of a Spring–Mass System 383 10.5.2 Forced Vibration of a Spring–Mass System 387 10.5.3 Second-Order LC Circuit 394 Problems 397 11 Probability and Statistics In Engineering 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Quality Control Probability in Manufacturing 409 11.3 Manufacturing Tolerance of Resistors 412 11.4 Probability of Accepting/Rejecting Manufactured Resistors 414 Problems 420 Answers To Selected Problems P-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisSustainable Nanotechnology A robust examination of the use of nanotechnology in the manufacture of sustainable products In Sustainable Nanotechnology: Strategies, Products, and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of nanotechnology applications in environmental, pharmaceutical, and engineering products in the context of global sustainability. The book offers balanced coverage of the benefits and risks of nanotechnology. Divided into three parts, the editors have included contributions from leading scholars discussing sustainability, toxicological impacts, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents. This edited volume helps readers understand how nanotechnology and nanomaterials apply in different global sustainability challenges. It also discusses models for understanding the lifecycle and risk assessments of manufactured nanomaterials. Case studies are included to explore such topics as design, rTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xv Foreword xvii 1 Nanotechnology-Based Research Priorities for Global Sustainability 1Twishi Puri, Yashwant Pathak, and Govindan Parayil 2 The Road to Sustainable Nanotechnology: Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities 17Sunita Chaudhary, Nishith Patel, and Jayvadan Patel 3 Opportunities and Challenges for Green and Eco-Friendly Nanotechnology in Twenty-First Century 31P. Sreeramana Aithal and Shubhrajyotsna Aithal 4 Improving the Sustainability of Biobased Products Using Nanotechnology 51Shirleen Miriam Marques and Lalit Kumar 5 Improving Sustainable Environment of Biopolymers Using Nanotechnology 71Manish Patel and Jayvadan Patel 6 Toward Eco-friendly Nanotechnology-based Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications 89Prachi Pandey, Jayvadan Patel, and Samarth Kumar 7 Green-Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery Systems 117Manish Patel, Jayvadan Patel, and Richa Dayaramani 8 Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications 135Tabassum Siddiqui, Nida J. Khan, and Tasneem Fatma 9 Sustainable and Eco-safe Nanocellulose-based Materials for Water Nano-treatment 143Carlo Punta, Andrea Fiorati, Laura Riva, Giacomo Grassi, Giulia Liberatori, and Ilaria Corsi 10 Nanotechnology Applications in Natural Nanoclays Production and Application for Better Sustainability 159Manjir Sarma Kataki, Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti, Kangkan Deka, and Ananya Rajkumari 11 Eco-friendly, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes and Applications 173Sylvia Thomas, Bianca Seufert, William Serrano-Garcia, Manopriya Devisetty, Ridita Khan, Kavyashree Puttananjegowda, and Norma Alcantar 12 Plants for Nanomaterial: Improving the Environmental Sustainability 201Debjani Nath, Baishakhi Bairagi, Pratyusha Banerjee, Anugrah Ray, and Puspendu Roy 13 Sustainable Nanobiocomposites 217Jigar Shah, Vimal Patel, Vishal Chavda, and Jayvadan Patel 14 Role of Eco-friendly Nanotechnology for Green and Clean Technology 237Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti, Kangkan Deka, and Manjir Sarma Kataki 15 Risk Assessment and Management of Occupational Exposure to Nanopesticides in Agriculture 249Anand Patel, Bhavin Patel, Pranav Shah, and Jayvadan Patel 16 Eco-friendly Natural Polymers-based Nanotechnology 265Twishi Puri and Yashwant Pathak 17 Cobalt Oxide-engineered Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 277Komal Parmar and Jayvadan Patel 18 Eco-friendly Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Opportunities, Toxicological Implications, and Occupational Risks 287Layla Muraisi, Dewi M. Hariyadi, Umi Athiyah, and Yashwant Pathak 19 Novel Approaches to Design Eco-Friendly Materials Based on Natural Nanomaterials 297Twishi Puri and Yashwant Pathak 20 Biomedical Applications of Nanofibers 309Mehtap Sahiner, Saliha B. Kurt, and Nurettin Sahiner 21 Environmentally Sustainable and Safe Production of Nanomedicines 329Samson A. Adeyemi, Pradeep Kumar, Viness Pillay, and Yahya E. Choonara Index 355

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Book SynopsisThermal Design Discover a new window to thermal engineering and thermodynamics through the study of thermal design Thermal engineering is a specialized sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that focuses on the movement and transfer of heat energy between two mediums or altered into other forms of energy. Thermal engineers must have a strong knowledge of thermodynamics and the processes that convert generated energy from thermal sources into chemical, mechanical, or electrical energy as such, thermal engineers can be employed in many industries, particularly in automotive manufacturing, commercial construction, and the HVAC industry. As part of their job, thermal engineers often have to improve a current system to make it more efficient, and so must be aware of a wide array of variables and familiar with a broad sweep of systems to ensure the work they do is economically viable. In this significantly updated new edition, Thermal Design details the physiTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi About the Companion Website xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Humans and Energy 1 1.3 Thermodynamics 2 1.3.1 Energy, Heat, and Work 2 1.3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2 1.3.3 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps 5 1.3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7 1.3.5 Carnot Cycle 7 1.4 Heat Transfer 11 1.4.1 Introduction 11 1.4.2 Conduction 12 1.4.3 Convection 15 1.4.3.1 Parallel Flow on an Isothermal Plate 16 1.4.3.2 A Cylinder in Cross Flow 18 1.4.3.3 Flow in Ducts 20 1.4.3.4 Free Convection 25 1.4.4 Radiation 29 1.4.4.1 Thermal Radiation 29 1.4.4.2 View Factor 34 1.4.4.3 Radiation Exchange Between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces 34 Problems 38 References 42 2 Heat Sinks 45 2.1 Longitudinal Fin of Rectangular Profile 45 2.2 Heat Transfer from Fin 47 2.3 Fin Effectiveness 48 2.4 Fin Efficiency 48 2.5 Corrected Profile Length 49 2.6 Optimizations 49 2.6.1 Constant Profile Area A p 49 2.6.2 Constant Heat Transfer from a Fin 52 2.6.3 Constant Fin Volume or Mass 53 2.6.4 Optimum Dimensions of Rectangular Fin 55 2.6.5 Radial Fins 60 2.6.6 Optimization of Radial Fins 63 2.7 Plate Fin Heat Sinks 68 2.7.1 Free (Natural) Convection Cooling 68 2.7.1.1 Small Spacing Channel 68 2.7.1.2 Large Spacing Channel 71 2.7.1.3 Optimum Fin Spacing 71 2.7.2 Forced Convection Cooling 72 2.7.2.1 Small Spacing Channel 73 2.7.2.2 Large Spacing Channel 74 2.8 Multiple Fin Array Ii 75 2.8.1 Natural (Free) Convection Cooling 77 2.9 Thermal Resistance and Overall Surface Efficiency 78 2.10 Fin Design with Thermal Radiation 97 2.10.1 Single Longitudinal Fin with Radiation 97 Problems 109 Computer Assignments 116 Project 116 References 117 3 Heat Pipes 119 3.1 Operation of Heat Pipe 119 3.2 Surface Tension 120 3.3 Heat Transfer Limitations 122 3.3.1 Capillary Limitation 123 3.3.1.1 Maximum Capillary Pressure Difference 123 3.3.1.2 Vapor Pressure Drop 125 3.3.1.3 Liquid Pressure Drop 127 3.3.1.4 Normal Hydrostatic Pressure Drop 127 3.3.1.5 Axial Hydrostatic Pressure Drop 128 3.3.2 Approximation for Capillary Pressure Difference 128 3.3.3 Sonic Limitation 128 3.3.4 Entrainment Limitation 129 3.3.5 Boiling Limitation 129 3.3.6 Viscous Limitation 130 3.3.6.1 Summary of Heat Transport Limits 134 3.3.6.2 Effective Thermal Conductivity 135 3.4 Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance 136 3.4.1 Contact Resistance 138 3.5 Variable Conductance Heat Pipes (VCHP) 141 3.5.1 Gas-Loaded Heat Pipes 141 3.5.2 Clayepyron–Clausius Equation 143 3.5.3 Applications 144 3.6 Loop Heat Pipes 146 3.7 Micro Heat Pipes 148 3.7.1 Steady-State Models 148 3.7.1.1 Conventional Model 148 3.7.1.2 Cotter’s Model 150 3.8 Working Fluid 154 3.8.1 Figure of Merit 154 3.8.2 Compatibility 156 3.9 Wick Structures 157 3.10 Design Example 158 3.10.1 Selection of Material and Working Fluid 158 3.10.2 Working Fluid Properties 159 3.10.2.1 Estimation of Vapor Space Radius 159 3.10.3 Estimation of Operating Limits 159 3.10.3.1 Capillary Limits 159 3.10.3.2 Sonic Limits 160 3.10.3.3 Entrainment Limits 160 3.10.3.4 Boiling Limits 161 3.10.4 Wall Thickness 162 3.10.5 Wick Selection 163 3.10.6 Maximum Arterial Depth 164 3.10.7 Design of Arterial Wick 165 3.10.8 Capillary Limitation 166 3.10.8.1 Liquid Pressure Drop in the Arteries 167 3.10.8.2 Liquid Pressure Drop in the Circumferential Wick 167 3.10.8.3 Vapor Pressure Drop in the Vapor Space 168 3.10.9 Performance Map 169 3.10.10 Check the Temperature Drop 170 Problems 170 Design Problem 173 References 174 4 Compact Heat Exchangers 177 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 Fundamentals of Heat Exchangers 180 4.2.1 Counterflow and Parallel Flows 180 4.2.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 182 4.2.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 184 4.2.4 Flow Properties 186 4.2.5 Nusselt Numbers 186 4.2.6 Effectiveness–NTU (ε–NTU) Method 189 4.2.6.1 Parallel Flow 191 4.2.6.2 Counterflow 192 4.2.6.3 Crossflow 192 4.2.7 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 199 4.2.8 Fouling Resistances (Fouling Factors) 201 4.2.9 Overall Surface (Fin) Efficiency 202 4.2.10 Reasonable Velocities of Various Fluids in Pipe Flow 203 4.3 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 204 4.4 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 213 4.4.1 Baffles 214 4.4.2 Multiple Passes 214 4.4.3 Dimensions of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger 215 4.4.4 Shell-Side Tube Layout 215 4.5 Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs) 224 4.5.1 Flow Pass Arrangements 224 4.5.2 Geometric Properties 226 4.5.3 Friction Factor 231 4.5.4 Nusselt Number 231 4.5.5 Pressure Drops 231 4.6 Pressure Drops in Compact Heat Exchangers 245 4.6.1 Fundamentals of Core Pressure Drop 246 4.6.2 Core Entrance and Exit Pressure Drops 248 4.6.3 Contraction and Expansion Loss Coefficients 249 4.6.3.1 Circular-Tube Core 250 4.6.3.2 Square-Tube Core 251 4.6.3.3 Flat-Tube Core 252 4.6.3.4 Triangular-Tube Core 252 4.7 Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers 257 4.7.1 Geometrical Characteristics 258 4.7.2 Flow Properties 259 4.7.3 Thermal Properties 260 4.7.4 Correlations for Circular Finned-Tube Geometry 260 4.7.5 Pressure Drop 261 4.7.6 Correlations for Louvered Plate-Fin Flat-Tube Geometry 263 4.8 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 275 4.8.1 Geometric Characteristics 275 4.8.2 Correlations for Offset Strip Fin (OSF) Geometry 277 4.9 Louver-Fin-Type Flat-Tube Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 297 4.9.1 Geometric Characteristics 298 4.9.2 Correlations for Louver Fin Geometry 300 4.10 Plate-Finned Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger 314 4.10.1 Geometric Characteristics 314 4.10.2 Correlations for Plate-Finned Circular Tube Heat Exchanger 315 4.10.3 Fin Efficiency 317 4.10.4 Heat Pipes 318 4.10.5 Analytical Model for Plate-Finned Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger 319 Problems 320 References 332 5 Thermoelectric Design 335 5.1 Introduction 335 5.1.1 Thermoelectric Effect 337 5.1.2 Seebeck Effect 337 5.1.3 Peltier Effect 338 5.1.4 Thomson Effect 338 5.1.5 Thomson (or Kelvin) Relationships 339 5.1.6 The Figure of Merit 339 5.1.7 New Generation Thermoelectrics 339 5.2 Thermoelectric Generators 341 5.2.1 Ideal Equations 341 5.2.2 Performance Parameters of a Thermoelectric Module 344 5.2.3 Maximum Parameters for a Thermoelectric Module 345 5.2.4 Normalized Parameters 345 5.2.5 Effective Material Properties 351 5.2.6 Comparison of Calculations with a Commercial Product 352 5.2.7 Figure of Merit and Optimum Geometry 353 5.3 Thermoelectric Coolers and Heat Pumps 354 5.3.1 Ideal Equations 355 5.3.2 Maximum Parameters 358 5.3.3 Normalized Parameters for Thermoelectric Coolers 359 5.3.4 Normalized Parameters for Thermoelectric Heat Pumps 363 5.3.5 Effective Material Properties 371 5.3.5.1 Comparison of Calculations with a Commercial Product 373 5.4 Optimal Design 373 5.4.1 Introduction 373 5.4.2 Optimal Design for Thermoelectric Generators 374 5.4.3 Optimal Design of Thermoelectric Coolers and Heat Pumps 383 5.4.3.1 Thermoelectric Heat Pumps 387 5.4.3.2 Heat Sinks Without Thermoelectric Cooler Module 388 5.5 Thomson Effect, Exact Solution, and Compatibility Factor 398 5.5.1 Thermodynamics of Thomson Effect 398 5.5.1.1 Seebeck Effect 398 5.5.1.2 Peltier Effect 399 5.5.1.3 Thomson Effect 399 5.5.1.4 Thomson (or Kelvin) Relationships 400 5.5.2 Exact Solutions 402 5.5.2.1 Equations for the Exact Solutions and the Ideal Equation 402 5.5.2.2 Thermoelectric Generator 404 5.5.2.3 Thermoelectric Coolers 405 5.5.3 Compatibility Factor 407 5.5.3.1 Reduced Current Density 407 5.5.3.2 Heat Balance Equation 408 5.5.3.3 Numerical Solution 408 5.5.3.4 Infinitesimal Efficiency 409 5.5.3.5 Reduced Efficiency 409 5.5.3.6 Reduced Efficiency 409 5.5.3.7 Compatibility Factor 409 5.5.3.8 Segmented Thermoelements 410 5.5.3.9 Thermoelectric Potential 410 5.5.4 Thomson Effects 413 5.5.4.1 Formulation of Basic Equations 413 5.5.4.2 Numeric Solutions of Thomson Effect 416 5.5.4.3 Comparison Between Thomson Effect and Ideal Equation 418 5.6 Thermal and Electrical Contact Resistances for Micro and Macro Devices 421 5.6.1 Modeling and Validation 421 5.6.1.1 Cancelation of Spreading Resistance with Thermal Contact Resistance 422 5.6.1.2 Thermoelectric Coolers 423 5.6.1.3 Thermoelectric Generators 423 5.6.1.4 Validation of Model 423 5.6.2 Micro and Macro Thermoelectric Coolers 425 5.6.2.1 Effect of Leg Length 426 5.6.2.2 Effect of Material on Ceramic Plate 426 5.6.3 Micro and Macro Thermoelectric Generators 427 5.6.3.1 Model and Verification for Macro TE Generators 427 5.6.3.2 Effect of Load Resistance 428 5.6.3.3 Effect of Leg Length and Ceramic Material 429 5.7 Modeling of Thermoelectric Generators and Coolers with Heat Sinks 430 5.7.1 Modeling of Thermoelectric Generators with Heat Sinks 430 5.7.1.1 Modeling 430 5.7.1.2 Heat Sink Area and Cross Flow Area for Heat Sinks 433 5.7.1.3 Mass Flow Rates 433 5.7.1.4 Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients 434 5.7.1.5 Single-Fin Efficiencies 434 5.7.1.6 Overall Fin Efficiencies 435 5.7.1.7 Thermal Resistances of Heat Sink and Aluminum Block 435 5.7.1.8 Effective Material Properties 436 5.7.1.9 Comparison of Model and Measurements 437 5.7.1.10 Optimal Design of Heat Sink 437 5.7.1.11 Optimal Design of Thermoelectric Module 438 5.7.2 Plate-Fin Heat Sinks 438 5.7.2.1 Nusselt Number for Air 439 5.7.2.2 Turbulent Flow for Gases and Liquids 440 5.7.2.3 Optimal Design of Heat Sink 441 5.7.2.4 Single-Fin Efficiency 441 5.7.2.5 Overall Fin Efficiency 442 5.7.3 Modeling of Thermoelectric Coolers with Heat Sinks 442 5.7.3.1 Modeling 442 5.7.3.2 Heat Sink Area and Cross Flow Area for Heat Sinks 445 5.7.3.3 Mass Flow Rates 445 5.7.3.4 Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients 446 5.7.3.5 Single-Fin Efficiencies 446 5.7.3.6 Overall Fin Efficiencies 446 5.7.3.7 Thermal Resistances of Heat Sink and Aluminum Block 447 5.7.3.8 Effective Material Properties 447 5.7.3.9 Comparison of Model and Measurements 448 5.7.3.10 Conclusions 449 5.8 Applications 449 5.8.1 Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery 449 5.8.1.1 Recent Studies 449 5.8.1.2 Modeling of Module Tests 452 5.8.1.3 Modeling of TEG 455 5.8.1.4 New Design of TEG 462 5.8.2 Solar Thermoelectric Generators (STEGs) 466 5.8.2.1 Recent Studies 466 5.8.2.2 Modeling of a STEG 467 5.8.2.3 Optimal Design of STEG (Dimensional Analysis) 473 5.8.2.4 New Design of STEG 475 5.8.3 Automotive Thermoelectric Air Conditioner (TEAC) 479 5.8.3.1 Recent Studies 479 5.8.3.2 Modeling of Air-to-Air TEAC 480 5.8.3.3 Optimal Design of TEAC 487 5.8.3.4 New Design of TEAC 490 Problems 493 Computer Assignment 496 Projects 504 Computer Assignments 504 Computer Projects 504 References 505 6 Thermoelectric Materials 509 6.1 Crystal Structure 509 6.1.1 Atomic Mass 509 6.1.1.1 Avogadro’s Number 509 6.1.2 Unit Cells of a Crystal 510 6.1.2.1 Bravais Lattices 511 6.1.3 Crystal Planes 515 6.2 Physics of Electrons 517 6.2.1 Quantum Mechanics 517 6.2.1.1 Electromagnetic Wave 517 6.2.1.2 Atomic Structure 519 6.2.1.3 Bohr’s Model 520 6.2.1.4 Line Spectra 521 6.2.1.5 De Broglie Wave 522 6.2.1.6 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 523 6.2.1.7 Schrödinger Equation 524 6.2.1.8 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 524 6.2.1.9 Quantum Numbers 527 6.2.1.10 Electron Configurations 528 6.2.2 Band Theory and Doping 530 6.2.2.1 Covalent Bonding 530 6.2.2.2 Energy Band 531 6.2.2.3 Pseudo-Potential Well 532 6.2.2.4 Doping, Donors, and Acceptors 532 6.3 Density of States, Fermi Energy, and Energy Bands 534 6.3.1 Current and Energy Transport 534 6.3.2 Electron Density of States 535 6.3.2.1 Dispersion Relation 535 6.3.2.2 Effective Mass 535 6.3.2.3 Density of States 536 6.3.3 Fermi–Dirac Distribution 538 6.3.4 Electron Concentration 538 6.3.5 Fermi Energy in Metals 539 6.3.6 Fermi Energy in Semiconductors 541 6.3.7 Energy Bands 543 6.3.7.1 Multiple Bands 544 6.3.7.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors 545 6.3.7.3 Periodic Potential (Kronig–Penney Model) 545 6.4 Thermoelectric Transport Properties for Electrons 549 6.4.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation 549 6.4.2 Simple Model of Metals 552 6.4.2.1 Electric Current Density 552 6.4.2.2 Electrical Conductivity 552 6.4.2.3 Seebeck Coefficient 553 6.4.2.4 Electronic Thermal Conductivity 555 6.4.3 Power-Law Model for Metals and Semiconductors 556 6.4.3.1 Equipartition Principle 556 6.4.3.2 Parabolic Single-Band Model 557 6.4.4 Electron Relaxation Time 563 6.4.4.1 Acoustic–Phonon Scattering 563 6.4.4.2 Polar Optical Phonon Scattering 564 6.4.4.3 Ionized Impurity Scattering 564 6.4.4.4 Total Electron Relaxation Time 565 6.4.5 Multiband Effects 566 6.4.6 Nonparabolicity 567 6.4.6.1 Nonparabolic Density of States 567 6.5 Phonons 569 6.5.1 Crystal Vibration 569 6.5.1.1 One Atom in a Primitive Cell 569 6.5.1.2 Two Atoms in a Unit Cell 571 6.5.2 Specific Heat 573 6.5.2.1 Internal Energy 573 6.5.2.2 Debye Model 575 6.5.3 Lattice Thermal Conductivity 580 6.5.3.1 Klemens–Callaway Model 580 6.5.3.2 Umklapp Processes 582 6.5.3.3 Callaway Model 583 6.5.3.4 Phonon Relaxation Times 584 6.6 Low-Dimensional Nanostructures 587 6.6.1 Low-Dimensional Systems 588 6.6.1.1 Quantum Well (2D) 588 6.6.1.2 Quantum Wires (1D) 592 6.6.1.3 Quantum Dots (0D) 595 6.6.1.4 Thermoelectric Transport Properties of Quantum Wells 595 6.6.1.5 Thermoelectric Transport Properties of Quantum Wires 597 6.6.1.6 Proof-of-Principle Studies 598 6.6.1.7 Size Effects of Quantum Well on Lattice Thermal Conductivity 600 6.7 Generic Model of Bulk Silicon and Nanowires 602 6.7.1 Electron Density of States for Bulk and Nanowires 603 6.7.1.1 Density of States 603 6.7.2 Carrier Concentrations for Two-Band Model 603 6.7.2.1 Bulk 603 6.7.2.2 Nanowires 604 6.7.2.3 Bipolar Effect and Fermi Energy 604 6.7.3 Electron Transport Properties for Bulk and Nanowires 604 6.7.3.1 Electrical Conductivity 604 6.7.3.2 Seebeck Coefficient 605 6.7.3.3 Electronic Thermal Conductivity 605 6.7.4 Electron Scattering Mechanisms 605 6.7.4.1 Acoustic-Phonon Scattering 605 6.7.4.2 Ionized Impurity Scattering 606 6.7.4.3 Screening Effect 606 6.7.4.4 Polar Optical Phonon Scattering 606 6.7.4.5 Total Electron Relaxation Time 607 6.7.5 Lattice Thermal Conductivity 607 6.7.6 Phonon Relaxation Time 607 6.7.7 Input Data for Bulk Si and Nanowires 608 6.7.8 Bulk Si 608 6.7.8.1 Fermi Energy 609 6.7.8.2 Electron Mobility 610 6.7.8.3 Thermoelectric Transport Properties 610 6.7.8.4 Dimensionless Figure of Merit 610 6.7.9 Si Nanowires 611 6.7.9.1 Fermi Energy and Carrier Concentration 611 6.7.9.2 Electron Mobility 612 6.7.9.3 Thermoelectric Transport Properties for Si Nanowires 612 6.7.9.4 Dimensionless Figure of Merit 614 6.7.9.5 Effect of Size for Nanowires 614 6.7.9.6 Critical Nanowire Diameter 615 6.7.9.7 Phonon Properties for Si Nanowires 616 6.8 Theoretical Model of Thermoelectric Transport Properties 617 6.8.1 Introduction 618 6.8.2 Theoretical Equations 619 6.8.2.1 Carrier Transport Properties 619 6.8.2.2 Scattering Mechanisms for Electron Relaxation Times 621 6.8.2.3 Lattice Thermal Conductivity 624 6.8.2.4 Phonon Relaxation Times 625 6.8.2.5 Phonon Density of States and Specific Heat 626 6.8.2.6 Dimensionless Figure of Merit 627 6.8.3 Results and Discussion 627 6.8.3.1 Electron or Hole Scattering Mechanisms 627 6.8.4 Summary 647 Problems 649 References 657 7 Solar Cells 667 7.1 Introduction 667 7.1.1 Operation of Solar Cells 669 7.1.2 Solar Cells and Technology 671 7.1.3 Solar Irradiance 672 7.1.4 Air Mass 672 7.1.5 Nature of Light 674 7.2 Quantum Mechanics 675 7.2.1 Atomic Structure 677 7.2.2 Bohr’s Model 677 7.2.3 Line Spectra 679 7.2.4 De Broglie Wave 680 7.2.5 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 681 7.2.6 Schrödinger Equation 682 7.2.7 A Free Particle in a 1D Box 682 7.2.8 Quantum Numbers 685 7.2.9 Electron Configurations 686 7.2.10 Van der Waals Forces 688 7.2.11 Covalent Bonding 689 7.2.12 Energy Band 690 7.2.13 Pseudo-Potential Well 691 7.3 Density of States 691 7.3.1 Number of States 691 7.3.2 Effective Mass 692 7.4 Equilibrium Intrinsic Carrier Concentration 693 7.4.1 Fermi Function 693 7.4.2 Nondegenerate Semiconductor 693 7.4.3 Equilibrium Electron and Hole Concentrations 694 7.4.4 Intrinsic Semiconductors 696 7.4.5 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration, N I 696 7.4.6 Intrinsic Fermi Energy 698 7.4.7 Alternative Expression for n 0 and p 0 698 7.5 Extrinsic Semiconductors in Thermal Equilibrium 699 7.5.1 Doping, Donors, and Acceptors 699 7.5.2 Extrinsic Carrier Concentration in Equilibrium 700 7.5.3 Built-in Voltage 702 7.5.4 Principle of Detailed Balance 703 7.5.5 Majority and Minority Carriers in Equilibrium 703 7.6 Generation and Recombination 704 7.6.1 Direct and Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors 704 7.6.2 Absorption Coefficient 705 7.6.3 Photogeneration 707 7.7 Recombination 707 7.7.1 Recombination Mechanisms 707 7.7.2 Band Energy Diagram Under Nonequilibrium Conditions 709 7.7.2.1 Back Surface Field (BSF) 710 7.7.3 Low-Level Injection 710 7.7.3.1 Low-Level Injection 711 7.7.4 Band-to-Band Recombination 712 7.7.5 Trap-Assisted (SRH) Recombination 713 7.7.6 Simplified Expression of the SRH Recombination Rate 714 7.7.7 Auger Recombination 715 7.7.8 Total Recombination Rate 716 7.8 Carrier Transport 716 7.8.1 Drift 717 7.8.2 Carrier Mobility 717 7.8.3 Diffusion 718 7.8.4 Total Current Densities 719 7.8.5 Einstein Relationship 719 7.8.6 Semiconductor Equations 720 7.8.7 Minority-Carrier Diffusion Equations 720 7.8.8 p–n Junction 721 7.8.9 Calculation of Depletion Width 723 7.8.10 Energy Band Diagram with a Reference Point 725 7.8.11 Quasi-Fermi Energy Levels 725 7.9 Minority Carrier Transport 726 7.9.1 Boundary Conditions 726 7.9.2 Minority Carrier Lifetimes 728 7.9.3 Minority Carrier Diffusion Lengths 728 7.9.4 Minority Carrier Diffusion Equation for Holes 729 7.9.5 Minority Carrier Diffusion Equation for Electrons 732 7.10 Characteristics of Solar Cells 735 7.10.1 Current Density 735 7.10.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics 740 7.10.3 Figures of Merit 742 7.10.4 Effect of Minority Electron Lifetime on Efficiency 744 7.10.5 Effect of Minority Hole Lifetime on Efficiency 746 7.10.6 Effect of Back Surface Recombination Velocity on Efficiency 746 7.10.7 Effect of Base Width on Efficiency 747 7.10.8 Effect of Emitter Width W N on Efficiency 748 7.10.9 Effect of Acceptor Concentration on Efficiency 750 7.10.10 Effect of Donor Concentration on Efficiency 752 7.10.11 Band Gap Energy with Temperature 752 7.10.12 Effect of Temperature on Efficiency 753 7.11 Additional Topics 754 7.11.1 Parasitic Resistance Effects (Ohmic Losses) 754 7.11.2 Quantum Efficiency 757 7.11.3 Ideal Solar Cell Efficiency 758 7.12 Modeling 763 7.12.1 Modeling for a Silicon Solar Cell 763 7.12.2 Comparison of the Solar Cell Model with a Commercial Product 776 7.13 Design of a Solar Cell 779 7.13.1 Solar Cell Geometry with Surface Recombination Velocities 779 7.13.2 Donor and Acceptor Concentrations 780 7.13.3 Minority Carrier Diffusion Lifetimes 780 7.13.4 Grid Spacing 781 7.13.5 Antireflection, Light Trapping, and Passivation 784 Problems 785 References 789 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties 791 References 834 Appendix B 837 B.1 Optimal Dimensionless Parameters for TEGs with ZT ∞2 = 1 (See Figure B.1 at the end of tables) 837 B.2 Optimal Dimensionless Parameters for TECS With ZT ∞2 = 1 (See Figure B.2 at the end of tables) 837 Appendix C Pipe Dimensions 847 Appendix D Periodic Table 849 Appendix E Thermoelectric Properties 857 E.1 Bismuth Telluride P-Type 858 E.2 Bismuth Telluride N-Type 859 E.3 Lead Telluride P-Type 859 E.4 Silicon Germanium N-Type 860 E.5 Skutterudites N-Type 861 E.6 Zintl Compound N-Type 861 References 862 Appendix F Fermi Integral 863 Appendix G Hall Factor 867 References 869 Appendix H Curve Fitting of Working Fluids 871 H.1 Curve Fit for Working Fluids Chosen 871 H.2 Curve Fitting for Working Fluid Properties Chosen 872 H.2.1 MathCad Format 872 Appendix L Tutorial for MathCAD 875 L.1 Tutorial Problem for MathCAD 875 Appendix M Conversion Factors 879 Index 881

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Book SynopsisA practical and accessible approach to machinery troubleshooting Unique Methods for Analyzing Failures and Catastrophic Events is designed to assist practicing engineers address design and fabrication problems in manufacturing equipment to support safe process operation. Throughout the book, a wealth of real-world case studies and easy-to-understand illustrated examples demonstrate how to use simplified failure analysis methods to produce insights for a wide range of engineering problems. Dr. Anthony Sofronas draws from his five decades of industry experience to help engineers better understand the science behind a particular problem, evaluate the failure analysis of an outside consultant, and recommend the best path forward to management. The author distills sophisticated engineering analysis approaches into compact, user-friendly methodologies that can be easily applied to the readers' own situations to avoid costly failures. Each chapter includes a thorough suTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Engineering Suggestions Based on Experience 1 1.1 What Should We Learn from This Book? 1 1.1.1 Summary 3 Reference 3 1.2 We All Contribute to Each Other’s Success 3 1.2.1 Summary 5 Reference 5 1.3 Why Performing Calculations is Important to an Engineer’s Career 5 1.3.1 Summary 7 Reference 8 1.4 How an Engineering Consultant Can Help Your Company 8 1.4.1 Summary 10 1.5 The Benefit of Keeping Complex Problems Simple 10 1.5.1 Summary 14 1.6 Taking Risks and Making High-Level Presentations 15 1.6.1 Summary 16 1.7 Searching the Literature for Data 16 1.7.1 Equations 17 1.7.2 Facts 17 1.7.3 Credibility 17 1.7.4 Accuracy of the Data 17 1.7.5 Sources to Search 18 1.7.6 Summary 18 References 19 1.8 Cautions to New to Industry Technical Personnel 19 1.8.1 The Wrong Frequency 19 1.8.2 Using the Incorrect Measuring Technique 20 1.8.3 Never Under-Estimate the Value of Experienced People 20 1.8.4 Check and Double Check Your Design 20 1.8.5 Some Understand the Equipment Much Better Than You 21 1.8.6 Summary 22 1.9 A Method for Analyzing Catastrophic Type Failures 22 References 24 2 Evaluating Failures and Designs 25 2.1 Twenty Rules to Remember 25 2.1.1 Summary 28 2.2 How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed in a Failure Situation 29 2.2.1 Summary 31 2.3 Catastrophic Failures and the Human Factor 31 2.3.1 Summary 35 References 35 2.4 The Importance of Alliances and Networking 35 2.4.1 Summary 36 2.5 Personal Checklists are Important 37 2.6 Checklist for Vibration Analysis 37 2.6.1 Summary 39 Reference 40 2.7 Checklist for New Piping System Installations 40 2.8 Checklists for Pumps and Compressors 40 2.9 Understanding What the Failure Data Is Telling You 41 2.9.1 Gear Damage 41 2.9.2 Shaft Failures 42 2.9.3 Weld Failures 43 2.9.4 Bolt Failures 43 2.9.5 Brittle Fracture Failures 45 2.9.6 Anti-Friction Bearing Failures 46 2.9.7 Spring Failures 46 2.9.8 Drilled Holes 47 2.9.9 Summary 48 2.10 Phantom Failures and Their Dilemma 49 2.10.1 Summary 50 2.11 Various Types of Equipment and Their Failure Loads 50 2.11.1 Summary 52 3 Mechanical Failures 53 3.1 Preventing Crankshaft Failures in Large Reciprocating Engines 53 3.1.1 Summary 57 3.2 Structural Collapse of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge 57 3.2.1 Summary 61 Reference 61 3.3 Failure Analysis Computations Differ from Design 61 3.3.1 Summary 64 3.4 Crack Growth and the Bending Failures of a Hollow Shaft 64 3.4.1 An In-Service Failure Example 66 3.4.2 The Assumptions and Comparisons 67 3.4.3 Summary 68 Reference 68 3.5 Why Did a Small Piece of Foam Cause the Shuttle Columbia to Crash? 68 3.5.1 Summary 71 Reference 71 3.6 Can the Aircraft Cowling Contain a Broken Turbine Blade? 71 3.6.1 Summary 72 References 72 3.7 Why Did My Car Windshield Break from a Very Small Stone? 73 3.7.1 Summary 73 3.8 Momentum or Why a Car Is Harder to Push and Then Easier When Rolling 73 3.8.1 Summary 75 3.9 Bearing Failure Due To Design Error 75 3.9.1 Summary 76 3.10 What Is the Shortest Stopping Distance for My Car? 76 3.10.1 Summary 76 3.11 How Hot Do Brake Disks Get in a Panic Stop? 77 3.11.1 Summary 78 3.12 Will the Turbocharger Disk Go Through its Housing? 78 3.12.1 Summary 80 3.13 Failure of an Agitator Gearbox 80 3.13.1 Summary 82 3.14 Failure of an Extruder Screw 82 3.14.1 Summary 83 Reference 83 3.15 Failure of a Steam Turbine Blade 84 3.15.1 Summary 87 3.16 How Long Will It Last? 87 3.16.1 Summary 90 Reference 90 3.17 Gear Life With a Load 90 3.17.1 Summary 92 3.18 Analyzing the Life of a Gear 93 3.18.1 Summary 94 3.19 Predicting the Cause of a Gear Tooth Crack Growth Past and Future 94 References 96 3.20 Nonlinear and Linear Impact Problems 97 3.20.1 Summary 100 3.21 Phantom Failure of an Expander–Dryer 100 3.21.1 Summary 103 3.22 Cracking of a Rail Hopper Car Due to Couple-Up 103 Reference 106 3.23 Loss of Oil Supply and Gear Set Destruction 106 References 109 3.24 Analyzing the Total Collapse of a Multi-Story Building 110 References 115 4 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Examples 116 4.1 Addressing Heat Exchanger Tube Leaks 116 4.1.1 Summary 118 4.2 Explaining Flow Through Piping Using the Poiseuille Equation 119 4.2.1 Summary 120 4.3 A Local Flooding Event at a Plant Site 120 4.3.1 Summary 122 Reference 122 4.4 Examining Fan System Pulsations 122 4.4.1 Summary 125 References 126 4.5 The Dynamics of How an Aircraft Flies 126 4.5.1 Summary 129 4.6 How Much Wind Does It Take to Blow Over a Motor Coach? 129 4.6.1 Summary 131 4.7 How Much Wind Force to Buckle an Aircraft Hanger Door? 131 4.7.1 Summary 132 4.8 How Much Water on a Road to Float a Car? 132 4.8.1 Summary 133 4.9 How Fast Does an Object Hit the Ground? 133 4.9.1 Summary 135 4.10 Collapse of a Bubble and the Excitation Force on a Structure 135 4.10.1 Summary 139 4.11 Failure of a Cooling Tower Pump Due to Water Hammer 139 4.11.1 Summary 142 References 142 4.12 Braking Resistor Burn-Out on a Locomotive 142 4.12.1 Summary 144 4.13 Will a Small Ice Air Conditioner Work? 144 4.13.1 Summary 148 References 148 4.14 Prototype of Smallest Air Ice Cooler 148 4.14.1 Summary 149 5 Sports Examples 151 5.1 Why Does a Baseball Curve? 151 5.1.1 Summary 153 5.2 How Far Does a Baseball Go When Hit with Drag? 153 5.2.1 Summary 154 5.3 What Is the Force of a Batted Baseball? 154 5.3.1 Summary 155 5.4 Why Doesn’t a Baseball Catcher’s Arm Break with a 100-mph Fastball? 155 5.4.1 Some Data 156 5.4.2 Summary 157 5.5 Dynamics of a Billiard Ball 157 5.5.1 Summary 158 5.6 How Far Can a Golf Ball Go? 158 5.6.1 Summary 159 5.7 What Causes an Ice Skater to Spin so Fast? 159 5.7.1 Summary 160 5.8 Why Don’t High Divers Get Injured? 160 5.8.1 Summary 162 References 162 5.9 How Hard Is a Boxers Punch? 163 5.9.1 Summary 164 6 Gas Explosion Events 165 6.1 Energy in Steam Boiler Explosions 165 6.1.1 Summary 167 References 167 6.2 Delayed Fireball-Type Explosions 167 6.2.1 Summary 171 References 171 6.3 Method for Investigating Hydrocarbon Explosions 171 6.3.1 Summary 178 References 178 6.4 Pipeline Explosion Critical Zone 179 6.4.1 Summary 179 6.5 Pneumatic Explosion Debris Range 180 6.5.1 Summary 181 6.6 How Are the Effect of Massive Energy Releases Compared? 182 6.6.1 Summary 183 6.7 Engine Air Intake Manifold Explosion 183 6.7.1 Summary 185 Reference 185 7 Vibration and Impact: The Cause of Failures 186 7.1 Investigating a Possible Cause for a Coupling Failure in a Centrifugal Compressor 186 7.1.1 Summary 192 References 192 7.2 Sudden Power Interruption to a System 193 7.2.1 Summary 195 7.3 Effect of Liquid Slug in a Centrifugal Compressor 195 7.3.1 Summary 198 Reference 198 7.4 Weld Failures in Vibrating Equipment 198 7.4.1 Summary 201 References 201 7.5 Effect of Gear Chatter on Pinion Teeth Impact 202 7.5.1 Summary 202 7.6 Holzer Method for Calculating Torsional Multi-mass Systems 203 7.6.1 Summary 204 7.7 What to do When the Vibration Levels Increase on Large Gearboxes 204 7.7.1 Summary 209 Reference 209 7.8 How Vibratory Torque Relates to Bearing Cap Vibration in a Gearbox 209 7.8.1 Summary 211 Reference 211 7.9 Vibration of a Polymer Extruder Gearbox 211 7.9.1 Summary 212 References 213 7.10 Processing and Wear Load Increase in a Polymer Extruder 213 7.10.1 Summary 214 Reference 214 7.11 Vibration Charts Can Give Faulty Information 214 7.11.1 Summary 215 7.12 Have Torsional Vibrations Caused the Gearbox Pinion to Fail? 216 7.12.1 Summary 218 8 Examining the Human Body 219 8.1 What Causes Football Brain Injuries? 219 8.1.1 Summary 223 References 223 8.2 Life Assessment Diagrams 223 8.2.1 Summary 224 8.3 Assessing the Cumulative Damage Done by Head Impacts 224 8.3.1 Summary 228 References 228 8.4 What Happens When I Hit My Head and See Stars? 229 8.4.1 Summary 230 8.5 How Does the Body Keep Cool? 230 8.5.1 Summary 232 8.6 How Do Our Muscles Work? 232 8.6.1 Summary 234 8.7 Why Do People Die from Heatstroke in a 75 ∘ FCar? 234 8.7.1 Summary 235 8.8 What Damage Can a Safety Airbag Do to a Human? 236 8.8.1 Summary 236 8.9 How Is Blood Pressure Measured? 236 8.9.1 Summary 237 8.10 How Does the Heart Work? 237 8.10.1 Summary 241 8.11 Restricting the Spread of a Virus 241 8.11.1 Summary 244 Reference 245 8.12 Why Do Some Survive a Freefall Out of an Aircraft? 246 8.12.1 Summary 246 9 Other Curious Catastrophic Failures Related to Earth 247 9.1 Can an Asteroid Be Deflected from Hitting Earth? 247 9.1.1 Summary 249 9.2 What Size Crater Does a Large Asteroid Make When It Hits Earth? 250 9.2.1 Summary 253 9.3 What Is an Earthquake? 253 9.3.1 Summary 255 9.4 Earthquakes Are so Strong Why Don’t They Do More Damage? 256 9.4.1 Summary 258 9.5 Concerns on the Super-Volcano Under Yellowstone National Park 258 9.5.1 Summary 260 References 261 9.6 What Is a Tsunami and How Do They Form? 261 9.6.1 Summary 262 Reference 262 9.7 What Is a Tornado? 262 9.7.1 Summary 264 Reference 264 9.8 Can a Tornado Really Lift a House? 264 9.8.1 Summary 265 9.9 Can Straw Penetrate a Tree in a Tornado? 265 9.9.1 Summary 266 Reference 266 9.10 What Is a Hurricane? 266 9.10.1 Summary 267 10 Strange Occurrences and Other Interesting Items 268 10.1 What in the Force of a Ship Hitting a Whale? 268 10.1.1 Summary 269 Reference 270 10.2 How Much Wind to Blow Over a Tree 270 10.2.1 Summary 272 10.3 Why Do Objects Appear Smaller Than They Are? 273 10.3.1 Summary 274 10.4 Do We Feel a Force When Near Large Objects? 274 10.4.1 Summary 275 10.5 Why Does the Moon Sometimes Appear So Big on the Horizon? 275 10.5.1 Summary 276 10.6 How Does an Air Conditioner Operate? 276 10.6.1 Summary 277 Reference 277 10.7 How Fast to Heat Up a Room? 278 10.7.1 Summary 278 10.8 How Do I Size an Air Conditioner for a Garage? 278 10.8.1 Summary 279 10.9 At What Speed Does a Locomotive Become De-railed? 279 10.9.1 Summary 280 10.10 Are Those Huge Cruise Ships Stable? 280 10.10.1 Summary 281 10.11 Why Are Arches Used? 281 10.11.1 Summary 285 10.12 Why Don’t Bighorn Sheep Die When Banging Their Heads? 285 10.12.1 Summary 286 10.13 Why Can’t We Walk on Water? 286 10.13.1 Summary 288 Reference 288 10.14 How to Predict the Outcome of the Stock Market 288 10.14.1 Summary 292 10.15 Things Aren’t as Random as They May Appear 293 Reference 294 10.15.1 Summary 295 10.16 Why Do Certain Events Seem to Happen Quite Often? 295 10.16.1 Summary 295 10.17 Occurrences on Machines and Structures 295 10.17.1 Summary 298 10.18 How Long Does It Take to Thaw a Frozen Turkey and to Cook It? 298 10.18.1 Summary 300 11 Magic Tricks Using Engineering Principles 301 11.1 Surface Tension and Floating Metal 301 11.1.1 Summary 304 11.2 Acceleration of Gravity and the Money Challenge 304 11.2.1 Summary 305 11.3 The Jumping Coin 305 11.3.1 Summary 306 11.4 The Belt Balancing Act 306 11.4.1 Summary 307 11.5 How Can It Be Held Up by Threads? 308 11.5.1 Summary 309 11.6 Pulling the Tablecloth 310 11.6.1 Summary 311 12 Useful Forms of the Equations Used in this Book 312 12.1 The Equations of Motion 312 12.2 Newton’s First Law of Force 312 12.3 Newton’s Second Law of Force 313 12.4 Newton’s Third Law of Force 313 12.5 Newton’s Gravitation Theory 313 12.6 Static Equilibrium 314 12.7 Momentum and Impulse 314 12.8 Kinetic Energy 314 12.9 Potential Energy 315 12.10 Conservation of Energy 315 12.11 Bernoulli’s Equation 315 12.12 Specific Heat Equation 316 12.13 Conduction Equation 316 12.14 Convection Equation 316 12.15 Radiation Equation 317 12.16 Theories of Material Failure 317 12.17 Archimedes Principle 317 12.18 Centrifugal Force 318 12.19 What Is Enthalpy? 318 13 A Little About Some Famous Scientists Mentioned in This Book 319 13.1 Isaac Newton (1642–1726 AD) 319 13.2 Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782 AD) 320 13.3 Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) 320 13.4 William Rankine (1820–1872 AD) 321 13.5 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519 AD) 321 13.6 Heinrich Holzer 321 13.7 Stephan Timoshenko (1878–1972) 322 Reference 322 13.8 Jacob P. Den Hartog (1901–1989) 322 References 322 13.9 Wilson, Ker, William 322 Index 325

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Book SynopsisPEROVSKITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS The book provides a state-of-the-art summary and discussion about the recent progress in the development and engineering of perovskite solar cells materials along with the future directions it might take. Among all 3rd generation solar cells, perovskite solar cells have recently been attracting much attention and have also emerged as a hot research area of competing materials for silicon PV due to their easy fabrication, long charge-carrier lifetime, low binding energy, low defect density, and low cost. This book focuses primarily on the perovskite structures and utilizes them in modern technologies of photovoltaics and environmental applications. It will be unique in terms of the use of perovskite structures in solar cell applications. This book also discusses the type of perovskites, their synthetic approach, and environmental and solar cell applications. The book also covers how perovskite solar cells originated anTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Computational Approach for Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cells 1A.S. Mathur and B.P. Singh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Preliminary Steps 2 1.3 Advanced Semiconductor Analysis (ASA) 15 1.4 Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS) 20 1.5 Automat for Simulation of Heterostructures (AFORS-HET) 23 1.6 Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) 26 1.7 Conclusion 31 References 32 2 Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells 37Neha Patni, Rokadia Zulfiqar and Krishna Patel 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Structure 40 2.3 Working Mechanism of PSC 42 2.4 Device Architecture 43 2.4.1 Mesoporous Structure 43 2.4.2 Planar Heterostructures 45 2.5 Properties 46 2.5.1 High Optical Absorption 46 2.5.2 High Open-Circuit Voltage 47 2.5.3 Low Recombinations 48 2.5.4 Tunable Bandgap 49 2.5.4.1 Organic Cation (A) 49 2.5.4.2 Metal Cation (M) 50 2.5.4.3 Halide Anion (X) 51 2.5.5 Rapidly Increasing Efficiency 51 2.6 Drawbacks and Ongoing Challenges of PSCs 52 2.7 Conclusion 53 Acknowledgment 54 References 54 3 Surface Morphological Effects on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells 59Srinivasa Rao Pathipati 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Morphology Control 60 3.2.1 The Effect of Device Architecture on the Morphology and the Device Performance 60 3.2.2 Effect of Deposition Technique on the Morphology of the Perovskite Layer 62 3.2.2.1 One-Step Deposition Method 62 3.2.2.2 Two-Step Deposition Technique 64 3.2.2.3 Dual-Source Precursor Approach 69 3.2.2.4 Vacuum Deposition Technique 70 3.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Growth of Perovskite 71 3.3.1 Effect of Solvent Additive 71 3.3.2 Effect of Solid Additive 72 3.3.3 Seed-Induced Growth of Perovskites 73 3.3.4 Homogenous Cap-Induced Crystallization 75 3.3.5 Effect of Hydrophobicity 77 3.3.6 Effect of Interface Modification 81 3.3.7 Effect of Solvent Annealing 82 References 84 4 Advanced Synthesis Strategies for Single Crystal Perovskite Halides 91Prerna and Sandeep Arya 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Popular Single Crystal Growth Techniques 92 4.2.1 Anti-Solvent Vapor-Assisted Crystallization (AVC) Method 99 4.2.2 Inverse Temperature Crystallization (ITC) 101 4.2.3 Modified Inverse Temperature Crystallization 104 4.2.4 Solution Temperature Lowering Method 106 4.2.4.1 Top-Seeded Solution Growth Method 107 4.2.4.2 Bottom-Seeded Solution Growth Method 108 4.2.5 Bridgman (BG) Method 110 4.3 Other Techniques 113 Conclusions 117 References 118 5 Synchrotron-Based Techniques for Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells 123Umar Farooq, Ruby Phul, Mohd Shabbir, Rizwan Arif and Akrema 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Synchrotron Techniques, Their Limitations and Advantages 128 5.3 Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction/Scattering (SR-XRD) 128 5.4 In Situ XRD 131 5.5 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering 133 5.6 Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering 135 5.7 Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Absorption Techniques 135 5.8 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure 137 5.9 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 139 5.10 Conclusions 140 References 142 6 Recent Progress on Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 147Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Device Structure and Working Principle of PSCs 152 6.3 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 153 6.4 Conclusion 161 References 161 7 BiFeO3-Based Materials For Augmented Photoactivity 167Rashmi Acharya, Lopamudra Acharya and Kulamani Parida 7.1 Introduction 168 7.1.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 171 7.1.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 171 7.1.3 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen 172 7.1.4 Selective Organic Transformation for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals 172 7.1.5 Photodegradation of Pollutants 173 7.2 Structure, Physicochemical, and Photocatalytic Activity of BiFeO3 175 7.3 Elemental Doping in BFO 177 7.3.1 PXRD Studies 177 7.3.2 Morphological Studies 178 7.3.3 XPS Studies 179 7.3.4 Optical Property Studies 180 7.3.5 Effect of Doping on Photocatalytic Activity of BFO 182 7.4 BFO Semiconductor Heterojunction Construction 183 7.4.1 Heterojunction Construction With Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 184 7.4.2 Heterojunction Construction With Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors 193 7.5 Separation Ability and Reproducibility 198 7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 199 7.7 Acknowledgement 200 References 201 8 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants Using ZnTiO3-Based Semiconductor 217Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 8.1 Introduction 218 8.2 Synthesis of ZnTiO3 222 8.3 Fundamental Need and Basic Mechanism for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants 223 8.4 Photocatalytic Degaradation of Pollutants Based on ZnTiO3 225 8.5 Conclusion 234 References 235 9 Types of Perovskite Materials 241Faria Khatoon Naqvi, Yashfeen Khan, Saba Beg and Anees Ahmad Abbreviations 241 9.1 Introduction 242 9.1.2 Types of Perovskite 243 9.1.2.1 ABO3 Type of Perovskite Materials 244 9.1.2.2 Oxygen and Cation-Deficient Perovskites 246 9.1.2.3 Complex Perovskites 247 9.1.2.4 Layered Perovskites 248 References 253 10 Effects of Various Additives to CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 257Takeo Oku 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Crystal Structures of Perovskite Halides 258 10.3 Basic Configuration of Solar Cells 260 10.4 Cl Doping to Perovskites 266 10.5 Sb or As Doping to Perovskites 270 10.6 Highly (100)-Oriented Perovskites 274 10.7 Cu Doping to Perovskites 279 10.8 K/FA Doping to Perovskites 283 10.9 Morphology Control by Polysilane 290 10.10 High-Temperature Annealed Perovskites 295 10.11 Conclusion 305 Acknowledgements 305 References 305 Index 317

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Book SynopsisWIDE BANDGAP NANOWIRES Comprehensive resource covering the synthesis, properties, and applications of wide bandgap nanowires This book presents first-hand knowledge on wide bandgap nanowires for sensor and energy applications. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, it brings together the materials science, physics and engineering aspects of wide bandgap nanowires, an area in which research has been accelerating dramatically in the past decade. Written by four well-qualified authors who have significant experience in the field, sample topics covered within the work include: Nanotechnology-enabled fabrication of wide bandgap nanowires, covering bottom-up, top-down and hybrid approaches Electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires, which are the basis for realizing sensor and energy device applications Measurement of electrical conductivity and fundamental electrical properties of nanowires ApplicatTable of ContentsChapter 1 8 Bottom-up growth methods 8 Abstract 8 1.1. Introduction 9 1.2. Bottom-up growth mechanisms 10 1.2.1. Vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism 10 1.2.2. Vapor-solid-solid growth mechanism 16 1.2.3. Vapor-solid growth mechanism 22 1.2.4. Solution-liquid-solid growth mechanism 26 1.3. Bottom-up growth techniques 29 1.3.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition 29 1.3.2. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition 33 1.3.3. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition 36 1.3.4. Hydride vapor phase epitaxy 38 1.3.5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 41 1.3.6. Laser ablation 44 1.3.7. Thermal evaporation 46 1.3.8. Carbothermal reduction 48 References 51 Chapter 2 65 Top-down fabrication processes 65 Abstract 65 2.1. Introduction 66 2.2. Top-down fabrication techniques 68 2.2.1. Focused ion beam 68 2.2.2. Electron beam lithography 69 2.2.3. Reactive ion etching 72 2.2.4. Combined lithography techniques 74 References 76 Chapter 3 81 Hybrid fabrication techniques and nanowire heterostructures 81 Abstract 81 3.1. Introduction 82 3.2. Bottom-up meets top-down approaches 84 3.3. Integration of nanowires onto unconventional substrates 86 3.3.1. Transferring nanowires onto flexible substrates 86 3.3.2. Growing nanowires on graphene and layered material substrates 92 3.4. Synthesis of nanowire heterostructures 95 3.4.1. Synthesis of one-dimensional heterostructures 95 3.4.2. Synthesis of mixed dimensional heterostructures 98 References 101 Chapter 4 108 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 108 Abstract 108 4.1. Electrical properties 109 4.2. Measurement of electrical conductivity 109 4.3. Fundamental electrical properties of nanowires 112 4.3.1 Effect of doping on electrical properties 113 4.3.2 Mobility 115 4.3.3 Activation/ionization energy 116 4.3.4 Dependence of activation/ionization energy on NW dimensions 118 4.4 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowire based devices 118 4.4.1 Single NW electrical sensing devices 118 4.4.2 Field-effect transistors (FETs) 120 References 129 Chapter 5 132 Mechanical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 132 Abstract 132 5.1. Characterization techniques 133 5.1.1 Bending and buckling methods 133 5.1.2 Nano indenting method 138 5.1.3 Resonance testing method 139 5.2. Impact of defects and microstructures on mechanical properties of NWs 140 5.2.1. Defects 140 5.2.2 Effect of structures, dimensions and temperatures 143 5.3. Anelasticity and plasticity properties 148 5.3.1 Anelasticity 148 5.3.2 Plasticity 148 5.3.3 Brittle to ductile transition 150 References 152 Chapter 6 155 Optical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 155 Abstract 155 6.1 Optical properties of WBG NWs 156 6.1.1 Photoluminescence characterization of NWs 156 6.1.2 Size-dependent optical properties 157 6.1.3 Shape/morphology-dependent optical properties 158 6.1.4 Effect of crystal orientation 159 6.1.5 Tuning optical properties of NWs 160 6.2 Wide bangap nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 164 6.2.1 GaN nanowire based LEDs 164 6.2.2 GaN nanowire UV LEDs 169 6.2.3 ZnO nanowire based LEDs 172 References 175 Chapter 7 180 Thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires 180 Abstract 180 7.1. Thermal conductivity 181 7.1.1 Fundamental of thermal transport and thermal conductivity 181 7.1.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity 182 7.1.3 Effect of diameters on thermal properties 183 7.1.4 Effect of orientation on thermal properties 186 7.1.5 Tenability of thermal properties 187 7.2 Thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.1 Fundamental thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.2 Thermoelectric properties of ZnO and GaN NWs 191 7.2.3 Thermoelectric properties of SiC NWs 193 7.2.4 Optimisation of the thermoelectric properties 194 References 196 Chapter 8 200 Ultraviolet sensors 200 Abstract 200 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Sensing mechanism 201 8.2.1. Photoconductor architectures 202 8.2.2. Schottky diode photo sensors 204 8.2.3. Semiconductor p-n junction 206 8.2.4. Field effect transistor-based UV sensors 208 8.3. Device development technologies 210 8.3.1. The choice of wide band gap materials for UV sensing 210 8.3.2 Top down fabrication of wide band gap nanowire UV sensors 216 8.3.4. Transfer process for nanowires 219 8.4. Applications of nanowire UV sensors 222 8.4.1 Flame sensors 222 8.4.2. Environmental monitoring 224 8.4.4 Biological sensors and health care applications 225 References 227 Chapter 9 233 Mechanical Sensors 233 Abstract 233 9.1. Introduction 234 9.2. Sensing mechanisms and corresponding materials 234 9.2.1. The piezoresistive effect 234 9.2.2. Piezotronics effect in nanowires 239 9.2.3 Capacitive sensing 243 9.3. Transducer configurations and fabrication technologies 244 9.3.1. Strain sensors 244 9.3.2. Pressure sensors 248 9.3.3 Tactile sensors 253 9.3.4. Acceleration and vibration sensors 256 9.3.5. Energy harvesting devices 257 9.4. Applications of mechanical sensors using wide band gap materials 261 9.4.1. Structural heath monitoring 261 9.4.2. Advanced health care 262 9.4.3 Robotics 265 References 267 Chapter 10 273 Gas sensors 273 Abstract 273 10.1. Introduction 274 10.2. Principle of gas sensing 274 10.2.1. Transconductance sensing mechanism 274 10.2.2. Field effect transistor-based gas sensors 276 10.2.3. Metal-semiconductor Schottky contact based gas sensors 277 10.2.4. Integration of nanowires with micro heaters 278 10.3. Standard physical parameters for gas sensors 280 10.3.1. Sensitivity 280 10.3.2. Selectivity 281 10.3.3. Response time 282 10.4. Materials for different types of gases 284 10.4.1 Oxygen sensors 284 10.4.2 Carbon dioxide 285 10.4.3 Organic gases 287 10.4.4 Hydrogen gas 290 References 301 Chapter 11 308 Wide band gap nanoresonators 308 Abstract 308 11.1. Introduction 309 11.2. Principle of nanoresonators 310 11.3. Actuation and measurement techniques 316 11.3.1 Electrostatic actuation 316 11.3.2 Piezoelectric actuation 318 11.3.3 Magnetomotive actuation 320 11.3.4. Thermal actuator 323 11.4. Engineering the performance of nanoresonators using wide band gap materials 325 11.4.1. Residual stress 325 11.4.2 Mechanical clamping enhancement 329 11.4.3 Tunning resonant frequency using electrically driven forces 331 11.5. Applications of nanoresonators 334 11.5.1 Logic Circuit at high temperatures 334 11.5.2 Mass sensing applications 337 11.5.3 Biosensors 338 11.5.4 Mechanical sensing 339 11.5.5 Optical devices 341 References 343

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Book SynopsisFUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF MACHINERY Enables readers to understand ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 standards and provides a practical approach to functional safety in machinery design Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 introduces functional safety of machinery as a single unified approach, despite the existence of two standards. Aligning with the latest updates of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, the book explains the intent behind the standards and the mathematical basis on which they are written, details the differences between the two standards, and prescribes ways to put them into practice. To aid in seamless reader comprehension, detailed examples are included throughout the book which walk readers through concepts like Random and Systematic Failures, High and Low demand mode of operation, Diagnostic Coverage, and Safe Failure Fraction. Other sample topics covered within the book include: Basics of reliability engineering andTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi Before You Start Reading this Book xxiii 1 The Basics of Reliability Engineering 1 1.1 The Birth of Reliability Engineering 1 1.1.1 Safety Critical Systems 2 1.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts of Reliability 2 1.3 Faults and Failures 2 1.3.1 Definitions 3 1.3.2 Random and Systematic Failures 3 1.3.2.1 How Random is a Random Failure? 4 1.4 Probability Elements Beyond Reliability Concepts 5 1.4.1 The Discrete Probability Distribution 5 1.4.1.1 Example: 10 Colored Balls 6 1.4.1.2 Example: 2 Dice 7 1.4.2 The Probability Density Function f (x) 7 1.4.2.1 Example 8 1.4.3 The Cumulative Distribution Function F(x) 9 1.4.4 The Reliability Function R(t) 10 1.5 Failure Rate λ 11 1.5.1 The Maclaurin Series 14 1.5.2 The Failure in Time or FIT 14 1.5.2.1 Example 14 1.6 Mean Time to Failure 14 1.6.1 Example of a Non-Constant Failure Rate 15 1.6.2 The Importance of the MTTF 16 1.6.3 The Median Life 16 1.6.4 The Mode 16 1.6.4.1 Example 17 1.6.4.2 Example 17 1.7 Mean Time Between Failures 18 1.8 Frequency Approach Example 19 1.8.1 Initial Data 19 1.8.2 Empirical Definition of Reliability and Unreliability 20 1.9 Reliability Evaluation of Series and Parallel Structures 22 1.9.1 The Reliability Block Diagrams 22 1.9.2 The Series Configuration 23 1.9.3 The Parallel Configuration 24 1.9.3.1 Two Equal and Independent Elements 24 1.9.4 M Out of N Functional Configurations 26 1.10 Reliability Functions in Low and High Demand Mode 27 1.10.1 The PFD 28 1.10.1.1 The Protection Layers 29 1.10.1.2 Testing of the Safety Instrumented System 30 1.10.2 The PFDavg 30 1.10.2.1 Dangerous Failures 31 1.10.2.2 How to Calculate the PFDavg 31 1.10.3 The PFH 32 1.10.3.1 Unconditional Failure Intensity w(t) vs Failure Density f (t) 32 1.10.3.2 Reliability Models Used to Estimate the PFH 34 1.11 Weibull Distribution 34 1.11.1 The Probability Density Function 34 1.11.2 The Cumulative Density Function 35 1.11.3 The Instantaneous Failure Rate 36 1.11.4 The Mean Time to Failure 37 1.11.4.1 Example 38 1.12 B10Dand the Importance of T10D39 1.12.1 The BX% Life Parameter and the B10D 39 1.12.1.1 Example 40 1.12.2 How λD and MTTFD are Derived from B10D40 1.12.3 The Importance of the Parameter T10D41 1.12.4 The Surrogate Failure Rate 43 1.12.5 Markov 43 1.13 Logical and Physical Representation of a Safety Function 45 1.13.1 De-energization of Solenoid Valves 45 1.13.2 Energization of Solenoid Valves 46 2 What is Functional Safety 47 2.1 A Brief History of Functional Safety Standards 47 2.1.1 IEC 61508 (All Parts) 48 2.1.1.1 HSE Study 49 2.1.1.2 Safety Integrity Levels 50 2.1.1.3 FMEDA 51 2.1.1.4 High and Low Demand Mode of Operation 52 2.1.1.5 Safety Functions and Safety-Related Systems 53 2.1.1.6 An Example of Risk Reduction Through Functional Safety 54 2.1.1.7 Why IEC 61508 was Written 54 2.1.2 ISO 13849-1 55 2.1.3 IEC 62061 56 2.1.4 IEC 61511 56 2.1.4.1 Introduction 56 2.1.4.2 The Second Edition 57 2.1.4.3 Designing a SIS 58 2.1.4.4 Three Methods 58 2.1.4.5 The Concept of Protection Layers 59 2.1.4.6 The Different Types of Risk 60 2.1.4.7 The Tolerable Risk 60 2.1.4.8 The ALARP Principle 62 2.1.4.9 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) 64 2.1.4.10 Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) 64 2.1.5 PFDavg for Different Architectures 65 2.1.5.1 1oo1 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 65 2.1.5.2 Series of 1oo1 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 66 2.1.5.3 1oo2 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 66 2.1.5.4 1oo3 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 67 2.1.5.5 2oo3 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 67 2.1.5.6 Summary Table 68 2.1.5.7 Example of PFDAvg Calculation 69 2.1.6 Reliability of a Safety Function in Low Demand Mode 70 2.1.7 A Timeline 72 2.2 Safety Systems in High and Low Demand Mode 73 2.2.1 Structure of the Control System in High and Low Demand Mode 73 2.2.1.1 Structure in Low Demand Mode, Process Industry 73 2.2.1.2 Structure in High Demand Mode, Machinery 74 2.2.1.3 Continuous Mode of Operation 74 2.2.2 The Border Line Between High and Low Demand Mode 74 2.2.2.1 Considerations in High Demand Mode 74 2.2.2.2 Considerations in Low Demand Mode 75 2.2.2.3 The Intermediate Region 75 2.3 What is a Safety Control System 76 2.3.1 Control System and Safety System 76 2.3.2 What is Part of a Safety Control System 78 2.3.3 Implication of Implementing an Emergency Start Function 79 2.4 CE Marking, OSHA Compliance, and Functional Safety 80 2.4.1 CE Marking 80 2.4.2 The European Standardization Organizations (ESOs) 81 2.4.3 Harmonized Standards 82 2.4.4 Functional Safety in North America 84 2.4.4.1 The Concept of Control Reliable 85 2.4.4.2 Functional Safety in the United States 86 3 Main Parameters 87 3.1 Failure Rate (λ) 87 3.1.1 Definition 87 3.1.2 Detected and Undetected Failures 88 3.1.3 Failure Rate for Electromechanical Components 89 3.1.3.1 Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 89 3.1.3.2 Input Subsystem: Pressure Switch 89 3.1.3.3 Output Subsystem: Solenoid Valve 90 3.1.3.4 Output Subsystem: Power Contactor 90 3.2 Safe Failure Fraction 91 3.2.1 SFF in Low Demand Mode: Pneumatic Solenoid Valve 92 3.2.1.1 Example 93 3.2.2 SFF in High Demand Mode: Pneumatic Solenoid Valve 94 3.2.2.1 Example for a 1oo1 Architecture 94 3.2.2.2 Example for a 1oo2D Architecture 95 3.2.3 SFF and Electromechanical Components 96 3.2.3.1 The Advantage of Electronic Sensors 97 3.2.3.2 SFF and DC for Electromechanical Components 97 3.2.4 SFF in Low Demand Mode: Analog Input 98 3.2.5 SFF and DC in High Demand Mode: The Dynamic Test and Namur Circuits 100 3.2.5.1 Namur Type Circuits 101 3.2.5.2 Three Wire Digital Input 102 3.2.6 Limits of the SFF Parameter 102 3.2.6.1 Example 103 3.3 Diagnostic Coverage (DC) 103 3.3.1 Levels of Diagnostic 105 3.3.2 How to Estimate the DC Value 105 3.3.3 Frequency of the Test 106 3.3.4 Direct and Indirect Testing 106 3.3.4.1 DC for the Component and for the Channel 107 3.3.5 Testing by the Process 108 3.3.6 Examples of DC Values 109 3.3.7 Estimation of the Average DC 111 3.4 Safety Integrity and Architectural Constraints 112 3.4.1 The Starting Point 112 3.4.2 The Systematic Capability 113 3.4.2.1 Systematic Safety Integrity 113 3.4.3 Confusion Generated by the Concept of Systematic Capability 114 3.4.3.1 Random Capability 114 3.4.3.2 Systematic Capability 115 3.4.3.3 ISO 13849-1 115 3.4.4 The Safety Lifecycle 115 3.4.5 The Software Safety Lifecycle 115 3.4.6 Hardware Fault Tolerance 117 3.4.7 The Hardware Safety Integrity 118 3.4.7.1 Type A and Type B Components 118 3.4.8 Route 1H 119 3.4.8.1 Route 1H and Type A Component: Example 119 3.4.8.2 Route 1H and Type B Component: Example 120 3.4.9 High Demand Mode Safety-Related Control Systems 120 3.4.9.1 Example 121 3.4.10 Route 2H 122 3.5 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) 123 3.5.1 Examples of MTTF Values 123 3.5.2 Calculation of MTTFD and λD for Components from B10D 125 3.5.3 Estimation of MTTFD for a Combination of Systems 125 3.5.3.1 Example for Channels in Series 126 3.5.3.2 Example for Redundant Channels 126 3.6 Common Cause Failure (CCF) 127 3.6.1 Introduction to CCF and the Beta-Factor 127 3.6.2 How IEC 62061 Handles the CCF 128 3.6.3 How ISO 13849-1 Handles the CCF 129 3.7 Proof Test 130 3.7.1 Proof Test Procedures 131 3.7.1.1 Example of a Proof Test Procedure for a Pressure Transmitter 131 3.7.1.2 Example of a Proof Test Procedure for a Solenoid Valve 132 3.7.2 How the Proof Test Interval Affects the System Reliability 133 3.7.2.1 Example 133 3.7.3 Proof Test in Low Demand Mode 134 3.7.3.1 Imperfect Proof Testing and the Proof Test Coverage (PTC) 135 3.7.3.2 Partial Proof Test (PPT) 136 3.7.3.3 Example for a Partial Valve Stroke Test 137 3.7.4 Proof Test in High Demand Mode 138 3.8 Mission Time and Useful Lifetime 139 3.8.1 Mission Time Longer than 20 Years 140 4 Introduction to ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 141 4.1 Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction 141 4.1.1 Cybersecurity 141 4.1.2 Protective and Preventive Measures 143 4.1.3 Functional Safety as Part of the Risk Reduction Measures 144 4.1.4 The Naked Machinery 146 4.2 SRP/CS, SCS, and the Safety Functions 146 4.2.1 SRP/CS and SCS 146 4.2.2 The Safety Function and Its Subsystems 147 4.2.3 The Physical and the Functional Level 147 4.3 Examples of Safety Functions 149 4.3.1 Safety-Related Stop 149 4.3.2 Safety Sub-Functions Related to Power Drive Systems 149 4.3.2.1 Stopping Functions 149 4.3.2.2 Monitoring Functions 151 4.3.2.3 Information to be Provided by the PDS Manufacturer 152 4.3.3 Manual Reset 152 4.3.3.1 Multiple Sequential Reset 154 4.3.3.2 How to Implement the Reset Electrical Architecture 154 4.3.4 Restart Function 154 4.3.5 Local Control Function 154 4.3.6 Muting Function 154 4.3.7 Operating Mode Selection 155 4.4 The Emergency Stop Function 156 4.5 The Reliability of a Safety Function in High Demand Mode 157 4.5.1 PFHD and PFH 157 4.5.2 The Performance Level 157 4.5.3 The Safety Integrity Level 158 4.5.4 Relationship Between SIL and PL 158 4.5.5 Definition of Harm 159 4.6 Determination of the Required PL (PLr) According to ISO 13849-1 159 4.6.1 Risk Parameters 160 4.6.1.1 S: Severity of Injury 160 4.6.1.2 F: Frequency and/or Exposure Time to Hazard 160 4.6.1.3 P: Possibility of Avoiding Hazard or Limiting Harm 160 4.6.1.4 An Example on How to Use the Graph 161 4.7 Rapex Directive 162 4.8 Determination of the Required SIL (SILr) According to IEC 62061 163 4.8.1 Risk Elements and SIL Assignment 164 4.8.2 Severity (Se) 165 4.8.3 Probability of Occurrence of Harm 165 4.8.3.1 Frequency and Duration of Exposure (Fr) 165 4.8.3.2 Probability of Occurrence of a Hazardous Event (Pr) 166 4.8.3.3 Probability of Avoiding or Limiting the Harm (Av) 166 4.8.3.4 Example of the Table Use 167 4.9 The Requirements Specification 167 4.9.1 Information Needed to Prepare the SRS or the FRS 167 4.9.2 The Specifications of All Safety Functions 168 4.10 Iterative Process to Reach the Required Reliability Level 169 4.11 Fault Considerations and Fault Exclusion 170 4.11.1 How Many Faults Should be Considered? 170 4.11.2 Fault Exclusion and Interlocking Devices 170 4.11.2.1 Fault Exclusion Applied to Interlocking Devices 170 4.11.2.2 Fault Exclusion on Pre-defined Subsystems 172 4.11.2.3 Fault Exclusion Made by the Machinery Manufacturer 172 4.11.2.4 Types of Guard Locking Mechanism 173 4.11.2.5 What Are the Safety Signals in an Interlocking Device with Guard Lock? 174 4.11.2.6 What Safety Functions are Associated to a Guard Interlock 174 4.11.3 Other Examples of Fault Exclusions 175 4.11.3.1 Short Circuit Between any Two Conductors 175 4.11.3.2 Welding of Contact Elements in Contactors 176 4.12 International Standards for Control Circuit Devices 177 4.12.1 Direct Opening Action 177 4.12.1.1 Direct and Non-Direct Opening Action 179 4.12.2 Contactors Used in Safety Applications 179 4.12.2.1 Power Contactors 179 4.12.2.2 Auxiliary Contactors 180 4.12.2.3 Electromechanical Elementary Relays 181 4.12.3 How to Avoid Systematic Failures in Motor Branch Circuits 182 4.12.3.1 How to Protect Contactors from Overload and Short Circuit 182 4.12.3.2 Contactor Reliability Data 183 4.12.4 Implications Coming from IEC 60204-1 and NFPA 79 184 4.12.4.1 Wrong Connection of the Emergency Stop Button 185 4.12.4.2 Situation in Case of Two Faults: Again a Wrong Connection! 185 4.12.4.3 Correct Wiring and Bonding in a Control Circuit 186 4.12.5 Enabling and Hold to Run Devices 186 4.12.5.1 Enabling Devices 186 4.12.5.2 Hold to Run Device 189 4.12.6 Current Sinking and Sourcing Digital I/O 190 4.13 Measures for the Avoidance of Systematic Failures 192 4.13.1 The Functional Safety Plan 192 4.13.2 Basic Safety Principles 193 4.13.2.1 Application of Good Engineering Practices 193 4.13.2.2 Use of De-energization Principles 193 4.13.2.3 Correct Protective Bonding (Electrical Basic Safety Principle) 193 4.13.3 Well-Tried Safety Principles 194 4.13.3.1 Positively Mechanically Linked Contacts 194 4.13.3.2 Fault Avoidance in Cables 194 4.14 Fault Masking 195 4.14.1 Introduction to the Methodology 195 4.14.1.1 Redundant Arrangement with Star Cabling 195 4.14.1.2 Redundant Arrangement with Branch Cabling 196 4.14.1.3 Redundant Arrangement with Loop Cabling 196 4.14.1.4 Single Arrangement with Star Cabling 197 4.14.1.5 Single Arrangement with Branch Cabling 198 4.14.1.6 Single Arrangement with Loop Cabling 198 4.14.2 Fault Masking Example: Unintended Reset 199 4.14.3 Methodology for DC Evaluation 200 4.14.3.1 The Simplified Method 200 4.14.3.2 Regular Method 201 4.14.3.3 Example 201 5 Design and Evaluation of Safety Functions 205 5.1 Subsystems, Subsystem Elements, and Channels 205 5.1.1 Subsystems 205 5.1.2 Subsystem Element and Channel 205 5.1.3 Decomposition of a Safety Function 207 5.1.4 Definition of Device Types 208 5.1.4.1 Device Type 1 208 5.1.4.2 Device Type 2 208 5.1.4.3 Device Type 3 208 5.1.4.4 Device Type 4 208 5.1.4.5 Implication for General Purpose PLCs 209 5.2 Well-Tried Components 210 5.2.1 List of Well-Tried Components 211 5.2.1.1 Mechanical Systems 211 5.2.1.2 Pneumatic Systems 211 5.2.1.3 Hydraulic Systems 212 5.2.1.4 Electrical Systems 212 5.3 Proven in Use and Prior Use Devices 214 5.3.1 Proven in Use 214 5.3.2 Prior Use Devices 215 5.3.3 Prior Use vs Proven in Use 215 5.4 Use of Process Control Systems as Protection Layers 215 5.5 Information for Use 216 5.5.1 Span of Control 216 5.5.2 Information for the Machinery Manufacturer 217 5.5.3 Information for the User 217 5.6 Safety Software Development 218 5.6.1 Limited and Full Variability Language 218 5.6.2 The V-Model 219 5.6.3 Software Classifications According to IEC 62061 220 5.6.3.1 Software Level 1 221 5.6.3.2 Software Safety Requirements for Level 1 222 5.6.3.3 Software Design Specifications for Level 1 222 5.6.3.4 Software Testing for Level 1 223 5.6.3.5 Validation of Safety-Related Software 223 5.6.4 Software Safety Requirements According to ISO 13849-1 223 5.6.4.1 Requirements When SRASW is Developed with LVL 224 5.6.4.2 Software-Based Manual Parameterization 225 5.7 Low Demand Mode Applications in Machinery 226 5.7.1 How to Understand if a Safety System is in High or in Low Demand Mode 226 5.7.1.1 Milling Machine 226 5.7.1.2 Industrial Furnaces 226 5.7.2 Subsystems in Both High and Low Demand Mode 227 5.7.3 How to Address Low Demand Mode in Machinery 230 5.7.4 Subsystems Used in Both High and Low Demand Mode 230 5.7.5 How to Assess “Mixed” Safety Systems: Method 1 231 5.7.5.1 How to Estimate the Failure Rate of the Shared Subsystem 231 5.7.5.2 Relationship Between PFDavg and PFHD 231 5.7.5.3 Safety Functions 1 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 1 232 5.7.5.4 Safety Functions 2 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 1 233 5.7.6 How to Assess “Mixed” Safety Systems: Method 2 235 5.7.6.1 How the Method Works 235 5.7.6.2 Safety Function 2 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 2 236 6 The Categories of ISO 13849-1 237 6.1 Introduction 237 6.1.1 Introduction to the Simplified Approach 238 6.1.2 Physical and Logical Representation of the Architectures 239 6.1.3 The Steps to be Followed 240 6.2 The Five Categories 241 6.2.1 Introduction 241 6.2.2 Category B 241 6.2.3 Category 1 242 6.2.3.1 Example of a Category 1 Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 242 6.2.4 Category 2 243 6.2.5 Markov Modelling of Category 2 245 6.2.5.1 The OK State 245 6.2.5.2 From the OK State to the Failure State 246 6.2.5.3 From the Failure State to the Hazardous Event 247 6.2.5.4 Other States in the Transition Model 248 6.2.5.5 The Simplified Graph of the Markov Modelling 248 6.2.5.6 The Importance of the Time-Optimal Testing 249 6.2.5.7 1oo1D in Case of Time-Optimal Testing 249 6.2.6 Conditions for the Correct Implementation of a Category 2 Subsystem 250 6.2.7 Examples of Category 2 Circuits 251 6.2.7.1 Example of Category 2 – PL c 251 6.2.7.2 Example of Category 2 – PL d 252 6.2.7.3 Example of a Category 2 with Undervoltage Coil 253 6.2.8 Category 3 254 6.2.8.1 Diagnostic Coverage in Category 3 255 6.2.8.2 Example of Category 3 for Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 256 6.2.8.3 Example of Category 3 for Output Subsystem: Pneumatic Actuator 258 6.2.9 Category 4 260 6.2.9.1 Category 4 When the Demand Rate is Relatively Low 260 6.2.9.2 Example of a Category 4 Input Subsystem: Emergency Stop 261 6.2.9.3 Example of Category 4 for Output Subsystems: Electric Motor 262 6.3 Simplified Approach for Estimating the Performance Level 263 6.3.1 Conditions for the Simplified Approach 263 6.3.2 How to Calculate MTTFD of a Subsystem 264 6.3.3 Estimation of the Performance Level 264 6.3.3.1 The Simplified Graph 265 6.3.3.2 Table K.1 in Annex K 265 6.3.3.3 The Extended Graph 270 6.4 Determination of the Reliability of a Safety Function 270 7 The Architectures of IEC 62061 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.1.1 The Architectural Constraints 273 7.1.2 The Simplified Approach 275 7.1.2.1 Differences with ISO 13849-1 275 7.1.2.2 How to Calculate the PFHD of a Basic Subsystem Architecture 275 7.1.3 The Avoidance of Systematic Failures 275 7.1.4 Relationship Between λD and MTTFD 276 7.2 The Four Subsystem Architectures 277 7.2.1 Repairable vs Non-Repairable Systems 277 7.2.2 Basic Subsystem Architecture A: 1oo1 277 7.2.2.1 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture A 277 7.2.2.2 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture A 278 7.2.3 Basic Subsystem Architecture B: 1oo2 278 7.2.3.1 Implications of Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture B 279 7.2.3.2 Example of a Basic Output Subsystem Architecture B: Electric Motor 279 7.2.4 Basic Subsystem Architecture C: 1oo1D 281 7.2.4.1 Conditions for a Correct Implementation of Basic Subsystem Architecture C 282 7.2.4.2 Basic Subsystem Architecture C with Fault Handling Done by the SCS 283 7.2.5 Basic Subsystem Architecture C with Mixed Fault Handling 283 7.2.5.1 PFHD in Case of Four Conditions Satisfied 285 7.2.5.2 PFHD in Case One of the Four Conditions is Not Satisfied 286 7.2.5.3 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture C 286 7.2.6 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture C 287 7.2.7 Alternative Formula for the Basic Subsystem Architecture C 289 7.2.8 Basic Subsystem Architecture D: 1oo2D 290 7.2.8.1 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture D 291 7.2.8.2 Example of Input Basic Subsystem Architecture D: Emergency Stop 291 7.2.8.3 Example of Input Basic Subsystem Architecture D: Interlocking Device 292 7.2.8.4 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture D Output 293 7.3 Determination of the Reliability of a Safety Function 295 8 Validation 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.1.1 Level of Independence of People Doing the Validation 298 8.1.2 Flow Chart of the Validation Process 299 8.2 The Validation Plan 299 8.2.1 Fault List 299 8.2.2 Validation Measures Against Systematic Failures 301 8.2.3 Information Needed for the Validation 301 8.2.4 Analysis and Testing 301 8.2.4.1 Analysis 301 8.2.4.2 Testing 302 8.2.4.3 Validation of the Safety Integrity of Subsystems 303 8.2.4.4 Validation of the Safety-related Software 304 8.2.4.5 Software-based Manual Parameterization 304 9 Some Final Considerations 307 9.1 ISO 13849-1 vs IEC 62061 307 9.2 High vs Low-Demand Mode Applications 308 9.3 The Importance of Risk Assessment 309 9.3.1 Principles of Safety Integration 310 9.3.1.1 The Glass Dome 311 9.3.2 How to Run a Risk Assessment 311 Bibliography 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisProcess Safety for Engineers Familiarizes an engineer new to process safety with the concept of process safety management In this significantly revised second edition of Process Safety for Engineers: An Introduction, CCPS delivers a comprehensive book showing how Process Safety concepts are used to reduce operational risks. Students, new engineers, and others new to process safety will benefit from this book. In this updated edition, each chapter begins with a detailed incident case study, provides steps that help address issues, and contains problem sets which can be assigned to students. The second edition covers: Process Safety: including an overview of CCPS' Risk Based Process Safety Hazards: specifically fire and explosion, reactive chemical, and toxicity Design considerations for hazard control: including Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis Management of operational risk: incluTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction and Regulatory Overview Chapter 2 Risk Based Process Safety Chapter 3 Process Safety Regulations, Codes, and Standards Chapter 4 Fire and Explosion Hazards Chapter 5 Reactive Chemical Hazards Chapter 6 Toxic Hazards Chapter 7 Chemical Hazards Data Sources Chapter 8 Other Hazards Chapter 9 Process Safety Incident Classification Chapter 10 Project Design Basics Chapter 11 Equipment Failure Chapter 12 Hazard Identification Chapter 13 Consequence Analysis Chapter 14 Risk Assessment Chapter 15 Risk Mitigation Chapter 16 Human Factors Chapter 17 Operational Readiness Chapter 18 Management of Change Chapter 19 Operating Procedures, Safe Work Practices, Conduct of Operations, and Operational Discipline Chapter 20 Emergency Management Chapter 21 People Management Aspects of Process Safety Management Chapter 22 Sustaining Process Safety Performance Chapter 23 Process Safety Culture Appendix A – Concluding Exercises Appendix B – Relationship Between Book Content and Typical Engineering Courses Appendix C – Example RAGAGEP List Appendix D – Reactive Chemicals Checklist Appendix E – Classifying Process Safety Events Using API RP 754 3nd Edition Appendix F – Example Process Operations Readings and Evaluations Appendix G – List of CSB Videos

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments x Preface xi About the Companion Website xiv Chapter 1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Classical Electron 2 1.3 Two-Slit Electron Experiment 4 1.4 The Photoelectric Effect 8 1.5 Wave-Packets and Uncertainty 11 1.6 The Wavefunction 13 1.7 The Schrödinger Equation 15 1.8 The Electron in a One-Dimensional Well 19 1.9 The Hydrogen Atom 25 1.10 Electron Transmission and Reflection at Potential Energy Step 30 1.11 Spin 32 1.12 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 35 1.13 Operators and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 36 1.14 Expectation Values and Hermitian Operators 38 1.15 Summary 40 Problems 42 Note 45 Suggestions for Further Reading 45 Chapter 2 Semiconductor Physics 46 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 The Band Theory of Solids 48 2.3 Bloch Functions 49 2.4 The Kronig–Penney Model 52 2.5 The Bragg Model 57 2.6 Effective Mass in Three Dimensions 59 2.7 Number of States in a Band 61 2.8 Band Filling 63 2.9 Fermi Energy and Holes 65 2.10 Carrier Concentration 66 2.11 Semiconductor Materials 78 2.12 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 80 2.13 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 82 2.14 Extrinsic Semiconductors 86 2.15 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 91 2.16 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics 95 2.17 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 98 2.18 Quasi-Fermi Energies 101 2.19 The Diffusion Equation 104 2.20 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 107 2.21 Alloy Semiconductors 111 2.23 Summary 114 Problems 116 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 Chapter 3 The p-n Junction Diode 123 3.1 Introduction 124 3.2 Diode Current 125 3.3 Contact Potential 130 3.4 The Depletion Approximation 132 3.5 The Diode Equation 141 3.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 153 3.7 Tunnel Diodes 156 3.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 158 3.9 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 161 3.10 Heterojunctions 172 3.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behavior 173 3.12 Summary 176 Problems 177 Note 181 Suggestions for Further Reading 181 Chapter 4 Photon Emission and Absorption 182 4.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 183 4.2 Physics of Light Emission 184 4.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 187 4.4 Quantum Description 188 4.5 The Exciton 192 4.6 Two-Electron Atoms and the Exchange Interaction 195 4.7 Molecular Excitons 202 4.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 205 4.9 Photometric Units 210 4.10 Summary 214 Problems 215 Note 219 Suggestions for Further Reading 219 Chapter 5 Semiconductor Devices Based on the p-n Junction 220 5.1 Introduction 221 5.2 The p-n Junction Solar Cell 222 5.3 Light Absorption 224 5.4 Solar Radiation 226 5.5 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 227 5.6 Solar Cell Efficiency Limits and Tandem Cells 234 5.7 The Light Emitting Diode 236 5.8 Emission Spectrum 239 5.9 Non-Radiative Recombination 240 5.10 Optical Outcoupling 241 5.11 GaAs LEDs 244 5.12 GaP:N LEDs 245 5.13 Double Heterojunction Al X Ga 1−x as Leds 246 5.14 AlGaInP LEDs 251 5.15 Ga 1−x in X N Leds 253 5.16 Bipolar Junction Transistor 257 5.17 Junction Field Effect Transistor 266 5.18 BJT and JFET Symbols and Applications 270 5.19 Summary 271 Problems 274 Further Reading 282 Chapter 6 The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 283 6.1 Introduction to the MOSFET 284 6.2 MOSFET Physics 286 6.3 MOS Capacitor Analysis 288 6.4 Accumulation Layer and Inversion Layer Thicknesses 297 6.5 Capacitance of MOS Capacitor 301 6.6 Work Functions, Trapped Charges, and Ion Beam Implantation 303 6.7 Surface Mobility 304 6.8 MOSFET Transistor Characteristics 307 6.9 MOSFET Scaling 312 6.10 Nanoscale Photolithography 313 6.11 Ion Beam Implantation 321 6.12 MOSFET Fabrication 323 6.13 CMOS Structures 328 6.14 Threshold Voltage Adjustment 329 6.15 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas 331 6.16 Modeling Nanoscale MOSFETs 336 6.17 Flash Memory 338 6.18 Tunneling 340 6.19 Summary 348 Problems 350 Notes 352 Recommended Reading 352 Chapter 7 The Quantum Dot 353 7.1 Introduction and Overview 354 7.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductor Materials 356 7.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots 357 7.4 Quantum Dot Confinement Physics 363 7.5 Franck-Condon Principle and the Stokes Shift 369 7.6 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator 376 7.7 Vibronic Transitions 379 7.8 Surface Passivation 383 7.9 Auger Processes 389 7.10 Biological Applications of Quantum Dots 396 7.11 Summary 397 Problems 398 Recommended Reading 399 Chapter 8 Organic Semiconductor Materials and Devices 400 8.1 Introduction to Organic Electronics 401 8.2 Conjugated Systems 402 8.3 Polymer OLEDs 408 8.4 Small-Molecule OLEDs 413 8.5 Anode Materials 417 8.6 Cathode Materials 417 8.7 Hole Injection Layer 418 8.8 Electron Injection Layer 420 8.9 Hole Transport Layer 420 8.10 Electron Transport Layer 422 8.11 Light Emitting Material Processes 424 8.12 Host Materials 426 8.13 Fluorescent Dopants 428 8.14 Phosphorescent and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dopants 430 8.15 Organic Solar Cells 434 8.16 Organic Solar Cell Materials 439 8.17 The Organic Field Effect Transistor 443 8.18 Summary 446 Problems 450 Notes 455 Suggestions for Further Reading 455 Chapter 9 One- and Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices 456 9.1 Introduction 457 9.2 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals 458 9.3 Density Functional Theory 465 9.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 467 9.5 Multigate MOSFETs 472 9.6 Summary 476 Problems 477 Recommended Reading 478 Appendix 1: Physical Constants 479 Appendix 2: Derivation of the Uncertainty Principle 480 Appendix 3: Derivation of Group Velocity 484 Appendix 4: Reduced Mass 486 Appendix 5: The Boltzmann Distribution Function 488 Appendix 6: Properties of Semiconductor Materials 494 Appendix 7: Calculation of the Bonding and Antibonding Orbital Energies Versus Interproton Separation for the Hydrogen Molecular Ion 496 Index 501

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?Fortunately, thereâs Schaumâs. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaumâs to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaumâs is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. Schaumâs Outline of Thermodynamics for Engineers, Fourth Edition is packed with four sample tests for the engineering qualifying exam, hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This updated guide approaches the suTable of ContentsPreface Contents Chapter 1 Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes 1.3 Macroscopic Description 1.4 Properties and State of a System 1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Processes 1.6 Units 1.7 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight 1.8 Pressure 1.9 Temperature 1.10 Energy Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The P-v-T Surface 2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region 2.4 Property Calculations 2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 3 Work and Heat 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition of Work 3.3 Quasi-Equilibrium Work due to a Moving Boundary 3.4 Nonequilibrium Work 3.5 Other Work Modes 3.6 Heat Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process 4.4 Enthalpy 4.5 Latent Heat 4.6 Specific Heats 4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes 4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation to Control Volumes 4.10 Transient Flow Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4 Reversibility 5.5 The Carnot Engine 5.6 Carnot Efficiency Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 6 Entropy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition 6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats 6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 6.5 Entropy for Substances such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids 6.6 The Inequality of Clausius 6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 6.8 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 7 Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Availability 7.1 Basic Concepts 7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 7.3 Availability and Exergy 7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Gas Compressors 8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle 8.4 The Carnot Cycle 8.5 The Otto Cycle 8.6 The Diesel Cycle 8.7 The Dual Cycle 8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 8.9 The Brayton Cycle 8.10 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 8.11 The Intercooling, Reheating, Regenerative Brayton Cycle 8.12 The Turbojet Engine Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 9 Vapor Power Cycles 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Rankine Cycle 9.3 Rankine Cycle Efficiency 9.4 The Reheat Cycle 9.5 The Regenerative Cycle 9.6 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle 9.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency 9.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 10.3 The Multistage Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 10.4 The Heat Pump 10.5 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 10.6 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 11 Thermodynamic Relations 11.1 Three Differential Relations 11.2 The Maxwell Relations 11.3 The Clapeyron Equation 11.4 Further Consequences of the Maxwell Relations 11.5 Relationships Involving Specific Heats 11.6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 11.7 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Chapter 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 12.1 Basic Definitions 12.2 Ideal-Gas Law for Mixtures 12.3 A Mixture of Ideal Gases 12.4 Air-Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometry 12.5 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 12.6 The Psychrometric Chart 12.7 Air-Conditioning Processes Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 13 Combustion 13.1 Combustion Equations 13.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law 13.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Sample Exams for a Semester Course for Engineering Students Exam No. 1 Exam No. 2 Exam No. 3 Final Exam Appendix A Conversions of Units Appendix B Material Properties Appendix C Properties of Water (Steam Tables) Appendix D Properties of R134a Appendix E Ideal-Gas Tables Appendix F Psychrometric Charts Appendix G Compressibility Chart Appendix H Enthalpy Departure Charts Appendix I Entropy Departure Charts Index

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Book SynopsisHYBRID MICROMACHINING and MICROFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES The book aims to provide a thorough understanding of numerous advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication techniques as well as future directions, providing researchers and engineers who work in hybrid micromachining with a much-appreciated orientation. The book is dedicated to advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication technologies by detailing principals, techniques, processes, conditions, research advances, research challenges, and opportunities for various types of advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication. It discusses the mechanisms of material removal supported by experimental validation. Constructional features of hybrid micromachining setup suitable for industrial micromachining applications are explained. Separate chapters are devoted to different advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication to design and development of micro-tools, which is one of the most vital compTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xix 1 Overview of Hybrid Micromachining and Microfabrication Techniques 1 Sandip Kunar, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Devarapalli Raviteja, Golam Kibria, Prasenjit Chatterjee, Asma Perveen and Norfazillah Talib 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Classification of Hybrid Micromachining and Microfabrication Techniques 3 1.2.1 Compound Processes 4 1.2.2 Methods Aided by Various Energy Sources 6 1.2.3 Processing Using a Hybrid Tool 9 1.3 Challenges in Hybrid Micromachining 9 1.4 Conclusions 10 1.5 Future Research Opportunities 11 References 11 2 A Review on Experimental Studies in Electrochemical Discharge Machining 17 Pravin Pawar, Amaresh Kumar and Raj Ballav 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Historical Background 18 2.3 Principle of Electrochemical Discharge Machining Process 20 2.4 Basic Mechanism of Electrochemical Discharge Machining Process 20 2.5 Application of ECDM Process 23 2.6 Literature Review on ECDM 23 2.6.1 Literature Review on Theoretical Modeling 23 2.6.2 Literature Review on Internal Behavioral Studies 27 2.6.3 Literature Review on Design of ECDM 30 2.6.4 Literature Review on Workpiece Materials Used in ECDM 33 2.6.5 Literature Review on Tooling Materials and Its Design in ECDM 36 2.6.6 Literature Review on Electrolyte Chemicals Used in ECDM 39 2.6.7 Literature Review on Optimization Techniques Used in ECDM 42 2.7 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 87 3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling 101 Asma Perveen, Sandip Kunar, Golam Kibria and Prasenjit Chatterjee 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Laser-Assisted Micromilling 103 3.2.1 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Steel Alloys 103 3.2.2 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Titanium Alloys 105 3.2.3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Ni Alloys 108 3.2.4 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Cementite Carbide 109 3.2.5 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Ceramics 110 3.3 Conclusion 111 References 112 4 Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Micromachining 115 Sandip Kunar, Itha Veeranjaneyulu, S. Rama Sree, Asma Perveen, Norfazillah Talib, Sreenivasa Reddy Medapati and K.V.S.R. Murthy 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 Ultrasonic Effect 117 4.2.1 Pumping Effect 117 4.2.2 Cavitation Effect 117 4.3 Experimental Procedure 117 4.4 Results and Discussion 118 4.4.1 Effect of Traditional Electrochemical Micromachining 118 4.4.2 Effect of Electrolyte Jet During Micropatterning 119 4.4.3 Effect of Ultrasonic Assistance During Micropatterning 121 4.4.4 Effect of Ultrasonic Amplitude During Micropatterning 121 4.4.5 Influence of Working Voltage During Micropatterning 121 4.4.6 Influence of Pulse-Off Time During Micropatterning 121 4.4.7 Influence of Electrode Feed Rate During Micropatterning 122 4.5 Conclusions 122 References 123 5 Micro-Electrochemical Piercing on SS 204 125 Manas Barman, Premangshu Mukhopadhyay and Goutam Kumar Bose 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Experimentation on SS 204 Plates With Cu Tool Electrodes 126 5.3 Results and Discussions 127 5.4 Conclusions 134 References 134 6 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Discharge Micromachining 137 Sandip Kunar, Kagithapu Rajendra, V. V. D. Praveen Kalepu, Prasenjit Chatterjee, Asma Perveen, Norfazillah Talib and K.V.S.R. Murthy 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Experimental Procedure 140 6.3 Results and Discussion 143 6.3.1 ECDM Pre-Process 143 6.3.2 Laser Pre-Process 145 6.4 Conclusions 147 References 147 7 Laser-Assisted Hybrid Micromachining Processes and Its Applications 151 Ravindra Nath Yadav 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Laser-Assisted Hybrid Micromachining 156 7.3 Laser-Assisted Traditional-HMMPs 157 7.3.1 Laser-Assisted Microturning Process 157 7.3.2 Laser-Assisted Microdrilling Process 160 7.3.3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling Process 161 7.3.4 Laser-Assisted Microgrinding Process 162 7.4 Laser-Assisted Nontraditional HMMPs 163 7.4.1 Laser-Assisted Electrodischarge Micromachining 164 7.4.2 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Micromachining 166 7.4.3 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Spark Micromachining 167 7.4.4 Laser-Assisted Water Jet Micromachining 168 7.5 Capabilities and Shortfalls of LA-HMMPs 171 7.6 Conclusion 174 Acknowledgment 174 References 174 8 Hybrid Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Micromachining Process 179 Sivakumar M., J. Jerald, Shriram S., Jayanth S. and N. S. Balaji 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Overview of Electrochemical Machining 181 8.3 Importance of Electrochemical Micromachining 182 8.4 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Micromachining 182 8.4.1 Electrochemistry of Electrochemical Micromachining 183 8.4.2 Mechanism of Material Removal 184 8.5 Major Factors of EMM 184 8.5.1 Nature of Power Supply 184 8.5.2 Interelectrode Gap (IEG) 185 8.5.3 Temperature, Concentration, and Electrolyte Flow 185 8.6 Jet Electrochemical Micromachining 186 8.7 Laser as Assisting Process 188 8.8 Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Micromachining (la-jecm) 189 8.8.1 Working Principles of LAJECM 189 8.8.2 Mechanism of Material Removal 191 8.8.3 Materials 193 8.8.4 Theoretical and Experimental Method for Process Energy Distribution 194 8.8.5 LAJECM Process Temperature 196 8.8.6 Material Removal Rate and Taper Angle 196 8.8.7 LAJECM and JECM Comparison 197 8.8.8 Machining Precision 198 8.8.8.1 Geometry Precision 198 8.8.8.2 Profile Surface Roughness 200 8.9 Applications of LAJECM 200 References 202 9 Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Microwire Electrochemical Discharge Machining 205 Sandip Kunar, Kagithapu Rajendra, Devarapalli Raviteja, Norfazillah Talib, S. Rama Sree and M.S. Reddy 9.1 Introduction 206 9.2 Experimental Setup 207 9.3 Results and Discussion 208 9.3.1 Influence of Ultrasonic Amplitude on Micro Slit Width 209 9.3.2 Influence of Voltage on Micro Slit Width 211 9.3.3 Effect of Duty Ratio on Micro Slit Width 212 9.3.4 Influence of Frequency on Slit Width 213 9.3.5 Analysis of Micro Slits 214 9.4 Conclusions 215 References 216 10 Study of Soda-Lime Glass Machinability by Gunmetal Tool in Electrochemical Discharge Machining and Process Parameters Optimization Using Grey Relational Analysis 219 Pravin Pawar, Amaresh Kumar and Raj Ballav 10.1 Introduction 220 10.2 Experimental Conditions 221 10.3 Analysis of Average MRR of Workpiece (Soda-Lime Glass) Through Gunmetal Electrode 223 10.3.1 ANOVA for Average MRR 224 10.3.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average MRR 228 10.4 Analysis of Average Depth of Machined Hole on Soda-Lime Glass Through Gunmetal Electrode 228 10.4.1 ANOVA for Average Machined Depth 229 10.4.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average Machined Depth 230 10.5 Analysis of Average Diameter of Hole of Soda-Lime Glass Through Gunmetal Electrode 231 10.5.1 ANOVA for Average Hole Diameter 231 10.5.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average Hole Diameter 231 10.6 Grey Relational Analysis Optimization of Soda-Lime Glass Results by Gunmetal Electrode 232 10.6.1 Methodology of Grey Relational Analysis 233 10.6.2 Data Pre-Processing 233 10.6.3 Grey Relational Generating 233 10.6.4 Deviation Sequence 234 10.6.5 Grey Relational Coefficient 235 10.6.6 Grey Relational Grade 235 10.7 Conclusion 238 Acknowledgments 238 References 238 11 Micro Turbine Generator Combined with Silicon Structure and Ceramic Magnetic Circuit 243 Minami Kaneko and Fumio Uchikoba 11.1 Introduction 244 11.2 Concept 246 11.3 Fabrication Technology 247 11.3.1 Microfabrication Technology of Silicon Material 247 11.3.2 Multilayer Ceramic Technology 248 11.4 Designs and Experiments 249 11.4.1 Designs of Turbine and Magnetic Circuit for Single-Phase Type 249 11.4.2 Designs of Turbine and Magnetic Circuit for Three-Phase Type 252 11.4.3 Rotational Experiment and Rotor Blade Design 253 11.4.4 Low Boiling Point Fluid and Experiment 255 11.5 Results and Discussion 255 11.5.1 Fabricated Evaluation 255 11.5.2 Rotational Result 258 11.5.3 Comparison of Rotor Shape and Rotational Motion 262 11.5.4 Phase Change 264 11.6 Conclusions 267 Acknowledgment 268 References 268 12 A Review on Hybrid Micromachining Process and Technologies 271 Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Sandip Kunar, M. Zubairuddin, Pramod Kumar, Marxim Rahula Bharathi B., P.V. Elumalai, M. Murugan and Yarrapragada K.S.S. Rao 12.1 Introduction 272 12.2 Characteristics of Hybrid-Micromachining 272 12.3 Bibliometric Survey of Micromachining to Hybrid-Micromachining 273 12.4 Material Removal in Microsizes 275 12.5 Nontraditional Hybrid-Micromachining Technologies 276 12.6 Classification of Techniques Used for Micromachining to Hybrid-Micromachining 276 12.6.1 Classification According to Material Removal Hybrid-Micromachining Phenomena 277 12.6.2 Classification According to Categories Based on Material Removal Accuracy 277 12.6.3 Classification According to Hybrid-Micromachining Purposes 278 12.6.4 Classification of Hybrid Micromanufacturing Processes 278 12.7 Materials Are Used and Application of Hybrid-Micromachining 278 12.8 Conclusions 279 References 279 13 Material Removal in Spark-Assisted Chemical Engraving for Micromachining 283 Sumanta Banerjee 13.1 Introduction 284 13.2 Essentials of SACE 285 13.2.1 Instances of SACE Micromachining 286 13.3 Genesis of SACE Acronym: A Brief Historical Survey 286 13.4 SACE: A Viable Micromachining Technology 288 13.4.1 Mechanical µ-Machining Techniques 288 13.4.2 Chemical µ-Machining Methods 289 13.4.3 Thermal µ-Machining Methods 289 13.5 Material Removal Mechanism in SACE µ-Machining 290 13.5.1 General Aspects 290 13.5.2 Micromachining at Shallow Depths 294 13.5.3 Micromachining at High Depths 300 13.5.4 Micromachining by Chemical Reaction 301 13.6 SACE µ-Machining Process Control 303 13.6.1 Analysis of Process 303 13.6.2 Etch Promotion 304 13.7 Conclusion and Scope for Future Work 307 References 308 Index 313

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